Historical Russian Empire temperature time series
The data set includes air temperature time series from 18th and 19th centuries
obtained at 76 stations in Russian Empire according to its borders at that time
(for example, including part of northern Poland, excluding western Ukraine, etc.).
It has been digitized from three books published in 1929-33 (see references).
The records end no later than in 1915, or earlier if the data is present in
contemporary dataset of the Russian Hydrometservice
(http://www.meteo.ru/).
The data has passed quality control before their original publication by
Prof. Rubinstein, so they can be regarded as quite reliable, although gaps,
inhomogeneity of time series and other disadvantages can take place. Quality
control of the digitization has been carried out too.
Names of the sites are contemporary, although some of them varied due to
political reasons (Astana, for example, was originally named Akmolinsk, then
Tselinograd, then during a short time Akmola).
For each site, there is a comment of where and which thermometers were installed,
sometimes who carried out the observations personally, etc. For now, the comments
are available only in Russian, and on paper only (but can be scanned, typed
and/or translated).
The columns in the table below mean:
Site name,
WMO index,
Latitude in degrees
Longitude in degrees
Altitude, meters above sea level
Year of beginning of the records
Year of end of the records
Missing years
The time series are available from:
Dr. Andrey B.Shmakin,
Head of Laboratory of Climatology,
Institute of Geography,
Russian Academy of Sciences.
Staromonetny St., 29
Moscow, 119017
RUSSIA
References:
Rubinstein Ye., 1929. Climate of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics.
Part 1. Air temperature. Issue 2. Mean monthly air temperatures in the European
part of USSR in particular years. A. From the north to 55N. Main Geophysical
Observatory, Leningrad, 180 p. (in Russian)
Rubinstein Ye., 1930. Climate of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics.
Part 1. Air temperature. Issue 2. Mean monthly air temperatures in the European
part of USSR in particular years. B. From 55N to the southern border of the
Union. Main Geophysical Observatory, Leningrad, 319 p. (in Russian)
Rubinstein Ye., 1933. Climate of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics.
Part 1. Air temperature. Issue 4. Mean monthly air temperatures in the Asian
part of USSR in particular years. Main Geophysical Observatory, Leningrad, 258 p.
(in Russian)
Availability of the data
name
index lat
Kola
22112 68.53
Kem'
22522 65
Archangel
22550 64.5
Petrozavodsk 22820 61.8
Vytegra
22837 61
Turukhansk 23472 65.8
Berezovo
23631 63.9
Syktyvkar
23804 61.7
Surgut
23849 61.3
Olyokminsk 24944 60.4
Yakutsk
24959 62.1
Tallin
26038 59.4
St.Petersburg 26063 60
Nikolaevskoe 26167 58.34
Pyarnu
26231 58.23
Liyepaya
26406 56.6
Riga
26423 56.9
Velikie Luki 26477 56.4
Vilnius
26730 54.6
Warsaw
12372 52.28
Gorki
26774 54.18
Vologda
27037 59.2
Kirov
27196 58.6
Kostroma
27333 57.8
Nizhny Novgorod
27553
Kazan'
27595 55.8
Moscow
27612 55.8
Kaluga
27703 54.6
Michurinsk 27935 52.9
Tambov
27947 52.7
Penza
27962 53.1
Perm'
28225 58
Tobolsk
28275 58.2
Yekaterinburg
28440
Ufa
28722 54.7
Yeniseysk
29263 58.5
Tomsk
29430 56.4
Krasnoyarsk 29574 56
Barnaul
29838 53.4
Irkutsk
30710 52.3
Okhotsk
31088 59.4
Nikolayevsk 31369 53.1
Blagoveschensk
31510
Khabarovsk 31735 48.5
Vladivostok 31960 43.1
Vasilevichi 33038 52.3
lon
33.01
34.8
40.5
34.3
36.5
88
65.1
50.8
73.5
120.4
129.8
24.8
30.3
29.48
24.3
21
24.3
30.6
25.3
20.97
30.56
39.9
49.6
40.9
56.2
49.2
37.6
36.4
40.5
41.5
45
56.3
68.2
56.8
56
92.2
85
92.8
83.7
104.3
143.2
140.8
50.3
135.2
131.9
29.8
hh
9
8
19
40
59
32
27
96
44
226
103
44
4
91
1
8
10
98
189
99
200
122
164
139
43.8
64
163
198
158
139
174
172
44
60.6
197
78
121
275
196
485
6
47
127.5
72
138
140
yb
1878
1866
1814
1857
1878
1877
1832
1818
1884
1882
1829
1806
1743
1847
1842
1858
1795
1880
1816
1779
1841
1844
1835
1842
82
1812
1780
1843
1881
1845
1850
1866
1832
237
1853
1853
1837
1838
1838
1830
1789
1854
137
1878
1860
1878
ye
1915
1895
1890
1915
1885
1885
1885
1890
1890
1890
1887
1894
1885
1885
1915
1885
1915
1885
1890
1915
1915
1890
1880
1915
1835
1891
1890
1913
1915
1885
1915
1885
1862
1832
1890
1913
1880
1913
1899
1885
1852
1885
1859
1891
1890
1885
missing years
1832-33
1899-1900, 1905-06
1851-78
1868-88
1856-61, 1868-69, 1874-81
1814-27
1746-50, 1801-04
1854-69, 1876-78
1850-77
1866
1815-23, 1832-38, 1849
1852-53
1800-25
1850, 1855-70
1848-49, 1853-74, 1881-83
1839-44, 1859-60, 1862-73
1848, 1870-82, 1907-12
1881 1858-71, 1875, 1880
1821-27
1784, 1787, 1793-1809, 1813-19
1844-49, 1864-83, 1905-09
1861-77
1854-55, 1860-65, 1879-86
1871-82
1892 1835
1859-85
1855-59, 1861-70
1838, 1844-45, 1860, 1862-72
1848-67, 1874-83, 1893, 1897
1845-56, 1861, 1868-72
1796-1842
1885 1863-66, 1874-76
1872-74, 1889-90
1862-71, 1880
Kiev
33345
Poltava
33506
Kishinev
33815
Odessa
33837
Nikolayev
33846
Simferopol' 33946
Kerch
33983
Sevastopol' 33991
Kursk
34009
Voronezh
34122
Saratov
34172
Kharkov
34300
Lugansk
34523
Taganrog
34720
Astrakhan'
34880
Stavropol
34949
Ural'sk
35108
Orenburg
35121
Astana
35188
Irgiz 35542 48.6
Semipalatinsk 36177
Alma-Ata
36870
Pyatigorsk
37050
Sochi
37099
Grozny
37235
Tbilisi
37549
Baku
37850
Krasnovodsk 38507
Samarkand 38696
Kizyl-Arvat 38763
50.4
49.6
47
46.5
47
45
45.4
44.6
51.7
51.7
51.6
49.9
48.34
47.12
46.3
45.1
51.2
51.8
51.1
61.3
50.4
43.2
44.1
43.6
43.4
41.7
40.4
40
39.7
39
30.5
34.6
28.9
30.6
32
34
36.4
33.5
36.3
39.2
46
36.1
39.15
38.54
48
42
51.4
55.2
71.4
156
80.2
76.9
43
39.8
45.7
45
49.8
53
67
56.3
179
160
95
54
52
205
33
9
209
157
164
152
59
32
18
473
36
113
348
1862
206
847
532
34
124
472
5
89
675
97
1812
1848
1844
1839
1824
1821
1873
1824
1833
1862
1836
1841
1837
1816
1745
1854
1859
1844
1871
1915
1854
1879
1872
1871
1870
1844
1848
1869
1870
1883
1886 1846, 1848-50
1915 1866-85
1880
1890 1855, 1862-65
1915
1915 1854-65, 1873-85
1885
1915 1855-61, 1869-70, 1880-81
1868 1838-39, 1860-64
1915 1870-72, 1893, 1897-99
1880 1849-54, 1858-71
1891 1850-76, 1880
1915
1915 1834-73
1890 1750-1812, 1815-36
1915 1860-62
1899 1864-66, 1870-83
1895 1876-86
1880 1872
1989-1901, 1905-06
1888 1871-74, 1881
1890
1915
1885
1915 1874-1900
1880
1915 1885-95
1890 1872-75, 1879-82
1890 1872-79
1890 1887