Table S1. Master taxa list for the Chengjiang Shale (138 taxa)
Taxa with potential synonyms indicated by * (see Table S3). Position is based on morphology and discussion in Hou et al. 2004 (3).
References in “Evidence for Trophic Role” column denoted by numbers in parantheses as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Brusca RC, Brusca GJ (1990) Invertebrates (Sinauer Press, Massachusetts).
Erwin DH, expert assessment.
Hou XG, Xiao M, Zhao J, Bergstrom J (2004) Lethaia 37:235-244.
Butterfield NJ (2002) Paleobiology 28:155-171.
Vannier J, Chen JY (2002) Lethaia 35:107-120.
Zhang XL, Han J, Zhang ZF, Liu HQ, Shu DG (2003) Palaecology 46:447-465.
Hou XG, Bergstrom J (1997) Fossils and Strata, 116 pp.
Briggs DEK, Erwin DH, Collier JF (1994) The Fossils of the Burgess Shale (Smithsonian Inst. Press, Washington).
Hou XG, Bergstrom J, Ahlberg PE (1995) GFF 117:163-183.
Chen JY, Waloszek D, Maas A (2004) Lethaia 37:3-20.
Shu D, Morris SC, Zhang ZF, Liu JN, Han J, Chen L, Zhang XL, Yasui K, Li Y (2003) Science 299:1380-1384.
Chen JY, Huang DY, Peng QQ, Chi HM, Want XQ, Feng M (2003) Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 100:8314-8318.
Shu DG, Conway Morris S, Han J, Zhang ZF, Liu JN (2002) Nature 430:422-428.
Bengston S, Hou XG (2001) Acta Palaeon Polon 46:1-22.
Zhang XL, Shu DG, Li Y, Han J (2001) J Geol Soc Lon 158:211-218.
Mallatt J, Chen JY (2003) J Morph 258:1-31.
Group
misc basal
Algae
zooplankton
Porifera
#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Taxon
phytoplankton
bacterioplankton
suspended organic matter
benthic detritus
Megaspirella houi
Sinocylindra yunnanensis
Yuknessia sp.
Fuxianospira gyrata
zooplankton
Allantospongia mica
Trophic Role
photosynthetic
bacterial
detrital
detrital
photosynthetic
photosynthetic
photosynthetic
photosynthetic
micro-planktivores
filter-feeder
Position
pelagic, epifaunal
pelagic, epifaunal
pelagic, epifaunal
benthic, infaunal
epifaunal
epifaunal
epifaunal
epifaunal
pelagic, epifaunal
epifaunal, sessile
Evidence for Trophic Role
inferential
inferential
inferential
inferential
phylogenetic conservation
phylogenetic conservation
phylogenetic conservation
phylogenetic conservation
inferential
phylogenetic conservation:
1
modern sponges largely feed
on bacteria (1)
as above
11
Choia xiaolantianensis
filter-feeder
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Choiaella radiata
Leptomitella confusa
Leptomitella conica
Leptomitus teretiusculus
Paraleptomitella dictyodroma
Paraleptomitella globosa
Quadrolaminella crassa
Sinoflabrum antiquum
Saetaspongia densa
Triticispongia diagonata
Priscapennamaria angusta
filter-feeder
filter-feeder
filter-feeder
filter-feeder
filter-feeder
filter-feeder
filter-feeder
filter-feeder
filter-feeder
filter-feeder
micro-carnivores
epifaunal, infaunal?,
sessile
infaunal?, sessile
epifaunal, sessile
epifaunal, sessile
epifaunal, sessile
epifaunal, sessile
epifaunal, sessile
epifaunal, sessile
epifaunal, sessile
epifaunal, sessile
epifaunal, sessile
epifaunal, sessile
Hyolitha/Mollusca
23
24
25
26
Xianguangia sinica
Maotianoascus octonarius
Sinoascus papillatus
Ambrolinevitus maximus
micro-carnivores
carniverous
carniverous
suspension-feeder
epifaunal, sessile
pelagic
pelagic
benthic
Ambrolinevitus ventricosus
Burithes yunanensis*
Linevitus optimus
Polychaete?
Lotuba chengjiangensis
Heliomedusa orienta
suspension-feeder
suspension-feeder
suspension-feeder
benthic
benthic
benthic
Annelida ?
Phoronida
Brachiopoda
27
28
29
30
31
32
suspension-feeder
epifaunal
33
34
35
36
37
Diandongia pista
Lingulella chengjiangensis
Lingulellotreta malongensis
Longtancunella chengiangensis
Cardiodictyon catenulum
suspension-feeder
suspension-feeder
suspension-feeder
filter-feeder
predator
epifaunal
infaunal
infaunal
epifaunal
epibenthic
phylogenetic conservation: all
modern brachiopods are
suspension feeders (1)
phylogenetic conservation (1)
phylogenetic conservation (1)
phylogenetic conservation (1)
phylogenetic conservation (3)
analogy to Hallucigenia
38
Hallucigenia fortis
predator (on
sponges?)
epibenthic
ecological association (3)
Cnidaria
Ctenophora
Onycophora/
Lobopoida
as above
as above
as above
as above
as above
as above
as above
as above
as above
as above
phylogenetic conservation: true
of all extant cnidarians (1)
as above
phylogenetic conservation (1)
phylogenetic conservation (1)
by analogy to Haplophrentis
from Burgess Shale (2)
by analogy to Haplophrentis (2)
by analogy to Haplophrentis (2)
by analogy to Haplophrentis (2)
2
Arthropoda
39
Luolishania longicruris
40
Microdictyon sinicum
41
42
43
44
45
46
Onychodictyon ferox
Paucipodia inermis
Acanthomeridion serratum
Almenia spinosa
Brachiocaris? yunnanensis
Canadaspis laevigata*
47
48
49
50
predator (on
sponges?)
carnivore or
microphagous
epibenthic
epibenthic
predator
epibenthic
epibenthic
benthic
predator
epibenthic
Chengjiangocaris longiformis
carnivore
epibenthic
not a carnivore
deposit-feeder
benthic
epibenthic/nektonic
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
Cindarella eucalla
Clypecaris pteroidea*
Combinivalvula
chengjiangensis
Comptalulata inflata
Comptalulata leshanensis
Dongshanocaris foliiformis
Ercaia minuscula
Forfexicaris valida
Fortiforceps foliosa
Fuxianhuia protensa
Isoxys auritus
Isoxys curviostratus
Isoxys paradoxus*
Jinagfengia multisegmentalis
62
63
64
65
66
67
Jiucunella paulula
Kuamaia lata
Kuamaia muricata
Kunmingella douvillei
Kunyuangella cheni
Leanchoilia illecebrosa*
68
Liangshanella liangshanensis
predator
carnivore
carnivore
predator
ecological association (3)
swimmer
benthic
pelagic swimmer
pelagic swimmer
pelagic swimmer
swimmer ?
carnivore
carnivore?
uncertain
benthic
predator/scavenger
epibenthic/nektonic
epibenthic/nektonic
morphology (3)
(3)
(3)
gut morphology (4); (3) suggest
deposit feeding
morphological similarity to
Fuxianhuia (3)
(3)
sediment-filled gut (3)
appendage morphology (3)
appendage morphology (3)
small grasping appendages (3)
appendages unknown (5)
as above
as above
similar morphology of ‘great
appendage’ to Yohoia
limb morphology (3)
(3)
appendage morphology and
structure of gut (3,4)
3
Anomalocarididae
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
Naraoia longicaudata
Naraoia sponosa
Occacaris oviformis
Odaraia? eurypetala*
Parapaleomerus sinensis
Pectocaris spatiosa
Pisinnocaris subconigera*
Primicaris laviformis
Pseudoiulia cambrensis
Pygmaclypeatus daziensis
Retifacis abnormalis*
Rhombiclavaria acantha
Saperion glumaceum
Sidneyia sinica
predator/scavenger
predator/scavenger
predator/scavenger?
predator
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
Sinoburius lunaris
Skioldia aldna
Squamacula clypeata
Tanglangia longicaudata
Tsunydiscus aclis
Tsunyiella diandongensis
?Tuzoia sinensis*
Urokodia aequlais
Waptia ovata
92
93
94
95
96
epibenthic
epibenthic
nektonic
appendage morphology (5)
appendage morphology (5)
appendage morphology (3)
internal morphology (3,4)
carnivore
nektonic
epibenthic
epibenthic/nektonic
(3)
similar to Fuxianhuia
(6)
scavenger/predator
benthic
limb morphology (3)
not carniverous
predator
benthic
benthic
deposit-feeder
deposit-feeder
benthic
benthic
benthic
(3)
limb morphology and
gnathobases: Burgess
specimens and (6)
sediment-filled gut (7)
selective detritivore?
benthic
appendage morphology of
Burgess specimens (3,8)
Wutingaspis tingi
Wutingella binodosa
Xandrella speculum
Yunaannocaris megista
Eoreclichia intermedia
deposit-feeder
prob. like Canadaspis
predator
benthic
active swimmer
benthic
97
Kuanyangia pusulosa
predator
benthic
98
99
Yunnanocephalus yunnanensis
Amplectobelua symbrachiata
predator?
carniverous
benthic
nektonic
sediment in gut: (7)
overall morphology (3)
limb and hypostome structure
(3)
limb and hypostome structure
(3)
similar to Eoredlichia (3)
by phylogenetic conservation to
Anomalocaris (3)
sediment-filled gut (7)
4
Priapulida
Nematomorpha
Echinodermata
Chaetognatha
Chordata
Vetulicolia
Vetulocystida
problematica
100
Anomalocaris saron
carniverous
nektonic
101
102
Anomalocaris sp.
Cucumericrus decoratus
prob. predator
nektonic
103
Haikoucaris ercaiensis
carniverous
nektonic
104
105
106
Parapeytoia yunnanensis
Acosmia maotiania
Archotuba conoidalis*
carniverous
deposit-feeder
nektonic
infaunal
107
108
109
Cortnetis brevis
Palaeopriapulites parvus
Paraselkirkia jinningensis*
deposit-feeder
predator
infaunal
infaunal
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
Protopriapulites haikouensis*
Cricocosmia jinningensis
Maotianshania cylindrica
Palaeoxcolex sinensis
Eldonia eumorpha*
Rotadiscus grandis
Eognathacanta ercainella
Cathymyrus diadexus
?Cathymyrus haiokouensis
Myllokunmingia fengjiaoa*
Shankouclava shankouense
?Zhongxiniscus intermedius
Didazoon haoae
Pomatrum ventralis
Vetulicola cuneata*
deposit-feeder
deposit-feeder
deposit-feeder
predator?
infaunal
infaunal
infaunal
infaunal?
pelagic
pelagic?
planktonic
gut infilling (3)
proboscis morphology similar to
Selkirkia (3)
no gut infilling (3)
gut infilling (3)
gut infilling (3)
no gut infilling (3)
(3)
(3)
phylogenetic conservation (1)
nektonic
benthic
epi-benthic or burrower
(11)
tunicate (12)
(11)
deposit-feeder
nekto-benthic
possible filter-feeder, based on
gill openings in pharynx (3)
125
126
127
128
Xidazoon stephanus
Dianchicystis jianshanensis
Vetulocystis catenata
Allonnia phrixothrix*
filter-feeder
filter-feeder
semi-sessile
semi-sessile
benthic
129
Banffia confusa*
deposit-feeder
nekto-benthic
predator
grasping appendage and
mouthpart morphology (3)
(9)
by phylogenetic conservation to
Anomalocaris (3)
by phylogenetic conservation to
Anomalocaris (10)
grasping appendages (3)
gut infilling (3)
assignment to priapulids
uncertain
mouthpart morphology (13)
Chancellorid, possible spongelike habitat (14)
possible filter-feeder, morpho-
5
logically similar to Vetulicola (3)
130
131
132
Batofascuculus ramificans
Cambrotentacus sanwiua*
Dinomischus venustus
133
134
Facivermis yunnanicus
Jiucunia petalina
135
136
137
138
Maanshania crusticeps
Parvulonoda dubia
Phlogites longus*
Yunnanozoon lividum*
suspension feeder?
suspension feeder
benthic
benthic
burrower?
benthic
benthic
suspension feeder
overall morphology (15)
sessile habitat & morphology
(2,3)
sponge? morphology; possibly
colonial (3)
sponge or algae?
branchial arch morphology
(16,3)
6