CHAFFEY COMMUNITY COLLEGE DISTRICT
SUSTAINABILITY STRATEGIC PLAN
Prepared by:
Michael E. Shea, AIA, Sustainable-Design Management and
The Green Earth Movement Sustainability Strategic Plan Subcommittee:
Daniel Loomis, Dr. Terry Giugni, and Julie Sanchez (Tri-Chairs); and Ardon
Alger, Bob Cecil, Jared Ceja, Andrea Dutton, Sam Gaddie, Bob Markovich,
and
Kipp Preble
FEBRUARY 2011
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Executive Summary
Vision for a Sustainable Chaffey District
The Chaffey Community College District Sustainability Strategic Plan (SSP) foresees a
pro-active learning and teaching environment that promotes sustainability awareness
and expertise. We envision a District with comfortable and sustainable buildings that
make efficient use of abundant clean renewable energy and changes behaviors by
utilizing processes that reduces the generation of waste, re-uses, and recycles
resources for current and future generations.
The SSP contains goals to achieve these visions. Each goal is supported by indicators
and targets with recommended programs and actions. Some programs and actions are
already underway and need to be nurtured and expanded. Other programs and actions
have high priority and can save Chaffey College money and resources. Some
programs and actions will need to be considered for implementation in the future.
The SSP also contains implementation recommendations that identify essential first
steps in the start up of this endeavor. One goal is for Chaffey College to integrate the
principles, goals, programs, and actions of this Plan into its permanent organizational
structure and decision-making processes. Another goal is to increase awareness of
sustainability issues and best practices and involve the District population in attaining a
sustainable District. It is by changing the day-to-day actions of the entire District
organization that this plan will have its greatest impact.
Guiding Principles
This plan establishes principles, goals, and objectives that shall provide guidance for all
daily decisions and operations of the college. The principles call for Chaffey College to:
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consider the long-term sustainability impact of all decisions;
make the protection, preservation, and restoration of our natural environment a
high priority;
recognize that community education and participation are key to reaching our
sustainability goals;
become a regional leader on sustainability issues; and
work with strategic partners to achieve its sustainability goals.
Chaffey College Sustainability Targets
This plan calls for Chaffey College to serve as a leader in sustainability matters by
modifying its own practices and inspiring others in the community to do the same. It
requires action by all Chaffey College stakeholders (students, staff, faculty, and Board
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members) to ensure that all college activities become increasingly sustainable. Some
major targets that this plan requires Chaffey College to achieve include:
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decreasing energy consumption by 20% of 2008 levels by 2015.
decreasing water consumption by 20% of 2008 levels by 2012 and 40% by 2017.
utilizing environmentally superior supplies for office operations, fleet maintenance
and operations, and facilities maintenance.
constructing all new college facilities to green standards that promote proper site
and building orientation, use of natural daylight, natural ventilation, properly
designed building envelopes and use of recycled and rapidly renewable
materials.
Plan Framework and Methodology
The SSP establishes a framework in which Chaffey College can achieve its vision of
becoming sustainable. The document exists to prioritize, organize, and coordinate
many existing as well as new procedures and programs for increasing sustainability.
The structure of the plan includes a Vision Statement, Goal Areas – recommended
issues and actions in twelve interconnected areas for achieving sustainability, detailed
objectives, or Goals within each goal area, Targets that drive implementation by
providing quantifiable goals for success, the specific Actions, or steps to reach
indicator targets, and Indicators that measure progress toward achieving the specific
goals. The twelve goals areas are:
1. Materials Resource Conservation
2. Curriculum and Learning Opportunities
3. Outreach and In Reach Communication
4. Energy Conservation
5. Food and Agriculture
6. Green Building
7. Campus Operations
8. Purchasing
9. Transportation
10. Waste Management
11. Water Conservation
12. Implementation-Progress Assessment
The detailed goals and activities within each goal area are provided in Appendix 2. The
Excel workbook that makes-up Appendix 2 also includes criteria that were used to
develop the implementation recommendations. The criteria include a Priority ranking,
an indication of Status of the actions, a recommendation of Implementation /
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Resource Demand based on the need for staff and budget, and Responsibility
indicating the department or individual that will take the lead.
Implementation Recommendations
The action items within the twelve goal areas that ranked highest in the Priority and
Status categories received designations as final recommendations for consideration by
Chaffey College leadership for adoption into working goals and objectives.
There are three implementation categories to address SSP recommendations. They
are referred to as priority levels within the SSP spreadsheets, and are described as
implementation phases in the narrative because they indicate time frames in which an
action should be implemented rather than its priority relative to other actions.
Group One-Implementation Recommendations
Phase 1 - Requires Immediate Action (RIA) - These actions are very important, initial
steps in an important sequence of actions, and are essential for Chaffey College’s longterm goal of becoming a sustainable institution. These actions should be initiated first
and completed during the 2011-2013 timeframe. The SSPC recommends 5 actions in
the RIA phase. They are as follows:
1. Install power sub-meters on all buildings to monitor power usage.
2. Conduct Level II Energy Analyses. Perform building envelope and systems
assessment to determine energy performance of all existing buildings (retro
commissioning).
3. Implement an alternative energy assessment to understand which types of
renewable energy systems are most feasible and beneficial to the college.
4. Implement Conservation Measures as recommended in the Level II Energy
Analysis.
5. Begin the process of installing the most feasible and beneficial alternative energy
system(s) on the campuses.
Group Two-Implementation Recommendations
Phase 2-High Priority with On Going or Expand Status - These actions are currently in
place and require review, updating, and expansion of scope. They are high priority,
take time to implement, and the processes may be somewhat complex. These actions
should be updated and expanded within the first 2 years of plan adoption. The SSPC
recommends 44 actions for this implementation phase (see the Methodology Section of
the SSP narrative for a listing of these actions).
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Group Three-Implementation Recommendations
Phase 3-High Priority with Future Status - These actions are complex and/or difficult to
implement. Many of these actions will take more than 2 years to implement. Some
provide benefits that do not comfortably outweigh their cost or are politically difficulty at
this time, and may be addressed once the more urgent or clearly beneficial actions of
the first two phases are completed. Others are important actions that logically follow the
actions recommended in earlier phases. The SSPC recommends 35 actions for
Implementation Phase 3 (see the Methodology section of the SSP narrative for a listing
of these actions).
First Step in a Long Term Process
It will take many years and considerable advancements in knowledge and human
perceptions to reach our goal of a fully sustainable college District. This SSP must
therefore be seen as just the next step in a long-term process. The SSP, which acts as
the Action Plan for our commitment to the American College and University Presidents’
Climate Commitment, must be evaluated and updated at regular annual intervals. As
we move forward with future updates, we must continue to improve our understanding
of our campus environments and advance our goals towards a fully sustainable
organization. It is an ambitious goal but one that is necessary to ensure a prosperous
and healthy college for future generations of Chaffey College students, alumni, staff,
and faculty.
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CHAFFEY COMMUNITY COLLEGE DISTRICT
SUSTAINABILITY STRATEGIC PLAN
INTRODUCTION
Vision
A commitment to pursue and achieve a sustainable Chaffey College exists within our
community. We believe that we have a moral imperative to be leaders in the new postcarbon economy utilizing renewable energies that have a significantly reduced carbon
footprint.
We are determined to be leaders in the promotion of social, environmental, and
economic sustainability. This “triple bottom line” thinking is fast becoming the “next
economic revolution”. “People, Planet, Prosperity” is shorthand to remind us of the
three aspects of this sustainable approach to a balanced bottom line for organizations
and business economies.
We envision a college with comfortable and sustainable buildings that make efficient
use of abundant clean renewable energy. We picture a conscientious college that
reduces the generation of waste, reuses, and recycles resources for current and future
generations.
We imagine a culturally diverse and creative college encouraging human ingenuity
necessary to drive positive change for continuous improvement as we move forward to
become a carbon-neutral institution.
The Chaffey College Sustainability Strategic Plan (SSP) establishes a framework in
which the Chaffey College community can achieve its vision of becoming a proactive
learning and teaching environment that promotes sustainability awareness and
expertise as a core value. A sustainable Chaffey College is a college that balances
educational opportunities, social needs, and environmental health while decreasing its
contribution to the depletion or degradation of its natural resources or creating social
inequities.
Basis for this vision of sustainability comes from the Chaffey College Green Earth
Movement (GEM) Committee’s charge “to take specific actions for the progress and
good of the college with respect to...
 our moral imperative as an institution of higher learning to take a leadership role
in building and nurturing a sustainable and healthy environment for the future of
our planet,
 the tangible economic benefits of sustainability with respect to energy
consumption, conservation, and renewable energy generation,
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the significant learning benefits for our students and our community with respect
to new curriculum and programs focused on sustainability and alternative
energy.”
… and as defined by the Board adopted Ends Policy III, 8.3.1B Environmental
Sustainability revised on 2/25/2010.
Mission Statement
The Sustainability Strategic Plan Committee (SSPC) is a subcommittee of the Chaffey
GEM Committee, charged with developing and articulating a strategic master plan for
the goals of this end policy, the charge of the GEM committee, and the responsibilities
we accepted, as a college community, in signing the American Colleges and
Universities President’s Climate Commitment (ACUPCC) in November 2008. The
primary focus of this committee is to develop a sustainability strategic plan that reflects
the College’s commitment to environmental sustainability as a core value that will
embed sustainability into daily campus life, curriculum, and all District operations.
In November 2008, Dr. Shannon signed the American Colleges and Universities President’s Climate Commitment
This document contains goal areas to achieve these visions. Each goal area is
supported by targets and indicators with recommended actions. Some actions are
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already underway and need to be nurtured and expanded. Other actions have high
priority and can save Chaffey College money and resources. Some actions will need to
be considered for implementation in the future.
This document also contains implementation recommendations that identify essential
first steps in the start up of this endeavor. One goal is for Chaffey College to integrate
the principles, goals, and actions of this Plan into its permanent organizational structure
and decision-making processes. Another goal is to increase awareness of sustainability
issues and best practices and involve the entire District community in attaining a
sustainable District. It is by changing the day-to-day actions of the entire District
organization that this plan will have its greatest impact.
We also see this District as an entity that can contribute positively to the sustainability of
the local region and, indeed, the entire planet. By choosing how we live, what we
preserve, what we buy and what we discard, Chaffey College can reduce its impacts on
global issues such as climate change, biodiversity, social segregation, water shortages,
and the exhaustion of non-renewable resources. At the same time, we need to position
our District to adjust proactively to unavoidable global and regional changes that will
affect Chaffey College in the future. In that way, we will be able to help the health of the
planet and sustain the quality of life in our community.
Greenhouse Gases and Climate Action Plan
Rising atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations and the resultant climate change is
a serious threat to global security, sustainability and potentially to civilization itself. The
California Climate change Solutions Act of 2006 (AB 32) is the first law to limit
greenhouse gas emissions comprehensively at the state level. To meet the
requirements of AB 32, statewide carbon dioxide emissions must be reduced to 1990
levels by 2020. Carbon dioxide emissions must now be addressed in order for new
projects to be compliant. California has become a world leader in addressing climate
change, and “green” innovation is expected to have a significant and positive effect on
the state’s economic and environmental health (California Green Innovation Index,
2008, published by Next 10).
For California, former Governor Schwarzenegger established a goal of 80% reduction in
greenhouse gases below their 1990 level by 2050 (Executive Order S-3-05). The
decision to make such aggressive strides toward sustainability was based on a plan
published in 2010. Plan B 4.0, devised by Lester Brown, founder of the Earth Policy
Institute, (www.earthpolicy.org) proposes a goal of 80% reduction in carbon dioxide
emissions by 2020. His plan for achieving these levels requires a mobilized American
public and a nationwide commitment to sustainability. His well-researched plan shows
how such mobilization of national and human resources can achieve these goals.
Conversion to renewable energy supplies such as wind and solar photovoltaic
generation of electricity and electric hybrid vehicles plays a major role.
Maintaining good air quality is a critical element of sustainability. Our air quality
problem is largely caused by industrial emissions and tailpipe exhaust. With conversion
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to alternate energy sources, clean air becomes attainable. Since the end of gas
rationing at the close of World War II, attaining healthful air quality has taken constant
vigilance and will continue to require ever-tighter emission controls as our population
increases. Climate change from increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations
and air pollution has a common solution: decrease dependence on carbon-based fuels.
As worldwide availability of low-cost oil peaks, and as demand exceeds supply,
economic disruption is inevitable. Conversion to cleaner energy sources will provide
major economic benefits as it decreases dependence on such fuels. Many of the action
recommendations in this SSP were developed with that in mind.
The District’s local actions to reduce emissions of air contaminants and to decrease
dependence on carbon-based fuels will be significant; however, no one entity can
assure sustainability through its actions alone. This Plan also recommends that Chaffey
College develop and implement a vigorous advocacy program for effective policies and
programs addressing sustainability issues at regional levels.
Water Conservation
We also need to sustain an adequate water supply as population increases. Water
conservation in Southern California has been public policy for decades, and the results
have been impressive. Yet, as with air quality, we are barely able to keep pace with
growth. As this plan is being written, the Southern California region is facing a drought.
At present, about half the water used in our region is imported from the SacramentoSan Joaquin Delta by way of the State Water Project. That water supply could be cut
off at any time. It is already being curtailed because of environmental concerns over
habitat preservation for the Delta Smelt. There are over a thousand miles of levees in
the Delta, many old and poorly designed. An earthquake could easily breach levees
resulting in salt-water intrusion that could disrupt this source of fresh water for a year or
more. Transporting this water consumes a huge amount of energy, which in turn creates
greenhouse gases.
Local water comes from local precipitation, which is notoriously variable and predicted
to become even more variable due to climate change. Rain falling in and around the
Inland Empire seeps into the ground and replenishes the aquifers that serve as
reservoirs from which high quality water is pumped. Snow and rain falling in the San
Gabriel Mountains also percolates water into the aquifers and can be pumped out as
needed.
As open land in the Southland is paved over, less water seeps into the ground and
more finds its way into the storm water system and eventually is lost to the ocean.
Clearly, land use and site planning is important to water sustainability for The District.
Water conservation through measures such as high-efficiency urinals/plumbing and
irrigation and the use of low water demand plants is essential to water sustainability.
Achieving water independence and sustainability will not be quick and easy, but it can
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be done. This SSP proposes realistic actions that will reduce The District’s dependence
on water.
Actions Address Multiple Issues
Any comprehensive sustainability plan must recognize the wisdom of preserving natural
open spaces, increasing permeable surfaces, using ‘green building’ principles,
minimizing waste materials, recycling, promoting a healthful and abundant food supply,
minimizing exposure to toxic substances, preserving and enhancing The District’s
natural features, and wise land use planning. These actions reduce carbon dioxide
production and water use in addition to safeguarding the health and welfare of the
District. Preserving natural areas, for example, reduces water usage and allows water
percolation, cleans carbon dioxide and other pollutants from the air, does not contribute
to the accumulation of waste or toxic materials, provides areas for healthful restoration
and for education about ecosystem dynamics and benefits for us and for future
generations, and contributes to the beauty of the District.
Social and Economic Sustainability
In addition to environmental sustainability, Chaffey College should also be a leader in
the promotion of economic and social sustainability. This “triple bottom line” thinking is
fast becoming the “next industrial revolution”.
The phrase “People, Planet, Prosperity” is shorthand to remind us of the three prongs of
this sustainable approach to a balanced bottom line for organizations and business
economies. We need to “ensure that we are conducting business in a responsible
manner, by not harming our workers and neighbors, our environment and our economic
viability. Triple Bottom Line seeks to strike a balance between these three (sometimes
competing) priorities in a manner that ensures that the approach is sustainable for the
long term.” (Excerpted from Sustainability-Understanding the Triple Bottom Line, Mary
F. McDonald, Quality Digest, 09/21/2009) Addressing these facets of sustainability
requires that the plan include measures to ensure economic balance and vitality, as well
as, social diversity and equity.
Conclusion
… Every journey begins with a single step. These are our first steps towards a
sustainable District. The journey is unlikely to have an end, but the benefits to all of us
along the way are well worth the work. Some actions are simple and easy to
implement; others may take longer and require more effort and money. The time to
begin them all is now. We call on all members of The Chaffey College District to
become involved in some way and to move into a sustainable future.
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METHODOLOGY
Background
In early 2007, Superintendent/President, Dr. Henry Shannon, convened the Green
Earth Movement (GEM) Committee to act as Chaffey College’s sustainability planning
organization. GEM reports directly to the Superintendent/President, and works closely
with the Department of Maintenance and Operations and in concert with existing
college-wide groups. The GEM Committee serves as a Think Tank/Advisory Board to
the President, and indirectly to the college-at-large, regarding the challenges and
opportunities that sustainability presents the college. GEM membership is comprised of
representatives from Classified/Confidential Staff, Faculty, Administration, and the
Student Body.
As such, GEM researches challenges and opportunities, submits position Papers for the
President in which the Committee makes recommendations that advocate, and when
appropriate takes specific action for the progress and good of the college with respect
to...
 our moral imperative as an institution of higher learning to take a leadership role
in building and nurturing a sustainable and healthy environment for the future of
our planet,
 the significant economic benefits of sustainability with respect to energy
consumption, conservation, and renewable energy generation,
 the significant learning benefits for our students and our community with respect
to new curriculum and programs focused on sustainability issues.
In 2008, Superintendant/President Henry Shannon joined 674 other college and
university presidents by becoming a signatory of the American College and University
Presidents’ Climate Commitment (ACUPCC). During 2009, Chaffey listed three of the
short-term ‘tangible actions’ required by the ACUPCC:
1. Adopt an energy-efficient appliance purchasing policy-requiring purchase of
ENERGY STAR certified products in all areas for which such ratings exist.
2. Encourage use of and provide access to public transportation for all
faculty, staff, students, and visitors at our institution. Chaffey has bus stops on campus
from OmniTrans whose buses run on compressed natural gas (CNG)
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OmniTrans Busstop At Chaffey College
3. Within one year of signing this document, begin purchasing or producing at
least 15% of our institution's electricity consumption from renewable
sources. It is our desire to do this. Hopefully we will be purchasing more
than 15% of our electricity from renewable sources.
A detailed greenhouse gas (GHG) audit was completed and submitted to the ACUPCC
by GEM in January 2010. See Appendix 3 for a summary of the GHG Inventory. To
help understand current baseline metrics the GHG reduction goals of the State of
California were reviewed. California has set their carbon reduction goals as follows:
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By 2010, arrest the growth of California GHG emissions (including, but not limited
to CO2) and begin to reduce them, making measurable progress toward meeting
the existing benchmark for CO2 not exceeding 1990 levels.
By 2020, achieve 10% below 1990 GHG levels.
By 2050, achieve a “climate stabilization” emissions level at least 75% below
1990 levels.
Being a leader in higher education as well as an ACUPCC signatory, Chaffey was
interested in setting attainable GHG reduction goals. These goals are outlined below:
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By 2015, reduce GHG emissions 10% below 2012 levels.
By 2030, reduce GHG emissions 40% below 2012 levels.
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By 2050, reduce GHG emissions 80% below 2012 levels.
Sustainability Strategic Plan Committee
The Sustainability Strategic Plan Committee (SSPC), a subcommittee of GEM, was
formed in April 2010 with the specific goal of creating a unified sustainability master plan
for Chaffey Community College. The SSPC defined twelve specific goal areas that
correspond to major policy issues related to sustainability. They served the purpose of
grouping the myriad sustainability issues and actions into manageable and logical
categories. The SSPC held 14 meetings from April through June of 2010 to discuss
recommendations for which each of the following goal areas are described:
1. Materials Resource Conservation
2. Curriculum and Learning Opportunities
3. Outreach and In Reach Communication
4. Energy Conservation
5. Food and Agriculture
6. Green Building
7. Campus Operations
8. Purchasing
9. Transportation
10. Waste Management
11. Water Conservation
12. Implementation-Progress Assessment
It is the intent of the SSPC to address and make recommendations that answer the
following questions for each goal area:
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What is Chaffey currently doing?
How do we measure current conditions and progress?
Who is responsible for measuring progress?
What is our achievable and measurable target?
What process, plan, or policy is necessary to reach this target? How effective will
those actions be?
How much will it cost for Chaffey to accomplish these goals? Where will the
money come from?
Who is responsible for managing and implementing these plans, procedures, and
policies?
What are the barriers keeping Chaffey from doing what needs to be done?
When are we going to do these things?
Who will determine the phasing and scheduled implementation?
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SSP Development Process
Plan Outline
This sustainability strategic plan establishes a framework in which Chaffey College can
achieve its vision of becoming sustainable. The SSP document is to prioritize, organize,
and coordinate many existing as well as new procedures and programs for increasing
sustainability. The SSPC organized the concept of sustainability into twelve goal areas
and then analyzed each Goal Area breaking into specific Goals. The committee then
determined Targets, Actions, and Indicators that will help Chaffey College achieve goals
and become a truly sustainable organization.
1. Vision Statement – States a vision for a sustainable Chaffey College.
2. Goal Areas (12) – Presents recommendations in twelve interconnected areas for
achieving sustainability.
3. Goals – Provide objectives of campus sustainability for each goal area.
4. Targets – Drive implementation by providing quantifiable goals for achieving
success.
5. Indicators – Measure progress toward goals. Effective indicators are relevant,
easy to understand, reliable and based on accessible data.
6. Actions – Outline steps to reach targets – Lists actions or programs (ongoing or
proposed) that could help Chaffey College meet targets.
SSPC Recommendation Process
The Goal Areas are listed below near the end of the narrative and explained with brief
descriptions. The highest priority actions are incorporated into the text of this
document. The entire Master Plan spreadsheets can be viewed in the Appendix 1.
Assessing and Recommending Actions
The SSPC utilized an Excel workbook format with individual spreadsheets allocated to
each Goal Area to organize all the data and develop a means to summarize, assess
and identify the most important actions that can quickly achieve the greatest benefits,
with the least demand on resources and achievable in a reasonable timeline.
The SSPC utilized the parameters of Priority, Status, Implementation/Resource
Demand, and Responsibility to assist in their efforts to test, screen, and then determine
the best actions that would become the basis of the Implementation Recommendation
document.
Priority - ranks actions based on Chaffey College’s vision for a sustainable
organization. The rankings were established as follows:
RIA =
Requires Immediate Action
1
=
High priority
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2
3
=
=
Moderate priority
Low priority
Status - identifies the status of specific actions. The rankings were established as
follows:
Future
= this action needs to begin
On-Going
= this action has begun-requires occasional review and updating
Expand
= this action has begun-requires review and expansion of scope
Implementation / Resource Demand – identifies phasing of actions based upon
resource demand for staff and budget. The rankings were established as follows:
A
=
immediately doable using current staff and budget
B
=
doable with re-prioritization of current staff and budget
C
=
requires additional staff and budget allocations
D
=
requires significant additional staff and budget allocations
Responsibility – identifies the responsible department, person or group within the
Chaffey organization
Important Note: Over time, many proposed actions will have a net savings to Chaffey
Community College, as opposed to costing money. Actions that are likely to generate
net savings include energy saving improvements to Chaffey College facilities, water
saving measures, reduced consumption, and increased recycling.
Final Recommendations
The final recommendations were reviewed with the understanding that implementation
timeframes exist for all actions. Some actions must necessarily occur before others
begin. Therefore, grouping these actions into sequential implementation phases allows
the responsible parties to address them in a prioritized, orderly fashion.
There are three implementation categories to address SSP recommendations. They are
referred to as priority levels within the SSP spreadsheets. Final ratings are described
as implementation phases because they indicate the general timeframe in which an
action should be implemented rather than its priority relative to other actions.
Implementation phases group actions into those that should be done first to those that
should be addressed later. The 3-implementation phasing groups are listed below
along with example activities from the 12 goal areas.
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Group One-Implementation
Recommendations
5. Begin the process of installing the
most feasible and beneficial
alternative energy system(s) on
the campuses
Phases 1 – Requires Immediate Action
(RIA) - The RIA category actions were
listed separately since these actions are
very important, initial steps in an
important sequence of actions, and are
critical for implementing many aspects
of the SSP. These actions should be
initiated first and completed during the
2011-2013 timeframe. The SSPC
recommends 5 actions during the first
implementation phase. They are as
follows:
1. Install power sub-meters on all
buildings to monitor power usage.
2. Conduct Level II Energy
Analyses. Perform building
envelope and systems
assessment to determine energy
performance of all existing
buildings (retro commissioning).
3. Implement an alternative energy
assessment to understand which
types of renewable energy
systems are most feasible and
beneficial to the college.
4. Implement Conservation
Measures as recommended in
the Level II Energy Analysis.
The Geography of California is Capable of Generating
Both Wind and Solar Power
Group Two Implementation Recommendations
Phase 2-High Priority with On Going or Expand Status - Since Chaffey is already
promoting and achieving sustainable practices in many areas the SSPC also
categorized selected actions with status rankings of ‘on-going’ and/or ‘expand’. These
actions are currently in place and require review, updating, and expansion of scope.
They are high priority, take time to implement, and the processes may be somewhat
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complex. These actions should be updated and expanded within the first 2 years of
plan adoption. These actions are listed below categorized within the twelve goal areas.
Materials Resource Conservation
1. Eliminate Styrofoam from Food Services use.
2. Sell reusable/refillable cups at Bookstore and Food Services.
3. Sell/use reusable totes and bags made from compostable material to replace
plastic bags.
4. Expand cardboard segregation and recycling program.
5. Develop and put in place a comprehensive district-wide recycling program.
6. Sell/promote green merchandise at Bookstore.
7. Reduce junk mail - cancel catalogs not used, etc.
8. Create a material inventory and storage area for salvaged materials from existing
building de-construction projects to be used for future building needs.
9. Continue to expand textbook rental system in lieu of new book purchases.
10. Replace blue books with green books.
11. Reduce hazardous materials usage.
12. Continue to expand textbook buyback and e-book availability program.
13. Reduce printing by transitioning to online phone directories and campus
publications, encouraging the use of e-mail, and double-sided printing.
14. Create a reuse program for furniture and electronics.
Curriculum and Learning Opportunities
1. Integrate issues and practice of Sustainability into existing curriculum and syllabi.
2. Create industry-specific sustainability education, training, and services that
contribute to a highly skilled and productive workforce.
3. Create high-quality customized training programs directed at sustainability
practices developed and delivered specifically to meet unique local business /
community needs.
Outreach and Inreach Communication
1. Identify and create a partnership with advanced technology companies to provide
workforce training and technical solutions in the areas of sustainable practices
and green technologies.
Energy Conservation
1. Reduce natural gas consumption.
2. Reduce electrical power consumption.
3. Install thermal energy storage systems to reduce energy costs.
4. Replace incandescent lamps with high efficiency lamps such as compact
fluorescent where feasible.
5. Install motion sensors in offices and classrooms.
6. Determine pros and cons for purchase agreement for 'green power'.
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7. Work to replace, through either contract or ownership, inefficient with energy
efficient vending machines.
8. Install 'energy misers' devices at vending machines to reduce electrical
consumption.
9. Install monitoring and metering devices to identify excessive use and leakage
detection.
10. Encourage behavioral changes for students, faculty, and staff including a 'lights
off' program, "no open doors", computer shutdown and reduced use of air
conditioning on mild days.
Solar Arrays are capable of generating massive amounts of renewable, clean energy
Green Building
1. Establish campus standards for heating and cooling set points.
2. Minimize use of air conditioning by using exterior window shading, and
mechanically assisted ventilation (economizers).
3. Orient plazas and terraces outside of buildings to maximize daylight and solar
exposure.
4. Provide indoor / outdoor seating in protected areas and in locations best suited to
maximize daylight, solar shading, and wind protection.
5. Investigate and adopt a specified certification level using the LEED-NC
guidelines for all new building construction.
Campus Operations
1. Create and implement 'green cleaning' procedures including use of 100% green
cleaning supplies.
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2. Create Sustainable Campus Operations Guidelines focused on M&O schedules
for campus grounds and building envelope upgrades, reduction of energy use by
building equipment, parking policies, and transportation management.
3. Develop equipment replacement schedule for non-benign refrigerant gas units.
4. Create replacement schedule for low flow urinals.
Purchasing
1. Create purchase policy for Energy Star appliances and equipment, which
includes but is not limited to refrigerators, computers, and printers.
Transportation
1. Transition campus fleet vehicles from fossil fuels to clean, alternative energy
fuels.
2. Provide incentives for students, faculty, and staff to use public transportation or
to carpool.
3. Use campus mail for daily off-campus shipments in lieu of campus delivery.
ASCC 2008 Class Gift: Chaffey College CNG Honda
Waste Management
1. Reduce solid waste generated and transported.
2. Reduce hazardous waste generation.
Water Conservation
1. Reduce water consumption.
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Group Three Implementation Recommendations
Phase 3-High Priority with Future Status - These actions are complex and/or difficult to
implement. Many of these actions will take more than two years to implement. Some
provide benefits that do not comfortably outweigh their cost or political difficulty at this
time, and may be addressed once the more urgent or clearly beneficial actions of the
first two phases are completed. Others are important actions that logically follow actions
that are recommended in earlier phases.
Materials Resource Conservation
1. Develop a life-cycle assessment for construction materials, fixtures, and furniture
considering cost, longevity, and recyclability.
Curriculum and Learning Opportunities - In areas related to sustainability:
1. Develop and implement a Vocational Certificate Curricula.
2. Develop and implement AA/AS Degree Curricula.
3. Develop and implement Transfer Degree Curricula.
4. Initiate development of Interdisciplinary Curriculum
5. Develop training facilities to support sustainability instruction.
Outreach and In Reach Communication
1. Embed Chaffey SSP documentation into Chaffey College website.
2. Create Chaffey Sustainable Newsletter available from the website.
3. Create guest speakers forums and symposiums focused on sustainability.
4. Develop workshops for sustainable programs and projects.
5. Write and publish a sustainability column for the local newspapers.
6. Incorporate sustainability awareness into Chaffey marketing plan.
Energy Conservation
1. Investigate and use more energy efficient methods for cooling building interiors
such as geothermal exchange, exterior building shading, natural ventilation, and
fan ventilation.
2. Investigate the feasibility of solar heating for domestic / process hot water
generation.
3. Increase on-campus generation of electricity by alternative renewable sources
(e.g. wind, and solar).
Food and Agriculture
1. Create an 'organic farm' demonstration site to support academic programs for
fruit, vegetable and herb cultivation, and harvest by students and community.
2. Create a composting station to harvest and process kitchen waste and scraps
into organic fertilizer and/or production of alternative energy.
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3. Develop and implement 'edible landscaping' design throughout the campus
coordinated with campus landscape master plan.
4. Create a vermiculture demonstration site.
5. Compost green and brown waste.
Green Building
1. Create a priority improvement schedule for energy efficiency building
modifications.
2. Minimize use of air conditioning by strategic placement of deciduous shade trees
on south sides of campus buildings to reduce daytime solar heat gain during
summer months.
3. Incorporate sustainable practices into existing Chaffey Building Guide to be used
by architects and engineers for the renovation of existing facilities and design of
new buildings.
Michael Alexander Campus Center Completion Date: Fall 2011
Campus Operations
1. Develop a campus landscape master plan that increases the amount of habitat
utilizing indigenous plants.
2. Implement orientation training and signage program that educates students,
faculty, and staff regarding indoor temperatures and use of air conditioning.
3. Require computer shutdown after use.
Purchasing
1. Create a priority listing of preferred suppliers and vendors of locally grown and
organic foods.
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Transportation
1. Create teleconferencing hubs on each campus to reduce travel/commuting.
2. Compile and update annual transportation data indicating commuter miles
traveled, methods of travel and tons of C02 generated by campus commuting
practices.
3. Compile and update annual transportation data for work-related travel (e.g. travel
and conference mileage, movement between District sites, etc.) including miles
traveled, methods of transportation and tons of CO2 generated.
Water Conservation
1. Develop and implement a native and drought tolerant plant replacement
schedule for campus landscaping.
2. Develop and implement a lawn replacement schedule for campus landscaping to
native and drought tolerant plants.
Implementation-Progress Assessment
1. Establish a decision-making process for campus sustainability issues that
includes a conflict resolution methodology.
2. Create a director of sustainability staff position to carry out sustainability
mandates and programs.
Implementation Recommendations
The SSPC sought to integrate these principles, goals, policies, and actions of this plan
into the organizational structure and ongoing decision-making processes of the Chaffey
Community College permanently. Successful “embedment” of approved sustainability
goals within Chaffey policies and procedures at all appropriate levels of authority such
as Administration, Faculty, Student Body, and Operations represents a paramount
achievement.
The SSPC sought to put in place a “progress reporting mechanism” to report Chaffey’s
implementation progress. It was envisioned that the GEM Committee would take the
responsibility to be the source of highly qualified, well informed “sustainability
proponents” to provide oversight to ensure that the Chaffey organization continues to
work to achieve sustainability goals. They would also be responsible for updating these
goals regularly to ensure they remain relevant.
Chaffey will also work to involve the wider community in the implementation of this plan
because many of the goals and recommended actions are beyond the typical mission of
the College.
Goal Areas-Actions
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In this section of the narrative is a brief description of the twelve goal areas of the SSP
with example goals and actions for each area. For a complete list of goals and actions
within each goal area, see Appendix 1.
1. Climate Change
Climate change is clearly one of the greatest challenges we face today. It is a
pollution problem with accelerating environmental impacts, including the potential
to disrupt global ecosystems severely and threaten the very existence of
civilization. This issue is the focus of many of the goal areas. This goal area
addresses local and regional air quality issues that are created by more localized
and regional chemical and particulate pollutants as well as climate change.
Eliminating harmful pollutants from our air, water, natural environment, and food
supply is an important part of becoming a more sustainable community. The
resulting clean air, safe ground water, and healthy ecosystems help maintain the
health of our citizens and environment.
Goal 1:


Reduce greenhouse gas emissions and move toward carbon
neutrality by means of energy and resource conservation.
Action 1: Reduce electrical power consumption.
Action 2: Reduce commuter trips to and from the Chaffey campus.
Goal 2:

Utilize energy efficient / alternative means of cooling and heating
buildings.
Action 1: Minimize use of air conditioning by using exterior window
shading and mechanically assisted ventilation.
View of Cucamonga Peak from Chaffey College Library
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2. Materials Resource Conservation
Conservation is the protection and careful use of resources to ensure their
availability in the future. Conservation means changing wasteful habits.
Organic materials and consumer goods are examples of resources that need to
be conserved. Many of these resources are produced elsewhere and brought to
Chaffey. Creating a more sustainable Chaffey requires the campus and the
wider community to:
 Use resources more efficiently
 Recycle
 Consider the byproducts of production, transportation, and
consumption.
Choosing to consume less is often the most effective way to become more
sustainable. We must become better recyclers by buying products that contain
post consumer recycled content, recycling more of what we currently discard,
and avoiding the use of products that are either not recyclable or recyclable but
not yet effectively being recycled.
Goal 1: Use environmentally sensitive construction materials, fixtures, and
furniture for all campus construction.
Action 1: Develop a life-cycle assessment for construction materials, fixtures,
and furniture considering cost, longevity, and recyclability.
Goal 2: Use native and drought-tolerant plant materials for campus landscaping.
Action 1: Develop a native and drought tolerant plant replacement schedule for
campus landscaping.
Action 2: Develop a campus landscape master plan that increases the amount
of habitat suitable for indigenous plants and animals.
Xeriscaping on Chaffey College – Chino Campus
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3. Curriculum and Learning Opportunities
To prepare students for the future, Chaffey College will develop courses and
programs that reflect heightened awareness and commitment to sustainability.
Goal 1: Create learning and teaching environment that promotes sustainability
awareness and expertise. In areas of sustainability
Action 1: Develop and implement a Vocational Certificate Curricula.
Action 2: Develop and implement AA/AS Degree Curricula.
Action 3: Develop and implement Transfer Degree Curricula.
Action 4: Develop training facilities to support sustainability Instruction.
Goal 2: Encourage behavioral changes for students, faculty, and staff regarding
adopting an environmentally sensitive lifestyle.
Action 1: Implement orientation training and signage program that educates
students, faculty, and staff re indoor temperatures and use of air conditioning.
4. Outreach and In Reach Communication
While some in our community are well informed on sustainability issues, others
are unaware of the negative impacts of their day-to-day decisions. Most of us are
somewhat aware and concerned, but are not sure how to alter our current habits
to embrace sustainably fully. Excessive amounts of sometimes outdated or
conflicting information leaves many with an easy excuse not to act. The SSPC
that developed this plan believes strongly that outreach and education efforts are
critical to improving the overall sustainability of Chaffey College. The Committee
believes that facilitating small changes in the daily campus operations decisions
will become the most effective action that the college can undertake to increase
sustainability awareness and expertise.
Goal 1: Create communication tools to proliferate the message about campus
sustainability opportunities.
Action 1: Create a Communication plan that identifies best methods for getting
the message out and receiving feedback from campus community.
Action 2: Embed Chaffey Sustainability Master Plan documentation into Chaffey
College website.
Action 3: Create guest speakers forums and symposiums focused on
sustainability
Action 4: Develop workshops for sustainable programs and projects.
Action 5: Create a teleconferencing center(s) to reduce travel/commuting.
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5. Energy Conservation
Most of the electrical energy used at Chaffey is from non–renewable energy
sources that contribute to global climate change and deplete our natural
resources. We must begin converting to renewable energy sources. This will be
a time consuming, complex, and expensive task. However, there are many ways
to reduce energy consumption.
Understanding the consequences associated with energy use can assist in more
efficient use. Therefore, our energy conservation goals include educating
students, faculty, and staff regarding their current energy use habits. Through
education, we can assist all in identifying ways to utilize energy more efficiently.
Changing wasteful habits and making energy conserving improvements provides
a “win-win” scenario for all.
In 2004 the State of California set a goal to reduce the energy used in its
buildings by 20% of 2003 levels by 2015 (Executive Order # S-20-04). This plan
adopts the state’s goal for all buildings at Chaffey facilities.
Panel A: Chaffey College Electricity Utilization per academic year.
(See Appendix 2 for a more complete analysis of the district’s electrical use.)
Goal 1: Reduce electricity use in all campus facilities and buildings
Action 1: Conduct and implement an alternative energy assessment of the
campus to better understand which types of renewable energy systems are most
feasible and beneficial to the campus.
Action 2: Install most feasible and beneficial alternative energy system on
campus.
Action 3: Increase on-campus generation of electricity from alternative
renewable sources: wind, and photovoltaic panels.
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Action 4: Conduct Level 2 Energy Analysis. Perform building envelope and
systems assessment to determine energy performance of all existing buildings
(retro commissioning).
Action 5: Implement Conservation Measures as recommended in the Level 2
Energy Analysis
Goal 2: Reduce natural gas use in all campus facilities and buildings
Action 1: Investigate the feasibility of solar heating for domestic / process hot
water generation
Goal 3: Reduce use of fossil fuels for energy generation and transportation
Action 1: Provide incentives for carpooling
6. Food and Agriculture
Our food is also a major factor in the health and sustainability of our campus
community. Local foods are generally fresher and more nutritious than foods that
are transported long distances. Organic foods use fewer toxic chemicals that can
damage our health as well as the health of the natural environment. Consuming
locally grown foods is an important factor in reducing the greenhouse gases that
contribute to global warming. Scientists have shown that approximately one third
of all greenhouse gas emissions come from the ingredients and energy used in
food production. Local foods are transported shorter distances from farm to
consumer tables. This makes our foods fresher while reducing emissions. Local
foods also reduce greenhouse gases because they tend to be less processed,
and require less refrigeration or freezing.
Goal 1: Support and encourage use of sustainable farming, food production and
procurement
Action 1: Create a priority listing of preferred suppliers and vendors of locally
grown and organic foods
Action 2: Create an 'organic farm' demonstration site to support academic
programs for fruit, vegetable and herb cultivation and harvest by students and
community
Action 3: Compost green waste
7. Green Building
Buildings in the U.S. account for 39% of total energy consumption; 71% of
electricity consumption; 39% of CO2 emissions; 30% of raw materials used, and
30% of our waste outputs. Sustainable buildings are designed to be highly
resource efficient and therefore significantly reduce or eliminate these
environmental impacts. Sustainable buildings further minimize negative
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environmental impacts by utilizing environmentally superior products such as
recycled materials and lumber from certified sustainable forests. Finally,
sustainable buildings are designed to provide healthier indoor environments for
their occupants. They eliminate use of construction materials that damage indoor
air quality by releasing harmful chemicals such as formaldehyde and volatile
organic compounds and they provide high levels of natural lighting.
Sustainable buildings and major renovations can be affordably designed and built
today. Buildings constructed to meet state mandated sustainability standards
have been shown to require little or no additional capital cost when compared to
conventional construction. It has also been shown that facilities designed to
these standards pay back any added up-front costs in ten years or less due to
reduced energy and operating costs. Thereafter the reduced energy and
operating costs represent real savings to Chaffey.
Goal 1: Design all new buildings to achieve the highest levels of sustainability
mandated by state building code
Action 1: Provide summer shading for building facades with trees and shrubs
Action 2: Incorporate sustainable practices into existing Chaffey Building Guide
to be used by architects and engineers for the renovation of existing facilities and
design of new buildings.
Goal 2: Increase energy efficiency of all existing buildings
Action 1: Minimize use of air conditioning by strategic placement of deciduous
shade trees on south sides of campus buildings to reduce daytime solar heat
gain during summer months
Action 2: Investigate and use more energy efficient methods for cooling building
interiors such as geothermal exchange, exterior building shading, natural
ventilation, and fan ventilation.
8. Campus Operations
Operations involve every aspect of day-to-day activities that affects the learning
environment of Chaffey students, faculty, and staff. Specific areas include
building maintenance and cleaning, upkeep of lawn and garden areas, weed
abatement, operation of campus vehicles, operation of building mechanical and
electrical systems, use of energy and water, waste disposal, and all construction
operations.
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Weed Abatement at Chaffey College Chino Campus
During the routine maintenance of campus facilities, changes can be made to
increase efficiency, such as retrofitting to lighting and retro commissioning of
HVAC systems. Campus Operations will actively pursue:





Reducing the amount of energy consumed by mechanical, electrical and
plumbing system's components and fixtures, thereby producing a
corresponding reduction in energy costs
Enhancing the physical environment of rooms and spaces within buildings
Addressing deferred maintenance issues related to individual system
components
Improving maintainability and functionality of HVAC controls and systems.
Increase biodiversity and usable green space of the campus while reducing
dependence on fossil fuels, other extracted minerals, chemical fertilizers, and
pesticides.
Goal 1: Support and encourage use of sustainable practices for maintenance
and operations
Action 1: Establish a decision-making process for campus sustainability issues
that includes a conflict resolution methodology
Goal 2: Reduce use of fossil fuels for energy generation and transportation
Action 1: Convert district vehicles to alternative fuel vehicles.
Purchasing
Sustainable purchasing demonstrates commitment to buying goods, materials,
services, and capital improvements in a manner that reflects Chaffey's core
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values of fiscal responsibility, social equity, community, and environmental
stewardship. Sustainable purchasing should seek to save money and increase
local business participation in Chaffey contracts and facilitate responsible
environmental practices.
Sustainable purchasing shall promote the use of environmentally intelligent
products in its acquisition of goods and services. Purchasing decisions should
consider life cycle effects that include:
 Pollution
 Waste generation
 Energy consumption
 Recycled material content
 Depletion of natural resources
 Potential impact on health and nature
Chaffey's goal is to bring together policies, communication tools, process
improvements, standards, and reporting mechanisms to help align purchasing
practices with Chaffey values and incorporate these into a Sustainable
Purchasing Program that could include the following:
 Reduce waste at the point of purchase. Reduce disposal costs and waste by
choosing items that can be re-manufactured, recycled, or composted.
 Purchase goods containing fewer toxic substances.
 Procure re-manufactured goods and use refurbishing services.
 Manage surplus effectively.
 Buy goods in bulk or concentrated form.
 Specify product and packaging take-back.
 Purchase durable and reusable goods.
 Reduce paper use.
Goal 1: Support and encourage use of sustainable practices for procurement of
services and supplies
Action 1: Establish a decision-making process for campus sustainability issues
that includes a conflict resolution methodology
Action 2: Develop a life-cycle assessment for construction materials, fixtures and
furniture considering cost, longevity and recyclability
9. Transportation
Transportation is a key sustainability issue for Chaffey and Southern California.
The ability to move affordably and conveniently about our region is essential for a
healthy economy and free society. Unfortunately, transportation-related
emissions are responsible for 65% of our smog and a third of all greenhouse
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gases. Gridlock on our freeways and skyrocketing gasoline prices are
threatening our economy.
At the local level, vehicular traffic threatens the safety of pedestrians and
bicyclists. Parking consumes large portions of prime land on our campus. These
negative affects threaten our quality of life and are a big part of what makes our
current lifestyle unsustainable. Each of these negative impacts from
transportation is due in large part to an overdependence on single-occupant
vehicles.
Goal 1: Reduce greenhouse gas emissions and move toward carbon neutrality
by reducing vehicular trips
Action 1: Create parking and transportation policies that encourage reduction of
vehicular commuter trips and increased use of public transit
Action 2: Compile and update annual transportation data indicating commuter
miles traveled, methods of travel and tons of C02 generated by vehicles
10.
Waste Management
Chaffey generates a significant amount of solid waste (trash, recycling, green
waste). The new mantra should be “Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle”. First, we
must become aware of the amount we discard and reduce our consumption of
products that generate large amounts of waste. Second, we must choose to
reuse items rather than placing them in the trash. Finally, we must become
better recyclers by buying products that contain post consumer recycled content,
recycling more of what we discard, and avoiding the use of products that are
either not recyclable or recyclable but not yet effectively being recycled.
Recycling Bin at Panther Express
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We must also change our habits regarding food waste by composting food
scraps. In the future, we must find ways to capture more of the energy (methane
gas) that is released from this decomposition process and use it as a locally
renewable form of energy.
Toxic chemicals are often less evident than other types of pollutants but can
have devastating consequences to the health of humans and the natural
environment. Conventionally, Chaffey has focused on the proper disposal of
hazardous waste but overlooked the massive quantities of chemicals that are
introduced into our environment to kill weeds and pests. Chaffey must become
more aware of these chemicals, reduce their residual effects, and seek to reduce
or eliminate their use.
Goal 1: Reduce all forms of waste
Action 1: Create a robust recycling program that includes paper, cardboard,
plastic, metal, glass, batteries, tires, computers and fluorescent lights
Action 2: Maximize collection by conveniently placing recycling bins in high
traffic areas and next to trash receptacles
11.
Water Conservation
Local water supplies are not adequate to sustain current levels of water
consumption. As climate change increases droughts will occur on a regular basis
and are expected to intensify. Nearly half of our water is imported from outside
our region. Relying on imported water is not sustainable for several reasons:


Imported water is becoming increasingly expensive.
Our imported water supply is limited and expected to diminish in the
future.
 Water importation consumes huge amounts of power adding to global
warming, and,
 Importing water often creates extensive environmental impacts for our
environment.
Much of this water is used for outdoor irrigation. Chaffey must begin using water
more wisely and work with local water districts to retain more of our storm and
wastewater to augment local water supplies. Decisive action regarding water is
urgently needed and it appears that our current consumption patterns allow for
dramatic improvement with little change to our overall quality of life. Chaffey
should encourage water-wise growth, water-friendly site design, and stretching
our existing water supplies.
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“Low Flow” Urinal
Goal 1: Reduce water consumption
Action 1: Develop a lawn replacement schedule for campus landscaping to
native and drought tolerant plants
Action 2: Develop a native and drought tolerant plant replacement schedule for
campus landscaping
12.
Implementation-Progress Assessment
We must act. Without action, the Chaffey Sustainability Strategic Plan will simply
sit on a shelf and collect dust rather than help our campus community reach its
sustainability goals. This implementation plan is intended to integrate best
sustainable practices into the everyday actions of the entire Chaffey organization.
Because sustainability is a long-term goal that will take many years to achieve,
we must continually monitor our progress and update our practices to continue
making progress. This implementation plan is designed to engage both Chaffey
College and the wider community in achieving the goals of the Sustainability
Strategic Plan. This implementation plan is also designed to assist Chaffey
College to transition from the current “Status Quo” to a future where sustainable
practices are standard operating procedures for both Chaffey and the
community.
Goal 1: Develop an implementation plan that integrates the best sustainable
practices into the everyday actions of the entire Chaffey organization.
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Action 1: Establish a decision-making process for campus sustainability issues
that includes a conflict resolution strategy
Action 2: Create a director of sustainability staff position to carry out
sustainability mandates and programs
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Appendix 1 – Excel Spreadsheet
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Appendix 2 – Chaffey College Total Electricity Usage by Fiscal Year
Panel A. Total electricity usage expressed in kilowatt-hours for the entire Chaffey College District by fiscal year.
Over the eight-year period shown there is an overall increase of 63% with large jumps occurring in 2002-03 (16.6%),
2007-08 (11.2%), and 2008-09 (10.9%). Events expected to cause an increase in electricity usage would include the
opening of new or renovated buildings. This includes the opening of CHTC in summer 2002, the Science complex in
spring 2007, the Lewis Center, Chino MIB in spring 2008, the Chino Community Center, the Chino Health Science
building and PLHS renovation in spring 2009, and the Center for the Arts in summer 2010. Events that would result
in a decrease in electricity usage include the closing of the Ontario center in summer 2007.
Panel B. Increase in assignable square feet (ASF) within the District for the same time period shown in Panel A. The events
indicated in Panel A would have similar effect on the increase of ASF.
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Panel C. Total electricity usage normalized to ASF. Normalization flattens the overall increase out to 28% at the peak
(2006-07) and an overall increase of 21% for the entire eight-year period.
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