APPROVED TITLES AND DEGREES TITLE OR DEGREE ABBREVIATION Academy of Certified Social Workers Academy of Dance Therapists Registered Accredited Adviser in Insurance Accredited Business Valuation Accredited Estate Planner Adjutant Adjutant General Accredited Professional Mediator Admiral Airman Airman Basic Airman First Class Alderman Allied Board of Trade Ambassador American Association of Certified Appraisers American Board of Profession Psychology American College of Veterinary Dermatology American Institute of Architects American Institute of Certified Planners American Massage Therapy Association American Society of Appraisers American Society of Interior Designers American Society of Landscape Architects Archbishop Art Therapist Registered Assemblyman Assemblywoman Associate Associate American College of Foot Surgeons Associate American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons Associate American Society of Landscape Architects Associate Applied Science Associate Casualty Actuarial Society Associate Interior Decorator Associate Royal Academy of Dance Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals Associates Baccalaureate Addictions Counselor Bachelor of Accounting Bachelor of Agriculture Bachelor of Agriculture Science Bachelor of Architecture Bachelor of Arts Bachelor of Business Administration Bachelor of Canon Law Bachelor of Chemical Engineering Bachelor of Chemical Science Bachelor of Chemistry Bachelor of Christian Science Bachelor of Civil Engineering ACSW ACTR AAI ABV AEP Adj Adj Gen APM Adm Amn AB A1C Aldrmn ABT Amb AACA ABPP ACVD AIA AICP AMTA ASA ASID ASLA Archbp ATR Asmblymn Asmblywmn Assoc AACFS AACFAS Associate, ASLA AAS ACAS AID ARAD ABMP Assocs BAC B Acc B Agr B Agr Sc B Arch BA BBA JCB BCE BCS BC CSB BCE 1 PREFIX SUFFIX HUMANITARIAN X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X TITLE OR DEGREE ABBREVIATION Bachelor of Civil Law Bachelor of Commerce Bachelor of Commercial Science Bachelor Dental Science Bachelor of Dental Surgery Bachelor of Divinity Bachelor of Education Bachelor of Electrical Engineering Bachelor of Engineering Bachelor of Finance Bachelor of Fine Arts Bachelor of Forestry Bachelor of Hygiene Bachelor of Journalism Bachelor of Law Bachelor of Letters Bachelor of Library Science Bachelor of Literature Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering Bachelor of Medicine Bachelor of Mining Engineering Bachelor of Music Bachelor of Obstetrics Bachelor of Occupational Therapy Bachelor of Pedagogy Bachelor of Pharmacy Bachelor of Philosophy Bachelor of Physical Education Bachelor of Physical Therapy Bachelor of Professional Studies Bachelor of Sacred Theology Bachelor of Science Bachelor of Science in Education Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service Bachelor of Science Physical Therapist Bachelor of Social Work Bachelor of Surgery Bachelor of Theology Bachelor of Theology Bachelor of Veterinary Science Baron Baroness Bioanalyst Laboratory Director Biofeedback Certification Institute of America Bishop Board Certified Board Certified Diplomat Brigadier Brigadier General Brother Canon Cantor Captain Cardinal Certificate of Clinical Competency Certified BCL B Com BCS BD Sc BDS BD BE BEE BE BF BFA BF B Hy BJ LL Lit BLS Lit B Mech E BM BME B Mus BAO BOT B Pd Phar B PhB BPE BPT BPS STB BS BS Ed BS in FS BSPT BSW B Ch TH B B Th BVSC Bn Bnss BLD BCIA Bishop BC BCD Brigdr Brig Gen Bro Canon Cantor Capt Card CCC C 2 PREFIX SUFFIX HUMANITARIAN X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X TITLE OR DEGREE ABBREVIATION Certified Acupuncturist Certified Addiction Counselor Certified Advance Study Certified Advanced Energy Healer Certified Alcohol and Drug Counselor Certified Alcoholism Counselor Certified Appraiser Consultant Certified Appraiser Residential Certified Assisted Living Administrator Certified Appraiser Senior Certified Athletic Trainer Certified Chemical Dependency Supervisor Certified Chiropractic Sports Physician Certified Clinical Competency in Audiology Certified Clinical Mental Health Counselor Certified Clinical Nutritionist Certified Commercial Investment Member Certified Computer Programmer Certified Construction Inspector Certified Dental Technician Certified Diabetes Educator Certified Drug Counselor Certified Employee Assistance Professional Certified Estate Counselor Certified Family Therapist Certified Financial Planner Certified Flying Instructor Certified Fund Specialist Certified Funeral Service Practitioner Certified Group Psychotherapist Certified Hand Therapist Certified HynoBirthing Pratitioner Certified Hypnocounselor Certified Hypnotherapist Certified in Homeopathy Certified Independent Medical Examiner Certified Industrial Hygienist Certified Insurance Counselor Certified Kitchen Designer Certified Legal Assistant Certified Licensed Underwriter Certified Management Consultant Certified Massage Therapist Certified Medical Director Certified MICA Specialist Certified Neuro Muscular Therapist Certified Nurse Midwife Certified Nutrition Consultant Certified Nutrition Specialist Certified Pediatric Nurse Practitioner Certified Pedorthist Certified Professional Electrologist Certified Professional Locksmith Certified Professional Resume Writer Certified Prosthetist Orthotist Certified Property Manager CA CAC CAS CAEH CADC CAC CA-C CA-R CALA CA-S ATC CCDS CCSP CCC-A CCMHC CCN CCIM CCP CCI CDT CDE CDC CEAP CEC CFT CFP CFI CFS CFSP CGP CHT HBCE CHC CH C HOM CIME CIH CIC CKD CLA CLU CMC CMT CMD CMS CNMT CNM CNC CNS CPNP C PED CPE CPL CPRW CPO CPM 3 PREFIX SUFFIX HUMANITARIAN X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X TITLE OR DEGREE ABBREVIATION Certified Protection Professional Certified Public Accountant Certified Public Accountants Certified Professional Business Consultant Certified Public Locksmith Certified Practitioner of Taxation Certified Real Estate Appraiser Certified Real Estate Broker Certified Relationship Enhancement Therapist Certified Registered Nurse Anaesthetist Certified Registered Nurse Practitioner Certified Residential Real Estate Appraiser Certified Rehabilitation Counselor Certified Remodeler Certified School Psychologist Certified Shorthand Reporter Certified Social Worker Certified Strength & Conditioning Specialist Certified Substance Abuse Counselor Certified Tax Assessor Certified Tax Professional Certified Therapeutic Recreation Specialist Certified Trigger Point Myotherapist Certified Valuation Analysts Certified Veterinary Accupuncture Certified Wound Specialist Chaplain Chartered Chartered Accountant Chartered Financial Analyst Chartered Financial Consultant Chartered Financial Consultant Chartered Life Insurance Underwriter Chartered Mutual Fund Counselor Chartered Property Casualty Underwriter Chemical Engineer Chief Master Sargeant Chief Petty Officer Chief Petty Officer Master Chief Petty Officer Senior Chief Warrant Officer Chief Warrant Officer 1st Class Chief Warrant Officer 2nd Class Chief Warrant Officer 3rd Class Chief Warrant Officer 4th Class Christian Science Practitioner Civil Engineer Clinical Nurse Specialist Clinical Social Worker Colonel Command Sgt Maj Command Sgt. Maj. Retired Commander Committeeman Committeewoman Congressman CPP CPA CPAs CPBC CPL CPTX CREA CRB CRET CRNA CRNP RC CRC CR CSP CSR CSW CSCS CSAC CTA CTP CTRS CTPM CVA CVA CWA Chpln Chartered CA CFA CFC ChFC CLU CMFC CPCU CE CMSgt CPO CPOM CPOS CWO CWO1 CWO2 CWO3 CWO4 CS CE CNS CSW Col CSM CSM RET Cdr Commttmn Commttwmn Congrsmn 4 PREFIX SUFFIX HUMANITARIAN X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X TITLE OR DEGREE ABBREVIATION Congresswoman Constable Corporal Councilman Councilwoman Counselor of Real Estate Count Countess Curate Deacon Deaconess Delegate Dietetic Technician Registered Diplomate American Board of Chiropractic Orthopedists Diplomate American Board of Orthopedic Surgeons Dipolmate American Board of Orofacial Pain Diplomate of the American Board of Podiatric Surgery Diplomate American Chiropractic Board of Nutrition Diplomate American Chiropractic Neurology Board Diplomate American College of Veterinary Opthamologists Diplomate American College of Veterinary Surgeons Diplomate American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diplomate in Clinical Social Work Diplomate of Acupuncture Diplomate of the American Chiropractic Board of Sports Physicians District Justice Doctor Doctor of Arts Doctor of Audiology Doctor of Bible Philosophy Doctor of Business Administration Doctor of Canon Law Doctor of Civil Law Doctor of Chemistry Doctor of Chemistry Doctor of Chiropractic Doctor of Christian Theology Doctor of Clinical Hypnotherapy Doctor of Dental Medicine Doctor of Dental Medicine Doctor of Dental Science Doctor of Dental Surgery Doctor of Divinity Doctor of Education Doctor of Education Doctor of Education Doctor of Engineering Doctor of Humanities Doctor of Hygiene Doctor of Juridical Science Doctor of Law Congrswmn Constbl Cpl Counclmn Counclwmn CRE Count Countess Curate Deacon Deaconess Del DTR DABCO PREFIX SUFFIX HUMANITARIAN X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X DABOS X X DABOP DABPS X X X X DACBN DACNB DACVO X X X X X X DACVS DACVIM X X X X DCSW DPLAC DACBSP X X X X X X Dist Justice Dr DA AuD BPhD DBA DCL DCL Ch D D CH DC DCT DCH DMD DDM DD Sc DDS DD ED D Ed D EDD Eng D LHD Dr Hy SJD LLD 5 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X TITLE OR DEGREE ABBREVIATION Doctor of Letters Doctor of Literature Doctor of Library Science Doctor of Mechanical Engineering Doctor of Medicine Doctor of Medicine Dentistry Doctor of Ministry Doctor of Music Doctor of Musical Arts Doctor of Naturopothy Doctor of Naturology Doctor of Neurology Doctor of Optometry Doctor of Osteopathy Doctor of Pedagogy Doctor of Pharmacy Doctor of Philosophy Doctor of Podiatric Medicine Doctor of Podiatry Doctor of Psychology Doctor of Sacred Theology Doctor of Science Doctor of Science Doctor of Science Trichology Doctor of Social Work Doctor of Surgical Chiropody Doctor of Surgical Podiatry Doctor of Theology Doctor of Theology Doctor of Veterinary Medicine Domestic Violence Specialist Duchess Duke Earl Educational Specialist Elder Enrolled Agent Ensign Esquire Executive Councilor Father Fellow Academy of Certified Polygraphists Fellow Academy of Chiropractic Orthopedists Fellow Academy of Clinical Psychology Fellow Academy of General Dentistry Fellow, American Academy of Family Physicians Fellow American Academy of Ophthalmology Fellow American Academy of Orthopedic Surgery Fellow American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Fellow American Academy of Pediatrics Fellow American Academy of Orthopaedic Manual Physical Therapists Fellow American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Fellow American College of Chest Physicians D Lit D Lit DLS DME MD DMD D Min D Mus D Mus A ND DN ND OD DO Pd D Phar D Ph D DPM DP Psy D STD SC D DS DST DSW DSC DSP D Th TH D DVM or VMD DVS Duchess Duke Earl ED S Elder EA ENS ESQ Exec Coun Fr ACP FACO FAClinP FAGD FAAFP FAAO FAAOS FAAPMR PREFIX SUFFIX HUMANITARIAN X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X FAAP FAAOMPT X X X X FACAAI X X FACCP X X 6 TITLE OR DEGREE ABBREVIATION Fellow American College of Endocrinology Fellow American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons Fellow American College Of Foot Orthopedists Fellow American College of Osteopathic Obstetricians and Gynecologists Fellow American College of Foot Surgeons Fellow American College of Gynecology Fellow American College of Pathologists Fellow American College of Physicians Fellow American College of Rheumatology Fellow American Institute of Architects Fellow American Occupational Therapy Association Fellow American Society of Colon Rectal Surgeons Fellow American Society of Landscape Architects Fellow Associate College of Cardiology**** must be preceded by MD Fellow Associate College of Chest Surgeons Fellow Associate College of Surgeons Fellow Casualty Actuarial Society Fellow Clinical Hypnotherapy Fellow Critical Care Medicine Fellow Critical Care Physician Fellow International Academy of Clinical Acupuncture Fellow International Academy of Medical Acupuncture Fellow International College of Surgeons Fellow International Interior Design Association Fellow Life Management Institute Fellow Member National Academy of Optometry Fellow National Council for Medical and Clinical Hypnotherapy Fellow Prescribing Psychologists’ Register Fellow Royal College of Physicians of Canada Fellow Royal College of Physicians & Surgeons of Canada Fellow Royal College of Surgeons Fellow Society of Actuaries First Lieutenant First Sargeant Fleet Admiral Fraternal Insurance Counselor Freeholder General Governor Graduate Realtor Institute Gunnery Sergeant Honorable Honorable Representative Independent Fee Appraiser Counselor Independent Fee Appraiser Senior Institute of Business Designers International Board Certified Lactation Consultant International Interior Design Association International Society of Interior Designers Judge FACE FACFAS X X X X FACFO FACOOG X X X X FACFS FACOG FCAP FACP FACR FAIA FAOTA X X X X X X X X X X X X FASLA FACC X X FCCP FACS FCAS FCH FCCM FCCP FIACA FIAMA X X X X X X X X FICS FIIDA FLMI FNAO FNCMCH X X X X X X FPPR FRCPC FRCSC X X X X X X FRCS FSA 1st Lt 1st Sgt F Adm FIC Freehldr Gen Gov GRI Gy Sgt Hon Hon Rep IFA IFAS IBD IBCLC IIDA ISID Judge X X X 7 PREFIX SUFFIX HUMANITARIAN X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X TITLE OR DEGREE ABBREVIATION Junior Jurist Doctor Justice Justice of the Peace Lance Corporal Learning Disabilities Teacher Consultant Licensed Acupuncturist Licensed Acupuncturist Licensed Associate Counselor of Mental Health Licensed Clinical Professional Councilor Licensed Clinical Social Worker Licensed Certified Social Worker - Clinical Licensed Dietitian Licensed Electrologists Licensed Funeral Director Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker Licensed Social Worker Licensed Marriage/Family Therapist Licensed Massage Therapist Licensed Physical Therapist Licensed Physical Therapist Assistant Licensed Practical Nurse Licensed Professional Counselor Licensed Professional Counselor of Mental Health Licensed Public Accountant Licensed Social Worker Licentiate in Canon Law Licentiate in Medicine Licentiate in Midwifery Lieutenant Lieutenant Colonel Lieutenant Colonel Lieutenant Commander Lieutenant General Lieutenant Junior Grade Limited Partnership Limited Liability Corporation Limited Liability Partnership Life Underwriter Training Council Life Underwriter Training Council Fellow Madame Mademoiselle Magistrate Major Manual Therapy Certified Major General Major General Marchioness Marquis Marital Social Worker Marshall Massage Therapist Master of Acupuncture Master Addictions Counselor Master Chief Petty Officer Master Gunnery Sergeant Jr JD Just J of P L Cpl LDTC LAC Lic Ac LACMH LCPC LCSW LCSW-C LD LE LFD LICSW LSW LMFT LMT LPT LPTA LPN LPC LPCMH LPA LSW JCL LM LM Lt LTC Lt Col LCdr LTG LtJG LP LLC LLP LUTC LUTCF Mme Mlle Magistrate Maj MTC MG Maj Gen March Marq MSW Marshl M Th MAC MAC MCPO MGySgt 8 PREFIX SUFFIX HUMANITARIAN X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X TITLE OR DEGREE ABBREVIATION Master Landscape Architect Master of Academy of General Dentistry Master of Agricultural Science Master of Agriculture Master of Architecture Master of Arts Master of Arts in Teaching Master of Biology Master of Business Administration Master of Civil Law Master of Counseling Master of Creative Arts in Therapy Master of Dental Surgery Master of Divinity Master of Education Master of Education Master of Engineering Master of Family Therapy Master of Fine Arts Master Herbalist Master of Human Services Master of Journalism Master of Laws Master of Laws in Taxation Master of Letters Master of Mechanical Engineering Master of Mining Engineering Master of Music Master of Music Master of Nursing Master of Nutritional Science Master of Pedagogy Master of Pharmacy Master Of Physical Education Master of Physical Therapy Master of Professional Studies Master of Psychology Master of Psychosocial Science Master of Psychotherapy Master of Public Administration Master of Public Health Master of Religious Education Master of Science Master of Science in Dentistry (orthodontics) Master of Science in Education Master of Science in Financial Services Master of Science in Nursing Master of Science Registered Dietician Master of Social Science Master of Social Service Master of Social Work Master Property Manager Master Sergeant Master Sergeant Master of Taxation Mayor MLA MAGD M Agr Sc M Agr M Arch MA MAT MB MBA MCL MC MCAT MDS M Div M ED Ed M MA E MFT MFA MH MHS MJ LLM LL M tax M Lit M Eng M Eng M Mus MM MN MNS M Pd Phar M MPE MPT MPS Psy M MPSSC MP MPA MPH MRE MS MSD MSEd MSFS MSN MSRD MSS MSS MSW MPM MSG Msgt MT Mayor 9 PREFIX SUFFIX HUMANITARIAN X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X TITLE OR DEGREE ABBREVIATION Medical Physician Assistant Medical Review Officer Member American Academy of Actuaries Member American Institute of Appraiser Member Chiropractic College of Nutrition Miss Miss or Mrs Mistress Mohel Rabbi Monsignor Most Honorable Most Reverend Mother Mother Superior Music Therapist - Board Certified National Commission Certified in Acupuncture National Council of Architectural Registration Boards Nationally Certified Addiction Counselor II Nationally Certified Counselor Nationally Certified Gerontogical Counselor Nationally Certified Psychoanalyst Nationally Certified School Psychologist Nationally Certified in Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork Nationally Certified Therapist Massage Naval Architect Marine Engineer Nurse Practitioner Obstetric-Gynecologic Nurse Practitioner Occupational Therapist Registered Orthopedic Certified Specialist Parson Pastor Pediatric Nurse Practitioner Personal Financial Specialist Petty Officer Pfrimmer Deep Muscle Therapy Pharmaceutical Chemist Physical Therapist Physical Therapist Assistant Physician Acupuncturist Physician Assistant-Certified Physician Assistant-Certified Midwife Platoon Sergeant Prince Princess Private Private First Class Professional Association Professional Corporation Professional Diplomat Professional Engineer Professional Land Surveyor Professional Limited Liability Company Professional Planner Professional Property Manager Professor PA-C MRO MAAA MAI CCN Miss Ms Mrs Mohel Rabbi Msgr M Hon Mt Rev Mother Mother Sup MTBC NCCA NCARB NCACII NCC NCGC NCPsyA NCSP NCTMB NCTM NA ME NP OGNP OTR OCS Prsn Pastor PNP PFS PO PDMT Ph C PT PTA PAc PA-C PA-C Mw P Sgt Prince Princess Pvt PFC PA PC PD PE PLS PLLC PP PPM Prof 10 PREFIX SUFFIX HUMANITARIAN X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X TITLE OR DEGREE ABBREVIATION Professor of Scared Theology Rabbi Rabbi Mohel Reader in Canon Law Realtor Rear Admiral Registered Acupuncturist Registered Architect Registered Certified Hypnotist Registered Clinical Social Worker Registered Dental Hygienist Registered Diagnostic Medical Sonographer Registered Dietitian Registered Financial Planner Registered Health Underwriter Registered Investment Adviser Registered Landscape Architect Registered Massage Therapist Registered Medical Technician Registered Municipal Accountant Registered Nurse Registered Nurse Certified Registered Nurse Master of Science Nursing Registered Pharmacist Registered Physical Therapist Registered Physical Therapist Assistant Registered Piano Technician Registered Polarity Practitioner Registered Practical Nurse Registered Records Librarian Registered Respiratory Therapist Registered Technologist Representative Residential Member (American Institute of Real Estate Appraisers) Retired (to be used with Military titles) Reverend Reverend Doctor Reverend Mother Right Reverend Right Reverend Monsignor Seaman Seaman Apprentice Seaman Recruit Second Lieutenant Senator Senior Senior Chief Petty Officer Senior Master Sergeant Senior Real Estate Analyst Senior Real Estate Appraiser Senior Real Property Appraiser Senior Residential Appraisers Sergeant Sergeant 1st Class Sergeant Major STP Rabbi Rabbi Mohel JCL Realtor RAdm RAc RA RCH RCSW RDH RDMS RD RFP RHU RIA RLA RMT RMT RMA RN RNC RNMSN RP RPT RPTA RPT RPP RPN RRL RRT RT Rep RM Ret Rev Rev Dr Rev Mother Rt Rev Rt Rev Msgr Sn SA SR 2nd Lt Sen Sr SCPO SMSgt SREA SREA SRPA SRA Sgt SFC SGM 11 PREFIX SUFFIX HUMANITARIAN X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X TITLE OR DEGREE ABBREVIATION PREFIX Sir SIR Sister Society of Industrial Realtors Society of Real Estate Appraiser Specialist Specialist 4th Class Specialist 5th Class Specialist 6th Class Specialist 7th Class Specialist 8th Class Specialist 9th Class Specialist Second Class Speech Language Pathologist Staff Sergeant Staff Sergeant State Certified General Real Estate Appraiser State Certified Residential Real Estate Appraiser State Licensed Real Estate Appraiser Student Personnel Services Superior Court Judge Supreme Court Justice Surgeon General Technical Sergeant Trauma Touch Therapist United States Air Force United States Army United States Coast Guard United States Coast Guard Retired United States Marine Corps United States Navy United States Professional Tennis Registry Venerable Very Reverend Veterinary Surgeon Vicar Vice Admiral Viscount Viscountess Warrant Officer Woman Owned Business Enterprise Second (lineage) Second (lineage) Second (lineage) Second (lineage) Third (lineage) Third (lineage) Third (lineage) Third (lineage) Sir SIR Sister Sir SREA Spc Spc4 Spc5 Spc6 Spc7 Spc8 Spc9 SSC SLP SSG S Sgt SCGREA SCRREA SLREA SPS Superior Ct Judge Supreme Ct Just Surg Gen T Sgt TTT USAF USA USCG USCG Ret USMC USN USPTR Ven Very Rev VS Vicar VAdm Vis Visctess WO WBE II 2 2d 2nd III 3 3d 3rd X SUFFIX HUMANITARIAN X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PREPARED BY: Andi Johnson DATE: May 18, 2001 New entry since last update 12 X X X X X X X 13