Appendix B. Results of analyses of variance (ANOVAs) testing for differences in the (i)
elevational and (ii) temperature ranges of tropical and temperate species (distribution effect) of
vertebrates excluding species with less than 20 records to reduce the effect of considering species
with few locality data, which can appear to occupy narrow ranges owing to statistical artifacts
and not to niche restrictions. In these analyses, the effect of sample sizes was not accounted for
further.
(i)
n
F
p
129
4.62
0.03
21
2.43
0.13
48
14.54
<0.01
24
1.15
0.29
14
5.35
0.04
18
2.86
0.11
n
F
p
135
13.68
<0.01
24
3.80
0.06
52
14.66
<0.01
25
0.38
0.54
14
0.00
0.97
18
8.39
<0.01
Elevational Range
All Groups
Distribution
Bats
Distribution
Birds
Distribution
Frogs
Distribution
Lizards
Distribution
Snakes
Distribution
(ii)
Temperature Range
All Groups
Distribution
Bats
Distribution
Birds
Distribution
Frogs
Distribution
Lizards
Distribution
Snakes
Distribution
Appendix C. Results of analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) testing for differences in the (i)
elevational and (ii) temperature ranges of tropical and temperate species of vertebrates
(distribution effect) excluding species with less than 20 records and including the number of
localities as a covariate. In these analyses, the effect of sample sizes was taken into consideration
explicitly by removing species with few data and then correcting for the effect of sample sizes
including this covariate (localities effect).
(i)
n
F
p
129
129
5.02
4.77
0.02
0.03
21
21
0.19
2.33
0.66
0.14
48
48
1.03
14.55
0.31
<0.01
24
24
6.35
1.43
0.01
0.24
14
14
2.49
6.02
0.14
0.03
18
18
17.18
5.43
<0.01
0.03
Elevational Range
All Groups
Localities
Distribution
Bats
Localities
Distribution
Birds
Localities
Distribution
Frogs
Localities
Distribution
Lizards
Localities
Distribution
Snakes
Localities
Distribution
(ii)
n
F
p
135
135
31.95
16.86
<0.01
<0.01
24
24
4.47
4.40
0.04
0.04
52
52
11.27
17.68
<0.01
<0.01
25
25
14.96
0.61
<0.01
0.44
14
14
11.68
0.00
<0.01
0.95
18
18
8.12
11.71
0.01
<0.01
Temperature Range
All Groups
Localities
Distribution
Bats
Localities
Distribution
Birds
Localities
Distribution
Frogs
Localities
Distribution
Lizards
Localities
Distribution
Snakes
Localities
Distribution
Appendix D. Elevational and temperature ranges occupied by temperate and tropical species in
five vertebrate groups. Sample sizes are number of species. In contrast to the figure portrayed in
the main text, which used as response variable the residuals of the regression used to correct for
the number of localities, this figure shows the raw data of elevational and temperature ranges.
Boxplots indicate median, lower and upper quantiles, the 5% and 95% percentiles, and outliers.
Asterisks indicate significant differences based on the ANOVA shown in Appendix B. Patterns
are similar to those of analyses described in the main text.
5000
All Groups
n = 129
Bats
n = 21
Birds
n = 48
*
Frogs
n = 24
Lizards
n = 14
Snakes
n = 18
Lizards
n = 14
Snakes
n = 18
*
Elevational Range
2000
Elevational Range
3000
Elevational Range
Elevational Range
4000
1000
0
All Groups
n = 135
Bats
n = 24
Birds
n = 52
*
Frogs
n = 25
*
*
Temperature Range
40
30
20
10
0
Tropical Temperate
Tropical
Temperate
Tropical
Temperate
Tropical
Temperate
Tropical
Temperate
Tropical
Temperate
Appendix E. Full results of analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) testing for differences in the (i)
elevational and (ii) temperature overlap of sister species of vertebrates between the tropical and
temperate zones (distribution effect). Results related to the tropical vs. temperate comparisons
were reported in the main text, but those related to the effect of genetic distance (surrogate for
divergence time) and number of localities were not reported for brevity and because they were
not significant and were included in analyses only as possibly confounding variables.
(i)
Elevational Overlap
All Groups
Genetic Distance
Localities
Distribution
Bats
Genetic Distance
Localities
Distribution
Birds
Genetic Distance
Localities
Distribution
Frogs
Genetic Distance
Localities
Distribution
Lizards
Genetic Distance
Localities
Distribution
Snakes
Genetic Distance
Localities
Distribution
n
F
p
93
93
93
0.21
3.76
0.58
0.65
0.06
0.45
15
15
15
0.00
0.32
3.47
0.97
0.59
0.04
30
30
30
8.39
1.84
0.73
0.01
0.19
0.40
20
20
20
0.23
2.27
0.71
0.64
0.15
0.41
14
14
14
0.00
0.36
0.48
0.99
0.56
0.50
14
14
14
0.09
0.01
0.74
0.77
0.92
0.41
(ii)
Temperature Overlap
All Groups
Genetic Distance
Localities
Distribution
Bats
Genetic Distance
Localities
Distribution
Birds
Genetic Distance
Localities
Distribution
Frogs
Genetic Distance
Localities
Distribution
Lizards
Genetic Distance
Localities
Distribution
Snakes
Genetic Distance
Localities
Distribution
n
F
p
93
93
93
0.58
1.15
10.42
0.45
0.29
0.00
15
15
15
0.58
1.73
0.03
0.46
0.22
0.88
30
30
30
0.72
1.15
6.23
0.40
0.29
0.02
20
20
20
0.00
0.02
0.19
0.98
0.89
0.67
14
14
14
0.26
4.06
7.86
0.62
0.07
0.02
14
14
14
0.16
0.08
1.42
0.70
0.79
0.26
Appendix F. Full results of analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) testing for differences in the (i)
elevational and (ii) temperature overlap of sister species of vertebrates between the tropical and
temperate zones computed using approaches different from those described in the main text.
Here, elevational overlap was calculated using the formula proposed by Kozak and Wiens to
calculate thermal overlap (reference 17 in the main text), whereas thermal overlap was calculated
using the formula used by Janzen (9). The formulae to calculate overlap are shown in the tables,
where OAB is the overlap between sister species A and B, RA is the range (in meters or degrees
Celsius) of species A, and RB is the range of species B.
(i)
n
F
p
93
93
93
3.17
4.06
0.00
0.12
0.04
0.94
15
15
15
0.44
0.27
0.01
0.51
0.61
0.91
30
30
30
4.20
0.96
0.08
0.77
0.33
0.77
20
20
20
0.35
2.15
0.00
0.55
0.16
0.93
14
14
14
0.13
1.70
0.03
0.71
0.21
0.86
14
14
14
0.25
0.03
0.00
0.62
0.86
0.96
Elevational Overlap
All Groups
Genetic Distance
Localities
Distribution
Bats
Genetic Distance
Localities
Distribution
Birds
Genetic Distance
Localities
Distribution
Frogs
Genetic Distance
Localities
Distribution
Lizards
Genetic Distance
Localities
Distribution
Snakes
Genetic Distance
Localities
Distribution
Calculated as 0.5(OAB/RA+OAB/RB)
(ii)
n
F
p
93
93
93
0.59
0.29
9.69
0.44
0.58
0.00
15
15
15
0.60
1.78
0.12
0.43
0.20
0.73
30
30
30
0.38
2.11
6.10
0.53
0.15
0.02
20
20
20
0.00
0.02
0.44
0.98
0.87
0.51
14
14
14
0.01
4.19
3.90
0.91
0.06
0.07
14
14
14
0.09
0.06
2.73
0.75
0.79
0.12
Temperature Overlap
All Groups
Genetic Distance
Localities
Distribution
Bats
Genetic Distance
Localities
Distribution
Birds
Genetic Distance
Localities
Distribution
Frogs
Genetic Distance
Localities
Distribution
Lizards
Genetic Distance
Localities
Distribution
Snakes
Genetic Distance
Localities
Distribution
Calculated as OAB/√(RA*RB)
Appendix G. Overlap in elevational range and temperature regime of temperate and tropical
species in five vertebrate groups. Sample sizes are number of species. Here, elevational and
temperature overlap were calculated as described in Appendix F (i.e. using different formulae
from those used in the main text). Boxplots indicate median, lower and upper quantiles, the 5%
and 95% percentiles, and outliers. Asterisks indicate significant differences based on the
ANCOVA shown in Appendix F.
1.2
All Groups
n = 93
Bats
n = 15
Birds
n = 30
Frogs
n = 20
Lizards
n = 14
Snakes
n = 14
Elevational Overlap
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
12
*
*
Temperature Overlap
10
8
6
4
2
0
Tropical
Temperate
Tropical
Temperate
Tropical
Temperate
Tropical
Temperate
Tropical
Temperate
Tropical
Temperate