Module: Dental Radiology
Faculty Teaching Guide for Dental Radiology
with Labs
Module - Dental Radiology
1
Faculty Teaching Guide for Dental Radiology
Faculty Teaching Guide for Dental Radiology
Module: Dental Radiology
Module Overview
A dental radiograph is a special type of photographic image produced by the use of x-rays and dental
radiographic film. It allows the dentist to see anatomical structures and pathology that would otherwise not be
visible. Correct placement of the x-ray film by the dental auxiliary is the first crucial step in good exposure skills.
Most errors with radiographs come from exposure techniques and film processing. Learning the most common
radiographic errors, and how to correct them, will save the dental assistant embarassment, as well as saving
patients unnecessary radiation exposure.
The Big Picture
Faculty Teaching Guide for
Dental Radiology with Labs
Module:
Dental Radiology
Section 1:
Dental Radiography
Part A: Radiation and
Safety
Part B: Radiographs
Part C: Processing and
Mounting
Part D: Extraoral
Radiographs and
Landmarks
Resources
This module utilizes the following learner resources:
Textbook: Dental Assisting, A Comprehensive Approach, 2nd edition, by Donna J. Phinney and Judy Halstead.
Delmar Learning, 2004. ISBN 1-4018-3480-9.
Workbook: Workbook to Accompany Dental Assisting, A Comprehensive Approach, 2nd edition, by Donna J.
Phinney and Judy Halstead, prepared by Karen L. Waide, Delmar Learning, 2004. ISBN 1-4018-3483-3.
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Module: Dental Radiology
Instructor’s Manual: Instructor’s Manual to Accompany Delmar’s Dental Assisting, A Comprehensive Approach,
2nd edition, by Donna J. Phinney and Judy Halstead. Delmar Learning, 2004. ISBN 1-4018-3482-5.
Delmar’s Dental Assisting Video Series: Delmar Learning. ISBN 0-7668-1031-3
Electronic CD-ROM: Delmar’s Dental Assisting Interactive Skills and Procedures CD-ROM, ISBN 1-4018-3485-X
Faculty CD-ROM: The faculty CD-ROM includes this Faculty Guide and the PowerPoint Presentation for Dental
Radiology.
Additional Resources
Materials and Procedures for Today’s Dental Assistant, by Ellen Dietz, Delmar Learning, 2004. ISBN 0-76682659-7.
Electronic Classroom Manager to Accompany Delamr’s Dental Assisting, A Comprehensive Approach, 2nd edition,
by Donna J. Phinney and Judy Halstead. Delmar Learning, 2004. ISBN: 1-4018-3484-1.
Section 1: Dental Radiology
Section Overview
Radiation is the transmission of energy through space and matter. It is emitted from atoms as they go through
internal change. Electromagnetic radiation is the movement of energy through space, as a combination of
electrical and magnetic energy, that is created when the speeed of an electrically charged particle is changed.
Other forms of electromagnetic radiation include light, radio, television waves, elecrticity, and ultraviolet rays. Any
exposure to x-radiation has the potential to damage biological tissues. Dental assistants need to practice
accurate techniques and acquire skills which become habits in order to protect themselves and their patients.
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Faculty Teaching Guide for Dental Radiology
Learning Objectives and Competencies
These learning activities directly address the Learning Objectives and Competencies as stated.
The Adult Learner….
Knowledge
1. Name the different sizes and types of dental x-ray film.
2. Identify safety precautions needed when using radiation.
3. List the types of extra oral dental radiographs.
Comprehension
4. Describe the biological effects of radiation.
5. Discuss the difference between bisecting and paralleling techniques.
6. Describe the most common radiographic errors.
learns best in an
atmosphere of mutual
respect. Establish class
guidelines for listening,
asking questions,
disagreeing, and other
elements of
communication. Letting
learners decide on the
guidelines will involve
them, and give them
ownership of the
process.
7. Describe proper automatic and manual processing techniques.
8. Define the difference between normal and abnormal radiographic landmarks.
Application:
9.
Demonstrate infection control during radiography procedures.
10. Demonstrate x-ray exposure using paralleling and bisecting angle techniques.
11. Demonstrate occlusal x-ray exposure.
12. Demonstrate manual and automatic processing of radiographs.
13. Demonstrate duplication of radiographs.
14. Demonstrate proper mounting of full mouth radiographs.
Learning Activities
These learning activities directly address the Learning Objectives and Competencies as stated.
[Insert Homework Assignment icon] Key Term Glossary (Part A, All Objectives)
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Infection Control Techniques (Part A, Objective 9)
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Instrument Assembly (Part A, Objective 10)
[Insert Homework Assignment icon] Textbook Assignment (Part A, All Objectives)
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Full Mouth X-Ray Exposure with Paralleling Technique (Part B, Objectives 9-10)
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Full Mouth X-Ray Exposure with Bisecting Technique (Part B, Objectives 9-10)
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Exposing Occlusal Radiographs (Part B, Objectives 9 and 11)
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Full Mouth Pediatric X-Ray Exposure (Part B, Objectives 9-10)
[Insert Homework Assignment icon] Posttest (Parts B-C, All Objectives)
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Module: Dental Radiology
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Processing Radiographs Using a Manual Tank (Part C, Objectives 9 and 12)
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Processing Radiographs Using an Automatic Processor (Part C, Objectives 9
and 12)
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Processing Duplicating Technique (Part D, Objectives 12-13)
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Mounting Radiographs (Part D Objective 14)
[Insert Homework Assignment icon] Interactive Skills and Procedures CD-ROM (Part D, Objective 14)
[Insert Homework Assignment icon] Workbook Assignment (Part D, All Objectives)
[Insert Homework Assignment icon] End of Chapter Activities (Part D, All Objectives)
Part A: Radiation and Safety
Overview
Although the risks to patients from dental radiography are low, it is best to keep exposure to ionizing radiation to a
minimum. Any exposure to radiation has the potential to damage living tissues. Radiation exposure should be
kept as low as reasonably achievable, the ALARA principle, which states that the patient should be exposed to
the minimum amount of radiation required for adequate diagnosis and evaluation. The dental assistant controls
the amount of radiation the patient receives and that exposure depends on the equipment, and proper exposure
and processing techniques. Dental auxiliaries need to place x-ray films properly in order to expose the correct
area, position the tubehead correctly, and process radiographs carefully to achieve the desired result.
Initial Questions and Activities
Teaching Tip
1. Who here listens to the radio, watches television, or uses a microwave oven?
Do you realize these common items work through invisible electromagnetic
radiation?
Everyone will acknowledge these every day activities. Some learners will
make comments regarding their understanding of the subject, and may
Practice good
facilitation skills when
conducting activities
and discussions. Pay
attention to learners
who are not
participating. Attempt
to determine factors
that might motivate or
reduce their motivation
and act accordingly.
even become alarmed when thinking about it, but should be reassured
that x-rays have different properties than these commonly used devices.
Key Concepts
References and Activities
Introduction to Module
Slides
Slides 1-2
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Faculty Teaching Guide for Dental Radiology
Key Concepts
References and Activities
Introduction to Section 1
Key Terms
Slides
Slides 3-5
Chapter ____, pp. ____
Slides 6-10
[Insert Home Ass icon] Key Term Glossary
Radiation and Safety
Chapter ____, pp. ____
Slides 11-22
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Infection Control
Techniques
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Instrument
Assembly
[Insert Home Ass icon] Textbook Assignment
[ ] Group Activities [ ] Homework [ ] Individual Activity [ ] Internet Activity [ ] In-Class Discussion [ ] In-Class Act [ ] Evaluation
[Insert In-Class Act icon]

In-Class Activities
Infection Control Techniques (Part A, Objective 9). Goal: For learners to practice infection control techniques
needed during x-ray exposure. Instructor should provide x-ray film, a lead apron, PPE, a Snap-a-ray device
and XCP paralleling instruments. Learners should be graded on the procedure steps as outlined on pg. ____,
Chapter ____. Learner workbooks contain check off sheets that can be utilized.

Instrument Assembly (Part A, Objective 10). Goal: For learners to become proficient with assembling the
Rinn XCP paralleling device and understand difference between the paralleling and bisecting techniques.
Instructor should provide several Rinn XCP paralleling devices, Snap-a-ray bisecting devices, and x-ray film.
Learners should practice assembling and reassembling the devices for the posterior right and left quadrants as
well as for anterior tooth placement until proficient without help. Learners should look through the ring to see if
the bite block is centered, as a quick check to monitor assembly. Instructor should supervise the activity while
discussing the distinction between paralleling and bisecting techniques.
[Insert In-Class Dis Ques icon] In-Class
Discussion
1. Before beginning treatment for a patient, including x-ray exposure, what needs to be reviewed?
The patient’s medical and dental history always needs to be examined before starting anything.
2. When would the dental assistant expose a full mouth set of radiographs on a pregnant woman?
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Module: Dental Radiology
Even with a lead apron for protection, radiographs would only be taken on a pregant woman to aid in
emergency treatment. Other diagnostic x-rays can wait until later.
[Insert Home Ass icon]
Teaching Tip
Homework Assignments
Key Term Glossary. Learners will define key terms listed in the PowerPoint
presentation. They are to enter this glossary on disk, in a dedicated notebook or
in a designated part of a notebook. They are expected to augment information
from text or lecture with other resources including any available in the school or
Work hard to create a
safe environment in
which learners can
participate without fear
of humiliation,
rejection,
embarrassment, or
criticism.
public libraries or on the Internet and will be graded at the end of the module on
completeness and presentation. Learners should be informed that every one of
these terms is important to know and not to be overwhelmed by how many there
are.
Textbook Assignment. Learners are to read Chapter ____ .
Presentation Tools
Note: If you change Objectives or Assignments, don’t forget to change the slides accordingly.
Slide 1
[Insert DR 1-1]
Power Point Presentation for Dental Radiology
DR – Stands for Dental
Module: Dental Radiology
Radiology. The 1st number
Introduce this module.
represents the Module called
Ask learners what their expectations are of this course.
Dental Radiology. The 2nd
Instructor should also talk about his or her expectations
of the learners.
number represents the slide
number.
Slide 2
[Insert DR 1-2]
Module: Dental Radiology
Introduce the sections and each part.
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Faculty Teaching Guide for Dental Radiology
Slide 3
[Insert DR 1-3]
Section 1: Dental Radiography
Discuss each objective in detail. Learners need to know
what they will be learning and why. Try to relate it back to
their careers as dental assistants.
Slide 4
[Insert DR 1-4]
Dental Radiography (cont.)
Continue to discuss each objective in detail.
Slide 5
[Insert DR 1-5]
Dental Radiography (cont.)
Continue to discuss each objective in detail.
Slide 6
[Insert DR 1-6]
Key Terms
Review each key term and discuss.
Slide 7
[Insert DR 1-7]
Key Terms
Continue to review each key term and discuss.
Slide 8
[Insert DR 1-8]
Key Terms
Continue to review each key term and discuss.
Slide 9
[Insert DR 1-9]
Key Terms
Continue to review each key term and discuss.
Slide 10
[Insert DR 1-10]
Key Terms (cont.)
Continue to review each key term and discuss.
Homework Assignment: Stop here and go over the Key
Term Glossary assignment.
Slide 11
[Insert DR 1-11]
Part A: Radiation and Safety
Discuss how Roentgen was involved in the discovery of
x-rays.
Explain how x-rays were introduced into the dental field
and who was responsible for these discoveries.
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Module: Dental Radiology
Point out how radiographic technology has progressed to
where it is today.
Slide 12
[Insert DR 1-12]
Development of Dental Techniques
Discuss who developed the bisecting technique.
Describe how the paralleling technique was developed
and who was responsible for the development and the
improving of this technique.
Explain why the panoramic concept was desired.
Point out whom was responsible for the first panoramic
machine.
Explain why the panoramic machine needed to be
improved and who improved it.
Slide 13
[Insert DR 1-13]
Electromagnetic Energy
Summarize electromagnetic energy. Discuss the forms
and similar properties.
Describe long and short wavelengths.
Slide 14
[Insert DR 1-14]
Atoms
Explain the importance of understanding atoms.
Describe the difference between neutrons and electrons.
Discuss what the nucleus is composed of and explain
each part in detail.
Ensure learners understand that ionizing radiation can
alter biological tissues and how important it is to follow all
safety procedures.
Slide 15
[Insert DR 1-15]
Types of Radiation
Describe the difference between primary, secondary,
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Faculty Teaching Guide for Dental Radiology
scatter, and leakage radiation.
Slide 16
[Insert DR 1-16]
Effects of Radiation on Cells
Describe how the cells are divided into somatic and
genetic groups.
Explain the difference between somatic and genetic cells.
Discuss which cells are radiosensitive and which cells
are radioresistant.
Discuss how a quality x-ray should be taken the first time
to eliminate the need for frequent retakes and how this
relates to quality assurance and the ALARA concept: As
Low As Reasonably Achievable.
Explain how to protect both the patient and the operator
from exposure to ionizing radiation; using dosimeters,
lead aprons with a thyroid collar, and standing behind a
lead lined wall, or at least six feet from the area being xrayed.
Slide 17
[Insert DR 1-17]
Radiation Measurement Terms
Discuss each type of radiation measurement including
rad or GY, rem or Sv, mr, and rbe.
Slide 18
[Insert DR 1-18]
Radiation Exposure Standards
Discuss the maximum permissible dose and the limit for
occupational exposed workers.
Slide 19
[Insert DR 1-19]
Radiation Exposure Detection Badge
Describe a dosimeter badge, when it should be worn and
the importance of wearing it.
Slide 20
[Insert DR 1-20]
Control Panel on a Dental X-ray Unit
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Module: Dental Radiology
Explain each part of the control panel.
Discuss with learners the difference between kVp and
mA. Kilovoltage peak (kVp) determines the quality or
penetrating power of the central x-ray beam and
milliamperage (mA) controls the quantity of electrons or
exposure the patient receives. Explain how the electronic
timer controls the total time the x-rays flow from the tubehead.
Inform learners that contrast is the differences in shades
of gray on a radiographic film and density is the degree of
darkness on a radiograph. Discuss how these can be
controlled by mA's, kVp, and developing techniques.
Slide 21
[Insert DR 1-21]
Dental Arm Assembly and Tubehead
Point out each part of the dental arm assembly and it’s
function.
Slide 22
[Insert DR 1-22]
Radiographic Safety and Quality Assurance
Discuss each part that the manufacturer is responsible
for. Explain requirements for the PID and the collimator.
Describe the dentist’s responsibilities for insuring safety
of patients and dental personnel when using radiography
equipment.
Address the specific training the dental assistant must
have in order to expose and process dental x-rays.
Ensure learners understand that it is the dental
assistant's responsibility to take a quality radiograph the
first time in order to eliminate the need for frequent
11
Faculty Teaching Guide for Dental Radiology
retakes.
Point out the importance of updating and keeping current
with patient health histories when dental x-rays are being
considered.
Short Activity: Stop here and show Video 2: Dental
Radiography.
In-Class Activity: Stop here for the Infection Control
Techniques activity and for the Instrument Assembly
activity.
Homework Assignment: Stop here to assign and
discuss the homework.
Part B: Radiographs
Teaching Tip
Overview
Both a clinical exam and radiographs are necessary for a complete assessment
and diagnosis of a patient’s oral condition. A full mouth series of radiographs is
exposed on all areas of the mouth, whether or not teeth are present. It illustrates
the desired teeth, surrounding bone, and underlying structures not visible in the
Bring up all the real world
things that can go wrong
when learners do not
acquire these skills and
thoroughly understand
this information. By
emphasizing the
negatives of not learning,
learners are often
encouraged to pay more
attention.
oral cavity. It is important for the dental assistant to pay carefull attention to
exposure and processing techniques needed to produce diagnostically
acceptable radiographs, because unacceptable radiographs require that films be
retaken, exposing the patient to additional ionozing radiation.
Initial Questions and Activities
1. How can the dental assistant make the patient feel more comfortable in the dental office environment?
The dental assistant should talk with the patient and begin by introducing him or herself, and briefly
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Module: Dental Radiology
chat about non-dental matters.
Key Concepts
References and Activities
Slides
Radiographs
Chapter ____, pp. ____
Slides 23-31
[Insert Group Activity icon] Full Mouth X-Ray
Exposure with Parelleling Technique
[Insert Group Activity icon] Full Mouth X-Ray
Exposure With Bisecting Technique
[Insert Group Activity icon] Exposing Occlusal
Radiographs
[Insert Group Activity icon] Full Mouth
Pediatric X-Ray Exposure
[ ] Group Activities [ ] Homework [ ] Individual Activity [ ] Internet Activity [ ] In-Class Discussion [ ] In-Class Activity [ ] Evaluation
[Insert In-Class Act icon]

In-Class Activities
Full Mouth X-Ray Exposure With Paralleling Technique (Part B, Objectives 9-10). Goal: For learners to
practice patient preparation and set-up Rinn XCP instrumentation for x-ray exposure using the paralleling
technique. Instructor should ensure enough materials and supplies are available. Learners should be divided
into groups. Learners should practice with supervision until proficient. Learners should be graded on the
procedure steps as outlined on pg. ____, Chapter ____. Learner workbooks contain check off sheets that can
be utilized.

Full Mouth X-Ray Exposure With Bisecting Technique (Part B, Objectives 9-10). Goal: For learners to
practice patient preparation with Snap-a-ray instrumentation for x-ray exposure using the bisecting angle
technique. Instructor should ensure enough materials and supplies are available. Learners should be divided
into groups. Learners should practice with supervision until proficient. Learners should be graded on the
procedure steps as outlined on pg. ____, Chapter ____. Learner workbooks contain check off sheets that can
be utilized.

Exposing Occlusal Radiographs (Part B, Objectives 9 and 11) Goal: To have learners practice patient
preparation and set-up materials for using the bisecting technique and correct angulations. Instructor should
ensure supplies and film are available. Learners should be divided into groups. Learners should practice with
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Faculty Teaching Guide for Dental Radiology
supervision until proficient. Learners should be graded on the procedure steps as outlined on pg. ____,
Chapter ____. Learner workbooks contain check off sheets that can be utilized.

Full Mouth Pediatric X-Ray Exposure (Part B, Objectives 9 -10) Goal: To have learners prepare the pediatric
Rinn XCP instrumentation for x-ray exposure. Instructor should ensure supplies and film are available.
Learners should be divided into groups. Learners should practice with supervision until proficient. Learners
should be graded on the procedure steps as outlined on pg. ____, Chapter ____. Learner workbooks contain
check off sheets that can be utilized.
[Insert In-Class Dis Ques icon] In-Class
Discussion
1. Before the patient is excorted to the treatment area for x-ray exposure, what should the dental assistant do?
The operatory should be cleaned and disinfected and ready for treatment before the patient is escorted
to the back area. Required equipment and films should be prepared and ready for use.
2. Why are dental x-rays necessary to diagnose a patient’s oral condition?
Only one-third of the tooth is visible in the mouth. Two-thirds of a tooth is embedded in bone and
pathology would only be detected through radiographs.
Ideas for learners struggling with this material …
 Organize. Encourage learners get organized. Tell them the more organized they are, the better they will
learn the information. Suggest they organize their notes, tests, activities, and study area, time for studying
and for completing homework. Advise them to try to assess where you stand now and then develop an action
plan to improve in any weak areas.
Ideas for learners who are ahead and want to learn more …
 Web Research. Have learners check http://www.Kodak.com under dental products, then look at the learning
center for tutorials on dental radiology. Have them write a short report of their findings to share with the class.
Presentation Tools
Note: If you change Objectives or Assignments, don’t forget to change the slides accordingly.
Slide 23
[Insert DR 1-23]
Part B: Radiographs
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Module: Dental Radiology
Discuss the different film sizes and numbers.
Review Part A and answer questions as needed.
Introduce Part B.
Explain the composition of dental x-ray film.
Discuss the different sizes and the reason for the various
sizes.
Explain what a dental film packet contains
Address how dental film is stored.
Point out the terms CMX and FMX are interchangeable
terms but use is dependent upon the dental practice.
Slide 24
[Insert DR 1-24]
X-ray Exposure
Describe how the x-ray area, including equipment, should
be covered to prevent contamination.
Explain how an area should be prepared for placement of
clean and contaminated films.
Review the types of protective clothing the DA should wear
during film exposure.
Discuss the importance of checking the x-ray machine for
correct settings.
Explain how the patient needs to be seated and what items
should be removed from the patient if necessary prior to xray exposure.
Point out the importance of the lead apron and thyroid
collar placement over patient.
Slide 25
[Insert DR 1-25]
Types of Film Exposures
Explain the difference between periapical, bitewing, and
occlusal radiographs.
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Faculty Teaching Guide for Dental Radiology
Describe what area each of these radiographs shows.
Refer learners to the textbook Figures in Chapter ____ for
the bisecting technique and for the paralleling technique.
Slide 26
Film Exposure Techniques
[Insert DR 1-26]
Explain what radiographs are used in the bisecting
technique.
Discuss the principles of the bisecting technique. Describe
the disadvantages of this technique.
Explain why the paralleling technique is preferred for
periapical and bitewing radiographs.
Discuss film holders and positioning.
Slide 27
Full-Mouth Series
[Insert DR 1-27]
Describe what a bitewing radiograph shows.
Explain why the patient may need to have either a
horizontal or vertical positioned bitewing x-ray.
Discuss the different positions for both maxillary and
mandibular arches.
Note to The Instructor: Make sure to demonstrate these
positions. Visuals often help the learner understand more
clearly what is being discussed.
Slide 28
Special Types of Radiographs
[Insert DR 1-28]
Explain which areas occlusal radiographs show and how
they can be utilized on patients who have difficulties with
periapical films.
Discuss the two techniques used to expose occlusal
radiographs.
Discuss the special precautions that need to be taken when
exposing radiographs on children.
16
Module: Dental Radiology
Point out the importance of explaining to the patient what is
being done prior to taking a radiograph.
Describe the films taken in a full mouth survey on a child.
Summarize the specific angulations for each type of
radiograph.
Explain why radiographs need to be taken on a patient
without teeth.
Point out why radiographs are taken during an endodontic
procedure.
Discuss the care that must be taken when caring for a
patient with special needs.
Address the importance of reviewing a patient’s chart
before any radiographs are taken.
Slide 29
[Insert DR 1-29]
Producing a Quality Radiograph
Point out the qualities of an acceptable x-ray.
Slide 30
[Insert DR 1-30]
Film Exposure Errors
Explain what distortion and elongation will look like on a
radiograph.
Discuss how to avoid foreshortening, overlapping, cone
cutting, clear film, double exposure, and blurred image
errors.
Point out the importance of checking the exposure times to
avoid under or over exposed film.
Summarize the importance of attention to detail ensuring
correct film placement and the removal of any accessories
that may show up on the radiograph.
Slide 31
[Insert DR 1-31]
Film Processing Errors
Identify and discuss each processing error.
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Faculty Teaching Guide for Dental Radiology
In-Class Activity: Stop here for the Part B in-class
activities.
Part C: Processing and Mounting
Overview
X-ray films exposed using the most careful radiographic techniques may be ruined by
careless or faulty processing procedures. Darkroom design and cleanliness, film
storage, solution temperature and quality, equipment functioning, and operator
technique influence the quality of the finished radiograph. The dental assistant must
pay careful attention to each of these factors in order to produce x-rays of optimum
quality. Knowledge of normal anatomical landmarks is indispensable to the dental
assistant in order to facilitate mounting of radiographs in their proper location and
Teaching Tip
Encourage learners to
assume the roles of both
patient and healthcare
worker, and treat each
other accordingly.
Patients should ask lots
of questions and state
fears. Dental assistants
should practice effective
patient interaction skills
and apply a professional
demeanor.
sequence. An error in film mounting could result in improper treatment of a dental
patient.
Initial Question and Activities
1. What would happen if the darkroom door is opened while the dental assistant is developing x-ray films?
The exposed films will be exposed to white light and therefore ruined. The x-rays of the patient will
then need to be retaken.
Key Concepts
References and Activities
Slides
Processing and Mounting
Chapter ____, pp. ____
Slides 32-37
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Processing
Radiographs Using A Manual Tank
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Processing
Radiographs Using an Automatic Processor
[ ] Group Activities [ ] Homework [ ] Individual Activity [ ] Internet Activity [ ] In-Class Discussion [ ] In-Class Activity [ ] Evaluation
[Insert In-Class Act icon] In-Class

Activities
Processing Radiographs Using A Manual Tank (Part C, Objectives 9 and 12). Goal: For learners to follow
all steps involved in the manual processing procedure. Instructor should ensure enough developing and fixing
18
Module: Dental Radiology
solutions are available, demonstrate, and observe learners’ performance. Learners should be graded on the
procedure steps as outlined on pg. ____, Chapter ____. Learner workbooks contain check off sheets that can
be utilized.

Processing Radiographs Using an Automatic Processor (Part C, Objectives 9 and 12), Goal: To have
learners develop radiographs using the automatic processor. Instructor should ensure enough developing
and fixing solutions are available, demonstrate, and observe learners’ performance. Instructor should ensure
learners completely understand how the machine operates. Learners should be graded on the procedure
steps as outlined on pg. ____, Chapter ____. Learner workbooks contain check off sheets that can be
utilized.
[Insert In-Class Dis Ques icon] In-Class
Discussion
1. What would happen if the dental assistant doesn’t have the patient remove their eyeglasses or partial denture
before exposing radiographs?
The x-rays would not be diagnostic due to these radiopaque objects obstructing oral structures.
2. What might take place if dental x-ray films are improperly mounted?
The dentist could anesthetize the patient or even perform treatment for the wrong tooth.
Ideas for learners struggling with this material …

Critical Thinking: Ask learners how deeply are they thinking about this information? Ask if they are just
reading the text and listening to the lecture without really thinking about the concepts and trying to apply
them. Encourage struggling learners to discuss what they are learning with other classmates and family
members. The more they think about the concepts the more they will begin to remember them.
Ideas for learners who are ahead and want to learn more…

Patient Education: Have learners research questions patient’s frequently ask about dental x-rays. Have them
go to http://www.ada.org and look under x-rays. Learners should write a short report of their findings to share
with the class.
Presentation Tools
Note: If you change Objectives or Assignments, don’t forget to change the slides accordingly.
19
Faculty Teaching Guide for Dental Radiology
Slide
[Insert DR 1-32]
Part C: Processing and Mounting
32
Review Part B and answer questions as needed.
Review the material from the Dietz textbook assignment
and discuss the Posttest questions to confirm
understanding.
Explain and discuss the function of the darkroom.
Address the use of view boxes.
Describe each part of the manual processing equipment.
Point out how to prepare the developing and fixing
solutions.
Discuss each step in the manual processing procedure.
Slide
Processing Solutions
[Insert DR 1-33]
Describe what the developing solution contains and it’s
33
function in the developing process.
Discuss why the fixer solution is needed and the
chemical content.
Explain the OSHA guidelines for disposing of the fixer
and developer solution.
Note to Instructor: For further resource materials
regarding radiology chemical issues refer to Chapter
_____ in Delmar’s Materials and Procedures for Today’s
Dental Assistant, by Ellen Dietz, 2005. ISBN: 1-40183733-6.
Slide
Automatic Processor
[Insert DR 1-34]
Discuss each step of the automatic processing
34
procedure.
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Module: Dental Radiology
Compare the automatic processing to the manual
processing and discuss what their similarities and
differences are.
Address the general guidelines for proper care of the
automatic processor to include daily and weekly
maintenance of the processor and darkroom.
Slide
[Insert DR 1-35]
Duplicating X-rays
Explain why duplicating radiographs is necessary.
35
Discuss each step in the duplicating process.
Slide
[Insert DR 1-36]
Mounting Dental Radiographs
Discuss the two types of mounting techniques. Discuss
36
which one is most preferred and why.
Explain the labial mounting technique in detail.
Describe the different types of mounts.
Slide
[Insert DR 1-37]
37
Patient Radiographs
Discuss where patient radiographs are stored and how
they are labeled.
Explain how the x-rays are legal documents.
Address the issue of property rights to the patient
radiography.
In-Class Activity: Stop here for the Part C in-class
activities.
Part D: Extraoral Radiographs and Landmarks
Overview
Extra oral radiographs are those taken outside of the mouth when large areas of the jaw or skull need to be
examined. They are often used in conjunction with other dental radiographs for patient evaluation. Extra oral
radiographs require the use of cassettes with intensifying screens. Taking time to explain the procedure, proper
positioning of the patient by the dental assistant, and a carefully loaded cassette will ensure clear and accurate
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Faculty Teaching Guide for Dental Radiology
representation and detail of the patient’s anatomy. As a dental team member, a good dental assistant has a
significant responsibility in disease detection, and should be able to differentiate normal from abnormal
anatomical features.
Teaching Tip
Initial Questions and Activities
1. What type of dentist might use extra oral radiographs?
An oral surgeon would need to see impacted teeth or pathologies and an
orthodontist requires extra oral radiographs in order to assess a patient’s
potential growth pattern.
Bring up your own
real workplace
experiences. Take
time prior to class to
think seriously about
the examples you
can use to assist
learners in
understanding the
information.
Key Concepts
References and Activities
Slides
Extraoral Radiographs and
Chapter ____, pp. ____
Slides 38-43
Landmarks
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Processing
Duplicating Technique
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Mounting
Radiographs
Summary of Module
[Insert Home Ass icon] Interactive Skills and
Slide 44
Procedures CD-ROM
[Insert Home Ass icon] Workbook Assignment
[Insert Home Ass icon] End of Chapter
Activities
[ ] Group Activities [ ] Homework [ ] Individual Activity [ ] Internet Activity [ ] In-Class Discussion [ ] In-Class Activity [ ] Evaluation
[Insert In-Class Act icon]

In-Class Activities.
Processing Duplicating Technique (Part D, Objectives 12-13). Goal: To have learners prepare equipment
and supplies needed to copy radiographs. Instructor should ensure enough supplies and duplicating film are
available. Learners should be graded on the procedure steps as outlined on pg. ____, Chapter ____. Learner
workbooks contain check off sheets that can be utilized.

Mounting Radiographs (Part D, Objective 14). Goal: To have learners become proficient with placing
radiographs in the correct locations on the mount. Instructor should ensure x-ray mounts are available. This
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Module: Dental Radiology
may take a few tries so instructor should keep the students encouraged. Learners should be graded on the
procedure steps as outlined on pg. ____, Chapter ____. Learner workbooks contain check off sheets that can
be utilized.
[Insert In-Class Dis Ques icon]
In-Class Discussion
1. What are the image characteristics of a useful radiograph?
Diagnostic radiographs produce a clear, sharp, and undistorted image of the area being studied. An
ideal periapical x-ray should include the desired teeth 4 to 6 mm beyond the apex, with open contacts,
plus bone and other anatomical structures of the surrounding the area.
[Insert Home Ass icon]
Homework Assignments
Interactive Skills and Procedures CD-ROM: Learners should practice mounting radiographs using the six case
studies on the CD-ROM. They should then return to the classroom, disassemble their live patient radiographs,
and remount them again in the proper locations, and continue until capable and accurate.
Workbook Assignment. Learners are to complete the workbook Chapter ____ questions. Learners should be
prepared to review these in class.
End of Chapter Activities. Have learners complete the Review Questions and Critical Thinking Questions in
Chapter ____ of the textbook.
Ideas for learners struggling with this material …

Connect Information: Suggest learners connect the information they are learning to information in other
courses already discussed. Inform them that the more connections they make, the better they will establish
information in their long-term memory.
Ideas for learners who are ahead and want to learn more

Tutor Others: Encourage learners who are ahead to work with learners who are struggling. By working with
others knowledge will still continue to be gained.
Presentation Tools
Note: If you change Objectives or Assignments, don’t forget to change the slides accordingly.
Slide
38
[Insert DR 1-38]
Part D: Extraoral Radiographs and Landmarks
Review Part C. Make sure that any remaining questions
23
Faculty Teaching Guide for Dental Radiology
are answered.
Review the material from the Dietz textbook assignment
and discuss the Posttest questions to confirm
understanding.
Introduce Part D.
Discuss the different types of extraoral radiographs.
Point out the sizes and purpose for each.
Slide
[Insert DR 1-39]
Cephalometric Radiographs
39
Describe what these radiographs are used to asses.
Discuss which area of dentistry uses cephalometric
radiographs the most and why.
Slide
[Insert DR 1-40]
Radiographic Interpretation Terminology
40
Explain the importance of knowing terminology used in xray diagnosis.
Define and discuss each term.
Slide
[Insert DR 1-41]
Landmarks
41
Discuss each tooth part including the surrounding tissues.
Point out the importance of learning landmarks.
Slide
[Insert DR 1-42]
Landmarks (cont.)
42
Identify and discuss each landmark on both the maxillary
and mandibular arches.
Slide
[Insert DR1-43]
Advanced Technology in Dental Radiology
43
Explain the purpose of CT scanning, MRI, and digital
imaging.
Describe how they are related to dentistry.
24
Module: Dental Radiology
Short Activity: Stop and discuss the case study in Chapter
_____, pg. _____.
In-Class Activity: Stop for Part D in-class activities.
Slide
44
[Insert DR 1-44]
Summary of Module
Homework Assignment: Stop here to assign and discuss
the homework.
Remind learners that quality dental radiography requires
good films that are properly placed, exposed, processed,
and mounted by the DA.
Point out that with practice and experience they will
become proficient with these skills.
Review the material from the module as needed and
answer questions to clarify understanding.
25