Biology I (H)
Study Guide: CH 18 CLASSIFICATION
E. S. Gustafson
NAME:_____________________________ _______
PERIOD: ____
SECTION 18-1: HISTORY OF CLASSIFICATION
EARLY SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION
Define taxonomy.
Explain the classification system used by the Greek philosopher Aristotle more than 2000 years ago.
Discuss the problem with using common names to identify organisms. Provide some examples.
LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM
What criteria did Linnaeus use to categorize organisms?
List the seven levels or organization in Linnaeus’s hierarchy from the most inclusive to the most
exclusive.
(1)
(5)
(2)
(6)
(3)
(7)
(4)
Write a mnemonic aid to help remember the categories above in descending order of hierarchy.
Distinguish between phylum & division. Is “division” still commonly used in taxonomy?
Explain the aspects of binomial nomenclature. Provide an example.
1
What is a variety? Provide examples of two varieties.
What is a subspecies? Provide examples of two subspecies.
What do modern taxonomists consider when classifying organisms? Define phylogeny.
SECTION 18-2: MODERN PHYLOGENETIC TAXONOMY
SYSTEMATICS
What is systematics?
List 5 lines of evidence used by modern systematic taxonomists to construct a phylogenetic tree.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
What is a phylogenetic tree?
Examine the phylogenetic tree at right. Numbers represent modern species; letters represent points
of divergence from a common ancestor.
What position indicates the common ancestor
of species 1 through 4?
Which species are most closely related?
Which species are most distantly related?
Which position marks the most remote ancestor
of all the species?
Which position marks the most recent common
ancestor of all the species?
2
Provide an example of how the fossil record might be used to establish a phylogenetic relationship
between different organisms.
Provide an example of how morphology might be used to establish a phylogenetic relationship between
different organisms.
Provide an example of how embryological patterns of development might be used to establish a
phylogenetic relationship between different organisms.
Provide an example of how chromosomal karyotypes might be used to establish a phylogenetic
relationship between different organisms.
Provide an example of how macromolecular homologies might be used to establish a phylogenetic
relationship between different organisms.
CLADISTICS
How is cladistics used to establish evolutionary relationships?
What is a derived character?
3
Use your text to write in the derived characters in the cladogram of terrestrial vertebrates below (see
Figure 18-6)
.
According to the cladogram, what two groups are most closely related? ____________________________
SECTION 18-3: TWO MODERN SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION
SIX-KINGDON SYSTEM
The original modern classification system consisted of _______ kingdoms.
Use your text to fill in the missing information in the table below. (See Table 18-2.)
4
Provide 3 examples of where archaebacteria might live.
Provide 3 examples of eubacteria. Note that most eubacteria are beneficial.
Provide 2 examples of common protistan groups. One unicellular & one multicellular
Provide 6 examples of fungal groups. How many species of fungi are currently identified? ____________
Provide 4 examples of plant groups. How many species of plants are currently identified? ____________
Provide 11 examples of animal groups. How many species of animals are currently identified? ________
THREE-DOMAIN SYSTEM
Use the illustration below to list the 3 domains & associate them with the members of the 6-kingdom
system.
5