Annual Report Academic Year 2005-06 Department of Mechanical Engineering 1) Introduction The end of the 2006-07 academic year finds the Department of Mechanical Engineering in excellent shape. We are witnessing growth in our undergraduate program, considerable progress in our graduate program and funded research, and a positive “climate” change that is characterizing every aspect of our mission. The mechanical engineering program is the largest in the College as measured by undergraduate enrollment. The performance of the mechanical engineering students on the Fundamentals of Engineering Exam (FE) has been the best in the College in recent years. The passing rate is very close to a 100%, running about 10% above the national average. In the Fall of 2005 we established a five-year, BS in Physics – MS in Mechanical Engineering program (PhysME). PhysME is a streamlined program that provides an opportunity to undergraduate physics students to continue their studies in Mechanical Engineering. In addition, the department established the BS/MS program in Mechanical Engineering. This program is designed to provide highly qualified students the opportunity to work towards both the BS and MS degrees in ME. These students are admitted to the BS/MS-ME program during the second semester of their junior year of their BS program. Early planning of the graduate portion of a student's education provides more flexibility and should result in reduction of the time required for obtaining the B.S. and MS. degrees. We have been very active in establishing and promoting the “International Option” for our ME students. We now have an “International Curriculum” that is designed to accommodate undergraduate students who want to spend a semester or two working as interns in the industry or studying at an institution abroad. As a result of the exchange agreements we signed in 2005, two Japanese students attended UW during the past academic year. Mr. Keisuke Ishita from Saitama University attended classes in Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, while Jun-Ichi Hosokawa from Tohoku University attended classes in Mechanical Engineering. Two of our students, Colin Reutter from Physics and Andrew Blair from Computer Science are now completing their year-long studies at Tohoku University. Our graduates find employment in a variety of industries. Recent employers include aerospace manufacturers (Cessna, Raytheon, Boeing, Lockheed Martin), energy companies, particularly oil and gas field service companies (Baker Hughes, Schlumberger, Halliburton, Encana Oil & Gas), various Department of Defense facilities (Pudget Sound Naval Shipyard, Naval Air Warfare Center), and some local companies (IDES, Well Dog Inc.). In addition, approximately one fifth of our graduates enroll directly to graduate school upon graduation. June 18, 2007 The Department’s research effort continues to grow in both quantity and quality. Our funded research effort is no longer dependent upon one or two faculty with very large programs. We now have several faculty members who have built or are building quality programs. Research is no longer part of the job description of the very few and a “hobby” for the rest. We believe that our decision to concentrate on the strengths of each one of our faculty and not propose a single model for everyone provides the right path to success for a University like UW. We see our Mechanical Engineering program as part of the college and UW and not as an entity that is in competition with other UW units. This approach is helping us as a Department and as a College and is probably the only reasonable approach for UW, given our limited resources. 2) Planning Implementation (Action Item 4) Emphasize writing and oral communication in existing curricula. Mechanical Engineering students are required to take COJO 1010, the Public Speaking Course. In the Spring of 2006, we re-established the connection between ME 2020 (the first ME lab course) and English 2005 (the technical writing course). ME is providing funds to the English department for an instructor who is teaching the class for our students, both in the Fall and Spring. (Action Item 21) …streamline bachelor’s-plus-master’s programs. In the Fall of 2005, the department established the BS/MS and Phys/ME programs, with the approval of the Academic Affairs and the Graduate School. In the BS/MS program, we currently have two students enrolled and two who plan to enroll in the Fall. There is one student in the Phys/ME program. (Relevant to Action Item 33) Support the proposed Science & Engineering of Materials interdisciplinary graduate program. This is a University priority, which provides a unique opportunity for our department to contribute knowledge and expertise. Little progress has been made on this front. We had some serious setbacks with the EPSCoR proposal, the departure of Dr. Yarger, and the death of Dr. Armstrong. Nevertheless, the university’s academic plan continues to emphasize materials science. We will continue to work towards the establishment of the SEM program. The department has recently hired two junior faculty members in this research area. June 18, 2007 (Relevant to Action Item 34) Support the UW efforts in the area of Computational Science. We continue to build on our computational capabilities. With the support of the University, we are doubling the computational capabilities of our Linux research cluster. Last year we hired Prof. Sukky Jun, a computational materials scientist. (Action Item 40) Support summer residential programs for high-school students. Prof. Dennis Coon of Mechanical Engineering is leading this effort in Engineering. (Action Item 55) Develop graduate-program goals for all graduate degrees. The department has submitted a draft vision statement to the Graduate School. This document was finalized in the Fall of 2006. (Action Item 72) Support summer opportunities for students to study, work, and travel abroad. In today’s global engineering environment, it is becoming quite clear that in order to compete in the global marketplace for products, services, and careers, one must be technically, culturally and linguistically literate. The International Engineering Option offered by Mechanical Engineering provides our students with an opportunity to spend one or two semesters abroad. They will have the benefit of studying the language and culture of another country, while completing their engineering degree at UW. Students in the program may takes classes at a number of foreign institutions or participate in an internship. An international experience involves more than just international study or an internship. Integration and immersion into another society removes cultural and linguistic barriers. Once these barriers have been breached, engineers and other technical professionals can begin to understand the perspectives and viewpoints held by others around the world. With this understanding, our students will not only benefit from the newly gained knowledge of international issues, practices, and opportunities, but they will also enhance their understanding of domestic issues and challenges. The study of a foreign language and the study-abroad experience satisfy the cultural context requirements of the University Studies Program. As a result, there is only a slight increase in the total number of required credits for the BS degree in Mechanical Engineering. For students without any prior knowledge of the relevant foreign language, the total number of credit hours is 134. June 18, 2007 (Action Item 85) Discontinue unused courses that lack justification. During the past two years we eliminated several unused courses from our undergraduate and graduate curricula. 3) Teaching Activities The department has revisited its Mechanical Engineering curriculum and has made a number of changes. They resulted in more than ten course action requests. An international engineering option has been added. A new undergraduate course in engineering computations has been developed. The introductory course sequence of our graduate program has been revised. All graduate students are now required to take the first course in each departmental discipline. Professor Paul Dellenback, who recently assumed the duties of the Department’s Undergraduate Coordinator, has already made significant contributions. We are looking forward to his continuing success. Our well-established assessment process provides the guidance for curricular improvements. We assess our program every year and present the relevant information to our External Advisory Board for their evaluation and approval. Such information include “stoplight” charts resulting from the available data, detailed assessment results, and an assessment summary report. Community college articulation is handled through the Dean’s Office. 4) Research Activities The department continues to strengthen its research productivity in a variety of measurable ways. The number of archival, journal publications has increased. The research expenditures in 2006 have exceeded $100K per faculty, the highest in the history of the department. More importantly, these expenditures come mainly through federal, competitive grants, and are the result of the involvement of several faculty and not just one or two. We now have about 15 PhD students; more than half are supported through external grants and contracts. The department has been a leader in supporting several of the University’s research initiatives including materials and the computational sciences and has been effective in engaging other departments to generate interdisciplinary research activities. We currently have several interdisciplinary research projects with departments outside the College of Engineering, like the Department of Mathematics and the Department of Chemistry. One of our faculty members, Prof. Dimitri Mavriplis was instrumental in the discussions that eventually lead to the selection of UW and Wyoming as primary partners in the NCAR Supercomputer Center. This new formal partnership between NCAR and UW will not only greatly enhance our access in Mechanical June 18, 2007 Engineering and across the UW campus to state-of-the-art computational facilities, but will foster a strong collaboration between UW, NCAR and other Front Range Institutions in the important multidisciplinary area of Computational Science and Engineering. The department’s success with DEPSCoR awards continues. After securing two such awards in 2004 and one in 2005, we recently received another from AFOSR. This is an extraordinary achievement if one considers the fact that 16 of those awards were given nationally in FY 2007 (about 25 States are eligible). This department has received seven such awards since 2000. This must be the highest DEPSCoR success rate in the country for any department, whether in Engineering or the Sciences. It is important that the progress we have witnessed in this area is maintained in the future. Research productivity and success in graduate education come together; this is a fact that our department understands. We will continue to mentor our new faculty and help them establish their research programs. As long as success in research is rewarded and the current positive climate is maintained, we expect that we will continue to improve. The main challenge we face is the availability of qualified graduate students. It’s a difficult problem, faced by the vast majority of universities in the US. We will continue to work on improving our recruitment. 5) Service, Extension and Activities Our faculty continue to contribute significantly in the service activities at the university and the professional community at large. In addition to committee memberships at every level, several of our faculty made seminal contributions in areas like economic development (Garnich, Hansen & Walrath through STTR and SBIR programs and the Laramie Economic Development Corporation), the establishment of the Hathaway Scholarship and the Capital Facilities planning, among others (Hansen, through his service as a Presidential Faculty Fellow). In addition, our faculty serve in national and international professional organizations, which include the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the American Institute for Aeronautics and Astronautics, among others. 6) Student Recruitment and Retention Activities and Enrollment Trends During the AY 2000-01 to AY 2005-06 period, the OIA data suggest an overall increase in the number of students enrolled in Mechanical Engineering. In the Fall of 2000, the enrollment number was 240, while it reached 271 in the Fall of 2004. It dropped to 252 in 2005 and increased to 286 in 2006. The most significant change has occurred in the number of doctoral students. The number of PhD students has increased from 2 in 2000 and 1 in 2001, to 11 in 2004 and 15 in 2005. The MS-level numbers have dropped from 20 in 2000 to 11 in 2004. We had 14 MS students in 2006 and we expect 19 in the Fall of 2007. The number of MS students will continue to increase as a result of initiatives that June 18, 2007 include a joint Physics-ME program, a 5-year BS/MS degree, and a Plan-B (nothesis) MS degree. 7) Development activities and public relations, including the use and maintenance of your departmental website The development activities are coordinated through the Development Office of the College of Engineering. These include the biennial report and the College and departmental brochures. Every fall, the department sends a letter to the alumni, informing them of the latest news and events. The department regularly mails “thank you” letters to our alumni who contribute to the department’s development fund. Our department’s External Advisory Board (current members are listed in the Appendix) has expressed an interest in assisting with alumni communications. They started in 2005 in an effort to create an event to invite alumni back to the Department. The aim is to increase Departmental visibility to reconnect alumni to the Department, build visibility and reputation of the Department, and encourage company hiring. They saw a limited response to initial contact with a few selected alumni, response insufficient to achieve the desired outcomes. The Departmental web site is updated several times a year. A better job could be done in this area, if additional effort and resources are allocated to this important task. 8) Classified and Professional Staffing Mr. Steve Ownbey (Senior Computer Information Specialist) continues to provide excellent support for the Mechanical Engineering computer systems. In addition to the faculty and student computers, he is now in charge of our 64-node Linux cluster. The size of this cluster was doubled last summer. Mr. Ownbey is responsible for the Department’s web pages. Our Office Associate, Ms. Louise Abe, retired last summer after many years of dedicated service to the Department and the College of Engineering. Our Senior Accounting Associate, Ms. Julie McGinnis, left our Department last summer also to join the UW Art Museum. They were replaced by two very competent staff members, Ms. Gale Bandsma and Ms. Debbie Stark. Both have had substantial experience at the University, which allowed us to move forward through a seamless transition. Student advising is handled exclusively by faculty. June 18, 2007 9) Assessment of Student Learning 1. What are your program goals and/or student learning outcomes? Where can they be found? Are they available to students? If so, how? The Mechanical Engineering Department has developed 6 Program Outcomes, which are: ME OT 1 –Formulate engineering problems including identification of missing information and development of experimental data. ME OT 2 –Apply the fundamentals of mathematics, science, and engineering to the design and realization of mechanical systems. ME OT 3 –Effectively communicate including presentation and interpretation of engineering information. ME OT 4 – Contribute to multidisciplinary teams in the development of engineering solutions. ME OT 5 –Maintain competence in a technologically evolving profession. ME OT 6 – Recognition of the professional, ethical, and societal responsibilities of the mechanical engineering profession. These Program Outcomes are available to students. These Program Outcomes are given to students as part of the syllabus in 2000 and 3000 level ME courses. 2. Provide a brief summary of your assessment activities for this past year. What did you accomplish? Please describe what data were collected or analyzed. If you analyzed data, what are you doing with the results? What changes have you made because of what you learned? The Mechanical Engineering Department has a comprehensive and mature assessment process aligned closely with accreditation standards. The process has been implemented by the Mechanical Engineering Department Continuous Improvement Committee. MEDCIC is comprised of the Department Head, a Coordinator, one solid mechanics faculty, and one fluid mechanics faculty. At the beginning of each semester, faculty are notified by the Coordinator of assessment activities and student materials to be collected for assessment. The Coordinator collects the assessment materials and arranges assessment of materials as appropriate. The Coordinator archives the assessment results, and provides a draft annual assessment report to MEDCIC members in late March each year. MEDCIC reviews the report, revises as necessary, and releases a summary of the report to both the department faculty and the Department’s External Advisory Board in early April each year. The complete report and the summary are available on a secure Web site for examination by faculty and the External Advisory Board. Any required course, process, or program modifications are discussed and scheduled for implementation the following year. Each year, student work is collected from select sophomore, junior, and senior level courses. This student work is assessed by a faculty other than the course instructor. Students are asked to provide a self-assessment using an exit survey, June 18, 2007 and alumni survey, preparedness surveys in select junior level courses, and teamwork assessment in a senior level course. In addition, external entities including the Department’s External Advisory Board, external judges for the Department’s Senior Design Symposium and the national Fundamentals of Engineering Exam are used to assess demonstration of Program Outcomes. The total assessment process results in 155 separate data points distributed as follows: Assessment by faculty Self assessment by students Assessment by external entities (number of data points) ME OT 3 ME OT 4 ME OT 5 ME OT 1 ME OT 2 ME OT 6 12 13 19 1 1 1 4 52 5 5 3 5 3 27 3 0 0 1 The data is tracked using standard control chart methods, and the control charts are updated, analyzed, and summarized annually. A stoplight chart (attached) has been developed to graphically convey the summary information. The modifications to be implemented in calendar year 2007 are attached in a separate file. 3. What efforts has your program/department made to follow students once they have graduated and/or left the university? Please answer separately for undergraduate, masters, and doctoral students. Both the Department and College maintain a database of contact information. This information is update when new contact information is available. The information is quite accurate for recent graduates, and considerably less accurate for graduates that left UW some time ago. Graduates are asked to respond to an online survey in the third and sixth years after graduation. Both this alumni survey and the exit survey are administered by the Dean’s Office. In addition, the Mechanical Engineering Department Head meets one-on-one with each graduating senior to discussion their experiences, future, and specific comments relative to the Department’s educational performance. Results of both the surveys and one-on-one meetings are provided to MEDCIC annually and these results are used as part of the annual assessment process. June 18, 2007 4. Please respond to the feedback/suggestions provided to you from the Assessment Coordinators last year. What have you done to address these concerns? The Department is unaware of any specific feedback from the Assessment Coordinators last year. 5. What problems, challenges, or issues regarding assessment does your department still have? What can be done for these issues to be resolved within the next academic year? What resources or assistance do you need? Last year, the Department faced two challenges: increasing the response rate for alumni surveys, and explanatory comments from the exit survey of graduating seniors. The Department and College implemented an online alumni survey to facilitate survey completion, and hopefully increase response rate. We should now see an increased response rate by Fall 2007 if this modification is successful. The Department Head implemented one-on-one meetings in Fall 2006 with each graduating senior to facilitate explanatory comments. These one-on-one meetings have been quite successful in communicating both positive and negative aspects of a student’s experience. Issues that have been identified from the Calendar Year 2006 (file attached) include poor communication of graphical and numerical engineering information in a sophomore-level course, poor discussion of teamwork issues in a seniorlevel report, and poor discussion of how engineering solutions integrate with problems from a broader view in a senior-level course. Each of these issues has been discussed by the Department faculty, and a modification to address each issue has been proposed. All modifications are scheduled for implementation by Fall 2007. In addition, MEDCIC has identified areas requiring careful consideration in the Calendar Year 2007 dataset. The resources are sufficient to administer and implement the annual assessment process in the Mechanical Engineering Department. Graduate Program: The Department has submitted a “Graduate Program Vision Statement” to the Graduate School. This document was finalized and approved by the faculty during the last academic year. It defines various methods, criteria, and metrics used for internal assessment of the graduate program in the Department of Mechanical Engineering. Reasonable, constructive assessment is vital to the continuing welfare of our graduate program, and this Vision Statement is provided to minimize any ambiguity with regard to this process. Using the verifiable benchmarks described in this document, the Department will conduct a recurring graduate program review that will be interactive, forward thinking, data based, peer-focused and consequential, with the ultimate goal being to improve the overall quality of our graduate program. June 18, 2007 10) Diversity Professor Coon, a faculty member in Mechanical Engineering, has served as the Principal Investigator and Coordinator of the NSF-funded CSEMS (Computer Science, Engineering, and Mathematics) Scholarship Program. The focus of this program is recruiting of under-represented groups. Major effort has been directed towards increasing the enrollment of female students. Nationally, female students’ enrollment in Mechanical Engineering trails the other engineering disciplines. The Department is very involved in the Engineering Science Program (ESP) of the College. This two-week summer program brings to the College 14-16 high-potential, female HS juniors. It involves engineering mini-projects aimed at exposing the students to the engineering discipline. About 50% of these students enroll in engineering. The Hewlett CE3 is another project where Mechanical Engineering is deeply involved. In an effort to enhance the image of engineering in public schools, girls from the 6th to 8th grade are invited to participate in a science camp, modeled after ESP. last year we had eight participants. Dr. Nancy Peck, another member of the Mechanical Engineering faculty, serves as a MSLI (Minority Student Leadership Initiative) Steering Committee member and faculty mentor and as a Selection Committee member for the Computer Science, Engineering, Mathematics Scholarship (CSEMS) program. She also serves as the College of Engineering Representative on Women’s Studies Committee. During the past two years, we had the opportunity to search for two new faculty, at the Assistant Professor level. We were fortunate to attract an excellent scholar in the area of computational mechanics and materials, Prof. Sukky Jun. Professor Jun is the first non-Caucasian faculty member in our department. Recently, we were also able to recruit Prof. Yong Zhu who has a solid background in experimental mechanics. Dr. Zhu’s held a post-doctoral appointment at UT-Austin and will be replacing Prof. Bill Armstrong who passed away so unexpectedly last August. 11) Accomplishments of the Department At this point in its history, the department is enjoying a second “renaissance” after the prosperous days of the early eighties. This is due to the hard work of the faculty, the success of our students, and the excellent financial condition of the Wyoming State government. Five faculty members have joined the group since 2001. Our enrollment has been steadily increasing. The number of archival journal publications has more than doubled since 2000. This year, we received the seventh DoD EPSCoR award since 2000; we believe that this is the highest number of awards received by any eligible department in the US. In addition, our research expenditures have recently exceeded $100K per faculty. June 18, 2007 A few of the Departments accomplishments are highlighted below: PhysME – In the Fall of 2005 we established a five-year, BS in Physics – MS in Mechanical Engineering program (PhysME). Both departments have a lot to gain from this cooperation, with our students being the primary beneficiaries. PhysME is a streamlined program that provides an opportunity to undergraduate physics students to continue their studies in Mechanical Engineering. At the end of the fourth year, students would be able to receive a BS in Physics Plus and automatically (after fulfilling the Graduate School requirements) enroll in the Mechanical Engineering MS program. This approach will enable them to receive their MS graduate degree in ME within a minimum of one year. This integrated program becomes possible by taking advantage of similar courses in the curricula of the two departments and by utilizing a number of carefully selected engineering courses as electives within the Physics BS Plus degree. International Engineering -- During the past three years, we have been very active in establishing an “International Option” for our ME students. We now have an “International Curriculum” that is designed to accommodate undergraduate students who want to spend a semester or two at an institution abroad. Given our very limited interaction with universities in Asia, we worked towards establishing exchange agreements with several Japanese universities. For this purpose, we wrote proposals to the College and University that were funded. The support allowed us to visit Japan in May of 2005 where exchange agreements with Tohoku University and Saitama University were negotiated. Both agreements were completed in the summer of 2005, providing our students the opportunity to spend one to two semesters at Tohoku or Saitama during their junior year. The agreements will also simplify the research collaboration between our faculty and their colleagues at the two Japanese universities. In 2005, D. Kouris was awarded a Research Fellowship from the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science, which allowed him to spend four weeks in Japan, having the opportunity to enhance our collaboration with our Japanese colleagues. He recently visited Saitama and Tohoku where he met our students currently studying in Japan. The exchange agreements with Saitama University will soon become university-wide agreements. BSMS-ME -- The joint BS/MS program in Mechanical Engineering (ME) is designed to present highly qualified students with the opportunity to work towards both the BS and MS degrees in ME. These students will be admitted to the BSMS-ME program during the second semester of their junior year of their BS program. This program allows for early planning of the graduate portion of a student's education and provides more flexibility in the order in which courses are taken. The more efficient and better-planned use of time should result in reduction of the time required for obtaining the B.S. and MS. degrees. As a result of the better coordination of courses within the ME Department than is usually possible for students who come to UW from other institutions to pursue June 18, 2007 the MS degree, up to six credit hours may be counted toward both the BS and MS degree programs (see Overlapping Credit below). By completing successfully up to six credit hours of graduate classes during their senior year, these exceptional students would have demonstrated their ability to do graduate level work as undergraduates, easing their transition to ME’s graduate program. External Advisory Board -- The most recent meeting of our External Advisory Board took place in Laramie, April 27-28, 2007. As it does every year, the Board reviewed the “state of the department” and provided the following commendations: 1. The EAB commends the ME Department for the quality of the faculty and their ability to continually recruit tier 1 professors. 2. The EAB commends the Department for the research level per faculty member of $100K average research funding. Most of the funding results from successful proposals for competitive Federal funds. Commendation recognizes the department’s efforts to focus on research productivity and not on just capturing research dollars. 3. The EAB commends the Department for successfully adding the new programs of PhysME, BS/MS, and Plan B MS as recommended by the EAB. The Department now has several students enrolled in these programs. 4. The EAB commends Dr. Dennis Coon and the Department for its efforts in preparing the ABET self-assessment tool and the power it provides in tracking progress and managing outcomes through identification of issues and tracking how the corrective actions track back to the outcome. 5. The EAB commends the Department’s successful efforts to gather student enrollment history by year, semester, and gender as requested by the EAB. 6. The EAB commends the Department for maintaining a diverse EAB with a wide background of experience. This year the Department Head added three new members: Annette Lynch, Rowland Linford, and Don Boyer. 7. The EAB commends the pivotal involvement of Dr. Dimitri Mavriplis in establishing the relationship with NCAR that led to selection of Wyoming for the location of the new NCAR super computing facility. 8. The EAB commends the department and specifically Dr. Paul Dellenback for his efforts to improve the undergraduate program including development of marketing tools to help recruit undergraduate students. June 18, 2007 Appendix: External Advisory Board Members (As of March 2007) Pat Burns (Oct. 01) Chair of the Board Vice President & General Manager M. A. Mortenson Company 8729 Bitterroot Court Lorton VA 22079 Peter Davis (April 06) Consultant, PRD Consulting P. O. Box 826 Sheridan, WY 82801 William Dolling (April 06) Vice President of ATK Launch Systems, retired 2089 South 100 West Perry, Utah 84302 Frank Fair (Oct. 01) Project Engineer- Cessna Aircraft Co. Dept - 367 One Cessna Blvd Wichita, KS 67215 Paul S. Fussell, PhD (Oct. 01) Past Chair of the Board Senior Manager, Math Modeling Mathematics & Computing Technology The Boeing Company P. O. Box 3707 MC 7L-21 Seattle, WA 98124-2207 Stan Graves (April 2004) Quality, Safety, and Environmental ATK Launch Systems P.O. Box 707, M/S 800 Brigham City, UT 84302 Maureen Hand (March 2005) National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Blvd., MS 3811 Golden, CO 80401 June 18, 2007 Christopher Key (Oct. 01) Manager, Computational Mechanics Group Engineering Technology Center Anteon Corporation 240 Oral School Road, Suite 105 Mystic, CT 06355 Dan Kohlhaas, (Oct. 02) Vice Chair of the Board Executive Vice President Avanco International, Inc. 1751 Pinnacle Drive, Suite 425 McLean, Virignia 22102 Keith Miller (Oct. 01) Principal Member of Technical Staff Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, NM 87185-1125 Manuel D. Salas (April 2004) Senior Scientist Configuration Aerodynamics NASA Langley Research Center Hampton VA 23681-2199 Don Slaughterbeck (April 2004) Consulting Engineer Science Applications International Corporation 20 Mountain Road Jelm, WY 82063 Patrick Shea (March 2005) (student member) (307) 742-2590 Email: prshea77@uwyo.edu June 18, 2007