A Bibliography of the
Effects of Introduced Fish and Fish Predation on Amphibians
Created by
Northwest Partners in Amphibian and Reptile Conservation
Last Updated: 16 January 2011
Topics
1. Review articles
2. Effects on native amphibians/aquatic systems after introduced fish are removed
3. Effects of introduced or predatory fish on frogs and toads
4. Effects of introduced or predatory fish on salamanders and newts
5. Effects of introduced fish on aquatic insects/aquatic systems
6. Competition for food resources between introduced fish and amphibians
7. Mountain lake fish stocking patterns and policies
8. Anti-predator defenses and species palatability
9. Disease transfer between fish and amphibians
10. Native and non-native predator facilitation and additive effects of multiple predators, plus
other ecosystem effects
Review articles
Dunham, J.B., D.S. Pilliod, and M.K. Young. 2004. Assessing the consequences of nonnative
trout in headwater ecosystems in western North America. Fisheries 29:18-26.
http://leopold.wilderness.net/pubs/510.pdf.
Kats, L.B. and R.P. Ferrer. 2003. Alien predators and amphibian declines: review of two decades
of science and the transition to conservation. Diversity and Distributions 9:99-110.
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118852229/PDFSTART.
EFFECTS ON NATIVE AMPHIBIANS/AQUATIC SYSTEMS AFTER INTRODUCED
FISH ARE REMOVED
Drake, D.C. and R.J. Naiman. 2000. An evaluation of restoration efforts in fishless lakes stocked
with exotic trout. Conservation Biology 14:1807-1820. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgibin/fulltext/120714534/PDFSTART.
Eaton, B.R., W.M. Tonn, C.A. Paszkowski, A.J. Danylchuk, and S.M. Boss. 2005. Indirect
effects of fish winterkills on amphibian populations in boreal lakes. Canadian Journal of
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Zoology 83:1532-1539. http://article.pubs.nrccnrc.gc.ca/RPAS/rpv?hm=HInit&calyLang=eng&journal=cjz&volume=83&afpf=z05-151.pdf.
Funk, W.C. and W.W. Dunlap. 1999. Colonization of high-elevation lakes by long-toed
salamanders (Ambystoma macrodactylum) after the extinction of introduced trout populations.
Canadian Journal of Zoology 77:1759-1767. http://article.pubs.nrccnrc.gc.ca/RPAS/rpv?hm=HInit&calyLang=eng&journal=cjz&volume=77&afpf=z99-160.pdf.
Hoffman, R.L., G.L. Larson, and B. Samora. 2004. Responses of Ambystoma gracile to the
removal of introduced nonnative fish from a mountain lake. Journal of Herpetology 38(4):578585. http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1670/44-04A.
Knapp, R.A. and K.R. Matthews. 1998. Eradication of nonnative fish by gill netting from a small
mountain lake in California. Restoration Ecology 6(2):207-213.
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/119132784/PDFSTART.
Knapp, R.A., K.R. Matthews, and O. Sarnelle. 2001. Resistance and resilience of alpine lake
fauna to fish introductions. Ecological Monographs 71(3):401-421.
http://www.esajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1890/00129615%282001%29071%5B0401%3ARAROAL%5D2.0.CO%3B2.
Knapp, R.A., D.M. Boiano, and V.T. Vredenburg. 2007. Removal of nonnative fish results in
population expansion of a declining amphibian (mountain yellow-legged frog, Rana muscosa).
Biological Conservation 135:11-20.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%235798%232
007%23998649998%23639490%23FLA%23&_cdi=5798&_pubType=J&_auth=y&_acct=C000
052423&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4250274&md5=9d6a80a35ff882aae0d608bc87e
ba782.
Lawler, S.P. and K.L. Pope. 2006. Non-native Fish in Mountain Lakes: Effects on a Declining
Amphibian and Ecosystem Subsidy. UC Water Resources Center Technical Completion Report
Project No. W-987. http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/WRCA/WRC/pdfs/LAWLER06WRC.pdf.
McLee, A. G. and R. W.Scaife. 1992. The colonization by great crested newts (Triturus
cristatus) of a water body following treatment with a piscicide to remove a large population of
sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). British Herpetological Society Bulletin 42:6-9.
McNaught, A.S., D.W. Schindler, B.R. Parker, A.J. Paul, R.S. Anderson, D.B. Donald, and M.
Agbeti. 1999. Restoration of the food web of an alpine lake following fish stocking. Limnology
and Oceanography 44:127-136. http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol_44/issue_1/0127.pdf.
Parker, B.R., D.W. Schindler, D.B. Donald, and R.S. Anderson. 2000. The effects of stocking
and removal of a nonnative salmonid on the plankton of an alpine lake. Ecosystems 4:334-345.
http://www.springerlink.com/content/d8t09q01ct65rb9t/fulltext.pdf.
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Pilliod, D.S., B.R. Hossack, P.F. Bahls, E.L. Bull, P.S. Corn, G. Hokit, B.A. Maxell, J.C.
Munger, and A. Wyrick. 2010. Nonnative salmonids affect amphibian occupancy at multiple
spatial scales. Diversity and Distributions 16:959-974.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2010.00699.x/pdf.
Pope, K.L. 2008. Assessing changes in Amphibian Population Dynamics Following
Experimental Manipulations of Introduced Fish. Conservation Biology 22(6):1572-1581.
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/121359150/PDFSTART.
Pope, K. L., J. Piovia-Scott, and S. P. Lawler. 2009. Changes in aquatic insect emergence in
response to whole-lake experimental manipulations of introduced trout. Freshwater Biology
54(5):982-993.
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/121515556/PDFSTART.
Ricker, W. E. and J. Gottschalk. 1941. An experiment in removing coarse fish from a lake.
Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 70:382-390.
http://afsjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1577/15488659%281940%2970%5B382%3AAEIRCF%5D2.0.CO%3B2.
Stenson, J.A.E., T. Bohlin, L. Henrikson, B.I. Nilsson, H.G. Nyman, H.G. Oscarson, and P.
Larson, P. 1978. Effects of fish removal from a small lake. Internationale Vereinigung fur
Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 20:794-801.
Vredenburg, V.T. 2004. Reversing introduced species effects: Experimental removal of
introduced fish leads to rapid recovery of a declining frog. Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences 101(20):7646-7650. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0402321101.
Walston, L.J. and S.J. Mullin. 2007. Responses of a pond-breeding amphibian community to the
experimental removal of predatory fish. American Midland Naturalist 157: 63-73.
http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1674/00030031%282007%29157%5B63%3AROAPAC%5D2.0.CO%3B2.
Walters, C.J., and R.E. Vincent. 1973. Potential productivity of an alpine lake as indicated by
removal and reintroduction of fish. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 102(4):675697.
http://afsjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1577/15488659%281973%29102%3C675%3APPOAAL%3E2.0.CO%3B2.
Zimmer K.D., M.A. Hanson, and M.G. Butler. 2001. Effects of Fathead Minnow Colonization
and Removal on a Prairie Wetland Ecosystem Ecosystems 346-357.
http://www.springerlink.com/content/5pre5ju88hjhhtv2/fulltext.pdf.
EFEECTS OF INTRODUCED OR PREDATORY FISH ON FROGS AND TOADS
Adams, M.J., C.A. Pearl, S. Galvan, and B. McCreary. 2011. Non-native species impacts on
pond occupancy by an anuran. Journal of Wildlife Management 75(1):30-35
http://www.bioone.org/toc/wild/75/1
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Adams, M.J. 1999. Correlated factors in amphibian decline: Exotic species and habitat change in
western Washington. Journal of Wildlife Management 63(4):1162-1171.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3802834.pdf.
Bosch, J., P.A. Rincón, L. Boyero, and I. Martinez-Solano. 2006. Effects of introduced
salmonids on a montane population of Iberian frogs. Conservation Biology 20:180-189.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00296.x/pdf.
Bradford. 1989. Allotopic distribution of native frogs and introduced fishes in the high Sierra
Nevada lakes of California. Copeia 1989(3):775-778.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/1445515.pdf.
Bradford, D.F. 1991. Mass mortality and extinction in a high-elevation population of Rana
muscosa. Journal of Herpetology 25:174-177. http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/1564645.pdf.
Bradford, D.F., F. Tabatabai , and D.M. Grabe. 1993. Isolation of remaining populations of the
native frog (Rana muscosa) by introduced fishes in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks,
California. Conservation Biology 7(4):882-888.
Bradford, D.F., D.M. Graber, F. Tabatabai. 1994. Populations declines of the native frog, Rana
muscosa, in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. Southwestern Naturalist 39:323-327.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/30054366.pdf.
Bradford, D.F., S.D. Cooper, T.M. Jenkins, Jr., K. Kratz, O. Sarnelle, and A.D. Brown. 1998.
Influences of natural acidity and introduced fish on faunal assemblages in California alpine
lakes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55(11):2478-2491.
http://article.pubs.nrccnrc.gc.ca/RPAS/rpv?hm=HInit&calyLang=eng&journal=cjfas&volume=55&afpf=f98-128.pdf.
Bronmark, C. and P. Edenhamn. 1994. Does the presence of fish affect the distribution of tree
frogs (Hyla arborea)? Conservation Biology 8:841-845.
Bull, E.L. and D.B. Marx. 2002. Influence of fish and habitat on amphibian communities in high
elevation lakes in northeastern Oregon. Northwest Science 76(3):240-248.
http://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/org_NWS/NWSci%20journal%20articles/2002%20files/Issue%203
/v76%20p240%20Bull%20et%20al.PDF.
Fellers, G.M. and C.A. Drost. 1993. Disappearance of the cascades frog Rana cascadae at the
southern end of its range, California, USA. Biological Conservation 65:177-181.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%235798%231
993%23999349997%23437320%23FLP%23&_cdi=5798&_pubType=J&_auth=y&_acct=C000
052423&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4250274&md5=9dadebf95aff5d26e91bbc26678
67174.
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Fellers, et al. 2008. Turning population trend monitoring into active conservation: Can we save
the Cascades Frog (Rana cascadae) in the Lassen region of California? Herpetological
Conservation and Biology 3(1):23-39.
http://www.herpconbio.org/Volume_3/Issue_1/Fellers_etal_2008.pdf.
Finlay, J.C. and V.T. Vredenburg. 2007. Introduced trout sever trophic connections between
lakes and watersheds: consequences for a declining amphibian. Ecology.
http://web.me.com/vancevredenburg/Vances_site/Publications_files/FinlayVrendenburg2007.pdf
Gillespie G.R. 2001. The role of introduced trout in the decline of the spotted tree frog (Litoria
spenceri) in south-eastern Australia. Biological Conservation 100:187-198.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6V5X-42YW1PW-49&_cdi=5798&_user=4250274&_pii=S0006320701000210&_origin=browse&_coverDate=08%
2F31%2F2001&_sk=998999997&view=c&wchp=dGLbVzWzSkzS&md5=5a199fe0a14418cc158f0d24578830a6&ie=/sdarticle.pdf.
Gillespie, G.R. and J.M. Hero. 1999. Potential impacts of introduced fish and fish translocation
on Australian amphibians. Pages 131-144 in Campbell, A (ed). Declines and Disappearances of
Australian Frogs. Environment Australia, Canberra.
Goodsell, J.A. and L.B. Kats. 1999. Effect of introduced mosquitofish on Pacific treefrogs and
the role of alternative prey. Conservation Biology 13:921-924.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98237.x/pdf.
Hamer, A., S. Lane, and M. Mahony. 2002. The role of introduced mosquitofish (Gambusia
holbrooki) in excluding the native green and golden bell frog (Litoria aurea) from original
habitats in south-eastern Australia. Oecologia 132:445-452.
http://www.springerlink.com/content/nxwqmlg1hgn78hfc/fulltext.pdf.
Hayes, M.P. and M.R. Jennings. 1986. Decline of ranid frog species in western North America:
are bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) responsible? Journal of Herpetology 20:490-509.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/1564246.pdf?acceptTC=true.
Hartel, T., S. Nemes, D. Cogalniceanu, K. Ollerer, O. Schweiger, C. Moga, and L. Demeter.
2007. The effect of fish and aquatic habitat complexity on amphibians. Hydrobiologia 583:173182. http://www.springerlink.com/content/h3061u065m840pv4/fulltext.pdf.
Hecnar, S.J. and R.T. M’Closkey. 1997. The effects of predatory fish on amphibian species
richness and distribution. Biological Conservation 79:123-131.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%235798%231
997%23999209997%2311591%23FLP%23&_cdi=5798&_pubType=J&_auth=y&_acct=C0000
52423&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4250274&md5=71010ca11f3732397c05c9957a9b
e734
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Joseph, M.G., J. Piovia-Scott, S.P. Lawler, and K.L. Pope. 2010. Indirect effects of introduced
trout on Cascades frogs (Rana cascadae) via shared aquatic prey. Freshwater Biology (early
view). http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2010.02529.x/pdf.
Kiesecker, J.M. and A.R. Blaustein. 1998. Effects of introduced bullfrogs and smallmouth bass
on microhabitat use, growth, and survival of native red-legged frogs (Rana aurora).
Conservation Biology 12(4):776-787. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgibin/fulltext/120714487/PDFSTART.
Knapp, R.A.. 1996. Non-Native Trout in Natural Lakes of the Sierra Nevada: An Analysis of
Their Distribution and Impacts on Native Aquatic Biota. Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project:
Final Report to Congress, vol. III, Assessments and scientific basis for management options.
Davis: University of California, Centers for Water and Wildlife Resources.
Knapp, R.A. and K.R. Matthews. 2000. Non-native fish introductions and the decline of the
mountain yellow-legged frog (Rana muscos) from within protected areas. Conservation Biology
14(2):428-438. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/119186370/PDFSTART.
Knapp, R.A., K.R. Matthews, and O. Sarnelle. 2001. Resistance and resilience of alpine lake
fauna to fish introductions. Ecological Monographs 71(3):401-421.
http://www.esajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1890/00129615%282001%29071%5B0401%3ARAROAL%5D2.0.CO%3B2
Knapp, R.A.. 2005. Effects of nonnative fish and habitat characteristics on lentic herpetofauna in
Yosemite National Park, USA. Biological Conservation 121:265-279.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%235798%232
005%23998789997%23514650%23FLA%23&_cdi=5798&_pubType=J&_auth=y&_acct=C000
052423&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4250274&md5=4edcae0534fb475c446b47b39d1
0fb5e.
Knapp, R.A., C.P. Hawkins, J. Ladau, and J.G. McClory. 2005. Fauna of Yosemite National
Park lakes has low resistance but high resilience to fish introductions. Ecological Applications
15(3):835-847. http://www.esajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1890/04-0619.
Komak, S. and M.R. Crossland. 2000. An assessment of the introduced mosquitofish (Gambusia
affinis holbrooki) as a predator of eggs, hatchlings, and tadpoles of native and non-native
anurans. Wildlife Research 27:185-189.
http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=WR99028.pdf.
Lawler, S.P., D. Dritz, T. Strange, and M. Holyoak. 1999. Effects of introduced mosquitofish
and bullfrogs on the threatened California red-legged frog. Conservation Biology 13(3):613-622.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98075.x/pdf.
Liss, W.J. and G.L. Larson. 1991. Ecological effects of stocked trout in naturally fishless highelevation lakes, North Cascades National Park Service Complex, WA, USA: Phase II. Park
Science 11(3):22-23.
http://www.nature.nps.gov/ParkScience/archive/PDF/ParkScience11(3)Summer1991.pdf.
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Liss, W.J., G.L. Larson, and R.L. Hoffman, eds. 2002. Ecological impact of introduced trout on
native aquatic communities in mountain lakes, Phase III Final Report. U.S. Geological Survey,
Corvallis, OR.
Matthews, K.R. K.L. Pope, H.K. Preisler, and R.A. Knapp. 2001. Effects of non‐native trout on
Pacific treefrogs (Hyla regilla) in the Sierra Nevada. Copeia 4:1130-1137.
http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1643/00458511%282001%29001%5B1130%3AEONTOP%5D2.0.CO%3B2.
Macan, T.T. 1966. The influence of predation on the fauna of a moorland fish pond. Archiv fur
Hydrobiologie 61:432-452.
Martinez-solano, I., L.J. Barbadillo, and M. Lapena. 2003. Effect of introduced fish on
amphibian species richness and densities at a montane assemblage in the Sierra de Neila, Spain.
Herpetological Journal 13:167-173.
McGarvie Hirner, J.L. and S.P. Cox. 2007. Effects of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) on
amphibians in productive recreational fishing lakes of British Columbia. Canadian Journal of
Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 64:1770-1780.
http://article.pubs.nrccnrc.gc.ca/RPAS/rpv?hm=HInit&calyLang=eng&journal=cjfas&volume=64&afpf=f07-139.pdf
Meyer, A.H., B.R. Schmidt, and K. Grossenbacher. 1998. Analysis of three amphibian
populations with quarter-century long time-series. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
265:523-528. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/265/1395/523.full.pdf+html.
Monello, R.J. and R.G. Wright. 1999. Amphibian habitat preferences among artificial ponds in
the Palouse region of northern Idaho. Journal of Herpetology 33(2):298-303.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/1565727.pdf.
Murphy, P.D. 2002. The effects of different species of introduced salmonids on amphibians in
headwater lakes of North-central Idaho. M.S. Thesis, Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho
State University, Pocatello, Idaho.
Murphy, M.A., R. Dezzani, D.S. Pilliod, and A. Storfer. 2010. Landscape genetics of high
mountain frog metapopulations. Molecular Ecology 19:3634-3649.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04723.x/pdf.
Orizoala, G. and F. Braña. 2006. Effect of salmonid introduction and other environmental
characteristics on amphibian distribution and abundance in mountain lakes of northern Spain.
Animal Conservation 9:171-178. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.14691795.2006.00023.x/pdf.
Paoletti, D.J.. 2009. Responses of foothill yellow-legged larvae (Rana boylii) to an introduced
predator. Master’s Thesis, Oregon State University.
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Pearl, C.A., M.J. Adams, N. Leuthold, and R.B. Bury. 2005. Amphibian occurrence and aquatic
invaders in a changing landscape: Implications for wetland mitigation in the Willamette Valley,
Oregon, USA. Wetlands 25(1):76-88. http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1672/02775212%282005%29025%5B0076%3AAOAAII%5D2.0.CO%3B2.
Pilliod, D.S. and C.R. Peterson. 2001. Local and landscape effects of introduced trout on
amphibians in historically fishless watersheds. Ecosystems 4:322-333.
http://www.springerlink.com/content/d7udr5236m3ay09w/fulltext.pdf.
Pilliod, D.S., C.R. Peterson, and P.I. Ritson. 2002. Seasonal migration of Columbia spotted frogs
(Rana luteiventris) among complementary resources in a high mountain basin. Canadian Journal
of Zoology 80:1849-1862. http://article.pubs.nrccnrc.gc.ca/RPAS/rpv?hm=HInit&calyLang=eng&journal=cjz&volume=80&afpf=z02-175.pdf.
Pilliod, D.S., B.R. Hossack, P.F. Bahls, E.L. Bull, P.S. Corn, G. Hokit, B.A. Maxell, J.C.
Munger, and A. Wyrick. 2010. Nonnative salmonids affect amphibian occupancy at multiple
spatial scales. Diversity and Distributions 16:959-974.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2010.00699.x/pdf.
Reid, I.S. 2005. Amphibian, fish stocking, and habitat relationships in Siskiyou mountain
wilderness lakes, California and Oregon. Northwestern Naturalist 86(1):25-33.
http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1898/10511733%282005%29086%5B0025%3AAFSAHR%5D2.0.CO%3B2.
Reshetnikov, A.N. 2003. The introduced fish, Rotan (Perccottus glenii) depresses populations of
aquatic animals (macroinvertebrates, amphibians, and a fish). Hydrobiologia 510:83-90.
http://www.springerlink.com/content/l2264024607t34um/fulltext.pdf.
Rosen, P.C., C.R.Schwalbe, D.A.Parizek, Jr., P.A.Holm, and C.H. Lowe. 1995. Introduced
aquatic vertebrates in the Chiricahua region: effects on declining native ranid frogs. Pages 251261 in DeBano, L.F., G.J. Gottfried, R.H. Hamre, C.B. Edminster, P.F. Folliott, A.Ortega-Rubio
(eds). Biodiversity and Management of the Madrean Archipelago: the Sky Islands of
Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GTR-264. U.S.
Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ft. Collins, Colorado.
http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_rm/rm_gtr264.html.
Schank, C.M.M. 2008. Assessing the effects of trout stocking on native amphibian communities
in small boreal foothills lakes of Alberta. Master’s Thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton,
Alberta.
Sexton, O.J. and C. Phillips. 1986. A qualitative study of fish-amphibian interactions in three
Missouri ponds. Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Sciences 20:25-35.
Smith, G.R., J.E. Rettig, G.G.Mittelbach, J.L. Valiulis, and S.R.Schaack. 1999. The effects of
fish on assemblages of amphibians in ponds: a field experiment. Freshwater Biology 41:829-837.
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Webb, C.E. and J. Joss. 1997. Does predation by the fish Gambusia holbrooki (Atheriniformes:
Poeciliidae) contribute to declining frog populations? Australian Zoologist 30:316-324.
http://www.rzsnsw.org.au/index.php?/Journals/Australian-Zoologist/australian-zoologistdatabase.html.
Welsh Jr., H.H., K.L. Pope, and D. Boiano. 2006. Sub-alpine amphibian distributions related to
species palatability to non-native salmonids in the Klamath mountains of northern California.
Diversity and Distributions 12:298-309. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgibin/fulltext/118598951/PDFSTART.
Yoon, D. 1977. The effect of introduced fish on the amphibian life in Westfall meadow.
Yosemite Nature Notes 46(2).
http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_nature_notes/46/2/introduced_fish.html.
EFFECTS OF INTRODUCED OR PREDATORY FISH ON SALAMANDERS AND
NEWTS
Bull, E.L. and D.B. Marx. 2002. Influence of fish and habitat on amphibian communities in high
elevation lakes in northeastern Oregon. Northwest Science 76(3):240-248.
http://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/org_NWS/NWSci%20journal%20articles/2002%20files/Issue%203
/v76%20p240%20Bull%20et%20al.PDF.
Currens, C.R., W.J. Liss, and R.L. Hoffman. 2007. Impacts of a gape limited brook trout,
Salvelinus fontinalis, on larval northwestern salamander, Ambystoma gracile, growth: a field
enclosure experiment. Journal of Herpetology 41(2):321-324.
http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1670/00221511%282007%2941%5B321%3AIOAGLB%5D2.0.CO%3B2.
Denoel, M., G. Dzukic, and M.L. Kalezic. 2005. Effects of widespread fish introductions on
paedomorphic newts in Europe. Conservation Biology 19:162-170.
Efford, I.E. and J.A. Mathias. 1969. A comparison of two salamander populations in Marion
Lake, British Columbia. Copeia 4:723-736.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/1441799.pdf?acceptTC=true.
Gamradt, S.C. and L.B. Kats. 1996. Effect of introduced crayfish and mosquitofish on California
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