Vapotherm: High Flow cannula that achieves 100% relative
humidity
Oxyhood
nasal cpap
Nitric
Oxide
HFO
PIE on CXR
RDS
Respiratory Distress syndrome (RDS), also known as Hyaline Membrane Disease (HMD), occurs in
premature infants.
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) has historically been the chief cause of respiratory
failure in premature infants. The same condition is known as Hyaline Membrane Disease
(HMD). RDS is due to an inadequate amount of surfactant, a substance produced by the
lungs which stabilizes the tiny air sacs in the lungs. In normal lungs at the end of
exhalation, a small amount of residual gas remains in the lung sacs, which are termed
"alveoli". Without surfactant, these alveoli fully deflate at the end of each exhalation, and
are difficult to reopen in order to fill with air during the next breath. Poor aeration of lung
fields is termed "atelectasis" (at-a-LEKT-a-sis). The diminished amount of air-filled
alveoli in the lung causes the x-ray of the lung fields to appear opaquely white. However,
there may be air in the conducting airways, which are surrounded by the atelectatic
alveoli. This relationship between air in the airways surrounded by atelectatic alveoli
causes the airways to appear as black branching lines known as "air bronchograms"
(BRONK-o-grams). An alternative condition which could give a similar appearance:
pneumonia. This radiograph differs from the appearance of the chest x-ray taken during
exhalation because here there is air in the conducting airways, whereas there is none in
the airways in the exhalation chest x-ray. This radiograph also demonstrates the correct
placement of an umbilical artery catheter (UAC) located in the mid-thoracic aorta. The
nasogastric (NG) tube is also appropriately positioned in the stomach.
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) -