RANGE LAW
LAW No. 442
APPROVED ON 25.2.1998
PART I
PURPOSE, CONTEXT AND DEFINITIONS
PURPOSE
ARTICLE 1. The purpose of this Law is the determination, delimitation, allocation of areas
such as ranges, pastures, wintersheds or highlands to juridical entities like villages or
municipalities and making use of them in a manner abiding by the rules, increasing or
sustaining productivity through maintenance and improvement, controlling that use
continuously, protecting them and changing their purpose of use when necessary.
CONTEXT
ARTICLE 2. This Article covers ranges, highlands and wintersheds as well as ranges and
grazing lands belonging to public.
DEFINITIONS
ARTICLE 3. The definitions used in this Law such as;
a) Range quality and Capacity: Classification of ranges according to their productivity,
b) Ministry: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,
c) Grassland: In areas where level of ground water is high or irrigation is possible, areas
suitable for mowing, where fodder and dry grass are produced,
d) Range: Reserved areas for animal husbandry, making use of the grass or areas used with
this purpose for the first time,
e) Highland: Reserved areas where the farmers can pass the summer season, graze their
animals and make use of the grass or areas used with this purpose for a long time,
f) Wintersheds: Reserved areas where the animals could be kept in winter and make use of
the grass or areas used with this purpose for a long time,
g) Grazing Right: The unit number of neat cattle that could be grazed together by the
farmers on reserved ranges, highlands or wintersheds for one or more villages,
h) Grazing Capacity: The unit number of neat cattle that could be grazed on a specific area
in equal intervals for long years without damaging the flora and natural resources like
water, land and others,
i) Allocation: Reservation of the utilisation of range, grassland, grazing land and
wintersheds to one or a few villages or municipalities in accordance with principles of
social justice and productivity,
j) Limitation: The boundaries of the areas determined as grassland, range, highland and
wintershed are shown in Map of 1/5000 based on the country’s landmark system and
these boundaries are indicated on the area with permanent signs,
k) Determination: Determination of an area as range, highland and wintershed through an
official document and expert,
l) Commission: Range Commission,
m) Technical Staff: Staff under the control of the Commission,
n) Grassland: Areas with the same properties of ranges,
o) Unit Neat Cattle: The number of animals expressed in a neat cattle unit of 500 kg live
weight.
PART II
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APPLICATION
THE LEGAL STATUS OF RANGE, HIGHLAND AND WINTERSHEDS
ARTICLE 4. The utilisation rights of ranges, highlands and wintersheds belong to one or
more villages or municipalities, These areas are under the jurisdiction and utilisation of the
State.
On areas where the Commission is not yet in duty, the utilisation of ranges, highlands and
wintersheds by villages or municipalities is accepted in accordance with the existing
reservations through various laws or past usage.
Ranges, highlands and wintersheds cannot be transferred to private possession, cannot be
used out of purpose, no lapse of time could be applied, and their boundaries could not be
tightened. But their right to use could be rented. The principles of leasing are stated in the
Regulations.
The expenses deriving from returning the ranges, highlands and wintersheds to their original
status are collected from the individuals causing the damage.
The provisions related to ranges, highlands and wintersheds are applied in the utilisation of
public ranges, highlands and wintersheds.
AREAS RESERVED AS RANGE, HIGHLAND AND WINTERSHEDS
ARTICLE 5. In accordance with the requirements determined by the Commission, the
following areas are reserved as ranges, highlands and wintersheds for the villages or
municipality.
A) Areas that are used as ranges, highlands and wintersheds for a long time and areas
reserved for villages and municipalities with the same purpose of utilisation,
B) Areas that are analysed and determined to be used as ranges, highlands and wintersheds
belonging to the Treasury or under the jurisdiction and use of State,
C) Confiscated areas with the purpose of utilising as ranges, highlands and wintersheds,
D) Areas that are seen as ranges, highlands and wintersheds in the Registry and still invaded.
COMMISSION AND TECHNICAL STAFF
ARTICLE 6. The determination, delimitation and allocation of ranges, highlands and
wintersheds are undertaken by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. With this
purpose, a Commission is established consisting of; Provincial Director of the Ministry, an
agriculture engineer majoring on that issue from the Provincial Directorate, an agriculture
engineer from Provincial Directorate of Rural Services, a lawyer from Office of the District
Treasurer or assigned by the Governor if not found, a representative from National Estate
Directorate, a technical officer from Cadastre Directorate, a representative from Chamber of
Agriculture under the presidency of the Deputy Governor. Furthermore, in determination,
limitation and allocation of ranges, highlands and wintersheds on areas within forest, next to
forest or on upper forest boundaries, a forest engineer from Forestry Organisation and on
areas declared as reform cites by Law on Agriculture Reform on Land Arrangement in
Irrigation Areas, No: 3083, an agricultural engineer from Agricultural Reform Organisation
take place in these commissions as a member.
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The Commissions are formed with the approval of the Governor. In case of the lack of a
Deputy Director, the Provincial Director of the Ministry or an expert agriculture engineer
assigned by him heads the Commission.
Technical Units connected to the Commission are formed to realise the determination,
measuring, mapping and allocation works in accordance with the existence of ranges,
highlands and wintersheds and animal husbandry potential in cities and towns required.
These units consist of; an engineer from the Provincial or District Directorate of the Ministry,
an agricultural engineer or technical officer from the Provincial Directorate of Rural
Services, a technical officer from Cadastre Directorate, a representative from National Estate
Directorate, a representative from Chamber of Agriculture, a forest engineer related with
ranges within forest, next to forest and on upper forest boundaries, an agriculture engineer
from Agricultural Reform Organisation on areas declared as reform cites by Law on
Agriculture Reform on Land Arrangement in Irrigation Areas, No: 3083 and two local
experts chosen by the headman and the highest authority of that place utilising the range.
Technical Units are formed with the proposal of the Commission and the approval of the
Governor in provinces and District Heads in districts.
The working principles and conditions of the Technical Units are determined by Regulations.
ANNOUNCEMENT
ARTICLE 7. The Commission declares the villages and municipalities within its working
area, the date and place of inspection at least 30 days before the determination works in
accordance with Article 9 to these villages and municipalities and related towns through
known methods. Furthermore, the issue is also informed to the Forestry Organisation
Directorates, Village Headmen and mayors.
The areas included in the program in accordance with Cadastre Law No: 3402 are informed
to the Ministry four months before by the General Directorate of Registry and Cadastre.
Within this period, the related Commission determines and limits ranges, highlands and
wintersheds informing to the General Directorate of Registry and Cadastre.
If these Commissions are unable to determine and limit the ranges in the determined period,
then the Cadastre Commission undertakes this duty in accordance with the provisions of
Cadastre Law No: 3402.
TASKS PRIOR TO DETERMINATION AND ALLOCATION
ARTICLE 8. The headmen and mayors of villages and municipalities are obliged to present
all information and document samples proving that the ranges, highlands and wintersheds
belong all or partially to their village or municipality within 30 days after the announcement
to the Commission. They are also obliged to inform the number of families, their herds, the
beneficent of ranges, highlands and wintersheds in which ways and amounts to the
Commission.
The related directorates of forestry organisation are obliged to submit the related documents
and information about the ranges, highlands and wintersheds within their region to the
Commission within 30 days after the announcement.
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The Registration Office and other related organisations are obliged to submit the information
and documents proving that the places determined as range, highland and wintershed do have
the conditions mentioned in Article 5.
DETERMINATION AND LIMITATION WORKS
ARTICLE 9. The Technical Units appointed by the Commission determine the existing
ranges, highlands and wintersheds and areas that will be included in ranges, highlands and
wintersheds according to Law as well as limiting and installing the border signs and prepares
1/5000 maps.
In order to limit the areas determined as range, highland and wintershed according to this
Law, the border determination and marking on that area will be realised with the presence of
related headmen or mayors or appointed representatives by them.
The technical units determine the range, highland and wintershed requirements of the villages
or municipalities that this Law is enforced considering their ecological, agricultural and
economic characteristics as well as existing animal types and their possible developments in
future in accordance with the norms applied by the Ministry’s Regulations.
A report is prepared and signed by the participants at the end of such operations.
The ranges, highlands and wintersheds within forests without forest limitations are
determined with the approval of the Ministry of Forestry.
On areas with absolute court decision, certain forest limitations and completed cadastre
operations, the determined borders are taken as basis.
The maps to be used in the applications of this Law can be prepared by real or legal entities
through bidding as required by the Ministry.
REGISTRATION TO PRIVATE REGISTRY
ARTICLE 10. A sample of maps of places determined and limited as range, highland and
wintershed are sent to the related Registration Office.
Cadastre places are registered to private registry according to Paragraph B of Article 16 in
Cadastre Law No: 3402.
Ranges, highlands and wintersheds located within the borders of more than one province or
village are registered to private registry in the Registration Office considering the
administrative borders.
Ranges, highlands and wintersheds determined, limited and allocated by Commissions on
areas without cadastre are informed to the General Directorate of Registration and Cadastre
for registration to private registry.
The inventories of ranges, highlands and wintersheds determined, limited and allocated by
the Commission and Cadastre Office are also prepared by the Ministerial Provincial
Directorate.
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EVALUATION OF REQUIREMENT FOR ALLOCATION
ARTICLE 11. The Commission determines and shows on map the existing ranges, highlands
and wintersheds and other areas that can be used for this purpose, irrigation and transit areas
considering the economic status of the region, climate conditions, land utilisation and
processing principles and utilisation capability classifications.
In determining common or single use of the range, highland and wintershed requirement of
the village or municipality, the characteristics and grazing capacity of these areas,
development of flora and fauna and the amount of herds to be grazed are taken into
consideration. In this calculation, the grazing right of the farmer families around is found
from the necessary area of range, highland and wintershed for a neat cattle unit.
DECISION OF ALLOCATION
ARTICLE 12. The Commission allocates the necessary amount of range, highland,
wintershed and related irrigation and transit areas for the common utilisation of people as
determined to meet the requirements in Article 11 to the legal personality of a village or
municipality and the allocation decision is submitted to the Governor’s Office. In this
decision, the quality, amount, borders, watering and transit sites for herds, purpose, grazing
capacity of the allocation and the grazing right of the family establishments in neat cattle
unit and the number of animals to be grazed are all mentioned. The area that is more than
required could be leased to villages and municipalities around in need or to real and legal
persons dealing with animal husbandry. However, the leasing issue is re-evaluated every five
years in accordance with the number of animals belonging to the village or municipality.
Moreover although included in the context of this Law, the areas that could only be used as
range after improvements could be leased to real and legal persons that promise to realise the
improvement works.
The principles and conditions of leasing are determined by regulations.
NOTIFICATION, ANNOUNCEMENT, EXCEPTION AND REGISTRATION OF
THE ALLOCATION DECISION
ARTICLE 13. The results of the studies carried by the technical units are kept in
announcement places for a period of 30 days by the commission.
It is possible to object to the commission about the results of these studies by technical units
within this announcement period of 30 days.
The commission decides for such objections within 60 days.
The decisions derived with these inspection of the decision and the allocation decision are
notified to the headmen’s or mayor’s office, Office of District Treasury or Directorate of
Property, related directorate of forestry and Agricultural Reform Organisation. The are also
announced through known methods in the villages and municipalities and kept in notice for
30 days including the proceedings and maps on the subject.
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Within the notice period of 30 days and after 30 days from notification in cases where
notifying is necessary, a suit could be commenced in a civil court and in cadastre court on
cadastred areas.
In case the litigated ranges, highlands and wintersheds are out of the cadastre working area,
then the cadastre courts have jurisdiction on cases related with these areas.
Decisions that are not sued within 30 days of notice are ratified and registered to private
registry in the directorate of title deed registration office.
PART III
ALTERING THE ALLOCATION PURPOSE
ARTICLE 14. Unless the allocation purpose is changed, it is not possible to make use of
ranges, highlands and wintersheds in another way stated by the Law. However according to
the Law and previous Laws, from among the areas determined as range, highland and
wintershed or used with this purpose for a long time;
a) The areas that are seen as definitely productive for mining, oil exploration, premanagement and management activities according to the provisions of Oil Law No: 6326
and Mining Law No: 3213 upon the request of the Ministry of Energy and Natural
Resources,
b) The areas that are seen vital for tourism investments upon the request of the Ministry of
Tourism,
c) The areas that are seen necessary for public investments,
d) The areas needed for preparation of construction plans, soil preservation, protection of
gene resources, establishment or national parks and protection forest, preservation of
natural, historical and cultural values, flood control, improvement of rivers and their
sources can have their allocation purpose changed upon the request of the related
Ministry from the Ministry and the approval of the Ministry and the Ministry of Finance.
The mentioned areas are registered in the name of the Treasury.
The entrepreneurs applying within the context of Paragraph a of this Article are obliged to
organise their activities without damaging the surrounding range areas and to turn the area
they use to its original status at the end of the allocation period. Such places are registered to
private registry at the end of allocation period.
The commission may ask for the enforcement of the Law on Land Arrangement in Irrigation
Areas No: 3083 when necessary from the Ministry.
ALTERING THE ALLOCATION DECISION
ARTICLE 15. The alteration of allocation decision is done with the approval of the
Governor’s Office upon the proposal of the commission considering the changes and
developments in the necessity of villages or municipalities for ranges, highlands and
wintersheds. However, in order to make such a change, five years after the last allocation
decision should have passed. This period is not applicable in changing the allocation purpose
mentioned in Article 14.
The alterations in the allocation decision are registered in the private registry related with
ranges, highlands and wintersheds.
REGISTRY THROUGH OCCUPATION
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ARTICLE 16. The commissions are obliged to notify the Treasury for abolishing the
registries on ranges, highlands and wintersheds that are done without showing any opponents
through occupation.
PART IV
PROTECTION, MAINTENANCE
HIGHLANDS AND WINTERSHEDS
AND
IMPROVEMENT
OF
RANGES<
MARKING OF BORDERS
ARTICLE 17. The boundaries of the determined, limited and allocated ranges, highlands and
wintersheds are shown with borderlines in accordance with technical specifications.
ESTABLISHMENT OF RANGE RESEARCH DEPARTMENTS
ARTICLE 18. Range Research Units are established within the framework of legislation in
the existing agricultural research institutes and universities with the purpose of determining
the research, planning, improvement projects, grazing period, utilisation system, protection
and control measures of the ranges, highlands and wintersheds. The already existing units are
re-organised in order to serve the above mentioned purpose.
PROTECTION OF RANGES, HIGHLANDS AND WINTERSHEDS
ARTICLE 19. The headmen and mayors are responsible from the protection of the
borderlines of ranges, highlands and wintersheds as well as providing the utilisation in
accordance with their allocation purpose. They are also entitled to and responsible from
assisting public officers in realising the issues mentioned in development projects.
‘Range Management Unions’ are established in related villages and municipalities with this
purpose. The establishment and working principles of these unions are determined by the
regulation.
The headmen and mayors are obliged to inform any disclosure to ranges, highlands and
wintersheds to the Ministerial District or Provincial Directorate. The District or Provincial
Directorate is obliged to inform this to the Governor’s or District Head’s Office. These
authorities undertake the necessary procedures in accordance with the Law on Preventing
Disclosures to Immovable Possessions, No: 3091 and Article 75 of the State Bidding Law,
No: 2886.
CONSTRUCTION OF BAN
ARTICLE 20. In highlands and wintersheds, except for buildings mentioned in Village Law,
No: 442, dairy, open-shed, temporary barns and sheds appropriate to their utilisation purpose
and wooden buildings on areas seen as suitable for tourism with the demand of the Ministry
of Tourism, no housing, barn or similar buildings could be constructed.
PART V
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VARIOUS PROVISIONS
JUSTIFICATION OF RANGE, HIGHLAND AND WINTERSHED CLAIM
ARTICLE 21. The claims related to ranges, highlands and wintersheds in villages and
municipalities where allocations are made in accordance with this Law are justified through
registration in private registry kept after the classification of private registries in related title
deed registration office.
No objections based on legal reasons prior to determinations could be made to rights
mentioned in allocation decision from the date of determination of allocations and no
litigation is possible.
UTILISATION RIGHT AND CONTEXT
ARTICLE 22. The farmer families willing to benefit from a range, highland and wintershed
should reside within the boundaries of the related village or municipality for at least six
months at the date of allocation. However, this is not applicable to settlers transferred by the
State.
The farmer families, that are not included in the allocation decision although they have land
within the boundaries of the village or municipality can not make use of the ranges, highlands
and wintersheds allocated to this village or municipality.
The farmer families that move with the purpose of settling in another place lose their right to
benefit. But this right could be given if they return for permanent residence with the approval
of the commission.
The provisions of this Law are valid for nomads utilising the ranges, highlands and
wintersheds.
The principles and conditions of utilisation by nomads are regulated by regulation.
PREVENTION OF EXCESSIVE GRAZING
ARTICLE 23. No more animals determined in the allocation decision of the commission
could enter the ranges, highlands and wintersheds.
However, in case of an increase in the grazing and housing capacity of the ranges, highlands
and wintersheds as a result of maintenance, protection and improvement, the number of
animals to be grazed could be increased by directly the commission or upon the proposal of
the villages or municipalities.
UTILISATION RIGHTS OF NEW FAMILIES AND LATE SETTLERS
ARTICLE 24. The ones settling within the boundaries of village or municipality for farming
or residents in settlement areas with new families can have the right to benefit from the
ranges, highlands and wintersheds considering the capacity of ranges, highlands and
wintersheds at that time.
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SALES OF EXCESSIVE PRODUCTS
ARTICLE 25. Products from ranges, highlands and wintersheds that are more than necessary
can be sold by the decision of the Range Management Unions. The revenues from such sales
are collected in a different account in the municipal or village budget for improvement of
range areas and can not be used for any other purpose.
OBLIGATIONS OF THE BENEFICENT OF THE RANGES, HIGHLANDS AND
WINTERSHEDS
ARTICLE 26. The farmer families benefiting from the ranges, highlands and wintersheds are
obliged to share the maintenance and improvement costs with the request of the commission
in determined amounts and periods set by the Governor’s Office. The participation should
either be monetary or in terms of labor, equipment , tools and management costs of these as
well.
The individuals who will benefit from ranges, highlands and wintersheds in accordance with
grazing rights that are determined by the commission are obliged to pay a certain fee
determined by the commission annually considering the economic status of the region,
grazing capacity and period.
On these areas, it is not permitted to graze animals more than the determined grazing right.
The ones to do so have to pay three times of the fee for each animal. The income derived
through this application is deposited to a different account in the municipal or village budget
for improving and developing range areas. This money can not be used for any other purpose.
In following and collecting the fines and fees determined by the commission, provisions of
Law on Principles of Collecting Public Debts, No: 6183 are applicable.
FAILURE TO REALISE OBLIGATIONS
ARTICLE 27. The individuals who do not follow the principles mentioned in Article 26 and
who fail to realise their obligations are exempted from utilising the ranges, highlands and
wintersheds with the proposal of the field organisation and approval of the Governor’s Office
for at least 7 at most 30 days temporarily. In case of the repetition of the act, the benefiting
rights are abolished for one grazing period.
The individuals who insist in grazing their herds on forbidden areas, damaging the ranges,
highlands and wintersheds through plowing and constructing without a permit are subject to
legal action in accordance with articles of Law No: 3031 on Preventing Disclosures to
Immovable Possessions and Law No: 513 of the Turkish Criminal Code. The individuals who
are responsible and appointed to enforce this Law such as the headmen or mayors failing to
inform the committers of crimes mentioned in Paragraph 1 and 2 are subject to general
provisions.
BENEFITING FROM FOREST AREAS
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ARTICLE 28. The ranges, highlands and wintersheds in forest areas allocated to villages or
municipalities can be utilised in accordance with this Law and Forest Law No: 6831 by
following the provisions.
The Ministry of Forestry undertakes to protect, maintain and improve the ranges, highlands
and wintersheds and grazing lands within, next to or at upper border of the forest.
CHANGE OF BORDER
ARTICLE 29. The changes in the borders of villages, municipalities and other administrative
units in accordance with their specific law do not affect the allocation decisions related with
ranges, highlands and wintersheds.
ESTABLISHMENT OF A FUND
ARTICLE 30. Range Fund is established under the administration of the Ministry for
realisation of the duties mentioned in this Law. The revenues of this Fund are collected in an
account at the General Directorate of Agriculture Bank. These revenues are deposited to the
expenditure account of the Range Fund until the 15th of month following the payment. The
issues on management of the Fund are dealt with a regulation.
a) The revenues of this Fund are;
1) At least 0.1 % from the Ministry Budget,
2) Fees from ranges, highlands and wintersheds leased for grazing purposes in accordance
with provisions of the regulation,
3) 5 % of the CIF price of the exported live stock and 8 % of CIF price of animal products,
4) 0.1 % deducted from the seller from the purchasing cost of milk in milk processing
facilities,
5) 0.1 % of the sales price deducted from the seller on neat and small animals grown and
sold in Turkey,
6) Fees determined by the commission considering the income of 20 years from ranges
subject to allocation purpose change from real and legal persons who apply for a change
in allocation purpose,
7) Construction permit fees as determined by Governor’s Office in accordance with Article
20 with the purpose of highland tourism and the annual leasing prices of such places,
8) 3 % of the import price of the all imported alcoholic beverages, tobacco and tobacco
products,
9) The amount transferred by the Ministry from the Environment Protection Fund not less
than 1 %,
10) All kinds of donations and assistance.
a)
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
The expenditures of the Fund are;
Investments and vital expenses, purchases of tools, equipment and materials,
Expenses related with improvement, maintenance of ranges, highlands and wintersheds,
Project costs of developing fodder crops seedings,
Training costs,
Current costs,
Other necessary costs of enforcement of this Law.
The share mentioned in 1 (a) of the First Paragraph of this Law is calculated by the related
institution during the preparation of its annual budget and allocated in transfer of its budget.
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the allocation is transferred to the Range Fund account within a month following the
initiation of the budget.
All the revenues mentioned above are exempted from corporate tax. All the donations and
assistance are exempted from inheritance and succession tax.
REGULATION
ARTICLE 31. The issues related with enforcement of this Law are arranged by the
regulation prepared by the Ministry considering the opinions of related ministries and
institutions.
PART VI
AMENDED AND ANNULLED PROVISIONS
ARTICLE 32. Part (f) of Article 2 of Law on Duties and Organisation of the General
Directorate of Rural Services dated 9.5.1985, No: 3202 is changed as follows;
f) To prepare or have prepared the necessary projects and programs for the improvement,
and development of infrastructural establishments in olive groves, mastich treelands,
wild pistachio groves, carob bean groves, and chapparals, to enforce or have enforced the
approved projects and programs.
ARTICLE 33. Article 159 of the Municipal Law dated 3.4.1990, No: 1580 is changed as
follows;
ARTICLE 159. The utilisation, management and control of areas without an owner within the
boundaries of a municipality in the form of promenade area, harvesting area, wood and
swamp and places filled from seas, rivers and lakes by the Municipality and abandoned areas
of ruined castles and towers and their ruins are transferred to the municipalities with all
rights, obligations and revenues.
ARTICLE 34. Article 6 of the Village Law dated 18.3.1924, No: 442 is changed as follows;
ARTICLE 6. Common watering areas for animals, rivers, coppice area between one or two
villages can be used by other villages can be used by other villages although they belong to
the village they are located in.
If such common areas are not included in any village’s borders, than they become the joint
possession of the using villages. This is written in border documents of all villages. Such
places are protected and utilised jointly.
ARTICLE 35. Article 11, Paragraph 4 of the Construction Law dated 31.5.1985, No: 3194 is
changed as follows;
The cadastral roads and areas within the prepared construction plans lose their properties
with the approval of the construction plan and are subject to the new utilisation purpose
imposed with the approved construction plan.
ANNULLED PROVISIONS
ARTICLE 36. 1) Article 10 of the Law on Supporting the Development of Forest Villagers
dated 17.10.1983, No: 2924,
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2) Article 15 of the Law on Arrangement of Land on Irrigation Areas dated 22.11.1984, No:
3083,
3) Part (d) of Article 8 and Part (c) of Article 10 of the Law on Duties and Establishment of
the General Directorate of Agricultural Reform dated 20.2. 1985, No: 3155,
4) Part (d) of Article 9 of the Law on Duties and Organisation of the General Directorate of
Rural Services dated 9.5.1985, No: 3202,
5) Articles 97,98,99,100,101,102 and 105 of Land Law dated 7 Ramadan 1274.
PART VII
PROVISIONAL AND FINAL PROVISIONS
PROVISIONAL ARTICLE 1. The cases related to ranges, highlands and wintersheds in
courts prior to enforcement of this Law do continue. Commissions wait for the finalisation of
such cases.
ENFORCEMENT
ARTICLE 37. This Law is enforced on the date of publication.
EXECUTION
ARTICLE 38. The provisions of this Law are executed by the Council of Ministers.
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