In Search of Meanings...
DIXON - APLING618, Spr’12, LC
ALPHABET HUNT
BICS
CAL.org
CALLA
CALP
CLIL
CILT
CREDE.org
EAL
EAP
ELL
ENL
ESL
ESOL
ESP
I-R-E
LEA
Explanations, References and Notes
Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills presented by Cummins in
1979. Refers to social or “playground” language that is easily
acquired.
Center for Applied Linguistics website with very valuable articles in
reference to the teaching field as well.
Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach
Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency presented by Cummins in
1979. Refers to academic language that encompasses abstract
concepts that can take five to seven years to acquire.
Content Language and Integrated Learning was coined by David
Marsh and Anne Maljers in 1994 to refer to language immersion and
content-based instruction.
The National Centre for Languages which advocates for intercultural
relationships and values all languages. More can be seen at
http://www.cilt.org.uk/home.aspx.
A resource for teachers that enhances and supports ESL, bilingual,
and multicultural education.
English as an additional language is very similar to ESL
English for Academic Purposes is used largely in higher education
settings with the purpose to prepare students for study.
English Language Learner is a term usually used to describe a
student learning English as a second language either in a bilingual or
English only setting.
English as a New Language is very similar to ESL
English as a Second Language is a program that teaches English to
students who have a native language other than English and have an
LEP.
English for Speakers of Other Languages
English for Specific Purposes stems from EFL and is a term that has
been used since the early 1960s. It's purpose is to meet the needs of
specific learners.
Initiate- Response- Evaluate is a model of traditional teaching style
which gives all control of discourse to the teacher.
Language-Experience Activity in which a teacher creates a natural
opportunity to model, question, and instruct a group of students. For
example, when a teacher leads a group in making peanut butter
sandwiches.
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DIXON - APLING618, Spr’12, LC
LEP
NNS
Limited English Proficient is a classification of students who qualify
for ESL or bilingual education depending on what the district
provides.
Massachusetts English Language Assessment- Oral assesses ELL
students' in K-12 grades on listening and speaking proficiency.
National Association for Bilingual Education. More can be found at
http://www.nabe.org/
National Clearinghouse for English Language Acquisition supports
high quality education for ELLs as well as their teachers. More can
be found at http://www.ncela.gwu.edu/.
Non-native speaker
NS
Native speaker
SDAIE
Specially Designed Academic Instruction in English is also called
Sheltered Instruction. It is a curriculum that is formed to make
material comprehensible for ELL students and aid them in being
able to participate in all activities in the classroom.
MELA-O
NABE
NCELA.org
SILL
SIOP
TESOL.
org
TPR
ZPD
Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol is a model of Sheltered
Instruction is aimed to help teachers improve their instruction which
is being used in all fifty states and several countries.
Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages website
Total Physical Response which was introduced by James Asher and
became popular in the 1970s. It focuses on listening comprehension
as the teacher uses commands as the primary way of instruction.
Students are not forced to produce the language until they are ready.
Zone of Proximate Development presented by Lev Zygotsky was
presented in 1934. This hypothesis reflects the idea that what a child
can do with help today is what they will be able to do alone
tomorrow.
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In Search of Meanings...
DIXON - APLING618, Spr’12, LC
GLOSSARY HUNT
TERM
Acquisition
Explanation, References, Notes, examples
Refers to the learning of a language and usually elements that
either enhance or impede the process.
Affective filter
Refers to the filter that is controlled by a human's emotional
switches or needs. A strong affective filter can impede the
acquisition process.
Those that differ from traditional, such as checklists, portfolios, interviews,
and performance-based tasks
Alternative
assessment
Assessment
Strategies
Audiolingualism
Authentic
assessment
Base word
This was a very popular approach to teaching in the early 20th
century that stemmed from the behaviorist theory and involved
no explicit grammar but many oral drills to help students
“practice” correct language.
Term introduced by Ruddell and Ruddell in 1995 that
encompasses assessments as ongoing and multidimensional but
always reflects how students are engaged in everyday classroom
learning tasks.
It is a word that does not have either prefixes or suffixes.
Benchmarks
Standards set by the state or Federal government that students
are expected to reach.
Bottom-up
processing
Reading strategy that highly depends on the text and word for
word reading of the text
Care-giver Talk
It is the language that is used while addressing young children.
This differs from culture to culture. For example, in much of
American culture “baby-talk” is often used, but not in African
American culture.
These include repetition, organising new language, summarising
meaning, guessing meaning from context, using imagery for
memorisation. All of these strategies involve deliberate
manipulation of language to improve learning.
Connected to CLT, it is the ability language in an effective and
appropriate way.
Cognitive
Strategies
Communicative
competence
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DIXON - APLING618, Spr’12, LC
Communicative
Language
Teaching
Comprehensible
Input
Also called CTL, it was developed first by British linguists along
with the Council of Europe in the 1970s. It is now accepted both
in Europe and by American linguists as an approach. Hymes has
contributed much to CLT. Although there are several versions of
it. Its strongest version puts much emphasis on the belief that
language is acquired through communication.
Introduced by Stephen Krashen in the 1980s. It is input that can
be understood by the learner through visuals, gestures, or realia.
Content area
It is an area of instruction that focuses on a certain set of skills or
area of knowledge such as science or math.
Content
Standards
Content standard is a written description of what students should
know and be able to do in a particular content or subject area.
The expectations articulated in the content standard outline the
knowledge, skills, and abilities for all students in the subject area.
Integrates content instruction with language learning
opportunities.
Content-Based
ESL
Cognate
Words in different languages that have common origins and are
easily recognized.
Cooperative
assessment
Declarative
Knowledge
It is the factual knowledge that one possesses.
Decoding
Refers to how a student processes print and gives them access to
the words on the page.
Developmental
bilingual
program
These are also called late-exit bilingual programs that aim to
produce bilingual and biliterate individuals. They give EL
students sheltered instruction in English and instruction in their
native language which value developing their native academic
skills as well.
Diagnostic
assessment
Direct Method
It is a method of teaching was developed as a response to the
Grammar-Translation method. It immerses the learner in the
same way as when a first language is learned. All teaching is done
in the target language, grammar is taught inductively, there is a
focus on speaking and listening, and the teaching of everyday
language.
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In Search of Meanings...
DIXON - APLING618, Spr’12, LC
Discourse
It is either a spoken or written discussion of a subject.
Extralinguistic
Refers that which does not include or involve language, beyond
its bounds.
Formative
assessment
These are on-going observations or assessments in a classroom in
order to improve instruction to aid students' learning process.
Functionalism
Looks at a school from the perspective that regards a school's
feasibility to cope with society and all of the requirements society
places upon the school to produce educated and capable adults. It
wants to find out how a school correlates with other social
institutions, has a desire to figure out how well the school can
actually teach its students, and aims to determine how inclusive
the school is in representing the local population in its student
body and faculty.
A term for a category or many different kinds of materials and
works.
Genre
Grade level
teacher
Refers to a main classroom teacher who
GrammarTranslation
Approach
Graphic
Organizer
It requires students to translate texts word-for-word and
memorize grammar rules. This was largely used to teach classical
languages in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Visuals that organize information such as compare and contrast,
mapping of definitions or concepts, or brainstorming bubbles.
I+1
Krashen's theory that as students receive large amounts of
comprehensible input, more complex forms are added to the
learner's repertoire which gives them higher proficiency.
It is when a word or phrase is used in a different way than its
literal meaning and usually very colloquial in nature.
Idiom
Immersion
Inflection
Developed first in Canada, they are designed to teach language
majority students a minority language. Students receive subject
matter teaching through instruction in second language. These
are bilingual programs with the ultimate goal of full bilingualism
and biliteracy .
It is the modification of a word in order to express a different
grammatical category such as tense, mood, gender, or number.
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DIXON - APLING618, Spr’12, LC
Instructional
Conversation
Instrumental
motivation
Integrative
motivation
Jigsaw
L1
L2
Lx
Language
Function
Late-exit
bilingual
program
Lau v. Nichols
Learning
Roots are founded by Vygotsky, IC is used to connect academic
knowledge to students' personal knowledge of their families and
communities through a dialogue in which the teacher listens
carefully to the student and then responds in an encouraging and
supportive way. It is intended for smaller groups of 5-7 students
with the goal of providing meaningful language opportunities for
the students.
Classified by Garner and Lambert as the motivation to learn a
language for practical reasons such as getting a job, getting into
college, or getting a raise.
Classified by Garner and Lambert as the motivation to learn a
language in order to communicate and connect with a certain
group of people.
A group work technique in which a teacher assigns a member in
each group with a specific learning task that they must become
an “expert” in. The teacher meets with students to help them
become experts and incorporates reading exercises. After
students have become “experts”, they share what they have
learned with the rest of the groups.
First language, second language, and third, fourth ect.
It is purpose of communication and can encompass persuasion;
cause and effect; asking a question; compare and contrast;
predicting; agreeing or disagreeing; and greeting.
A transitional bilingual program that keeps students in native
language classes for at least 40% of the time through elementary
school, even after they have no longer been classified as an ELL.
Supreme Court ruling in 1974 that ruled that equal education is
the right of all students, therefore schools must provide some
curriculum aid for EL students. It suggested bilingual education
but allowed other forms of education.
The process of acquiring new knowledge, experience, information
or language.
Learning
Strategies
Ways students aid their learning process.
Literacy
Cummin's Interdependence Hypothesis says that literacy as well
as other academic skills transfer from L1 to L2.
Metacognitive
Strategies
In reading it is the ability to monitor one's processing and help
remedy the situation when one doesn't understand.
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DIXON - APLING618, Spr’12, LC
Metalinguistic
The study of the interrelationship between language and other
cultural behavior.
Monitor model
Morpheme
Krashen's hypothesis explains the relationship between acquisition and
learning. The learning system acting as a monitor and results in learned
grammar. The usage of this monitor changes from learner to learner.
The smallest meaningful unit of a language
Mother Tongue
Is one's native language.
Negotiation of
meaning
It is a process that speakers go through in order to reach mutual
understanding.
Onset
Monosyllabic words can be split into two parts - the onset and the
(See also “rime”) rime - each of which are smaller than syllables, but may be larger
than phonemes. The onset is the initial consonant sound (b- in
bag, sw- in swim), and the rime is the vowel and the rest of the
syllable that follows (-ag in bag, -im in swim).
Paralinguistic
The study of vocal (and sometimes non-vocal) signals beyond the
basic verbal message or speech.
Performance
Standards
The expected levels of student competency in a given assessment
area, as defined by the content standards.
Phoneme
“...finite set of sounds that make a difference for meaning” (P&B,
p. 36).
Phonemic
System
The system of phonemes recognized in a language.
Procedural
Knowledge
It is the knowledge that one possesses of how to do something.
Proficiency level
It is the ability or performance level one has in an acquired
language.
Realia
Refer to any objects from real life that are used to aid instruction
and enhance student comprehension as well as exchange cultural
ideas.
Refers to a variety of language that is used in a given context.
Examples include formal, informal, or neutral.
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DIXON - APLING618, Spr’12, LC
Rime
(See also
“onset”)
Rubric
Scaffold
Scanning
Schema/ta
Monosyllabic words can be split into two parts - the onset and the
rime - each of which are smaller than syllables, but may be larger
than phonemes. The onset is the initial consonant sound (b- in
bag, sw- in swim), and the rime is the vowel and the rest of the
syllable that follows (-ag in bag, -im in swim).
Refers to a guideline that will rate a student's performance on an
activity, task, writing, or project.
Introduced by Lev Vygotsky which is associated with his ZPD
theory. Scaffolding refers the help and assistance that helps
students “do something today that they will be able to do alone
tomorrow” (Peregoy & Boyle, 2005, p. 100).
To look over a text in a quick but systematic way, while usually
looking for specific information.
It is a conceptual framework or outline that is based on previous
experience and background knowledge.
Semantic system Refers to the organization of words and their meanings.
Sheltered
Instruction
Skimming
Students are taught the subject matter only in English, but the
lessons are written in order to enhance language acquisition
while teaching age-appropriate material.
To glance at a text quickly and superficially, usually to identify
the main idea of a text.
Social/Affective
Strategies
Learning strategies that involve interaction with others, such as
asking for clarification or repetition.
Submersion
Refers to the sink or swim kind of language learning when a
student is placed in a native speaker environment and expected
to learn as much as possible.
Refers to word order in a language.
Syntax
Summative
assessment
Task
Teacher Talk
It is usually used once a year (at the end of the year) to evaluate a
program or school's effectiveness. It's goal is to find out a
student's competence the school year is finished.
It is a work assignment or activity a student is asked to complete
which can add meaning to input.
The language that is used by the teacher in the L2 which carefully
planned and spoken clearly. This differs from what students will
find while communicating with natives.
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DIXON - APLING618, Spr’12, LC
Teaching
Strategies
A wide variety of means that teachers use to improve student
learning.
Top-down
processing
Reading strategy that relies on on background knowledge and
other aspects of the text such as chronology and type of text.
Transitional
Bilingual
program
Bilingual programs that are in place to serve LEP students. The
purpose is to build students' literacy skills and comprehension of
academic knowledge in their native language as they acquire the
new language. Native instruction is provided for one to three
years.
Combine elements of Canadian immersion programs and
maintenance bilingual programs. They serve both language
minority and language majority students. The goal is full
bilingualism and biliteracy for both groups of students.
Refers to literacy philosophy which emphasizes that children
should focus on meaning and strategy instruction. Language is
treated as a complete meaning-making system, the parts of which
function in relational ways.
Two-way
Bilingual
program
Whole language
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