SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY
Te Kura Maatai Hinengaro
PSYC 338 CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY
COURSE OUTLINE- Trimester II, 2004
TIMETABLE
LECTURES: Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday 11-12 in HU323
LABS:
Monday 1-3, Tuesday 12-2, Wednesday 9-11 in EA 406
STAFF
COORDINATOR:
LECTURERS:
TEACHING
ASSISTANTS:
ASSESSMENT:
Professor Colleen Ward
EA626
(x 6037)
Colleen.Ward@vuw.ac.nz
Office Hours:
Fri. 3-5
Dr. James Liu
EA 511
(x 5153)
James.Liu@vuw.ac.nz
Office Hours:
Thurs. 10-12 or drop by in the afternoon
Dr. Ronald Fischer EA 620
(x 8920)
Ronald.Fischer@vuw.ac.nz
Office Hours:
drop by in the afternoon
Michelle Gezentsvey EA 419 (Head tutor)
gezentmich@student.vuw.ac.nz
Office Hours:
Wednesday 12-1
Judy Lin
EA 419
linenyi@student.vuw.ac.nz
Office Hours: Wednesday 1-2
Judy Li
EA 419
lijudy@student.vuw.ac.nz
Office Hours: Thursday 11-12
Essay
Research Project
Lab reports (3)
Exam
(20%)
(25%)
(15%)
(40%)
due 20 August
due 15 October
due week following lab
examination period
18 Oct-14 Nov
COURSE OBJECTIVES
The course familiarizes students with the major approaches to the study of culture and
psychology and provides an overview of basic and complex psychological processes
in cultural context. Students who successfully complete PSYC 338 will be able to
1) critically evaluate cultural and cross-cultural theory and
2) competently conduct cross-cultural research.
In addition to the lectures and labs, the essay facilitates the first objective, and the lab
and research reports facilitate the second.
COURSE SYLLABUS
Week
Tuesday
beginning
July 12
Introduction
What’s culture?
July 19
July 26
Aug. 2
Aug. 9
Aug. 16
(CW)
Methodological
issues in emic and
etic approaches
(CW)
Culture,
Language and
Everyday
Cognition
(CW)
Self construals:
independent and
interdependent
selves
(JL)
Attribution and
emotion
(JL)
Achievement
motivation
(CW)
Wednesday
Friday
Lab topic
How do
psychologists
study
“culture”?
Etics:
Comparative
approaches
and cultural
variability
(CW)
Culture and
Perception
---------------
(CW)
Emics:
Indigenous
psychology of
Aotearoa
(FC)
Culture and
Thought:
Classic and
contemporary
perspectives
(CW)
Self construals
and self esteem
(JL)
Intergroup
relations
(JL)
Culture,
context and
socialisation
(CW)
(CW)
Intelligence
across
Cultures
(CW)
Subjective
well-being
(JL)
History and
identity
(JL)
Emics and
Etics of child
rearing
(CW)
Dimensions of
Cross-cultural
Variability *
Perceiving and
Classifying
Colours*
Horizontal and
Vertical
IndividualismCollectivism*
Cultural
Identity*
Preparation for
research project
Break
Sept 6
Sept. 13
Sept. 20
Sept. 27
Oct. 4
Oct. 11
Indigenous
perspectives:
Classic and
contemporary
approaches to
personality
(CW)
Comparative
studies of
psychopathology
(CW)
Acculturation:
Affect
(CW)
Acculturation in
action
(CW)
Work motivation
(RF)
Commitment and
work behaviour
(RF)
* Lab reports
Comparative
studies of
personality
Personality
measurement
across cultures
(CW)
Culture bound
syndromes
(CW)
ASC and
mental health
(CW)
Acculturation:
Behaviour
(CW)
Selecting and
training people
for
international
assignments
(RF)
Reward
allocation and
organizational
justice
(RF)
History of
cross-cultural
psychology
(WL)
(CW)
Acculturation:
Cognition
(CW)
Working
across cultures
(RF)
Training and
selection
across cultures
(RF)
Future of
cross-cultural
psychology
(WL)
Personality
Measurement*
Ethnic
perceptions and
mental health*
Analysis of
research data
Cultural
awareness
training *
Cultural
awareness
training
----------
READINGS
PSYC338 does not have a required text but uses selected readings in conjunction with
each lecture.
PART I - INTRODUCTION TO CULTURE AND PSYCHOLOGY
1.What’s culture?
Rohner, R. (1984). Toward a conceptualisation of culture for cross-cultural
psychology. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 15, 111-138.
Triandis, H. C. (2002). Subjective culture. In W. Lonner, D. L. Dinnel, S. A. Hayes &
D. N. Sattler (Eds.), Online readings in psychology and culture (Unit 15, Chapter
1). http://www.wwu.edu/~culture.
2. How do psychologists study culture?
Berry, J. W., Poortinga, Y., Segall, M., & Dasen, P. (1992). Cross-cultural
psychology (Chapter 1: Introduction to cross-cultural psychology). Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Berry, J.W. (1999). On the unity of the field of culture and psychology. In J.
Adamopolous & Y. Kashima (Eds.), Social psychology and cultural context (pp.
7-16). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Greenfield, P. (2000). Three approaches to the psychology of culture: Where do they
come from? Where can they go? Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 3 (3). 223240.
Ho, D. F. Y. (1990). Asian psychology: An East-West dialogues on indigenisation
and beyond. In V. Enriquez (Ed.), Indigenous psychology (pp.137-172). Quezon
City: Philippine Psychology Research and Training House.
3. Etics: Comparative approaches and dimensions of cultural variability
Smith, M., & Bond, M. H. (1998). Social psychology across cultures (2nd ed.,
Chapter 3: Culture- the neglected concept). London: Prentice Hall.
Triandis, H. C. (1989). The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts.
Psychological Review, 96, 506-520.
4. Methodological Issues in Emic and Etic Approaches
Triandis, H. C. (1994). Culture and social behavior (Chapter 3: How to study
cultures). New York: McGraw Hill.
Moghadddam, F., Taylor, D., & Wright, S. (1993). Social psychology in crosscultural perspective (Chapter 2: Research methods in cultural context). New
York: Freeman.
Ward, C. (1987). Theory and method in cross-cultural psychology. In J. D.
Greenwood (Ed.), The idea of psychology as a discipline (pp. 13-40). Singapore:
SUP.
Bond, M. H. (n.d.) Doing social psychology research cross-culturally: Into the heart
of darkness. In G, Brannigan, & M. Merrens (Eds.), The social psychologists.
New York: McGraw Hill.
Pe-Pua, R. (1990). Pagatatanung-tanong: A method for cross-cultural research. In V.
Enriquez (Ed.), Indigenous psychology (pp. 231-249). Quezon City: Philippine
Psychology Research and Training House.
5, Emics: Indigenous psychology of Aotearoa
This lecture to be given by the Maori unit of the Family Centre. Readings to be
advised; however, you may like to look at the 1993 New Zealand Psychological
Society: Special Issue on the Treaty of Waitangi and Bicultural Issues facing
Psychologists in the Teaching, Research and Practice of Psychology in Aoteroa.
PART II- CULTURE AND BASIC PROCESSES
6. Culture and Perception
Cole, M., & Scribner, S. (1974). Culture and thought (Chapter 4: Culture and
perception). New York: John Wiley.
Segall, M., Dasen, P., Berry, J., & Poortinga, Y. (1999). Cross-cultural psychology
(2nd ed., Chapter 4: Perceptual and cognitive processes). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Shiraev, E., & Levy, D. (2004). Cross-cultural psychology (2nd ed., Chapter 4:
Sensation, perception and states of consciousness). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
7. Culture, Language and Everyday Cognition
Nisbett, R. E., & Norenzayam, A. (2002). Culture and cognition. In D. L. Medin
(Ed.), Stevens’ handbook of experimental psychology (3rd ed.) New York: John
Wiley.
Also available from: http://www-personal.umich.edu/~nisbett/selected.html
Schliemann, A., Carraher, D., & Ceci, S. J. (1997). Everyday cognition. In J. W.
Berry, P. R. Dasen, & T. S. Saraswathi (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural
psychology, Vol. 2: Basic processes and human development (pp. 177-216).
Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
8. Culture and Thought: Classic and modern perspectives
Nisbett, R. E., Peng, K., Choi, I., & Norenzayam, A. (2001). Culture and systems of
thought: Holistic versus analytic cognition. Psychological Review, 108, 291-310.
Witkin, H. A. (1974). Cognitive styles across cultures. In J. W. Berry & P. R. Dasen
(Eds.), Culture and cognition: Readings in cross-cultural psychology (pp. 99117). London: Methuen.
9. Intelligence
Cole, M. (2004). The illusion of culture free intelligence testing. 11 pages.
http://lchc.ucds.edu/MCA/Paper/Cole/iq.html.
Mpofu, E. (2002). Indigenization of the psychology of human intelligence in subSaharan Africa. In W. Lonner, D. L. Dinnel, S. A. Hayes, & D. N. Sattler (Eds.),
Online readings in psychology and culture (Unit 5, Chapter 2 ).
http://www.wwu.edu/~culture
Serpell, R. (1994). The cultural construction of intelligence. In W. J. Lonner & R.
Malpass (Eds.), Psychology and culture (157-163). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Sternberg, R. J. (2002). Cultural explorations of human intelligence around the world.
In W. Lonner, D. L. Dinnel, S. A. Hayes & D. N. Sattler (Eds.), Online readings
in psychology and culture (Unit 5, Chapter 1). http://www.wwu.edu/~culture
PART III- CULTURE AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR
10. Independent and interdependent self construals
Markus, H.R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for
cognition, emotion and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
Harrington, L., & Liu, J.H. (2002). Self-enhancement and attitudes towards high
achievers: A bicultural view of the independent and interdependent self. Journal
of Cross-cultural Psychology, 33(1), 37-55.
11. Self construals and self esteem
Heine, S.J., Lehman, D.R., Markus, H.R., & Kitayama, S. (1999). Is there a need for
positive self-regard? Psychological Review, 106, 766-794.
Feather, N.T. (1989). Attitudes towards the high achiever: The fall of the tall poppy.
Australian Journal of Psychology, 41, 239-267.
12. Subjective well-being
Diener, E., & Diener, M. (1995). Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and
self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 653-663.
Diener, E., & Diener, M., & Diener, C. (1995). Factors predicting the subjective
well-being of nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(5),
851-864.
Kwan, V.S.Y., Bond, M.H., & Singelis, T.M. (1997). Pancultural explanations for
life satisfaction: Adding relationship harmony to self-esteem. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 73(5), 1038-1051.
13. Attribution and emotion
Kitayama, S., & Markus, H.R. (2000). The pursuit of happiness and the realization
of sympathy: Cultural patterns of self, social relations, and well-being. In E.
Diener & E.M. Suh (Eds.), Culture and subjective well-being (pp. 113-161).
Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Hewstone, M., & Ward, C. (1985). Ethnocentrism and causal attribution in Southeast
Asia. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(3), 614-623.
14. Intergroup relations
Staub, E. (2003). Notes on cultures of violence, cultures of caring and peace, and the
fulfillment of basic human needs. Political Psychology, 24(1). 1-21.
Liu, J.H., & Allen, M.W. (1999). The evolution of political complexity in Maori
Hawke's Bay: Archaeological history and its challenge to intergroup theory in
psychology. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 3, 64-80.
15. History and identity
Liu, J.H., & Hilton, D. (2004). How the past weighs on the present: Social
representations of history and their role in identity politics. British
Journal of Social Psychology.
Liu, J.H., Wilson, M.W., McClure, J., & Higgins, T.R. (1999). Social identity and the
perception of history: Cultural representations of Aotearoa/New Zealand. European
Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 1021-1047.
16. Achievement motivation
Ho, S-W., Munro, D., & Carr, S. (1999). Kiasuism across cultures: Singapore and
Australia. In J.-C. Lasry, J. Adair, & K. Dion (Eds.), Latest contributions to
cross-cultural psychology (pp. 212-227). Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger.
Yu, A.-B. (1996). Ultimate life concerns, self and Chinese achievement motivation.
In M.H. Bond (Ed.), The handbook of Chinese psychology (pp. 227-246). Hong
Kong: Oxford University Press.
PART IV- CULTURE AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
17. Culture, Context and Socialization
Kagitcibasi, C. (1996). Family and human development across cultures (Chapter 2:
Development in context). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Super, C., & Harkness, S. (1997). The cultural structuring of child development. In J.
W. Berry, P. R. Dasen & T. S. Saraswathi (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural
psychology, Vol. 2: Basic processes and human development (pp. 1-40). Boston:
Allyn & Bacon.
18. Emics and Etics in Child-rearing and Child Development
Doi, T. (1974). The anatomy of independence (Chapter 1: The first idea of amae).
Tokyo: Kodansha.
Ho, D. Y. F. (1996). Filial piety and its psychological consequences. In M. H. Bond
(Ed.), The handbook of Chinese psychology (pp. 155-164). Hong Kong: Oxford
University Press.
Mc Naughton, S. (1996). Ways of parenting and cultural identity. Culture and
Psychology, 2, 173-201.
Rohner, R., & Khaleque, A. (2002). Parental acceptance-rejection and life span
development: A universal perspective. In W. Lonner, D. L. Dinnel, S. A. Hayes &
D. N. Sattler (Eds.), Online readings in psychology and culture (Unit 11, Chapter
4 ). http://www.wwu.edu/~culture
Yamaguchi, S. (2004). Further clarifications of the concept of amae in relation to
dependence and attachment. Human Development, 47, 28-33.
PART V - CULTURE, PERSONALITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
19. Indigenous Perspectives: Classic and Contemporary Approaches to
Personality
Church, A. T. (1987). Personality research in a non-Western culture: The Philippines.
Psychological Bulletin, 102, 272-292.
Davies, S., Elkington, A., & Winslade, J. (1993). Putangitangi: A Maori model for
understanding the implications of Maori Intra-cultural differences for helping
strategies. New Zealand Journal of Counselling, 15, 1-6.
Fadiman, J., & Frager, R. (1976). Personality and personal growth (Chapter 11: Yoga
and the Hindu tradition). New York: Harper & Row.
Yang, K.S. (n.d). Toward an indigenous Chinese psychology: A selected review of
methodological, theoretical and empirical accomplishments. Unpublished
manuscript.
20. Comparative studies of personality
McCrae, R. R. (2002). Cross-cultural research on the five factor model of personality.
In W. Lonner, D. L. Dinnel, S. A. Hayes, & D. N. Sattler (Eds.), Online readings
in psychology and culture (Unit 6, Chapter 1). http://www.wwu.edu/~culture
McCrae, R. R., Costa, P., & Yik, M. (1996). Universal aspects of the Chinese
personality structure. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The handbook of Chinese psychology
(pp. 189-207). Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
Rolland, J.-P. (2002). The cross-cultural generalizability of the five factor model of
personality. In R.R. McCrae & J. Allik (Eds.), The five factor model of personality
across cultures (pp. 7-28). New York: Kluwer.
21. Personality measurement across cultures
Cheung, F. M., & Cheung, S. F. (2003). Measuring personality and values across
cultures: Imported versus indigenous measures. In W. Lonner, D. L. Dinnel, S. A.
Hayes & D. N. Sattler (Eds.), Online readings in psychology and culture (Unit 6,
Chapter 5). http://www.wwu.edu/~culture
Cheung, F., Leung, K., Fan, R., Song, W.-Z., Zhang, J.-X., & Zhang, J.-P. (1996).
Development of the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory. Journal of
Cross-cultural Psychology, 27, 181-199.
Lonner, W.J. (1990). An overview of cross-cultural testing and assessment. In R.
Brislin (Ed.), Applied cross-cultural psychology (pp. 56-76). Newbury Park, CA:
Sage.
22. Culture and Psychopathology
Rack, P. (1982). Race, culture and mental disorder (Chapter 10 Cultural pitfalls in
the recognition of depression and anxiety). London: Tavistock.
Durie, M. (1995). Mental health patterns for the New Zealand Maori. In I. Al Issa
(Ed.), Handbook of culture and mental illness: An international perspective (pp.
331-345). Madison, CT: International Universities Press.
23. The Emics and Etics of Psychopathology
Tanaka-Matsumi, J., & Draguns, J. (1997). Culture and psychopathology. In J. Berry
et al. (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology (pp. 449-491). Boston: Allyn
& Bacon.
Gwee Ah Leng. (1985). Koro - a cultural disease. In R. C. Simons & C. C. Hughes
(Eds.), The culture bound syndromes (pp. 155-159). Boston: D. Reidel.
24. ASC and mental health
Ward, C. (1980). Spirit possession and mental health. Human Relations, 33, 149-163.
Ward, C. (1989). Possession and exorcism: Psychopathology and psychotherapy
within a magico-religious context. In C. Ward (Ed.), Altered states of
consciousness and mental health: A cross-cultural perspective (pp. 125-143).
Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Ward, C. (1994). Culture and altered states of consciousness. In W. Lonner & R.
Malpass (Eds.), Psychology and culture (pp. 59-64). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
PART VI- APPLIED CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY
25. Acculturation: Stress and Coping
Ward, C., Bochner, S., & Furnham, A. (2001). The psychology of culture shock.
(Chapter 4: Stress and coping, Chapter 10: Refugees) London: Routledge.
26. Acculturation: Culture Learning
Ward, C., Bochner, S., & Furnham, A. (2001). The psychology of culture shock
(Chapter 3: Culture learning, Chapter 8: International students). London:
Routledge.
27. Acculturation: Social Identification
Ward, C., Bochner, S., & Furnham, A. (2001). The psychology of culture shock.
(Chapter 5: Social identification, Chapter 9: Immigrants). London: Routledge.
28. Acculturation in action
Video presentation- no readings for this session
29. Selecting and training people for international assignments
Bhawuk, D. P. S., & Brislin, R. W. (2000). Cross-cultural training: A review.Applied
Psychology: An International Review, 49, 162-191.
Ward, C., Bochner, S., & Furnham, A. (2001). The psychology of culture shock. 2nd
edition. Hove: Routledge. Chapter 11: Culture training.
30. Working across cultures
Aycan, Z. (2000). Cross-cultural industrial and organizational psychology:
Contributions, past developments, and future directions. Journal of CrossCultural Psychology, 31, 110-128.
Smith, P.B., Fischer, R. & Sale, N. (2001). Cross-cultural industrial and
organizational psychology. In C.L. Cooper & I.T. Robertson (Eds.), International
Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 16 (pp. 147-194), John
Wiley & Sons Ltd.
31. Work motivation
Erez, M. (1997). A culture based model of work motivation. In P. C. Earley & M.
Erez (Eds.). New perspectives on international industrial and organisational
psychology (pp.193-242). San Francisco: The New Lexington Press.
32. Reward allocation and organizational justice
Morris, M.W., & Leung, K. (2000). Justice for all? Progress in research on cultural
variation in the psychology of distributive and procedural justice. Applied
Psychology: An International Review, 49, 100-132.
Fischer, R., & Smith, P. B. (2003). Reward allocation and culture: A meta-analysis.
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34, 251-268.
33. Training and selection across cultures
Earley, P.C. (1994). Self or group? Cultural effects of training on self-efficacy and
performance. Administrative Science Quarterly. 39, 88-117.
Steiner, D. D., & Gilliland, S. W. (2001). Procedural justice in personnel selection:
International and cross-cultural perspectives. International Journal of Selection
and Assessment, 9, 1-14.
34. Commitment and work behaviour
Cohen, A. (2003). Multiple commitments in the workplace: An integrative approach.
NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
PART VII- CONCLUSIONS
35. History of cross-cultural psychology
36. Future of cross-cultural psychology
These two lectures are by Visiting Fellow, Professor Walter Lonner. Readings to be
advised.
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