CONTENTS
CONTENTS .................................................................................................................................... 1
CONTEXT ...................................................................................................................................... 2
MEMBERS OF THE CONTEXT ............................................................................................... 2
GRAMMAR SUBJECTS ............................................................................................................ 2
CONTEXT AND GRAMMAR ...................................................................................................... 2
HW 1 ........................................................................................................................................... 3
HW 2 ........................................................................................................................................... 3
SEMANTIC COMPONENTS .................................................................................................... 3
THE VERB AND TENSE .......................................................................................................... 4
HOMEWORK ............................................................................................................................. 4
TENSES .......................................................................................................................................... 5
COMPARISON OF ENGLISH TENSES ................................................................................... 5
VERB TENSE: TIME ................................................................................................................. 9
VERB TENSE: ASPECT ............................................................................................................ 9
THEMATIC ROLES..................................................................................................................... 11
HOMEWORK ........................................................................................................................... 12
HOMEWORK ........................................................................................................................... 12
VOICE ........................................................................................................................................... 13
CAUSATIVE INCHOATIVE....................................................................................................... 15
THE INTERACTION BETWEEN VOICE FORMS AND THEMATIC ROLES ...................... 15
HOMEWORK ........................................................................................................................... 16
COMMON STATIVE PASSIVE VERBS + PREPOSITIONS. .............................................. 17
STATIVE PASSIVE VERBS+PREPOSITIONS ..................................................................... 17
ALL YEAR ROUND PASSIVE OR ACTIVE......................................................................... 18
REVISION OF PASSIVILIZATION ....................................................................................... 19
MODALS ...................................................................................................................................... 19
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................. 20
CONTEXT
MEMBERS OF THE CONTEXT
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
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Place
Time (past, present, future)
Speaker-Hearer
Manner (how speaker speaks)
Intention
GRAMMAR SUBJECTS
- TENSES
- MODALS
- THE PASSIVE VOICE
- CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
- NOUN CLAUSES
- GERUNDS and INFINITIVES
- ADJECTIVES and ADVERBS
- ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
- RELATIVE CLAUSES
- REPORTED SPEECH
CONTEXT AND GRAMMAR
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



Places (adverbial and noun clauses)
Time (tenses, adverbial clauses of time)
Speaker-Hearer (passives, reported speech and modals)
Manner (adverbs, modals, adverbial and noun clauses)
Intention (gerunds and infinitives, modals and passives)
PARAMETER : differences between two languages.
PRINCIPLES : similarities in two languages.
TIME : It is shaped according to speaker’s point of view.
VERBS
State verbs : time (-), intention (-), activity (-), effort (-)
Activity verbs : time (+), intention (+), activity (+), effort (+)
Achievement verbs : time (+), intention (-), activity (+), effort (-)
Accomplishment verbs : time (+), intention (+), activity (+), effort (+)
HW 1
TIME LINE
PAST
PRESENT
FUTURE
Simple Past
Simple Present
Simple Future
Past Progressive
Present Progressive
Future Progressive
Past Perfect
Present Perfect
Future Perfect
Past Perfect Progressive
Present Perfect
Progressive
Future Perfect
Progressive
HW 2
Simple past: He painted the house in two hours. (Accomplishment verb)
Past progressive: I was writing a letter to my friend last night. (Activity verb)
Past perfect: He had left the meeting before we got there. (Accomplishment verb)
Past perfect progressive: It had been snowing since Wednesday. (Activity verb)
Simple present: This meal tastes delicious.(state verb)
Present progressive : My father is watching TV now. (activity verb)
Present perfect : We have not reached a complete solution so far. (Accomplishment verb)
Pre. perfect progressive : She has been learning Arabic for two years. (Activity verb)
Simple future : They will have a picnic. (state verb)
Future progressive : By this time tomorrow, we will be swimming. (activity verb)
Future perfect : We will have finished the project by October.(accomplishment verb)
Future perfect progressive : By April, he will have been working here for five years.
(Activity verb)
SEMANTIC COMPONENTS
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
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

Motion
Direction
End point
Time (period)
Intention
linguistic: study of language
phonology : study of sounds
morphology : study of morfins (small units)
semantics : deals with meaning of
words,sentences etc.
syntax: structures of sentence.
‘Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.’
= This sentence is syntaxly correct, but it has no meaning; so we understand that semantics is
very important.
THE VERB AND TENSE
Every verb have not one use. Tense gives different identity to the verb. That is, every verb
has a lot of function.
Jenny has been waiting here for an hour, but none of her friends has shown up yet.
(waiting : activity verb, shown up : accomplishment verb)
Janet waited for an hour, but nobody showed up. (accomplishment verb)
If you can not say the verb with –ing, it is not an activity verb.
I have smashed the car. (achievement verb because there is no intention also we
cannot say ‘smashing’, so it is not an activity verb.)
The statue stands in the garden. (state verb because no agent, no intention)
All perfect/past tenses have end-point,so the verbs are accomplishment verbs.
Present perfect : içinde bulunduğumuz zaman içinde bitmiş eylemler
Past progressive: geçmişte konuştuğumuz anda yapıyor olduğumuz eylemlerle
 If something is finished/stopped by itself, it is achievement.
 If something is finished/stopped by someone else, it is accomplishment
HOMEWORK
My mother cleans each room in our house.(activity)
My mother is cleaning each room in our house.(activity)
My mother cleaned each room in our house.(accomplishment)
My mother was cleaning each room in our house.(activity)
My mother has cleaned each room in our house.(accomplishment)
My mother has been cleaning each room in our house.(activity)
My mother had cleaned each room in our house.(accomplishment)
My mother had been cleaning each room in our house.(activity)
My mother will clean each room in our house.(activity)
My mother will be cleaning each room in our house. (activity)
My mother will have cleaned each room in our house. (accomplishment)
My mother will have been cleaning each room in our house. (activity)
TENSES
COMPARISON OF ENGLISH TENSES
(1) The PRESENT TENSES
You use the present tense to express something that happens in the present. The Present Simple
differs from the Present Continuous or Progressive in:
Present Simple
Present Continuous or Progressive
1. a present habit or routine
1. a present and temporary activity
She smokes a lot. (She always smokes a lot.) She is smoking a lot. (She doesn’t
normally.)
2. a general truth
2. an on-going activity of limited duration
Water is wet.
He is watching television at the moment.
3. a present situation (not temporary)
3. a future arrangement
He lives in Dendermonde.
He is seeing his dentist tomorrow. (an
appointment)
4. always with STATE VERBS:
a. verbs of the senses
4. repeated actions that irritate the speaker
Do you hear anything?
He is always telling other people what to do.
b. verbs of opinion and understanding
He doesn't understand Japanese.
c. verbs of emotions and feelings
She hates classical music.
5. in the first conditional
He will come to the party, if you invite him.
(2) The PERFECT and PAST tenses
All these tenses describe actions in the past. The Present Perfect differs from the Simple Past in:
Present Perfect
Simple Past
1. you know that the action took place in the
past, but don't know when precisely.
1. you know precisely when the action took
place in the past.
I have seen her three times. (when? you don't I saw her last week. (when? last week)
know)
2. very recent past
2. a past habit which is now finished
They've just left.
She smoked a lot. (not anymore now)
3. to announce news
3. in the second conditional
A new president has been elected in Italy.
She would help him, if she knew he was in
troubles.
4. a state or situation which has started in the
past and is continuing up to now.
4. a state or situation which started in the past
and is now finished.
I have lived there for a long time. (I am still
living there.)
I lived there for a long time. (I am living
somewhere else now.)
5. a finished state or activity but the period of
time in which it has taken place is not
5. a finished state or activity and the period
finished.
of time in which it has taken place is
finished.
I have written a letter this morning. (the
letter is finished and it is still morning)
I wrote a letter this morning. (the letter is
finished and it is no longer morning)
6. a present result
I have lost my keys.
The Present Prefect Simple differs from the Present Prefect Progressive in:
Present Perfect Simple
Present Perfect Progressive
1. a one-moment action
1. an on-going activity
I have cut my finger.
I have been cutting the grass.
2. the activity stops after the moment of
2. the activity started in the past and is
speaking and you are speaking about a result. continuing after the moment of speaking a(so
not finished).
I have painted the room. (finished)
I have been painting the room. (still to finish
it)
3. to express irritation
I have been waiting for hours.
(3) The PAST Perfect
You use the Past Perfect instead of the Simple Past or Present Perfect when an action has taken
place before another action in the past.
She found feathers everywhere. The cat had caught a bird.
(4) Expressing the FUTURE
There is no one future tense in English. Instead, several verb forms and auxiliaries might be used
to express the future.
4.1 will + infinitive: (shall after I and we in formal English)
1.) a prediction without proof and which is based upon your own opinion
I think Labour will win the elections. (That is my opinion.)
2.) in the First Conditional but never after if
If you aren’t careful, you’ll break that glass.
3.) a decision or an intention made at the moment of speaking
Someone is knocking at the door. I’ll open it.
4.2 - to be going to + infinitive:
1.) a prediction based on a present fact or some evidence
Look at the sky. It‘s going to be a lovely day. (The sky proves this.)
2.) a decision or an intention made before the moment of speaking
When she grows up, she is going to be a ballet dancer.
4.3 The Present Progressive or Continuous
1.) A future arrangement (made an appointment)
I’m seeing Aïda next month. (You have bought the tickets already.)
4.4 The Present Simple
1.) The certain future of a timetable or calendar
My flight leaves at 10.00.
It is my birthday tomorrow.
2.) After if, when, before and so on in the First Conditional
If the weather turns bad, the picnic will be cancelled.
4.5 The Future Continuous: will + be + -ing form
1.) an activity that will be in progress before and after a time in the future
Don’t phone at 8.00, because we will be having dinner.
2.) a future event that will happen in he natural course of events
Don’t worry about our guests. They’ll be arriving any minute now.
4.6 The Future Perfect
1.) An action that will be completed before a definite time in the future.
I’ll have done all my work by this evening.
► There are many ways of categorizing the twelve possible verb tenses. The verb tenses may be
categorized according to the time frame: past tenses, present tenses, and future tenses.
VERB TENSE: TIME
The four past tenses are
1.
2.
3.
4.
the simple past ("I went")
the past progressive ("I was going")
the past perfect ("I had gone")
the past perfect progressive ("I had been going")
The four present tenses are
1.
2.
3.
4.
the simple present ("I go")
the present progressive ("I am going")
the present perfect ("I have gone")
the present perfect progressive ("I have been going")
Note that the present perfect and present perfect progressive are a present not past tenses -- that
idea is that the speaker is currently in the state of having gone or having been going.
The four future tenses are
1.
2.
3.
4.
the simple future ("I will go")
the future progressive ("I will be going")
the future perfect ("I will have gone")
the future perfect progressive ("I will have been going")
VERB TENSE: ASPECT
Verb tenses may also be categorized according to aspect. Aspect refers to the nature of the action
described by the verb. There are three aspects: simple, perfect, progressive.
The three simple tenses describe an action but do not state whether the action is finished:



the simple past ("I went")
the simple present ("I go")
the simple future ("I will go")
A verb in the simple tenses is used when the beginning or ending of an action, an event, or
condition is unknown or unimportant to the meaning of the sentence. The simple tenses are also
used to indicate an habitual or repeated action, event, or condition.
The three perfect tenses, describe a finished action:



the past perfect ("I had gone")
the present perfect ("I have gone")
the future perfect ("I will have gone")
A verb in the perfect tenses indicates that the end of the action, event, or condition is known and
is used to emphasize the fact that the action is complete. The action may, however, be completed
in the present, in the past or in the future.
The three progressive tenses, describe an unfinished action:



the past progressive ("I was going")
the present progressive ("I am going")
the future progressive ("I will be going")
A verb in the progressive tenses indicates that the action, event, or condition is ongoing in the
present, the past or the future.
It is also possible to combine the complete tenses and the incomplete tenses, to describe an action
which was in progress and then finished:



the past perfect progressive ("I had been going")
the present perfect progressive ("I have been going")
the future perfect progressive ("I will have been going")
TELL THE DIFFERENCE
The class had been waiting for 20 minutes when the teacher came.
The class was waiting for 20 minutes and then the teacher came.
The class had waited for 20 minutes. The teacher came. Waiting was still in progress.
The class got up when the teacher came.
The teacher came and at that time/ simultaneously the class got up.
These two events happened at the same time / simultaneously.
The class had left when the teacher came.
The class left, after that the teacher came.
The class left, after a while / after some time, the teacher came
Mary lived with her aunt when her uncle died.
Her uncle died and she started to live with her aunt.
I will have been living in Istanbul for 5 years by the year 2015.
I will start to live in Istanbul in 2010. I will live in Istanbul for five years. I will be living
there by the year 2015.
THEMATIC ROLES
Thematic relations express the meaning that a Noun phrase plays with respect to the action or
state described by a sentence's verb. For example, in the sentence "Susan ate an apple", Susan is
the doer of the eating, so she is an agent; the apple is the item that is eaten, so it is a patient.
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

Agent: deliberately performs the action
- free to move
- must be living things
- intention (instinct)
- animate
Experiencer: receives sensory or emotional input
- sb affected physiologically by sth.
- With emotion and sense verbs
Theme: undergoes the action but does not change its state
- animate/inanimate
- not harm sth
- natural events
The wind is blowing.

Patient: undergoes the action and has its state changed.
I am melting the butter


Instrument: used to carry out the action / what we do sth with.
Causer: mindlessly performs the action
- inanimate
- there is damage
Stone broke the window


Location: where the action occurs
Goal: what the action is directed towards
I am living Adana to go to Istanbul. = source, goal

Source: where the action originated
Prepositions: off/from

Beneficiary: the entity for whose benefit the action occurs / sb makes use of sth
Examples:
He smashed the radio into pieces in the living room thanks to a stone. = agent, patient, location,
instrument.
She keeps sneezing and cleaning her nose. = patient, theme
A friend lent her a handkerchief. = agent, beneficiary, theme
HOMEWORK
Tom moved his chair closer to Mary. = agent, theme, location
The hole filled with water. = theme, theme
The teacher stopped the tape and left the class. =agent, theme, location
She shook her head with disbelief. = agent, theme
The ball rolled down the hill and came to a halt. = theme, source
She tipped her chair and fell off it. = agent, theme, source/theme
First, heat the oil and add the tomatoes. = patient, theme
HOMEWORK
AGENT :
INSTRUMENT :
My boyfriend wrote me a letter when I was
abroad.
The thief broke the lock with a knife.
The rescue was filmed with a video camera.
My father caught some fish for our evening
meal.
CAUSER :
EXPERIENCER :
An epidemic killed off all of the tomatoes.
The death of his father affected Ali deeply.
An avalanche destroyed the ancient temple
Mehmet was surprised when his friends
came his house suddenly.
LOCATION:
THEME :
Vehicles arrive at a station.
We put the book on the shelf.
The key opened the door.
GOAL:
They gave the workers a raise.
We flew straight from London to San
Francisco.
PATIENT :
I suddenly saw a car coming towards me.
The cat swallowed the canary.
She bit an apple.
SOURCE:
We flew straight from London to San
Francisco.
BENEFICIARY:
All money is given to the old.
Nil sent the gift to her cousin.
I can walk from my flat to work.

The ship is off the shore. (source)
 If you cannot decide if the word is source or not, then it is theme.

The ball broke the window. (causer)

I had the hair dresser cut my hair. ( agent, agent, patient)
VOICE
How is voice formed?
1) Syntactically
 The child was kidnapped. (passive )

*
He cut himself.( reflexive)
 They greeted each other.( reciprocal)
 He made his daughter clean the car.(causative)
active, passive, reciprocal, reflexive, causative
2) Morphologically
 In Turkish we have morphology but in English we have syntax.
boya-t-mak (Turkish)
make somebody paint (English)
3) Lexically(anlamsal)
 I throw the glasses towards the floor and broke it. (lexically causative)
causer
 While I was walking, I broke the glasses. (no cause)
break [intention, cause, activity], [lexically causative]
send [intention, cause, activity], [lexically causative]
shave [intention, cause, activity, self], [lexically reflexive]
Conscious, intention
Affected by the event you did
 If the syntaxes can be seen clearly, they are syntactical; however, if they can be guessed from
the meaning, they are lexical.
 We use “by” as the most distinctive feature of the Passives.
Reciprocal(lexically)
 mutual, one another, together, all together, each other
 simultaneous, mention about at least two person
Yaptığı işten fiziksel olarak etkilenecek.
 When we can use a sentence having a plural or plural meaning subject as a sentence having a
single subject, that sentence does not consist of reciprocal.
 The class is listening to the teacher.
I am listening to the teacher. ( True )
 When we canNOT use a sentence having a plural or plural meaning subject as a sentence
having a single subject, that sentence consists of reciprocal.
 The class is listening to the teacher all together.
I am listening to the teacher all together. ( False )
 I was moved by the pictures of the rescued child. (syntactically passive)
 We agreed on the plan. (lexically reciprocal)
 He quickened the process by talking to the authorities. (active-lexically causative)
 We got beaten in the race. (lexically reciprocal)
 The door opened and a soft breeze came in. (active-lexically passive)
 The book earned him a fortune. (lexically causative)
 They demolished the all building. (lexically causative)
 They caused the all building to be demolished.
 The birds flew together in the same direction. (syntactically reciprocal)
 The storm wiped away all the sand off the coast. (lexically causative)
 Pull yourself together. (syntactically reflexive)
 Why don’t you join us? (lexically reciprocal)
 The two friends kissed each other and left. (syntactically reciprocal)
 The boy hid in the wardrobe. (lexically reflexive)
 He got the manager to punish his friend. (syntactically causative)
 I disagree with you. (syntactically reciprocal)
► State verbler past perfect olmaz.
The house had been ablazed. = was √
CAUSATIVE INCHOATIVE
The sugar dissolves in water. (çözünmek)
The sugar is dissolved in water by ??? (çözmek)
-
happens according to rule, nature
kendiliğinden gelişmiş olmalı
sebebe bağlı olmalı
agent olmamalı, by-phrase olmamalı
passive hale getirilemez
The meal cooked. (yemek pişti.)( I prepared all ingredients and put on the oven then meal cooked
on its own)
The meal was cooked by my mother. (pişirildi.)
Boil= kaynamak, kaynatmak
Melt =erimek,eritmek
Fry = kızarmak,kızartmak
Thicken = koyulaştırmak,koyulaşmak
Öznesi patient olan cümleler ya passive ya da causative inchoative
The car moved. (causative inchoative)
Her voice records well in the studio. (lexically passive)
Silk creases easily. (causative inchoative)
The pilot landed the plane. (lexically causative)
The car reversed and the driver put it into the garage. (lexically passive), (lexically causative)
She photographs well. (lexically passive)
She is photographed well by the photographer.
THE INTERACTION BETWEEN VOICE FORMS AND
THEMATIC ROLES
The snow on the mountain melted and the water filled the rivers.
Patient
active
theme
active
lex.caus.inc causer lex.caus.
lexically causative : there is doer, cause for starting action.
Causative inchoative : there may be theme, but not causer.
1)melt (v) (intransitive)
Subject : something that can melt in nature.
Object : no object
Melt (v) (transitive)
Subject : can never be patient. (agent/causer/doer)
Object : patient.
My mother melts the butter to use in the meal.
The heat from the fire caused
np causer/theme/doer lex.caus.
the building
to brown.
np patient
caus.inc.
object.subject
Passive infinitive :
People think that Mary has committed the crime.
Mary is thought to have….
It is thought that Mary…
Passive of the gerund :
I hate people calling me ‘madam’.
I hate being called ‘madam’
Passive of the infinitive :
I would like people to call me ‘madam’.
I would like to be called ‘madam’
Reasons to use the passive voice:



The agent (or doer) of the action is unimportant
The agent is unknown
The agent is common knowledge, and it is redundant to mention it
HOMEWORK
1) Police arrested the drunk driver. = The drunk driver was arrested. (past simple)
2) We clear the table and wash the dishes. (simple present)
The table is cleared and the dishes are washed.
3) I have peeled the tomatoes. = The tomatoes have been peeled. (present perfect)
4) They were cleaning the floor earlier today. = The floor was being cleaned earlier today.
(past continuous)
5) Everyone had warned me about the weather. = I had been warned about the weather. (past
perfect)
6) You have to rewrite the first paragraph. = The first paragraph has to be written. (modal)
7) You cannot see the house fro the street. = The house cannot be seen from the street.
(modal)
8) They awarded Maria first prize. = Maria was awarded first prize. (verbs taking two
objects)
9) They awarded first prize to Maria. = First prize was awarded to Maria.
10) She made me work overtime. = I was made to work overtime. (verb+obj+to inf.)
11) We saw her crying. = She was seen crying.(verb+obj+-ing)
12) She took down the minutes of the meeting. = The minutes of the meeting were taken
down. (with prepositions)
13) She likes people taking her to the theatre. = She likes being taken to he theatre. (passive
of the gerund)
14) Farmers are to introduce a new breed of cow into the country. (passive of ‘to be to’)
A new breed of cow is to be introduced into the country by farmers.
15) The police report that she is in France. = She is reported to be in France.
It is reported that she is in France. (personal and impersonal construction)
COMMON STATIVE PASSIVE VERBS +
PREPOSITIONS
Many stative passive verbs are followed by prepositions other than by.
I'm interested in Greek culture.
He's worried about losing his job.
STATIVE PASSIVE VERBS+PREPOSITIONS
be opposed to
be acquainted with
be equipped with
be addicted to
be excited about
be pleased with
be annoyed with, by
be exhausted from
be prepared for
be associated with
be exposed to
be protected from
be provided with
be bored with, by
be covered with
be involved in
be filled with
be finished with
be qualified for
be cluttered with
be frightened of, by
be composed of
be related to
be concerned about
be gone from
be accustomed to
be engaged to
be remembered for
be connected to
be coordinated with
be interested in
be satisfied with
be scared of, by
be crowded with
be known for
be dedicated to
be tired of, from
be devoted to
be limited to
be disappointed in, with
be located in
be worried about
be discriminated against
be divorced from
be made of
be done with
be married to
be dressed in
be terrified of, by
Choice of verb
I
bear
him
Taşımak obj
Doğmak
no ill will. (state) (no end point, always active)
obj
I was born in Adana ( agent is well-known. Not my mother bear. Always passive)
ALL YEAR ROUND PASSIVE OR ACTIVE
The book earned him a fortune. (no passive; because, agent is neccessary)
(“He” can’t be an agent)
I wish you luck. (state) (it can’t be put in passive, its semantic don’t allow the passivization.
They declared him president.
He was declared president.
He lay still on the bed. (no object)
They made him promise. (no passive because there is no noun phrase, object. Promise is a verb.
If it was ‘They made him a promise’, this sentence can be passivized.)
What ve whom sorularını fiile sorarsan objecti bulursun. Object must be a noun phrase.
Whom did they declare him? – president is not an object.
Causative nesneyi arttırır.
Passive nesneyi azaltır.
Causative olan cümle zaten passive’lik içerir. Bu yüzden tekrar passive yapmaya gerek yok.
The sun dried their clothes.
This stain will wash out with Kosla. (wash out fiili passive zaten)
will be washed out
Kosla will wash out the stain.
Noun phrase- what/whom- object- passive
REVISION OF PASSIVILIZATION
People think that Tom was dishonest.
Tom is thought to have been dishonest.
People think that Tom was stealing from his friends.
Tom is thought to have been stealing from his friends.
People think that Tom has come.
Tom is thought to have come.
I hate people asking me personal questions.
I hate being asked personal questions.
MODALS
Modals reflect our point of view towards action, events and situation. They are not facts. Modals
reflect our mood.
‘Can’ is not used for possibility in future. ‘Could’ is used instead.
Modality
 Mood
 passive
 conditions
 Inversion
 Adverbial
Eğer modal’ın kendisi soru ve olumsuz yapılabiliyorsa modal,
yapılamıyorsa modal verb’dir. Örn : have to
Modal verb’ler cümlede verb görevi görürler.
Modal ve auxiliary verb benzerliği : soru ve olumsuz
yapılabilmesi
Modal verbs : have to, need to, dare to, be able to
Modal auxiliary : can, should, must, could, could have, may, shall, will
Modal like expression : to be supposed to, to be to, to be expected to
Could : geçmişte tekrarlı yapabildiğimiz şeyler için kullanırız. (-iyordu)
- She could dance well when she was young.
Was/were able to : bir kereye mahsus yapabildiğimiz şeyler için kullanırız. (-ebildi)
- We had a flat tyre, but we were able to fix it and carry on.
Must : ‘ben öyle sanıyorum.’ (varsayım belirtir.)
Had to : ‘zorunda kaldı.’
Needn’t : ‘gerek yoktu.’
Needn’t have done : ‘gerek yoktu ama yaptı.’
REFERENCES
Comparison of English tenses
http://www.testyourenglish.net/english-online/subjects/tensecomp.html
tenses, aspect
http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/usetense.html
thematic roles
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thematic_relation#Major_thematic_relations
common stative passive verbs
http://www.englishbaby.com/lessons/4598/member_submitted/common_stative_passive_verbs_p
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