GCSE Case Study Guide – UNIT 2: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
In the exam remember
to:
1. Locate your case
study clearly,
with a clear place
name and where
it is in the world.
Maps can help
here.
2. Link your case
study directly to
the question
3. Answer all parts
of the question
(sometimes there
can 3 or 4
sections in one
question!)
4. Quote some facts
and figures about
the place
5. Mention specific
locations and
place or scheme
names to impress
the examiner
6. Explain your
ideas fully.
Locate the case
studies in this
booklet on the
maps of the UK
and the World
Revise these case studies
for your examination
Extreme environments and the Antarctica Case Study
About Antarctica
Antarctica is the World’s
southern-most continent. It
is a land made up of mainly
ice (99% of the continent is
covered in ice sheet) and is
uninhabited aside from a few
thousand scientific
researchers. It is a land
mass with mountains and
volcanoes beneath and
protruding above the ice, but
it also has lots of sea ice
which changes in size and
distribution throughout the
year.
Why it is an extreme
environment;
1. The lowest ever temperatures recorded on Earth have been recorded here, at Vostok, Antarctica, where
it dropped to nearly -89.2 °C
2. It is very dangerous for humans to visit and live.
3. For many months during the year there is 24 hours of darkness or 24 hours of light as the Earth orbits the
sun.
4. You can also witness the Aurora Australis or southern lights here, and a huge range of wildlife from
emperor penguins, seals to whales.
5. The environment is also incredibly sensitive. It can take many hundreds of years for rubbish to decompose
because of the extremely low temperatures,
6. The food chain is also delicate because most of the marine life rely upon Krill as their primary source of
food.
Solutions
Problems
Antarctica is becoming an increasingly popular destination for tourists and numbers have gone from 9,000 in
1992-93 to 46,000 in 2007-8 with over 100 companies being involved. Visitors are mainly from rich nations
(39% American, 15% British) and tend to fly to New Zealand or Chile or Argentina and set sail from there.
Few visitors go on the ice as it is too hazardous, however, there are some very accessible sites and boats
tend to stop there preferentially. These are Honey pot sites and the animals get disturbed from their
usual feeding and breeding routines. In addition, many ships have run aground and had accidents and oil
spills are an increasing hazard. Waste from tourist boats is also a problem, and by law ships are required
to discharge waste well away from the edges of Antarctica.
 The IAATO (International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators) is an organisation which
rules the companies and tries to be environmentally friendly. They regulate the boat
companies and try to ensure a sustainable future for the ice continent.
 Indeed, boats are limited to 500 passengers which should reduce the impact of tourism.
 In addition, Tourism has to follow the rules of the Antarctic treaty, signed in 1961, where many
countries promised to demilitarize Antarctica, to establish it as a zone free of nuclear tests and
the disposal of radioactive waste, and to ensure that it is used for peaceful purposes only;
 Visitors cannot visit SSSIs or Sites of Special Scientific Interest which often contain
vulnerable wildlife, again reducing the impact of tourism.
 Permits must also be obtained to go, and these permits include sections on waste management,
risk management and how the applicant will minimise their Environmental Impact whilst in
Antarctica.
 The Antarctic Act of 1994 is a UK act which supports the Antarctic Treaty of 1961 and makes
environmental damage in Antarctica by any British citizen punishable by law.
National Parks – the Lake
District case study - A case
study of a UK National Park
The Lake District National Park is England’s
largest park and includes Scafell Pike - its highest
mountain, Wastwater - its deepest lake and
thriving communities like Keswick and Bowness-onWindermere. There are 42,400 permanent
residents and a huge amount of activities for
visitors on offer, including walking, climbing,
cycling, boat cruises and various museums. Current
surveys show that at least 8 million visitors come
to the Lake District each year. Most come to
enjoy the scenery, peace and quiet and walking but
many others visit specific attractions or take part
in an outdoor activity. The National Park Authority's current challenge is finding ways of encouraging sustainable
tourism without further damaging the very landscape which visitors come to enjoy. Lake Windemere attracts over
1 million visitors on its own each year! This makes sustainability difficult to achieve with such large visitor
numbers.
Problems in the Lake District and attempts at management
Problem
Limited supply of property
New houses are seldom built in National parks and there has been a
rise in the number of people from outside of the Lake District buying
up property for a second home they can use to holiday in. This pushes
up house prices in the Lake District and made it very difficult for
local people (especially those on low wages) to own their own property
in the Lake District. Knock on problems of holiday homes are that they
are unoccupied for most of the year – this can increase crime and
means people are not in the towns and villages using local services.
Traffic problems
89% of visitors come to the Lake District by car, often just for
the day. In a region where roads are often narrow and winding, and
towns were constructed before the invention of the motor car this
can pose massive problems. Congestion, traffic jams and parking are
major issues, and people can park on grass verges in desperation,
narrowing the road and making congestion even worse.
Solution
Housing is private, so there is very little local councils can do apart
from build more properties to rent to
locals.
Transport initiatives have focussed on public transport, sustainability
and getting people out of their cars.
1.
2.
3.
Environmental problems
Aside from common problems with litter, there exists footpath
erosion, lakeside erosion and air pollution. The increased number of
cars damages the air from car exhausts, and also people park on grass
verges, damaging the ground parked upon. Footpath erosion occurs
because of the sheer numbers of people using popular routes.
According to the Park Authority, 4 million people walk an average of
6km each year. The pressure of these people’s feet damages plants
and soil, making soil erosion possible. These issues are worst in
Honey pot or popular areas, which also suffer from the stresses of
overcrowding, parking problems and second homes.
The B4 network for example includes a Cross Lakes Shuttle
which links the lakes of Windermere and Coniston Water and
services the honey pot sites of Hawkshead, Grizedale and
Tarn Hows. The Shuttle has an integrated timetable and
through-ticketing and there are cycle racks on the boats
and minibuses that provide the service.
Another sustainable travel option is the ‘Give the Driver a
Break’ scheme which is local authority-led and designed to
get people out of their cars.
In 2012 Government funding of £7 million was secured for a
three-year scheme called 'Drive Less, See More'. It has an
ambitious goal: a unified 'boats, bikes, boots and buses'
network throughout the national park.
The Upland Path Landscape Restoration Project (UPLRP) was a 10 year
project (2002 to 2011) which set out to repair the majority of
landscape scars caused by the erosion of fells paths in the Lake
District. They used Stone Pitching which involves digging stone into
the ground to form good solid footfalls.
Jamaica – A Tropical country that has Mass Tourism
Jamaica is an island in the Caribbean Sea
within the Tropics. It is located close to other
major islands such as Cuba. It has mass tourism
because many people visit every year (almost
2million stopover tourists in 2011). People
visit for the beaches such as Montego Bay,
deep sea fishing at Port Antonio, caves at
Cockpit County, golf courses such as next to
Kingston Town and water sports in Montego
Bay. More cultural activities include various
historic plantation houses such as at Port Maria
and there are environmental tourist
attractions such as bird sanctuaries inland
from Montego Bay and Botanic Gardens and a
National Park in the Blue Mountains.
POSITIVES
1. Tourism brings in money to Jamaica – 20% of its GDP – this money can be
spent on essential services such as health care and education which can boost
the overall level of development. This does have a downside however, as
Jamaica is dependent upon this income and if tourist numbers fall the economy
would be affected.
2. 220,000 Jamaicans work in tourism – it is a vital employer. People work in a
wide range of jobs, from the construction of hotels and tourist facilities, to
service work cleaning, working in bars, caddying on golf courses amongst other
jobs.
3. Tourism benefits many sections of the economy as people spend money in bars,
restaurants, and other local businesses, so tourism has a positive multiplier
effect.
NEGATIVES
1. Many of the jobs created are seasonal, so people can become unemployed
2. Large TNCs (Trans National Companies) such as Thomas Cook organise the holidays and make most of the
money, so the profits go out of Jamaica and into MEDCs
3. Local employees are paid low wages, whereas managers from other countries tend to earn more.
4. There is cultural pollution/dilution; Jamaica has a problem with sex tourism and a problem with drugs.
5. Land for the massive hotels takes away land from famers. Water use also increases for drinking water,
washing and recreation, taking water from local people.
6. Local people cannot afford the facilities put in place for the tourists.
ECOTOURISM alternatives
As a response to some of the problems and in an attempt to become more sustainable, Jamaica is branching
tourism out into community tourism were tourists stay with locals in their homes, directly benefitting locals, and
ecotourism, in the inland area of the Blue Mountains with low densities and tourist lodges. There are also
ecotourist lodges along the coastline. The features of these lodges include an approach to low or zero waste, solar
panels to produce power, very low visitor numbers (many resorts have less than 16 lodges or huts) and recycling of
water. Great Huts Resort near Boston Beach has some of these features and also offers educational tours of its
local area.
The Galapagos Islands – A case study of Ecotourism and benefits to
the environment, the local economy and the lives of the people.
The Galapagos Islands are a small chain of islands found 1,000km from the West coast of South America. They are
Ecuadorian, and are home to an incredible array of animals and plants. The Galapagos Islands are most famous because many of
the plants and animals found there are not found anywhere else in the world. This is because the islands are isolated or cut off
from the rest of the World’s land mass by the Pacific Ocean, allowing the plants and animals to EVOLVE in their own way for
hundreds of thousands of years. This was noted by Charles Darwin, and spurred him on to form his famous theory of
evolution. Approximately 90% of the Islands are designated as National parks and there are only 20,000 permanent
Human residents (this is up from 9,700 in 1990), allowing for a high degree of protection of the environment. The area
became the first UNESCO World Heritage site in 1979 and they are also a biosphere reserve.
The Galapagos Islands represent a place in the world were ECOTOURISM takes place. This is environmentally friendly tourism
where the people involved seek to protect the environment as much as possible and to allow for some level of education as well.
In many cases of ecotourism, some of the profits go back into protecting the environment and the tourism is small scale, with
low visitor number densities and environmental approaches to accommodation and food.
The Galapagos are run along these lines because;
1. Tourists visit under strict rules
2. They can only visit on small ships of 10 to 16 tourists, most of which are owned by local people
3. The tourists can only visit a limited number of places on the Islands, thus protecting the rest of the Islands
4. The tourists are only allowed to visit in small numbers.
5. Visitors also receive information on how to conserve the Islands prior to their departure to the Islands.
6. They also have to pay a £25 fee to promote conservation on the Islands
Despite all of this, there are still some problems from the overuse of some sites (honey pot sites), oil spills from boats,
and pollution to the Islands water supply and the water supply is put under pressure from the tourists use.
However, local people make a valuable living from tourism and there are few other employment opportunities available. Tourists
also generate a lot of businesses in the local economy as guides, restraints, hotels, boats owners and cleaners all benefit.
China’s attempts to control population
Populations can grow or decline, and China is an example of a place that passed through a
period of huge exponential population growth. China has the world’s largest population and a
history of very strict controls on that population. The Communist government of the 1960’s
had to cope with a massive famine which killed over 30 million people. This led to 2
important changes – a government led farming policy and also a heavy handed approach to
controlling population. China’s “one child per family” policy was introduced in the 1970s amid
fears of another 1960s style famine and changes to society as it moved from an agricultural to industrial economy.
Population growth in China is shown below.
How the policy worked:
1. This One child policy started in 1979 and is where every family
can have only one child, but they must ask permission from
their bosses at work.
2. They also have to be over 24 before they can get married.
3. If allowed to have a baby the family are issued with a card;
this card is very important, as the child cannot be registered
without it.
4. In addition, some women where sterilised after their first child
and incentives were offered such as a 5 to 10% salary rise if
the couple stuck to just one child.
5. However families were allowed to have a second child, but the
family must pay for everything; unlike the first child, where
the government pays for everything.
6. Salaries could also be cut, and the second child could not
become a Chinese citizen.
7. There were “granny police” who snooped on their neighbours and
on people at work, checking the women of child bearing age.
Some people do not agree with China’s crash programme. If the new regime is followed for around 100 years china’s
population will have halved.
Problems with the policy
Benefits
1. People were pressured by the Granny Police
1. The forecast famine never happened
2. Women could be persuaded to have an abortion as
2. An estimate of 400 million fewer people have been
late as 7 months – this would be illegal in the UK
born
3. Female Infanticide, where girls are aborted, was
3. Controlling population has allowed China to develop
practised. This is because Chinese society favours
and reduced strain on public services such as
sons. This has created a gender imbalance.
schools and hospitals
4. Chinese boys became spoilt – they were knick
4. Standards of living have increased
named “little emperors”
5. Children had no aunts or uncles, no cousins, no
brothers or sisters
Recent changes
The policy has been relaxed in recent decades and in the last few years it has been withdrawn in major cities to prevent
a shortage of labour. Young couples can now have 2 children, but government workers must stick to the policy in some
areas. However, the policy will persist because in 2008 China had 1 million more births than deaths every 5 weeks and
600 million people living on less than $2 a day (the UN’s measure of poverty). China’s rapid development means people
are living longer, so China has an ageing population. This means that China has lots of single children looking after 2
ageing parents which can create huge strain. This also means that China is struggling at times for workers in its
industries.
The UK - a European Union
country with an ageing
population.
Many countries across the world have what is known as
an ageing population. This involves an increase in the
median age of the population, an increasing proportion of
people living to old age (and in many cases extreme old
age above 85 years), increasing life expectancies and
decreasing numbers of children as a proportion of the
population. The European Union is a collection of
countries that collectively trade, set up social projects
and collaborate together to try and raise the living standards of all people living within that union. Many of
the countries in the EU have very low birth and fertility rates as shown below;
France - 12.43 births per 1000, 1.97 births per woman
Germany - 8.21 births per 1000, 1.41 births per woman
UK - 10.67 births per 1000, 1.66 births per woman
The replacement rate for a country to have a population of a sustained size is 2.1 births per woman. It is
clear from the table that many of these countries have fertility rates well below these levels. Coupled with
the ageing of these populations, this poses massive problems for the governments of these countries because
they have naturally decreasing and ageing populations.
The UK is a good example of one of these countries as is shown in the graph above.
Problems with ageing populations in the UK
1. Health care is in ever increasing demand in the UK and it is proven that the elderly visit their doctor
more often and have more home visits. They also occupy hospital beds for longer. The government of
the UK has to find money to pay for this care.
2. The UK faces a pensions crisis whereby there is not enough money to cover the increasing pension
demands of a population. In the UK the wages of the current generation pay the pensions of today's
OAPs, but with decreasing numbers of young and working age and increasing numbers of elderly it will
become more and more expensive to pay for this. Already the UK government has brought women's
pensionable age in line with men's at 65, and this will rise to 67 over time.
3. The bill for social care is also increasing as the elderly often need care for feeding, bathing,
collecting vital items etc.
4. Less people of working age means a lower number of workers so the economy shrinks and the Tax
base of the country also shrinks
So, what is the UK's solution to having an ageing population?
Dealing with ageing –
The state pension age for females has already risen to be in line with males at 65 and both will rise to 67.
There has been extra money set aside for care of the elderly, including things like the winter fuel allowance
and free flu jabs for all elderly.
Dealing with low fertility rates –
 There are many pro natal policies in the UK designed to boost the fertility rate. These include;
 child benefits (a weekly payment to people who have children),
 improved maternity and paternity leave for women and men,
 The other way of dealing with the increasing dependency ratio of the UK and the rise in the number
of elderly relative to the number of working age has been to allow unlimited immigration from the EU
and controlled migration of peoples from outside of the EU. This is a controversial issue, for
example, many of our health care workers come from poorer nations such as India. Should we take
the skilled workers of poorer nations?
Economic movements within the EU, refugee movements to the EU
and the impacts of such movements.
There is a huge amount of internal migration within the European Union - that means Europeans moving to
other European countries. If you are a resident of a European Union nation you are free to choose to live
and work in any of the EU member states.
Eastern European migration into Britain
On the whole wealthier countries in the EU tend to attract more
migrants from other poorer European countries. When countries such
as Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic joined the EU in 2004
their people had the right to move to Britain and work. What
followed was one of the biggest immigrations of people into Britain
since records began, as many Eastern Europeans flocked to what was
a booming UK economy in search of work.
Between 2004 and 2006 the UK became the host country for 600,000 Eastern European migrants. Many
found formal jobs particularly in the construction and retailing trades, earning as much as 5 times as much
as they did in their home countries.
POSITIVES
1. The benefits of this are that the UK received
lots of tax from migrant workers.
2. Job areas that British people would not do
were also being filled, Eastern Europeans
filled vital jobs within the NHS and
construction, whilst also doing tough farm
work.
3. For the Eastern Europeans, they sent money
back home (called remittances) which benefits
their families and countries, and they earned
lots of money.
4. For all involved it can be said that the
cultural and linguistic mix is also a positive.
NEGATIVES
1. Some negatives included some Eastern
Europeans working informally and not paying
tax. This meant that British firms were
undercut.
2. Also, the Eastern Europeans used vital
services such as health care and education,
all of which needs to be paid for and adjust
to the language barrier.
As Eastern Europe develops and the UK economy struggled from 2008 onwards, many Eastern Europeans
went home. This means that their migration was temporary.
Migration from outside of the EU
The EU also receives over 2 million people a year from outside of its
borders. Most of this is labour or economic migration. Europe needs
migration because of falling birth rates but many people within Europe
would like to see the numbers of immigrants coming into the EU fall.
However, highly skilled immigrants fill vital jobs within the EU. Some
migrants are refugees fleeing persecution in their home countries,
such as the Iraqis and Afghans who fled during recent wars. Today
there are 2 million Iraqis who have fled their homes for other
countries including the EU. This can cause problems in terms of
language, getting access to services for the Iraqis, racism and finding
employment for such a large group of people.
Kerala – an alternative birth control policy
Kerala is a state in Southern India and is a popular stop off point for Western tourists. India launched its
family planning programme in 1952, just a few years after independence from the British. Kerala was part of that
programme, and used a range of social changes as well as contraception to bring down its birth rate. Kerala now
has a fertility rate of just 1.8 per 1000, which compares very well with the UK’s 1.7 and is lower than
India’s 3.1. Kerala is a very densely populated state, with 819 people per km2, and has 32 million people
living there. Its policy to reduce its population growth rate included a range of measures that would DIRECTLY
reduce birth rates and some that would INDIRECTLY reduce birth rates;
1. Providing literacy classes in villages – to raise education levels and to help people make informed family
planning choices
2. Improving education EQUALLY between boys and girls – this emancipates women, makes them more likely
to find formal work and delay child bearing ages.
3. Providing free contraception and advice – to DIRECTLY lower births rates
4. Allowing maternity leave for the first 2 births only – this discourages women from having a third child
5. Improving child health through vaccination programmes – this reduces Infant Mortality which reduces
peoples needs to have lots of children (the replacement rate factor)
6. Encouraging a higher marriage age through poster campaigns – this reduces the length of time women can
have babies
7. Provide extra retirement benefits to those who have smaller families
8. Land was reformed so that everyone had access to farming land, allowing people to be self sufficient if
they had small families
This programme has been a huge success with low fertility rates, slow population growth of 1.2%, more girls
going to university than boys, low infant mortality rates (12 per 1000) and a right to literacy programme.
Impacts of a natural hazard on Development – the Haïti Earthquake in the
Caribbean (LEDC)
Where?
The earthquake happened in Haïti, the poorest country in the Western hemisphere.
Even before the 2010 earthquake, Haïti was the poorest country in the western
hemisphere.
Haïti Development indicators – FACT FILE
GDP - $1,200 per person, 207th in the world
GDP growth rate 2010 – MINUS 5.6%
HDI (Human Development Index) - 0.404,
145th in the world
Population - 9.7 Million
Population below poverty line - 80%
Why?
Port au Prince is on a fault line
running off the Puerto Rico Trench,
where the North American Plate is
sliding under the Caribbean plate.
The fault line is a strike slip fault,
the Caribbean Plate south of the
fault line was sliding east and the smaller Gonvave Platelet north of the fault was sliding west. There were many aftershocks
after the main event.
When? January 12th 2010
Background - The Haïti earthquake centred just 10 miles southwest of the capital city, Port au Prince and the quake was
shallow—only about 10-15 kilometres below the land's surface. The event measured 7.0 on the Richter Magnitude scale.
Social
Economic
316,000 people died
More than a million people were
made homeless

Even in 2011 people remained in
make shift temporary homes.
Shanty towns and even the
presidential palace crumbled to
dust.

3 million people in total were
affected.

Few of the Buildings in Haïti
were built with earthquakes in
mind, contributing to their
collapse
The loss of population is catastrophic as
many of the industries Haïti uses for
export are people intensive. The loss of
productive workforce therefore has a long
term economic consequence. In addition,
the homelessness and trauma caused by
the earthquake makes for a less
productive workforce.
Estimated that 250,000
residences and 30,000
commercial buildings had
collapsed or were severely
damaged.

The port, other major roads and
communications link were
damaged beyond repair and
needed replacing.

The clothing industry, which
accounts for two-thirds of
Haïti's exports, was damaged.

Estimated the 1 in 5 jobs were
lost as a result of the quake
The economic consequences will hinder
Haïti’s development for decades to come.
The loss of a fragile clothing industry and
the cost of rebuilding buildings are too
much for one of the world’s poorest
countries to cope with.
Consequences for
development
Impacts



Environmental



Rubble from collapsed buildings
blocked roads and rail links.
People had to live in make shift
shanty towns which had no running
water and no waste disposal
systems.
Mass graves had to be dug as the
cities morgues could not cope, and
many bodies remained trapped
under rubble as the Haïtians
struggled to cope.
The port was destroyed.
Damage to key infrastructure such as the
port and airport isolated Haïti
internationally having a damaging impact on
their development and economy. Rubble
littered streets for years after the
earthquake; slowing down the road network
and making businesses suffer as the country
is less efficient.
Responses
Many countries responded to appeals for aid, pledging funds and
dispatching rescue and medical teams, engineers and support personnel.
Communication systems, air, land, and sea transport facilities, hospitals,
and electrical networks had been damaged by the earthquake, which
slowed rescue and aid efforts. There was much confusion over who was in
charge, air traffic congestion, and problems with prioritisation of flights
further complicated early relief work.
Management after the quake.
The US raised $48million to help Haiti recover after the earthquake. The EU gave $330 million and the World Bank waived the
countries debt repayments for 5 years. The Senegalese offered land in Senegal to any Haitians who wanted it! 6 months after
the quake, 98% of the rubble remained not cleared, some still blocking vital access roads. The number of people in relief
camps of tents and tarps since the quake was 1.6 million, and almost no transitional housing had been built. One year after the
earthquake 1 million people remained displaced, 6 months after the quake 98% of the rubble was still where it fell. These have
grave consequences for the long term development of Haïti.
A case study of one development project – Cahora Bassa, Mozambique
Development FACTFILE
Mozambique
South Africa
$26.22billion
$578.6 billion
0.327
0.629
74.6
42
52.3
49.43
52%
31.3%
UK
GDP (PPP)
$2,323 billion
HDI
0.875
Infant mortality
4.5
Life expectancy
80.29
Population below the
14%
poverty line
Electricity production
14.84 billion kWh
257.9 billion kWh
352.7 billion kWh
Electricity exports
8.53 billion kWh
15.04 billion kWh
4.481 billion kWh
Electricity from HEP
99.9%
1.5%
1.9%
Dams are often seen by countries as a great way of raising the development level of a country. They offer energy for other
industries, the energy they produce is environmentally “clean” and the construction of such large structures generates instant
employment in construction and its associated industries.
Mozambique, one of the poorest countries in the world, attempted to use dam building as a path out of poverty through the
construction of the Cahora Bassa Dam. This is a good example of bilateral aid, as although Mozambique now has full ownership
of the dam, initially Portugal had an 82% stake and Mozambique only 18%.
As can be seen in the table, Mozambique desperately needs a boost to its development, with low HDI, high infant mortality and
low life expectancy.
The dam blocks the 4th largest artificial lake in Africa, and is one of 3 major dams along the mighty Zambezi River which passes
through Congo, Angola, Zimbabwe and finally Mozambique. It has created a lake that is 292km long, up to 32km wide and a
maximum of 157m deep.
History
The dam was started in the 1960s by the then ruling Portuguese colonial government, in agreement with South Africa that a
High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Transmission System would be put into place to move some of the power to South Africa.
The lake began to fill in 1974 but unfortunately a long civil war (post-independence from Portugal) prevented use of the scheme.
It was the
transmission lines
and towers that
were damage
limiting use of
the electricity
that Cahora
Bassa could
produce. Finally,
in 1995 renewal
work began and
by 1997 the dam
was back in full
operation but not
at full capacity.
Pros and cons
Pros
Provides an important power import facility to the South
African grid.
It transmits 1920 MW of power from the Cahora Bassa
generating station on the Zambezi River in northern
Mozambique.
Power is sold to South Africa, which boosts the national
economy
The dam has enough potential to meet most of Mozambique’s
power needs
Cons
Only 1% of homes in RURAL Mozambique have a direct
electricity supply, so locals have not benefitted from the
energy produced by the dam.
River flows are very low because of the dam
The local shrimp industry has been destroyed BUT a Kapenta
fishery industry has developed
Attempts by the EU to reduce INEQUALITY.
The differences in development across the European Union can be considered to be UNSUSTAINABLE because they promote
too much growth and possible environmental problems in the CORE, whilst resentment of the wealth of the core and out
migration can happen from the periphery. The EU has tried to deal with these inequalities in a number of ways;
1. The Common Agricultural Policy – this was a system of subsidies or money paid to farmers, often the poorest people
within the EU. The goals of the CAP were to;

Guarantee and maintain agricultural employment and wages

Guarantee food production

Stabilise food prices
This system led to massive over production of goods and damaging impacts on the environment but did produce reliable food
supplies. It has been criticised because it consumes a huge amount of the EU’s budget without contributing much to the
economy. It has been changed to promote more environmentally friendly farming and to reduce production to sustainable levels.
2. The European Investment Bank – This is the bank of the EU that provides finance and expertise for sustainable
investment projects in Europe and beyond. It is owned by the EU Member States and tries to support EU policy
objectives. It is the largest multilateral lender and borrower in the world. It has invested €9 billion into Innovation up
to 2012 and promised an extra €60bn between 2013-2015 to promote sustainable growth and jobs to try and finish the
economic crisis across the EU. They also invested in 200,000 Small and Medium Enterprises across the EU in 2012.
3. Urban II Fund
Cities play a major developmental role in the EU, and almost 80 % of the European Community's citizens today live in cities.
Many of these cities succeed, but others are faced with social and economic problems. Various strategies have been tried to
combat these problems and Urban II is one of these. It is paid for by the Commission and the Member States. For 2000-06,
the Community's contribution to the initiative amounts to EUR 730 million, exclusively from the ERDF (European Regional
Development Fund), for a total investment of EUR 1.6 billion, covering a population of some 2.2 million.
4. Structural Funds
The Structural Funds are a way for the European Union (EU) to narrow the gaps in development among regions and
Member States. The structural funds are therefore very important for the EU in trying to help all countries have
reasonably even social and economic opportunities. For the period 2007-2013, the budget allocated to regional policy
amounts to around € 348 billion, comprising € 278 billion for the Structural Funds and € 70 billion for the Cohesion
Fund. This represents 35% of the Community budget and is the second largest budget item.
European Union funding in Newcastle
1.
Newcastle Enterprise Package is a programme to get new businesses
started in Newcastle. It has a £3M budget from the EU to support the
development, growth and sustainability of enterprise throughout
Newcastle.
2. The Toffee Factory – a creative work space in the Ouseburn valley, home to companies and with excellent transport
links. Funded by the local council and the European Union.
3. The Beacon (Centre West and Groundwork) – funded to provide office space and meeting facilities in Newcastle’s west
end
4. Newcastle Science City - Newcastle was designated as one of six UK Science Cities in 2005 in recognition of the
world-class research being undertaken by its universities and the potential of its science industry base. The city has
three main areas of excellence: Ageing & Health, Sustainability and Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine. Each area has
a number of locations dispersed across the city. This is a partnership between Newcastle University, Newcastle City
Council and the European Regional Development Fund (who put in £2.3 million). It includes the centre for life and
Science Central, which will be a huge development area close to St James Park.
The Millennium Bridge – part funded by ERDF who put in £3million, The Millennium Commission put in £9.8m together with
contributions from English Partnerships, East Gateshead Single Regeneration Budget and Gateshead Council
Complete the table below by writing a summary sentence about the case study and by writing down 5 bits of factual information (location, dates, facts, figures,
distances etc) about the case study that you can remember for the exam.
Antarctica – Extreme Tourism
The Lake District – A UK National
Galapagos Islands - Ecotourism
Jamaica – Mass Tourism
Park
European Union
Cahora Bassa
Haïti
The UK’s Ageing population
Migration in the UK and the EU
China’s One child policy
Kerala – alternative measures to
control population