Historical Background of Curriculum-Based Measurement
Curriculum-based measurement was originally created to evaluate the effectiveness of a special education model referred to as data-based program modification
(DBPM; Deno & Mirkin, 1977). The theory behind the data-based program modification was that special education teachers could repeatedly administer probes to student, collect data to evaluate the effectiveness of their instruction, and make modifications to their instruction based on the results of their analysis of the data. These probes eventually evolved into what is now called curriculum-based measurement.
Deno and Fuchs (1987) reported that the probes were a generic set of progress monitoring procedures in reading, spelling and written expression. Those procedures include specifications of (1) the core outcome tasks on which performance should be measured; (2) the stimulus items, the measurement activities, and the scoring performance to produce technically adequate data; and (3) the decision rules used to improve educational programs. Eventually, a set of procedures or administration and scoring rules were identified in efforts to establish validity and reliability.
Validity and Reliability of Curriculum-Based Measurement
As with any instrument, it is important to ensure that validity and reliability has been established. It would greatly weaken the findings of this study if validity and reliability in curriculum-based measurement in reading, especially oral reading fluency, had not been established. Luckily, CBM has been studied since the late 1970’s and had an influx of researched being performed in the 1980’s. This section will discuss the established validity and reliability of curriculum-based measurement in reading.

Messick describes validity as “ an integrated evaluative judgment of the degree to which empirical evidence and theoretical rationales supports the adequacy and appropriateness of inferences and actions based on test scores or other modes of assessment” (1989, p. 13). Curriculum-Based Measurement has been an area of research since the late 1970’s (Deno & Mirkin, 1977); however, Deno, Mirkin, and Chiang conducted the original CBM validity study in 1982. Deno, et al. (1982) suggested that listening to student read aloud from their basal reader for 1 minute was a valid measure of reading skills.
Curriculum-based measurements, including oral reading fluency, were correlated with generally accepted published norm-referenced criterion tests of reading. CBM was first correlated with Reading Comprehension subtest from the Peabody Individual
Achievement Test (Dunn & Markwardt, 1970), the Woodcock Reading mastery Test
(Woodcock, 1973), and the Stanford Diagnostic Reading Test (Karlsen, Madden, &
Garner, 1975). Correlational coefficients ranged from .73 to .91, with most coefficients above .80.
Other studies have also been conducted that confirm these initial findings. Out of the total of twenty correlations performed between the students oral reading fluency and different published measures of reading, ten of the twenty correlations fell above .80 and ranged from .63 to .90 (Fuchs & Deno, 1981; Deno, Mirkin, & Chang, 1982; Fuchs,
Fuchs & Maxwell, 1988; Marston, 1982; Marston & Deno, 1982; Fuchs, Tindal, Shinn et al., 1983; Fuchs, Tindal, Fuchs et al., 1983; Tindal, Shinn, Fuchs, Fuchs, Deno &
German, 1983; Fuchs, Tidal & Deno, 1984; Marston, 1989).

The reliability of CBM, including oral reading fluency, has also been studied and has shown to be very reliable. ADD DEFINITION OF RELIABILITY . Shinn (1981),
Marston (1982) and Tindal et al. (1983) concluded that test-retest reliability coefficients of CBM reading ranged from .82 to .97 with most estimates being above .90. Tindal et al
(1983) studied parallel form reliability of CBM reading and reported that reliability confidences ranged from .84 to .96, with most correlations above .90. Tindal et al.
(1983) also reported that interrater reliability agreement coefficients were at .99.
Theoretical Base for the Reading Skills Assessed by Curriculum Based
Measurement
The importance of word reading fluency has been researched over the past 30 years (Deno, 1985; Deno, Fuchs, Marston, & Jongho, 2001; Shinn, 1989). The National
Reading Panel (2001) reported that there are 5 main areas associated with reading, which include Phonological Awareness, Alphabetic Principal (Phonics), Fluency, Vocabulary, and Comprehension. The National Reading Panel (2001) refers to these 5 main areas as
The 5 Big Ideas in Reading and describes these big ideas as a hierarchical progression from beginning to interpret the differences in sounds to comprehending what one reads.
Good, Simmons, and Kame'enui (2001) used CBM measures, called the Dynamic
Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS), to measure and benchmark students’ skills in areas of the 5 Big Ideas. Good, Kaminski, Simmons, and Kame'enui (2001) also conducted research that indicates decision rules for intensive, strategic, and benchmark instructional recommendations for kindergarten through third grade students. Oral reading fluency can be indexed as correct words read per minute due to the nature of its

gradual development and can be used to satisfy the assessment design of a curriculumbased measure. This oral reading fluency curriculum-based measure is often referred to as ORF or R-CBM (Fuchs & Deno, 1992; Good, Simmons, & Kame'enui, 2001). For the purpose of this study, ORF and R-CBM will mean the same thing and can be used interchangeably. An oral reading fluency curriculum-based measurement can also produce a normative framework that calls practitioners to compare performance levels between students and to track the gains or performance slopes within a student (Fuchs et al, 2001). Research has also indicated that oral reading fluency is related to future reading performance better than other reading tasks, such as number of word reading errors in context.
Although curriculum-based measurement was originally developed to make it possible for teachers to evaluate their instruction, other common uses for curriculumbased measurement have also been developed. Curriculum-based measurement has also been used for (1) improving individual instructional programming; (2) predicting performance on important criteria; (3) enhancing teacher instructional planning; (4) developing norms; (5) increasing ease of communication; (6) screening to identify students academically at risk; (7) evaluating classroom prereferral interventions; (8) reducing bias in assessment; (9) offering alternative special education procedures; (10) recommending and evaluating inclusion; (11) measuring growth in secondary school programs; (12) assessing English language learning students; (13) predicting success in early childhood education and (14) predicting performance on high stake state assessments ( Deno, 2003).

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