Riparian ecosystems are interfaces that link terrestrial and aquatic

Little Chazy River Riparian Biodiversity Assessment

Plant Community Survey

2008 Season Report

SUNY Plattsburgh in cooperation with

TNC Adirondack Chapter/Champlain Valley Program.

April 2009

Submitted by:

Dr. Chris Martine (Principal Investigator), Dept. Biological Sciences, SUNY Plattsburgh

(martinct@plattsburgh.edu)

Collaborators:

Dr. Ken Adams, Center for Earth and Environmental Science, SUNY Plattsburgh

Matthew Soranno, Natural Sciences Graduate Program, SUNY Plattsburgh

Jillian Post, Center for Earth and Environmental Science, SUNY Plattsburgh

Tom Berry, TNC

Partners:

Dr. Tim Mihuc, Lake Champlain Research Institute, SUNY Plattsburgh

Dr. David Franzi, SUNY Plattsburgh

Dave Jaffe, Field Naturalist Program, University of Vermont

Steve Kramer, Miner Institute

Table of Contents

Project summary………………………………………………………………………... 3

Literature review………………………………………………………………………...4

Project overview and objectives………………………………………………………...8

Experimental design………………………..…………………………………………..10

Plant community data analysis……………………………………………………...…16

Results (Importance)………………….………………………..………………………17

Results (Ordinations)…………………………………………………………………..20

Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………..30

Buffer recommendations………………………………………………………………32

Project dissemination……………………………………….………………………….36

References………………………………………………………………………………37

Appendix 1. Canopy cover percentages………………………………………………40

Appendix 2. List of species recorded in each site…………………………………….41

Appendix 3. Records for aquatic insects collected in survey sites…………………..55

Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………..56

Figures

Figure 1.

Watershed map showing survey locations. …………………………………..

10

Figure 2.

Nested sampling strategy for riparian plant community surveys…............…..

14

Figures 3-12. Ordination plots……………………………………………………….

20-29

Little Chazy River Plant Community Survey 2008 Season Report, SUNY Plattsburgh

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Summary

The Little Chazy River is a 45-km long watercourse in the Lake Champlain basin with headwaters in the eastern foothills of the Adirondack Mountains. Land use along the river varies from minimally-managed and largely undisturbed conservation holdings to highintensity agriculture. This latter use has inspired ongoing long-term research by faculty at

SUNY Plattsburgh on nutrient loading and hydrology in the watershed, which in itself has led to a call for improvements in riparian buffer plantings. As a means to define the appropriate native species for buffer plantings, community sampling and surveys were conducted in 22 riparian habitats spanning the length of the river. Diversity and abundance of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and trees were determined in the riparian areas using sample lines/transects with a nested plot design. Multivariate ordination found that some riparian plant communities mirror shifts in geology, soils, and elevation; and that certain elements of these communities can be defined as functional species groups for specific reaches of the river. These core species groups can now be used to inform buffer planting recommendations made to owners of agricultural lands bordering the river. We recommend further work in other reaches of the watershed to provide greater resolution of the plant communities associated with the Little Chazy River. Additional surveys are planned for summer 2009. The plant community survey work was funded by the

Environmental Benefit Program, administered by TNC Adirondack Chapter/Champlain

Valley Program, and carried out by a team of faculty and students from SUNY

Plattsburgh.


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Literature Review (M. Soranno)

Riparian ecosystems are interfaces linking terrestrial and aquatic systems through an entanglement of environmental gradients, ecological processes and community assemblages (Gregory et al., 1991; Naiman et al., 1992; Spackman and Hughes, 1995).

These zones or corridors occupy the edges of ephemeral, intermittent and perennial bodies of water such as streams, rivers, lakes and wetlands (Knopf et al., 1988; Gregory et al., 1991; Naiman et al., 1992). As ecotones, riparian zones radically affect the physical, chemical and biological processes that take place within the immediate downstream and upstream aquatic ecosystems (Gregory et al., 1991; Shandas, 2007).

These interrelations persist throughout the landscape with variable intensity in space and time (Gregory et al., 1991; Naiman et al., 1992).

Intact riparian ecosystems are considered to be some of the most diverse, dynamic and complex terrestrial habitats (Gregory et al., 1991, Naiman et al., 1992; Naiman and

Decamps 1997) The high biodiversity-habitat ratio is a product of the heterogeneous geomorphology of these relatively small, fluvial corridors. This heterogeneity results from the natural disturbance regime found in these areas. Hydrological disturbances, such as water level fluctuations, are most prevalent (Planty-Tabacchi et al., 1996). The biodiversity-habitat ratio exceeds those of other ecological communities found in comparatively sized areas (Becker et al., 2006).

Riparian corridors consist of relatively mesic plant communities, supporting faunas that exist between aquatic and upland ecosystems. Metaphorically, these vegetation corridors are referred to as the “aorta of an ecosystem” (Knopf et al., 1988).

This function is analogous to an aorta because riparian zones are vital integrating systems


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of the landscape. These corridors act as biological highways (Knopf et al., 1988;

Gregory et al., 1991; Spackman and Hughes, 1995).

High levels of biodiversity have been detected in multiples studies focusing on riparian vegetation (reviewed by Naiman et al., 1992). Riparian vegetation supports biodiversity by providing an array of habitat and ecological services (Naiman et al.,

1992); and also regulates solar radiation and temperature regimes (Bedford et al., 1999;

Gregory et al., 1991), provides nourishment to aquatic and terrestrial biota, acts as a source of large woody debris influencing stream and sediment flow ( Gregory et al., 1991;

Bedford et al., 1999; Endreny, 2002; Lee et al., 2004), and acts as a sink for nutrient uptake from upland systems (Gregory et al., 1991; Bedford et al., 1999; Endreny, 2002).

All riparian functions are directly related to the size of the stream, position of the stream in the drainage basin and local geomorphology (Naiman et al., 1997). Riparian plant communities are spatially impacted by the zone’s landforms. However, the relationship is mutual as the vegetation influences the development of geomorphic surfaces. For example, plant roots work at- and belowground to prevent erosion while aboveground stems and woody debris of waterside vegetation form rough surfaces that retard erosive forces (Gregory et al., 1991; Lee et al., 2004).

Planty-Tabacchi et al. (1996) reviewed ongoing research supporting the concept that riparian ecosystems are highly susceptible to invasion of non-native species. The shift in plant species composition can alter ecosystem integrity, with consequences for associated biota. For example, the loss of native vegetation and decrease in floral diversity can be mirrored by a decline in the invertebrate community. Invasions of knotweed ( Polygonum japonicum ) in riparian ecosystems have been linked to lower


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abundances of invertebrates as native plant species are displaced (Knopf et al., 1988;

Gerber et al., 2007). Riparian corridors are known to contribute to biotic and abiotic dispersal of invasive species into intact communities (Knopf et al., 1988; Gregory et al.,

1991; Planty-Tabacchi et al., 1996; Gerber et al., 2007).

Vegetation communities in riparian habitats are commonly referred to as buffer zones because of their ability to mitigate activities that might otherwise compromise the integrity of associated aquatic systems. Generally, the word “buffer” means to lessen, absorb or stabilize. Ecologically, a buffer is understood as a natural “shield” that prevents harmful or undesired substances from penetrating an area, watershed or river, thus helping to sustain proper functioning of said ecosystem. Nitrogen and phosphorus are two leading agricultural pollutants of concern for the northeastern region of the

United States (Endreny, 2002).

The Little Chazy River (LCR) is watercourse in the Lake Champlain basin, approximately 45 km long, with tributaries that surface in the eastern foothills of the

Adirondack Mountains of upstate New York. The riparian ecosystems that border the

Little Chazy River have been subjected to an on-going degradation affecting their integrity, the main cause being anthropogenic activity (agriculture, housing development). These anthropogenic activities become more prevalent from the head tributaries to where the river discharges into Lake Champlain. It is well understood that the reduction of riparian zones greatly affects biotic and abiotic components of adjacent aquatic ecosystems, as well as those upstream and downstream. However, effects derived from the diminishing integrity have the potential to radiate throughout all ecosystems within the watershed (Gregory et al., 1991).


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In the Champlain Valley, a major concern is the input of pesticides, herbicides, and other unwanted minerals into active channels that eventually outlet into Lake

Champlain. The intentional displacement of riparian vegetation, motivated by short-term agricultural benefits, can lead to an absence of buffer zones where they are needed most.

Where agricultural fields are plowed to the channel’s edge and riparian vegetation is removed, nutrient inputs have the potential to be at their highest levels. Studies concerning the relationship between water quality and forested buffer strips are abundant.

For example, the Catskill and Delaware watershed, responsible for supplying New York

City with 90 percent of it drinking water, has been proposed as a model for the concept that forested buffer strips are more efficient and less expensive to manage than water filtration plants (Endreny, 2002).

In comparison with the U.S Pacific Northwest, the riparian management objectives in the northeastern region are usually not linked to facilitating late successional development. The northeastern prerogative is typically focused upon restoring riparian vegetation to stabilize banks and filter pollutants (Sweeney et al., 2004; Keeton, et al.,

2007), a primary objective of our work on the Little Chazy River.

The Nature Conservancy (TNC) addresses issues of riparian degradation by communicating with and educating landowners, and by advocating for the restoration and maintenance of riparian corridors on properties adjacent to active channels. Part of

TNC’s mission is to inform landowners on how to achieve the recommended objectives and to mediate these practices.


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Project overview and objectives

This project is an extension of the “Little Chazy River Watershed Nutrient-Runoff

Abatement Program” headed by Dr. David Franzi, SUNY Plattsburgh, funded by the

Environmental Benefit Program, and administered by the Nature Conservancy. The project calls for TNC to survey and assess plant and animal communities and ecosystem functions of the riparian zone for a number of reference reaches. The work complements water quality and hydrologic measurements taken as part of the core project and allows

TNC to make recommendations for optimal ecosystem functions as part of agricultural water quality buffers. This report details the results of the plant community element of the project, separate from the related work done by Dave Jaffe of the University of

Vermont.

Under the advisement of the project leaders, Drs. Chris Martine and Ken Adams, two SUNY Plattsburgh students were hired for eight weeks from May to July to conduct the surveys. One student, Matthew Soranno, had already committed to the work as the core of his Masters project (as advised by Dr. Martine). Mr. Soranno was joined on the project by Ms. Jillian Post, a SUNY Plattsburgh undergraduate majoring in

Environmental Science. During the field season, Drs. Martine and Adams usually accompanied the students to the survey sites. Each student continued to work on the project after the field season, with Mr. Soranno concentrating on analyzing the data (with guidance from Dr. Tim Mihuc, Lake Champlain Research Institute) and Ms. Post focusing on labeling and mounting the project’s herbarium vouchers. Both students have


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represented the project at scientific meetings, gaining critical skills in the presentation of research findings.

The objective of this project was to identify the riparian plant communities along the LCR, which include both native and exotic species. A completed inventory of the flora can then serve as a functional template that TNC can use to facilitate landowner restoration and maintenance efforts in riparian buffer zones. Implementation of these practices usually occurs at the population-community level, concentrating directly on the plant communities.

In May 2005, a 3 km stretch of vegetation was planted along a section of the

Great Chazy River, a neighboring waterway, to restore the virtually absent buffer between the river and private farmland. That project’s objectives were to mitigate pollutants and unwanted minerals, as well as improve wildlife habitat (April, 2006). The cooperation of the landowners was an important component of the project and provides an example of why riparian landowners should be advised on the necessity of riparian zone integrity.

At the backend of the project, the collaborators mentioned above (and other partners) were to recommend specific opportunities, as part of a comprehensive agricultural nutrient buffer system, to:



Preserve or restore significant natural communities;



Maintain or enhance native biodiversity;



Protect or enhance species of conservation need.


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Experimental Design

Riparian zone vegetation was sampled at 11 locations along the Little Chazy

River from the head tributaries to the lowest reaches. Riparian vegetation was sampled on both sides of the channel at each location, thus 22 sites were sampled in total. No targeted control was used. The locations were chosen based on three criteria: 1)

Proximity to Dr. Franzi’s water quality gauge stations, 2) ease of accessibility (including permission from private land owners as appropriate), and 3) whether or not a location occurred in the upper, middle, or lower reaches of the LCR watershed as defined by previous work in the watershed by Drs. Adams and Franzi. Of 11 locations selected, 4 occurred in the upper reaches (minimally-disturbed to undisturbed woodlands), 4 in the middle reaches (low-intensity agriculture and light residential areas), and 3 in the lower reaches (high-intensity agriculture) (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

Watershed map showing survey locations. (Matt Soranno and Eileen Allen)


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List of sites surveyed:

Upper reaches

 “Cold Brook” (headwater feeder stream) N44.85313, W073.59886

 “Robinson Brook” (headwater feeder stream) N44.84838, W073.59353

 “Skeleton Dam” (downstream from dam at Chasm Lake) N44.84824,

W073.58955

 “Below Million Dollar Dam” (far downstream from long-defunct dam)

N44.83429, W073.5673

Middle reaches

 “Atwood Road” (upstream from Atwood Rd. NYSEG powerline ROW) N;

44.82298, W073.55303

 “Parker Road” (upstream of Parker Rd. crossing) N44.82088, W073.54109

 “Tracy Brook” (near junction with Sucker Rd.) N44.87732, W073.47025

 “Northway” (just downstream of Rt. 87 overpass) N44.86868, W073.44979

Lower reaches

 “Chazy Recreational Park” N44.89574, W073.43302

 “Stetson Bridge” (upstream of Stetson Rd. crossing) N44.90179, W073.41548

 “Shore Road” (upstream of Lakeshore Rd. crossing) N44.90469, W073.38396

Sampling methods

Unit area plot sampling was used to inventory the plant communities (Figure 2).

Slope gradient, canopy cover and stream width were taken as environmental variables.

All sampling measurements were recorded in metric. All dbh (diameter at breast height) measurements were recorded to the nearest tenth of a cm. At each site, 12m transect lines were installed perpendicular to the stream flow direction. Plant community sampling was then achieved in the following manner.


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Herbaceous Vascular Plants and Seedlings (LE 0.5 m tall)

Vascular plants less than or equal (LE) to 0.5 m tall were sampled in 1 m 2 quadrats centered at 2-, 7-, and 12 m from the main channel, on both streamsides, at each of the 22 sample sites (11 locations) along the Little Chazy River. Stem counts were recorded, by species, in each plot.

Shrubs and Understory Species

Shrubs and understory species greater than (GT) 0.5 m tall and/or LT 10.0 cm dbh

(diameter at breast height) were sampled in 20 m

2

(0.002 ha) circular plots (radius = 2.52 m), centered at the same 7 m point used in the herbaceous sampling on both streamsides.

Stem counts (aerial stems) were recorded by species at each plot. Circular plots were installed using a prism and Nypole target (Nyland and Remele, 1975).

Mid- and Overstory Trees

Mid- and overstory trees with a dbh GT 10.0 cm were sampled in 80 m

2

circular plots

(0.008 ha) (radius = 5.0 m), centered at the same 7 m point. Dbh was measured for each tree in the plot to the nearest 0.1 cm and recorded by species. Circular plots were installed using the same method as the shrub and understory inventory (Nyland and Remele,

1975).

Presence/Absence Transect

A 30m transect was run parallel to the stream channel. The length was equally divided at the center of the 1m

2

plot distanced 2m from the channel, 15m of transect extending in


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either direction. Along this parallel transect, all new (unrecorded in the 1m

2 plots) species were recorded.

Other Plant Species Observed

This category was used for recording all observed species not captured in any of the above sampling methods. The area of observation was a rectangle with its one side running the length of the 30m presence/absence transect, and width equal to the perpendicular sampling transect (12m) (Figure 2). Species in this category were not included in the ordination analyses.

Slope Gradient

Using a clinometer, habitat slope was measured from the center of the 1m 2 plot at 2m from the streambank to the center of the 1m

2 at 12m from the streambank.

Percent Cover

Percent cover (shading) by riparian trees was estimated using a concave densiometer at the center of the 1m 2 plot at 2m from the stream in each site.


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Figur

Figure 2.

Nested sampling strategy for riparian plant community surveys. (Jillian Post)


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Recording of Taxa

Taxa were recorded using a 6-letter code made up of the first 3 letters of the genus name and the first 3 letters of the specific epithet (i.e., QUERUB = Quercus rubra ). Species identifications were made by referencing numerous field guides: Wildflowers in the Field and Forest: A field guide to the northeastern United States (Clements and Gracie, 2006),

Peterson Field Guide: Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America (Cobb, 2005),

Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada (Gleason and Cronquist, 1991), Field Guide to the Grasses, Sedges and Rushes of the United States

(Knobel, 2007) and Peterson Field Guide: Trees and Shrubs (Petrides, 1972). Most grass and sedge species identifications were determined by Dr. Tony Reznicek of the

University of Michigan during a Carex workshop attended by Mr. Soranno and Ms. Post.

Nomenclature follows the USDA PLANTS Database.


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Plant community data analysis

Plant community data were collected in three canopy levels for each of the 22 sites: mid- and overstory trees, shrubs/understory trees and herbaceous/seedlings.

Relative importance values were calculated for each species in each plot. Bray-Curtis or

NMS (non-metric multidimensional scaling) ordinations were performed using PCord

(McCune and Mefford, 1999; McCune and Grace, 2002) for each of the three vegetation levels to expose any patterns in community assemblages. Non-metric Multidimensional

Scaling (NMS) is an ordination method that is applicable to data that are discontinuous.

Community (relative importance value) data were analyzed using NMS techniques based on community similarity (Sorenson

’ s index) as the measure of dissimilarity between study sites (McCune and Mefford, 1999).


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RESULTS

Most important taxa at each site

Taxa listed are those with relative importance values > 0.05 in the overstory (OS), understory (US), 2m 1x1 plots (2m), 7m 1x1 plots (7m), and 12m 1x1 plots (12m); lists are ordered from highest values to lowest. Exotic species marked with *.

Upper

Robinson Brook

OS: Tilia americana

US: Diervilla lonicera, Acer spicatum, Cornus rugosa, Prunus virginiana, Corylus americana,

Corylus cornuta, Rubus odoratus * , Tilia americana

2m: Dryopteris marginalis , Mitella diphylla , Aster spp., Viola cucullata , Viola pubescens ,

Solidago spp., Maianthemum canadense , Maianthemum racemosum , Athyrium filix-femina , Poa alsodes .

7m: Fragaria vesca , Polygonatum biflorum , Aster spp., Maianthemum canadense, Dryopteris marginalis

12m: Polypodium virginianum , Polygonum scandens , Maianthemum canadense, Diervilla lonicera, Aster spp ., Rubus spp.

Cold Brook

OS: Acer negundo

US: Corylus cornuta, Gaylussacia baccata, Acer rubrum, Quercus rubra, Prunus serotina

2m: Brachyelytrum aristosum, Maianthemum canadense, Onoclea sensibilis, Amelanchier spp.,

Lonicera spp.*, Calamagrostis canadensis, Chamaedaphne calyculata

7m: Maianthemum canadense, Aster spp., Solidago spp., Trientalis borealis, Vaccinium sp.

12m: Maianthemum canadense, Aralia hispida, Spiraea tomentosa, Acer rubrum, Vaccinium sp.,

Bidens spp., Aster spp., Pinus strobus

(Downstream of) Skeleton Dam

OS: Acer rubrum

US: Spiraea alba var. latifolia , Prunus serotina , Vaccinium corymbosum , Vaccinium sp.

2m: Impatiens spp., Vicia cracca *, Solidago spp., Aster spp.

7m: Solidago spp., Vaccinium sp., Carex spp., Pteridium aquilinum , Apocynum androsaemifolium, Rosa carolina

12m: Maianthemum canadense, Aster spp., Fragaria vesca, Acer rubrum, Vicia cracca * ,

Vaccinium sp., Pteridium aquilinum , Apocynum androsaemifolium

(Downstream of) Million Dollar Dam

OS: Tsuga canadensis, Quercus rubra, Tilia americana, Pinus rigida, Pinus strobus, Fraxinus americana, Betula alleghaniensis, Acer saccharum

US: Prunus virginiana, Quercus rubra

2m: Maianthemum racemosum, Polygonatum biflorum, Maianthemum canadense, Trifolium spp.,

Solidago spp., Arisaema triphyllum, Laportea canadensis

7m: Polygonatum biflorum, Maianthemum canadense, Vaccinium sp., Amphicarpaea bracteata ,

Acer rubrum , Solidago spp., Carex pallescens, Gaultheria procumbens

12m: Maianthemum canadense, Athyrium filix-femina , Pteridium aquilinum , Polygonatum biflorum, Trientalis borealis


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Middle

(Upstream of) Atwood Road (powerline right-of-way)

OS: Tsuga canadensis, Quercus rubra, Acer saccharum, Betula alleghaniensis, Tilia americana

US: Acer saccharum, Rubus pensilvanicus , Rubus odoratus , Ribes spp., Sambucus racemosa,

Ostrya virginiana, Fraxinus americana, Tilia americana

2m: Rubus sp., Trientalis borealis, Solidago spp ., Athyrium filix-femina, Dryopteris marginalis,

Plantago rugelii, Acer rubrum, Vicia cracca * , Galium spp., Boehmeria cylindrica , Carex spp.

7m: Quercus rubra, Rubus spp., Rubus odoratus, Panicum sp., Dryopteris marginalis, Carex sp.,

Tilia americana, Athyrium filix-femina , Solidago spp., Galium spp., Amphicarpaea bracteata

12m: Rubus spp. Acer saccharum, Quercus rubra, Dryopteris marginalis, Tilia americana

(Upstream of) Parker Road

OS: Acer saccharum, Betula alleghaniensis, Tilia americana

US: Fraxinus americana, Tilia americana

2m: Onoclea sensibilis, Matteuccia struthiopteris , Onoclea sensibilis, Solidago spp ., Impatiens spp., Boehmeria cylindrica , Equisetum spp., Ranunculus abortivus , Urtica dioica , Galium spp.

7m: Onoclea sensibilis, Equisetum spp., Carex gynandra , Galium spp., Athyrium filix-femina ,

Polygonum spp., Impatiens spp.

12m: Onoclea sensibilis, Equisetum spp., Amphicarpaea bracteata , Impatiens spp., Matteuccia struthiopteris , Ranunculus abortivus , Anemone canadensis , Acer saccharum, Athyrium filixfemina , Boehmeria cylindrica

Tracy Brook

OS: None

US: Alnus incana ssp. rugosa, Lonicera spp.*, Fraxinus pennsylvanica

2m: Impatiens spp., Oxalis stricta , Apios americana, Polygonum sagittatum, Potentilla norvegica

7m: Phalaris arundinacea , Carex gracillima , Impatiens spp., Solidago spp., Bidens spp.,

Boehmeria cylindrica

12m: Carex gracillima , Oxalis stricta , Impatiens spp., Galium spp., Lonicera spp.*, Solidago spp.

(Downstream of) Northway [I-87]

OS: Tilia americana, Acer saccharum, Fraxinus nigra, Juglans cinerea

US: Fraxinus nigra, Tilia americana, Amelanchier laevis, Cornus amomum, Corylus americana,

Lonicera tatarica * , Prunus serotina, Viburnum lentago

2m: Onoclea sensibilis, Matteuccia struthiopteris , Ranunculus abortivus , Solidago spp., Rhamnus cathartica * , Lysimachia nummularia * , Parthenocissus quinquefolia , Carya cordiformis

7m: Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Onoclea sensibilis, Lysimachia nummularia * , Solidago spp.,

Lonicera spp.*, Aronia melanocarpa , Circaea alpina

12m: Lysimachia nummularia * , Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Galium spp., Circaea alpina,

Corylus cornuta, Solidago spp., Prunus virginiana , Matteuccia struthiopteris , Rubus spp., Vitis sp.

Lower

Chazy Recreational Park

OS: Acer saccharum , Fraxinus pennsylvanica , Acer negundo, Pinus strobus

US: Rhamnus cathartica *, Fraxinus pennsylvanica , Cornus amomum, Tilia americana, Lonicera spp.*, Malus sp.*, Ulmus rubra


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2m: Matteuccia struthiopteris , Onoclea sensibilis, Solidago spp., Lysimachia nummularia * ,

Ranunculus abortivus , Rhamnus cathartica *, Carya cordiformis , Parthenocissus quinquefolia

7m: Rhamnus cathartica *, Lysimachia nummularia, Impatiens spp., Phalaris arundinacea,

Glyceria striata, Lysimachia ciliata

12m: Plantago rugelii, Carex spp., Rhamnus cathartica *, Prunus serotina , Solidago spp., Viola pubescens

(Upstream of) Stetson Road Bridge

OS: Ulmus rubra, Acer saccharum, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Populus alba *

US: Ulmus rubra, Rhamnus cathartica *, Acer negundo, Ribes americana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica , Populus alba *

2m: Boehmeria cylindrica , Oxalis stricta , Glyceria striata, Viola cucullata, Impatiens spp.,

Phalaris arundinacea, Solidago spp., Amphicarpaea bracteata , Thalictrum pubescens

7m: Lysimachia nummularia * , Impatiens spp., Aster spp., Acer negundo , Lithospermum officinale *, Lysimachia ciliata, Urtica dioica, Geum canadense, Oxalis stricta , Amphicarpaea bracteata , Bidens spp.

12m: Urtica dioica, Aster spp., Lysimachia ciliata, Acer negundo, Solidago spp., Oxalis stricta ,

Anemone canadense , Bidens spp., Taraxacum officinale *, Fraxinus pennsylvanica

(Upstream of) Lake Shore Road Bridge

OS: Acer negundo

US: Fraxinus pennsylvanica , Cornus sericea, Acer rubrum

2m: Impatiens spp., Urtica dioica, Amphicarpaea bracteata , Solidago spp., Galium spp., Aster spp., Acer negundo

7m: Acer rubrum, Acer saccharinum, Aster spp., Amphicarpaea bracteata , Galium spp.,

Leucanthemum vulgare* , Trifolium hybridum *, Equisetum sp. Solidago spp.

12m: Trifolium hybridum * , Bidens spp., Lythrum salicaria * , Thelypteris palustris

Ordination results on following pages. Figures 3-12.


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Figure 3.

Ordination results showing site-by-site comparisons for the overstory layer; upper, middle, and lower reaches do not cluster.


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Figure 4.

Ordination results showing species-by-species comparisons. Upper, middle, and lower reaches do not cluster based on tree species composition.


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Figure 5.

Understory plots. Ordination results showing site-by-site comparisons, including clustering of upper and lower reach sites into discreet groups.


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Figure 6.

Understory plots. Ordination results showing taxa-by-taxa comparisons, including clustering of upper and lower reach sites into discreet species groups.

Key defining species in upper region: Diervilla lonicera, Acer spicatum, Cornus rugosa,

Prunus virginiana, Corylus americana, Corylus cornuta, Rubus odoratus * , Tilia americana,

Myrica gale, Vaccinium spp.

, Hamamelis virginiana, Spiraea alba var.

latifolia

Key defining species in lower region: Malus sp.*, Acer negundo , Ulmus rubra , Populus alba *,

Fraxinus pennsylvanica , Cornus sericea, Acer rubrum, Lonicera spp.*, Rhamnus cathartica * ,

Viburnum trilobum, Ribes americana.


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Figure 7.

All 1x1 plots at 2m from streambank. Ordination results showing site-by-site comparisons, including clustering of middle and lower reach sites into a discreet group based on similarity of their compositions at the 2m plot level.


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Figure 8.

All 1x1 plots at 2m from streambank. Ordination results showing taxa-by-taxa comparisons of herbaceous/seedling plots, including clustering of middle and lower reach sites into a discreet group based on shared species at the 2m plot level.

Key defining species: Lonicera sp.* (Lonsp), Lysimachia nummularia * (Lysnum), Calamagrostis canadensis (Calcan), Circaea alpina (Ciralp), Rhamnus cathartica * (Rhacat), Matteuccia struthiopteris (Matstr), Onoclea sensibilis (Onosen), Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Parqui),

Ranunculus abortivus (Ranabo), Solidago spp (Solsp), Anemone canadense (Anecan), Thalictrum pubescens (Thapub), Prunus serotina (Pruser), Amphicarpaea bracteata (Ampbra), Polygonum spp. (Polsp), Equisetum sp. (Equsp), Boehmeria cylindrica (Boecyl), Galium spp. (Galsp), Rubus allegheniensis (Ruball), Vicia cracca (Viccra), Plantago rugelii (Plarug), Vitis spp. (Vit sp), Acer negundo (Aceneg), Lysimachia ciliata (Lyscil), Urtica dioica (Urtdio), Oxalis stricta (Oxastr),

Impatiens sp. (Impsp), Apios americana (Apiame), Glyceria striata (Glystr), Phalaris arundinacea (Phaaru), Quercus rubra (Querub), Bidens spp. (Bidsp), Cornus sericea (Corsto),

Acer saccharinum (Acesac2).


Page 25 of 56

Figure 9.

All 1x1 plots at 7m from streambank. Ordination results showing site-by-site

(triangles) comparisons of herbaceous/seedling plots, including clustering of upper reach sites into a discreet groups (except for one side of Skeleton Dam (SDsw) location.)


Page 26 of 56

Figure 10.

All 1x1 plots at 7m from streambank. Ordination results showing taxa-by-taxa

(+ signs) comparisons of herbaceous/seedling plots, including clustering of upper and lower reach sites into discreet groups of species.

Key defining species, Upper: Vaccinium sp. (Vac sp); Corylus cornuta (Corcor);

Dryopteris marginalis (Drymar), Maianthemum canadense (Maican),; Trientalis borealis

(Tribor); Gaultheria procumbens (Gaupro); Hamamelis virginiana (Hamvir); Pinus strobus (Pinstr); Aralia nudicaulis (Aranud); Polygonum biflorum (Polbif); Polygonum scandens (Polsca); Diervilla lonicera (Dielon); Fragaria vesca (Fraves); Aster spp.

(Astsp), Rosa carolina (Roscar);

Apocynum androsaemifolium (Apoand), Pteridium aquilinum (Pteaqu).


Page 27 of 56

Figure 11.

Ordination results showing site-by-site comparisons of 1x1 herbaceous/seedling plots at 12m. Little pattern is shown.


Page 28 of 56

Figure 12.

Ordination results showing taxa-by-taxa comparisons of 1x1 herbaceous/seedling plots at 12m. No clear site-related pattern evident.


Page 29 of 56

Conclusions

A primary goal of this study was that regions of the Little Chazy River would be recognizable based on riparian vegetation patterns as related to levels of habitat disturbance. The results support this assumption, with the understory and some herbaceous level sampling data pointing to a gradient of minimal to intense disturbance that manifests itself in the identification of 2-3 plant community regions (Figs. 6, 8, &

10).

The difference among communities is especially distinct when comparing the understory communities of the headwaters region (much of it in conservation holdings) and the lower part of the river (much of it in high-intensity agriculture). While native shrubs of minimally-disturbed woodlands (such as Corylus and Hamamelis ) seem to define the upper reaches, four exotic taxa ( Rhamnus cathartica, Populus alba, Lonicera spp., and Malus spp.) are prominent in the lower ones. The upper reaches also stand apart in the 7m herbaceous/seedling sampling where herbs of intact woodlands are most prominent (Fig. 10).

This divergence likely exists because of differences in disturbance patterns, but probably is also linked to the fact that the floodplain areas closest to the mouth of the river are highly dynamic habitats influenced by lake water. Given this dynamism and the assumption that these sites were historically in clayplain forests (before being cleared for farming), any recommendations for buffer plantings in the lower reaches should not, generally, reflect the species compositions encountered in the upper reaches. Meanwhile, the middle (intermediately disturbed) region of the river, more similar in soils and geology to the (non-barren) upper reaches, is an appropriate area for woody buffer


Page 30 of 56

plantings selected based on the species surveyed in the upper region. For non-woody species, however, the middle and lower reaches are strongly associated in the nearest-tobank (2m) plots (Figs. 7 & 8). Here they share a large grouping of weedy and edgetolerant herbs. It would seem that any amount of disturbance in the middle regions is enough to allow the riparian corridor to move these species up- and downstream.

The overall contrast between the signals provided by the understory and the overstory species compositions is also worth considering. Although the understory component shows a clear pattern (Figs. 5 & 6), the overstory sampling (Figs. 3 & 4) is highly variable across all sites and shows only weak patterns (though qualitatively they are recognizable). Our sense is that the understory (and off-bank herbaceous communities) reflects recent disturbance patterns, while the overstory (consisting of older, larger trees) is a relict of pre-disturbance species distributions that were (and continue to be) more or less consistent over the length of the river. The outlier sites are the lowest reaches and the areas of the upper reaches where sandstone barrens reach or approach the riverbank. In terms of buffer recommendations, each of these less common habitats is best considered in a different light than the more widespread hardwood riparian forest found over much of the Little Chazy River. In particular, the lower reach riparian zones seem to represent an opportunity to move forward The Nature

Conservancy’s efforts to restore clayplain forest habitats in the Champlain Valley.


Page 31 of 56

Buffer Recommendations

Based on the results of the 2008 plant community survey, we recommend that woody buffer plantings reflect three categories of sites: one general (hardwood riparian forests of upper and middle reaches) and two specific (sandstone barrens and clayplain forests).

Little Chazy River hardwood riparian forests (west of I-87)

Suggestions for native trees (wet sites)

Acer negundo L. (boxelder)

Acer rubrum L. (red maple)

Acer saccharinum L. (silver maple)

Fraxinus nigra Marsh. (black ash)

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. (green ash)

Ulmus rubra (slippery elm)

Suggestions for native trees (mesic sites)

Acer saccharum Marsh. (sugar maple)

Betula alleghaniensis Britton (yellow birch)

Fraxinus americana L.

Juglans cinerea L. (butternut)

Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch (hophornbeam)

Tilia americana L. (basswood)

Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière (eastern hemlock)

Quercus rubra L. (red oak)


Page 32 of 56

Suggestions for native shrubs (wet sites)

Alnus incana (L.) Moench ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) R.T. Clausen (speckled alder)

Cephalanthus occidentalis L. (common buttonbush)

Cornus amomum Mill. (silky dogwood)

Cornus sericea L. (redosier dogwood)

Spiraea alba Du Roi var. latifolia (Aiton) Dippel (white meadowsweet)

Spiraea tomentosa L. (steeplebush)

Suggestions for native shrubs (mesic sites)

Acer spicatum Lam. (mountain maple)

Amelanchier laevis Wiegand (Allegheny serviceberry)

Corylus americana Walter (American hazelnut)

Corylus cornuta Marsh. (beaked hazelnut)

Diervilla lonicera Mill. (northern bush honeysuckle)

Sambucus racemosa L. (red elderberry)


Page 33 of 56

Little Chazy River sandstone barrens riparian forests

Suggestions for native trees


Pinus banksiana Lamb. (jack pine)

Pinus resinosa Aiton (red pine)

Pinus rigida Mill. (pitch pine)


Suggestions for native shrubs

Gaylussacia baccata (Wangenh.) K. Koch (black huckleberry)

Vaccinium corymbosum L. (highbush blueberry)

Vaccinium pallidum Aiton (lowbush blueberry)


Page 34 of 56

Little Chazy River clayplain forests (lower reaches east of I-87)

(based on community description of Thompson and Sorenson, 2005)

Suggestions for native trees (wet sites)

Quercus bicolor Willd. (swamp white oak)

Quercus macrocarpa Michx. (bur oak)

Ulmus americana L. (American elm)

Suggestions for native trees (mesic sites)


Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch (shagbark hickory)

Pinus strobus L. (eastern white pine)

Quercus alba L. (white oak)


Suggestions for native shrubs (wet sites)

Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray (common winterberry)

Viburnum dentatum L. var. lucidum Aiton (northern arrowwood)

Suggestions for native shrubs (mesic sites)

Hamamelis virginiana L. (American witchhazel)

Rosa carolina L. (Carolina rose)

Viburnum acerifolium L. (mapleleaf viburnum)


Page 35 of 56

Project dissemination

Project dissemination will be achieved through a comprehensive report completed jointly with the other project partners (Dr. Franzi of SUNY Plattsburgh and Steve Kramer of the

Miner Institute) and presented to the Lake Champlain Technical Advisory Committee and the New York State DEC, as well as through research poster presentations made by

Mr. Soranno, Ms. Post, and Dr. Martine at the following meetings in 2009:

 April 18: Sigma Xi Northeast Regional meeting, SUNY Oswego

 April 24: Sigma Xi Student Research Symposium, SUNY Plattsburgh

 May 1: American Society of Plant Biologists Northeast Regional

Meeting, SUNY Plattsburgh

 July 25: Annual meeting of the Botanical Society of America,

Snowbird, Utah

Jillian and Matt at Sigma Xi Northeast Regional Meeting, Oswego, NY


Page 36 of 56

References

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Comparison of Four Riparian Plant Communities on the Little Chazy River,

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Bedford, B. L., Walbridge, M. R., and Aldous, A. (1999). Patterns in

Nutrient Availability and Plant Diversity of Temperate North American Wetlands.

Ecology. Vol. 80, No. 7, pp. 2151-2169.

Clements, S. & Gracie, C. (2006). Wildflowers in the Field and Forest: A field guide to the northeastern United States.

New York: Oxford University Press.

Cobb, B. (2005). Peterson Field Guide: Ferns of Northeastern and Central North

America . New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.

Dieterich, M., Woodcock, T., Adams, K., and Mihuc, T. (2006). Indirect Effects of forest

Management on Riparian Zone Characteristics in the Adirondack Uplands of

New York . Northern Journal of Applied Forestry. Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 273-279.

Edinger, G. J., et al. (2 nd ed., 2002). Ecological Community of New York State.

New

York: New York Natural Heritage Program.

Endreny, T. A. (2002). Forest Buffer Strips: Mapping the water quality benefits . Journal of Forestry. pp. 35-40.

Gerber, E., Krebs, C., Murrell, C., Moretti, M., Rocklin, R., and Schaffner, U. (2008 ).

Exotic Invasive Knotweeds (Fallopia spp.) Negatively Affect Native Plant and

Invertebrate Assemblages in European Riparian Habitats . Biological

Conservation. pp. 1-9.

Gleason, H. A. & Cronquist, A. (1991). Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern

United States and Adjacent Canada. New York: New York Botanical Garden.

Graves, A. H. (1992). Illustrated Guide to Trees and Shrub: A handbook of the woody plants of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada . New York: Dover

Publications, Inc.

Gregory, S. V., Swanson, F. J., McKee, W. A., and Cummings, K. W. (1991). An

Ecosystem Perspective of Riparian Zones . BioScience. Vol. 41, No. 8, pp. 540-

551.

Harlow. W. M. (1957). Trees of the Eastern and Central United States and Canada.

New

York: Dover Publications, Inc.


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Harlow, W. M. (1959). Fruit Key and Twig Key: To trees and shrubs . New York: Dover

Publications, Inc.

Farrar, J. L. (1995). Trees of the Northern Untied States and Canada.

Iowa: Blackwell

Publishing Professional.

Keeton, W. S., Kraft, C. E., and Warren, D. R. (2007). Mature and Old-Growth Riparian

Forests: Structure, Dynamics, and Effects on Adirondack Stream Habitats .

Ecological Applications. Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 852-868.

Knobel, E. (1977). Field Guide to the Grasses, Sedges and Rushes of the United States.

New York: Dover Publications, Inc.

Knopf, F. L., Johnson, R. R., Rich, T. Samson, F. B., and Szaro, R. C. (1988).

Conservation of Riparian Ecosystems in the United States . Wilson Bulletin. Vol.

100, No. 2, pp. 272-284.

Lee, P., Smyth, C., and Boutin, S. (2003). Quantitative review of riparian buffer width guidelines from Canada and the United States . Journal of Environmental

Management. Vol. 70, pp. 165-180.

McCune, B. and M. J. Mefford. 1999. Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data, Version

4.25, MjM Software, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, U.S.A.

Naiman, R., DeCamps, H. & McClain, M. E. (2005). Riparia: Ecology, conservation, and management of streamside communities . Massachusetts. Elsevier Academic

Press.

Naimen, R. J., Decamps, H., and Pollock, M. (1992). The Role of Riparian Corridors in

Maintaining Regional Biodiversity . Ecological Applications. Vol. 3, No. 2, pp.

209-212.

Naimen R. J. and Decamps, H. (1997). The Ecology of Interfaces: Riparian zones.

Ann.

Rev. Ecol. Syst. Vol. 28, pp. 621-658.

Petrides, G. A. (1972). Peterson Field Guide: Trees and Shrubs . New York: Houghton

Mifflin Company.

Planty-Tabacchi, A.-M., Tabacchi, E., Naimen, R. J., Deferrari, C., and Decamps, H.

(1996). Invasibility of Species-Rich Communities in Riparian Zones.

Conservation

Biology. Vol. 10, No. 2. pp. 598-607.

Quinby, P. A., Willot, S., and Lee, T. (2000). Determining the Average Width of the

Riparian Zone in the Cassesls-Rabbit Lakes Area of Temagami, Ontario using

Understory Indicator Species.


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Shandas, V. (2007). An Empirical Study of Streamside Landowners’ Interest in Riparian

Conservation.

Journal of the American Planning Association. Vol. 73, No. 2, pp.

173-184.

Spackman, S. C. and Hughes, J. W. (1995). Assessment of Minimum Stream Corridor width for Biological Conservation: Species richness and distribution along midorder streams in Vermont, USA. Biological Conservation. Vol. 71, pp. 325-332.

Sweeney, B. W., Bott, T. L., Jackson, J. K., Kaplan, L. A., Newbold, J. D., Standley,

L. J., Hession, W. C., and Horwitz, R. J. (2004). Riparian deforestation, stream narrowing, and loss of stream ecosystem services.

PNAS. Vol. 101, No. 39, pp.

14132-14137.

Thompson, E.H. and Sorenson, E.R. 2005. Wetland, Woodland, Wildland: A Guide to the

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(2009). Plants Database. Web site: http://plants.usda.gov/


Page 39 of 56

APPENDIX 1. Canopy cover percentages (to the nearest 1.0).

Site

Upper: Robinson Brook SE

Canopy (%)

81

Upper: Robinson Brook NW

Upper: Skeleton Dam SW

Upper: Skeleton Dam NE

Upper: Cold Brook S

Upper: Cold Brook N

81

0

0

42

59

Upper: below $Million Dam E

Upper: below $Million dam W

Mid: Atwood Road NE

Mid: Atwood Road SW

Mid: Parker Road NW

Mid: Parker Road SE

Mid: Northway W

Mid: Northway E

Mid: Tracy Brook E

Mid: Tracy Brook W

Low: Chazy Rec Park SE

Low: Chazy Rec Park NW

Low: Stetson Bridge NW

Low: Stetson Bridge SE

Low: Lake Shore Road NE

Low: Lake Shore Road SW

78

49

71

91

87

74

70

87

99

85

65

88

82

22

21

87


Page 40 of 56

APPENDIX 2.

List of species recorded in each site at the following levels: herbaceous/seedlings, shrub/understory, mid-/overstory, presence/absence, and other observed. Most records represented with voucher specimens deposited in the SUNY

Plattsburgh Herbarium.

Robinson Brook – Southeast

Herbaceous/Seedlings:

MITDIP – Mitella diphylla – Two-leaved mitrewort

VIOCUC – Viola cucullata – Marsh blue violet

VIOPUB – Viola pubescens – Downy yellow violet

MAIRAC – Maianthemum racemosum – False

Solomon’s Seal

POLSCA – Polygonum scandens – Climbing false buckwheat

POLBIF – Polygonatum biflorum – Smooth

Solomon’s seal

RANREC – Ranunculus recurvatus – Hooked crowfoot

“Aster” sp.

Solidago sp.

ATHFIL – Athyrium filix-femina – Lady fern

FRAVES – Fragaria vesca – Woodland strawberry

MAICAN – Maianthemum canadense – Canada mayflower

DIELON – Diervilla lonicera – Bush honeysuckle

TAROFF – Taraxacum officinale – Common dandelion*

DRYMAR - Dryopteris marginalis –

Marginal/Evergreen wood fern

POAALS – Poa alsodes

Shrub/Understory:

FRAAME – Fraxinus americana – White ash

RUBODO – Rubus odoratus – Flowering raspberry

ACESPI – Acer spicatum – Mountain maple

CORAME – Corylus americana – American hazelnut

PRUVIR – Prunus virginiana – Chokecherry


Mid and Overstory:

TILAME – Tilia americana – Basswood

Presence/Absence:

VERVIR – Veratrum viride – False hellebore

TRIERE – Trillium erectum – Purple trillium

CORCOR – Corylus cornuta – Beaked hazelnut

OSMCIN – Osmunda cinnamomea – Cinnamon

Fern

AMPBRA – Amphicarpaea bracteata – Hog peanut

ARANUD – Aralia nudicaulis – Wild sarsaparilla

ACTPAC – Actaea pachypoda – White baneberry

CORRUG – Cornus rugosa – Round-leafed dogwood

ONOSEN – Onoclea sensibilis – Sensitive fern

Thalictrum sp. –

Other Observed Species:

ACEPEN – Acer pensylvanicum – Striped maple

ACERUB – Acer rubrum – Red maple

QUERUB – Quercus rubra – Red oak

Robinson Brook – Northwest



Solomon’s Seal


Aster sp. –

DRYMAR - Dryopteris marginalis –

Marginal/Evergreen wood fern


Solidago sp. –

MITDIP – Mitella diphylla – Two-leaved mitrewort


IMP SPP 2 – Impatiens sp. – Touch-me-not

POLVUL – Polypodium vulgare – Common polypody

RUB SPP 2 – Rubus sp.

Shrub/Understory:


CORCOR – Corylus cornuta – Beaked hazel

CORRUG – Cornus rugosa – Round-leafed dogwood




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ATHFIL – Athyrium filix-femina – Lady fern

CLEVIR – Clematis virginiana – Virgin’s bower

OSMCLA – Osmunda claytoniana – Interrupted fern

ULMAME – Ulmus americana – American elm

Ribes sp.

OSMREG – Osmunda regalis – Royal fern

ACESAC – Acer saccharum – Sugar maple

TIACOR – Tiarella cordifolia – Foam-flower

THAPUB – Thalictrum pubescens - Tall-meadow rue

GALASP – Galium aparine – Cleavers

ACTPAC – Actaea pachypoda – White baneberry


BOECYL – Boehmeria cylindrica – False nettle

CARGRA – Carex gracillima

CARPRA – Carex prasina

POAALS – Poa alsodes


BETALL – Betula alleghaniensis – Yellow birch

PINSTR – Pinus strobus – Eastern white pine

SAMRAC – Sambucus racemosa – Red elderberry

AMECAN – Amelanchier canadensis –

Shadebush


Cold Brook – South


TRIBOR – Trientalis borealis – Starflower

MAICAN – Maianthemum canadensis –

Canadian mayflower

SPITOM – Spiraea tomentosa - Steeplebush

SPILAT – Spiraea latifolia - Meadowsweet

EUTGRA – Euthamia graminifolia – Common flat-topped goldenrod

SOLRUG – Solidago rugosa – Wrinkle-leaved goldenrod

Viola sp.


CHACAL – Chamaedaphne calyculata –

Leatherleaf

LYSTER – Lysimachia terrestris – Bulbil loosestrife

CALCAN – Calamagrostis canadensis

Hypercium sp.

Vaccinium sp.

PINSTR – Pinus strobus – Easter white pine


DESFLE – Deschampsia flexuosa

PTEAQU – Pteridium aquilinum – Bracken fern


ARAHIS – Aralia hispida – Bristly sarsaparilla


BIDFRO – Bidens frondosa – Devil’s beggerticks

Shrubs/Understory:




VIBCAS – Viburnum cassinoides – Wild raisin

Amelanchier sp.

GAYBAC – Gaylussacia baccata – Huckleberry

AROMEL – Aronia melanocarpa – Black chokeberry



PINBAN – Pinus banksiana – Jack pine


HYDAME – Hydrocotyle americana – Marsh pennywort

SCIATR – Scirpus atrocinctus


KALANG – Kalmia angustifolia – Sheep laurel

RUBALL – Rubus allegheniensis – Blackberry

RUBHIS – Rubus hispidus – Swamp dewberry

HAMVIR – Hamamelis virginiana – Common witch-hazel

IREVER – Iris versicolor – Northern blue iris

SAMPUB – Sambucus pubens – Red elderberry



MELLIN – Melampyrum lineare – Cow-wheat

KALLAT – Kalmia latifolia – Mountain laurel

BETALL – Betula allegheniensis – Yellow

Birch

OSMCIN – Osmunda cinnamomea – Cinnamon fern

JUNEFF – Juncus effuses

CARGYN – Carex gynandra

Lysamachia sp.


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IMPCAP – Impatiens capensis – Orange touchme-not

GAUPRO – Gaultheria procumbens –

Wintergreen


VERSCU – Veronica scutellata – Narrow-leaved speedwell

FAGGRA – Fagus grandifolia – American beech


CYPACA – Cypripedium acaule – Pink lady’sslipper

RIBGAL – Ribis glandulosum – Skunk currant

RUBOCC – Rubus occidentalis – Black raspberry

CARSTR – Carex striata

Cold Brook – North



Amelanchier sp. –

BRAARI – Bracheylytrum aristosum



Solomon’s seal


Canadian mayflower

OCLACU – Oclemena acuminatus – Whorledleaved aster

Viola sp.

TRIBOR – Trientalis borealis – Starflower




CORCOR – Corylus cornuta – Beaked hazelnt

RUBOCC – Rubus occidentalis – Black raspberry

PRUSER – Prunus serotina – Black cherry



SPILAT – Spiraea latifolia - Meadowsweet

CORCOR – Corylus cornuta – Beaked hazelnt



CARCAR – Carpinus caroliniana – American hornbeam



Carex sp.

PARQUI – Parthenocissus quinquefolia –

Virginia creeper

OXASTR – Oxalis stricta – Common yellow wood-sorrel


CIRLUT – Circaea lutetiana – Common enchanter’s-nightshade

SPITOM – Spiraea tomentosa - Steeplebush

Thalictrum sp.

ARANUD – Aralia nudecalis – Wild sarsaparilla


GALASP – Galium asprellum – Rough bedstraw


HYDAME – Hydrocotyle americana – Marsh pennywort

DRYSPI – Dryopteris spinulosa – Woodfern

POTNOR – Potentilla norvegica – Rough cinquefoil

Hypercium sp.

EUTGRA – Euthamia graminifolia – Common flat-topped goldenrod

Ribes sp.


ATHFIL – Athryrium filix-femina – Lady fern

DRYMAr – Dryopteris marginalis – Marginal woodfern

RIBGAL – Ribis glandulosum – Skunk currant

FRANIG – Fraxinus nigra – Black ash

Vaccinium sp.



BETALL – Betula allegheniensis – Yellow birch


Skeleton Dam – Southwest


CALLAC – Calamagrostis lacustris

SPILAT – Spiraea latifolia – Meadowsweet

GAUPRO – Gaultheria procumbens –

Wintergreen

PTEAQU – Pteridium aquilinum – Bracken fern



Amelanchier sp.

VACPAL – Vaccinium pallidum – Hillside blueberry


Page 43 of 56

CALCAN – Calamagrostis canadensis –

Bluejoint grass

CARSTR – Carex stricta – Tussock sedge

POAPRA – Poa pratensis – Kentucky Bluegrass

CARPRO – Carex projecta – Necklace sedge



CEPOCC – Cephalanthus occidentalis –

Buttonbush

Amelanchier sp.



GAYBAC – Gaylussacia baccata – Huckleberry


MYRGAL – Myrica gale – Sweet fern

VIBCAS – Viburnum cassinoides – Wild raisin



Presences/Absence:


VERHAS – Verbena hastata – Common verbena



MIMRIN – Mimulus ringens – Allegheny monkey flower

EUPPER – Eupatorium perfoliatum – Boneset

POLSAG – Polygonum sagittatum – Arrowleaved tearthumb

GALPAL – Galium palustre – Marsh bedstraw

Lonicera sp.

SAMCAN – Sambucus canadensis – Common elderberry

RANREC – Ranunculus recurvatus – Hooked crowfoot


NUPLUT – Nuphar variegata – Bullhead pond lilly

VICCRA – Vicia cracca – Cow vetch


LACCAN – Lactuca canadensis – Tall lettuce

LYSTER – Lysimachia terrestris – Bulbil loosestrife

LYSCIL – Lysimachia ciliata – Fringed loosestrife

THAPUB – Thalictrum pubescens - Tall meadow-rue

Salix sp.

Below Skeleton Dam – Northeast



THAPUB – Thalictrum pubescens – Tallmeadow rue




Aster sp.


Salix sp.

SOLGIG – Solidago gigantean – Smooth goldenrod

SOLRUG – Solidago rugosa – Wrinkle-leaved goldonrod

LACCAN – Lactuca canadensis – Tall lettuce




ASTCOR – Aster/ Symphyotrichum cordifolium –

Common heart-leaved aster

SOLCAE – Solidago caesia – Blue-stemmed goldonrod

PTRAQU – Pteridium aquilinum – Bracken fern

APOAND – Apocynum androsaemifolium –

Spreading dogbane


ROSCAR – Rosa carolina – Pasture rose



FRAVES – Fragaria vesca – Woodland strawberry



VACAUG – Vaccinium augustifolium – Lowbush Blueberry



Amelanchier sp.

APOAND – Apocynum androsaemifolium –

Spreading dogbane




Page 44 of 56

CORALT – Cornus alternifolia – Alternateleaved dogwood

VACCOR – Vaccinium corymbosum – Common highbush blueberry



CORRUG – Cornus rugosa – Round-leaved dogwood



Amelanchier sp.

SALSER – Salix sericea – Silky Willow

SAMCAN – Sambucus canadensis – Common

Elder

MYRGAL – Myrica gale – Sweet Fern/Berry

EUPPER – Eupatorium perfoliatum – Boneset

CEPOCC – Cephalanthus occidentalis –

Buttonbush

Solidago sp.


HIEAUR – Hieracium aurantiacum – Orange hawkweed*

AGRPUB – Agrimonia pubescens – Downy agrimony



CLIVUL – Clinopodium vulgare – Wild basil

SOLDUL – Solanum dulcamara – Bittersweet

Nightshade*

Crataegus sp.

Pyrus sp .

Atwood Rd. – Northeast




PLARUG – Plantago rugelii – American plantain


TRIREP – Trifolium repens – White clover*


SOLGIG – Solidago gigantean – Smooth goldenrod



CARCEP – Carex cephaloidea



Virginia creeper



Galium sp.





OSTVIR – Ostryr virginiana – Americann hophornbeam


DRYMAR – Dryopteris marginalis – Marginal woodfern







Ribes sp. –




BARVUL – Barbarea vulgaris – Common wintercress


ATHFIL – Athryrium Filix-femina – Lady fern

Crataegus sp.


ULMGLA – Ulmus glabra – Witch elm

OSTVIR – Ostryr virginiana – Americann hophornbeam


RANABO – Ranunculus abortivus – Kidneyleaved buttercup

THENOV – Thelypteris noveboracensis – New

York fern

HYDVIR – Hydrophyllum virginianum –

Eastern waterleaf



ARCMIN – Arctium minus – Common burdock*

POLACR – Polystichum acrostichoides –

Christmas fern

THEPHE – Thelypteris phegopteris – Long beech fern



Page 45 of 56


Solomon’s seal


Solomon’s Seal




DRYSPI – Dryopteris spinulosa – Spinulose woodfern


Lonicera sp.

Carya sp.

Cardamine sp.

Mitella sp.

Actaea sp.

CAUTHA – Caulophyllum thalictroides – Blue cohosh


Vitis sp.

Crataegus sp.

ARITRI – Arisaema triphyllum – Jack-in-thepulpit*


TSUCAN – Tsuga canadensis – Northern hemlock

MITREP – Mitchella repens – Partridge-berry


Atwood Rd. – Southwest





Ribes sp.

Solidago sp.

RUBODO – Rubus odoratus – Flowerinig raspberry

RUBALL – Rubus allegheniensis – Common blackberry

RUBIDA – Rubus idaeus – Red raspberry



RUBPEN – Rubus pensylvanica – Pennsylvania blackberry



Ribis sp.



OSTVIR – Ostryr virginiana – American hophornbeam





URTDIO – Urtica dioica – Stinging nettle

Thalictrum sp. –






Solidago sp.


TRIERE – Trillium cf.

erectum – Purple trillium



Viola sp.



CARLEP – Carex leptonnervia




PRUSER – Prunus serontina – Black cherry

EPIHEL – Epipactis helleborine – Helleborine

PILPUM – Pilea pumila - clearweed

Parker Rd. – Northwest





THAPUB – Thalictrum pubescens – Tall meadow-rue




Page 46 of 56


Equisetum sp.

Solidago sp.







Polygonum sp.

CARSCA – Carex scabrata

CARGYN – Carex gynandra



HYLTEL – Hylotelephium telephium – Live forever

ANECAN – Anemone canadensis – Canadian anemone





SCIMIC – Scirpus microcarpus






Equisetum sp.

POAPRA – Poa pratensis



Virginia creeper


Trillium sp.

RANACR – Ranunculus acris – Common buttercup

ULMAME – Ulmus americana – American elm



RUBIDA – Rubus idaeus – Red raspberry





OROUNI – Orobanche uniflora – Cancer root

IREVIR – Iris versicolor – Northern blue iris



MATSTR – Matteuccia struthiopteris – Ostrich fern

Avens sp.


Parker Rd. – Southeast






Virginia creeper


Solidago sp.





SCHTAB – Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani – rush sp.

Polygonum sp.











FRAAME – Fraxinus pensylvanica – Green ash


GALASP – Galium asprellum – Rouch bedstraw



Page 47 of 56



Equisetum sp. –



Rubus sp.




VERAME – Veronica americana – American speedwell

CERFON – Cerastrium brachypetalum –

Mouse-ear chickweed*

BRARAP – Brassica rapa – Field mustard*

ULMRUB – Ulmus rubra – Slippery elm

ALNRUG – Alnus rugosa – Speckled alder

SOLDUL – Solanum dulcamara – Bittersweet nightshade*

Northway – West


LYSNUM – Lysimachia nummularia –

Moneywort*


CARCOR – Carya cordiformis – Bitternut hickory

RHACAT – Rhamnus cathartica – Common buckthorn*

Lonicera sp.

CIRALP – Circaea lutetiana – Common enchanter’s-nightshade

MATSTR – Matteuccia Struthiopteris – Ostrich fern

Solidago sp. –


Thalictrum sp.



MATSTR – Matteuccia Struthiopteris – Ostrich fern



Lonicera sp.





JUGCIN – Juglans cinerea – Butternut



SANCAN – Sanguinaria canadensis –

Bloodroot

VIBACE – Viburnum acerifolium – Mapleleaf viburnum

Equisetum sp.


Solomon’s Seal

RHURAD – Rhus radicans – Poison ivy

THAPUB – Thalictrum pubesens – Tall meadow-rue

VIBLEN – Viburnum lentago – Nannyberry

Vitis sp. –


Virginia creeper

CARCAR – Carpinus caroliniana –

Hornbeam/Ironwood



CORAMO – Cornus amomum – Silky dogwood



ACTRUB – Actaea rubra – Red baneberry

ALLTRI – Allium tricoccum – Wild leek

SOLGIG – Solidago gigantea – Smooth goldenrod


Canadian mayflower

RHUTYP – Rhus typhina – Staghorn sumac

GALASP – Gallium asprellum – Rough bedstraw

ARITRI – Arisaema triphyllum – Jack-in-thepulpit

BETPOP – Betula populifolia – Grey birch

FRAPEN – Fraxinus pensylvanica – Green ash

VIBTRI – Viburnum opulus – Cranberrybush viburnum

CORALT – Cornus alternifolia – Alternateleaved dogwood

Northway - East



Virginia creeper

MAIRAC – Maianthemum racemosa – False

Solomon’s seal

ONOSEN – Onoclea sensibilis – Sensitive Fern

Solidago sp.


Page 48 of 56

RHACAT – Rhamnus cathartica – Common

Buckthorn


Aster sp.

ANEQUI – Anemone quinquefolia – Wood anenome


GALMOL – Galium mollugo – Wild madder*

CARCOR – Carya cordiformus – Bitternut hickory

VITCIN – Vitis cinerea – Winter grape

Rubus sp.


AMELAE – Amelanchier laevis – Smooth juneberry







OSTVIR – Ostryr virginiana – American hophornbeam

CORAMO – Cornus amomum – Silky dogwood


LONTAT – Lonicera tatarica – Tartarian honeysuckle







SANCAN – Sanguinaria canadensis –

Bloodroot




Moneywort*



Viola sp. –







QUEBIC – Quercus bicolor – Swamp white oak

RUBODO – Rubus odoratus – Fowering raspberry


BERVUL – Berberis vulgaris – European barberry*


Rubus sp. –

SISMON – Sisyrinchium montanum – Strict blue-eyed grass

LEUVUL – Leucanthemum vulgare – Ox-eye daisy*

HIECAE – Hieracium caespitosum – Yellow king-devil

Chazy Recreation Park – Southeast






Carex sp. -






ANECAN – Anemone canadensis – Canadian anenome

Solidago sp.




Amelanchier sp.

Carex sp.





Amelanchier sp.




Page 49 of 56

VIBTRI – Viburnum trilobum – Cranberry viburnum


Lonicera sp.






Trillium sp.


Virginia creeper



BURTHU – Berberis thunbergii – Japanese barberry*

QUEBIC – Quercus bicolor – Swamp white oak


ERIPHI – Erigeron philadelphicus – Common fleabane


ACENEG – Acer negundo – Box elder


Equisetum sp.

VALOFF – Valeriana officinalis – Garden valerian*



Solomon’s seal

HESMAT – Hesperis matronalis – Dame’s rocket*

CIRDIS – Cirsium discolor – Field thistle


Canadian mayflower

VITCIN – Vitis cinera – Winter grape

CARCOR – Carya cordiformis – Bitternut hickory

Salix sp.


BETPOP – Betula populifolia – White birch

CARCRI – Carex crinita


SPITOM – Sorbus - Mountain ash

ASCINC – Asclepias incarnata – Swamp milkweed

Chazy Recreation Park - Northwest



Moneywort*


SOLCAN – Solidago canadensis – Canada goldenrod

Carex sp.

Equisetum sp.




GLYSTR – Glyceria striata

PHAARU – Phalaris arundinacea




QUERUB – Quercus rubra –Red oak

IMPCAP – Impatiens capensis – Orange-touchme-not




COROBL – Cornus obliqua – Narrowleaf dogwood

ONONSEN – Onoclea sensibilis – Sensitive fern




Pyrus sp.





APIAME – Apios americana – Groundnut

GLEHED – Glechoma hederacea – Ground ivy*



CALPAL – Calla palustris – Wild calla

Trillium sp.

Lysimachia sp.

Ribes sp.


Page 50 of 56

HYDVIR – Hydrophyllum virginianum –

Eastern waterleaf

ECHLOB – Echinocystis lobata – Wild cucumber

SALNIG – Salix nigra – Black willow

THADIO – Thalictrum dioicum – Early meadow-rue


Cratageous sp.

BERTHU – Berberis thunbergii – Japanese barberry*


ALLPET – Alliaria petiolata – Garlic-mustard*

CARGRI – Carex grisea

CORRUG – Cornus rugosa – Roundleaf dogwood

Lonicera sp.

CARCRI – Carex crinita


ACESAC – Acer saccharum - Sugar maple


ACESAC – Acer saccharinum – Silver maple

Stetson Bridge Rd. – Northwest




GALASP – Gallium asprellum – Rough bedstraw

SOLGIG – Solidago gigantean – Smooth goldonrod


IMPCAP – Impatiens capensis - Orange touchme-not

Equisetum sp.

Aster sp.




CIRLUT – Circaea lutetiana – Common enchanter’s-nightshade

CORSTO – Cornus stolonifera – Red-osier dogwood


Moneywort*


FRAPEN – Fraxinus pennsylvanica – Green ash

TAROFF – Taraxacum officinale – Common dandelion

LITOFF – Lithospermum officinale – European gromwell*

GUECAN – Geum canadense – White avens

ASTCOR – Aster/ Symphyotrichum cordifolium –


SOLCAN – Solidago canadensis – Canada goldenrod

POPALB – Populus alba – White poplar


Virginia creeper


RIBAME – Ribes americanum – American black currant




RHACAR – Rhamnus cathartica – Common buckthorn*







VITCIN – Vitis cinerea – Winter grape

CORSTO – Cornus sericea – Red-osier dogwood


COROBL – Cornus amomum – silky dogwood



POLSAG – Polygonum sagittatum – Arrowleave tearthumb


Crataegus sp.

Lonicera sp.


Equisetum sp.





Page 51 of 56


Stetson Bridge Rd. – Southeast





Virginia creeper







ULMRUB – Ulmus rubra –Slippery elm



ULMRUB – Ulmus rubra –Slippery elm


FRAPEN – Fraxinus pennsylvanica – Green ash


SOLGIG – Solidago gigantae – Smooth goldenrod

Lemna sp.

COROBL – Cornus amomum – Silky dogwood


Moneywort*




GLEHED – Glechoma hederacea – Ground ivy*

TILAME – Tilia americana - Basswood


LACBIB – Lactuca biennis – Tall blue lettuce

GUELAC – Guem laciniatum – Rough avens


RIBAME – Ribes americanum – American black currant


RHACAR – Rhamnus cathartica – Common buckthorn*

Lake Shore Rd. – Northeast



BIDVUL – Bidens vulgata – Tall begger-ticks


Galium sp.

Lemna sp.



FRAPEN –Fraxinus pensylvanica – Green ash

Acer sp. – seedlings

THEPAL – Thelypteris palustris – Marsh fern









HYDMOR – Hydrocharis morsus-ranae –

European frog-bit*

SAGLAT – Sagittaria latifolia – Common arrowhead





SALFRA – Salix fragilis – Crack willow

PRUAVI – Prunus avium – Sweet cherry

ARITRI – Arisaema triphyllum – Jack-in-thepulpit



APIAME – Apios americana - Groundnut

VIBLEN – Viburnum lentago - Nannyberry

SMIHER – Smilax herbacea – Carrion flower

Lake Shore Rd. - Southwest


SMIHER – Smilax herbacea – Carrion flower


Page 52 of 56



Bidens sp.

ACESAC – Acer saccharinum – Silver maple





Equisetum sp.

LEUVUL – Leucanthemum vulgare – Ox-eye daisy*

VITPAL – Vitis palmate – Cat grape

TRIHYB – Trifolium hybridum – Alsike clover*

LYTSAL – Lythrum salicaria – Purple loosestrife

CERFON – Cerastrium fontanum – Mouse-ear chickweed*


STELON – Stellaria longifolia – Long-leaved stichwort

ASCSYR – Asclepias syriaca – Common milkweed


ASTCOR – Aster/Symphyotrichum cordifolium –


DAUCAR – Daucus carota – Queen Anne’s lace*


ALOPRA – Alopercurus pratensis

CALCAN – Calamagrostic canadensis


POAPRA – Poa pratensis

CARPAL – Carex pallescens

BROINE – Bromus inermis

CERDEM – Ceratophyllum demersum –

Coontail




(none)


Lemna sp.

CORSTO – Cornus stolonifera – Red-osier dogwood

Trillium sp.

HYDMOR – Hydrocharis morsus-ranae –

European Frog-bit*



SALFRA – Salix fragilis – Crack willow

GUELAC – Guem laciniatum – Rough avens


CARVUL – Carex vulpinoidea

CARNOR – Carex normalis

JUNTEN – Juncus tenuis

MEDSAT – Medicago sativa – Alfalfa*

POTREC – Potentilla recta – Rough-fruited cinquefoil*

GALMOL – Galium mollugo – Wild madder*

PASSAT – Pastinaca sativa – Parsnip*

POPDEL – Populus deltoids – Cottonwood



Salix sp.


SOLDUL – Solanum dulcamara – Bittersweet nightshade*



Tracy Brook – East







LONXYL – Lonicera xylosteum – European honeysuckle*

CARGRA – Carex gracillima


Virginia creeper




Hypericum sp.




Page 53 of 56

LONXYL – Lonicera xylosteum – European honeysuckle*



(none)




Iris sp.



GEULAC – Geum laciniatun – Rough avens

ASCSYR – Asclepias syriaca – Common milkweed

CARSTI – Carex stipata




QUERUB – Quercus rubra – Red maple

ASTCOR – Aster/Symphyotrichum cordifolium –





CARCOR – Carya cordiformus – Bitternut hickory

SOLDUL – Solanum dulcamara – Bittersweet

Nightshade*

ATHFIL – Athryrium Filix-femina – Lady fern

Equisetum sp.

FRAVIR – Fragaria virginiana – Common strawberry


Cerastium sp.




Tracy Brook – South



BOECYL – Boehmeria cylindrical – False nettle



Shrubs/Uunderstory:



(none)



COROBL – Cornus amomum –

Narrowleaf/Silky dogwood

TRIREP – Trifolium repens – White clover*

Clematis sp. –

Salix sp. –

VITPAL – Vitis palmata – Cat grape




AGRGIG – Agrostis gigantean


IRIVER – Iris versicolor – Northern blue iris

VIBCAS – Viburnum cassiniodes – Wild raisin

ASCINC – Asclepias incarnata – Swamp milkweed


CARRET – Carex retrorsa

Populus sp.

Aster sp.



SAMCAN – Sambucus canadensis – Common

Elderberry


Ribes sp.

RUBIDA – Rubus idaeus – Red Raspberry

ECHLOB – Echinocystis lobata - Wild cucumber



Page 54 of 56

APPENDIX 3.

Records for aquatic insects collected in survey sites and identified by

Luke Myers, Colorado State University / Lake Champlain Research Institute.

May 27, 2008 - C. Martine

Robinson Brook

Ephemeroptera (Mayflies)

Family: Leptophlebiidae, Paraleptophlebia sp., 1 male subimago

June 2, 2008 - C. Martine

Little Chazy River

Upstream of Million Dollar Dam

44.8344N 73.5686


Family: Ephemeridae, Ephemera guttulata, 2 males and 1 female imago

Family: Leptophlebiidae, Habrophlebioides americana , 4 male imagos and subimagos

Megaloptera (Fishflies and Dobsonflies)

Family: Sialidae, Sialis sp., 1 male


Little Chazy River

44.8344N 73.5686W


Family: Ephemeridae, Ephemera guttulata , 1 male imago

Family: Leptophlebiidae, Habrophlebioides americana, 5 male imagos

Trichoptera (Caddisflies)

Family: Philopotamidae, Chimarra aterima , 1 male


Family: Corydalidae, Nigronia serricornis , 1 male


Little Chazy River

Upstream of Atwood Road Powerline right-of-way

44.8229N 73.5530W


Family: Ephemeridae, Ephemera sp., 1 male subimago

Family: Heptageniidae, Stenacron sp., 1 male subimago

Family: Leptophlebiidae, Habrophlebioides americana , 1 male subimago


Page 55 of 56


Family: Corydalidae, Nigronia serricornis , 1 male


Little Chazy River

Chazy Lions Recreation Park, Chazy

44.8959N 73.4332W

Plecoptera (Stoneflies)

Family: Perlidae, Agnetina capitata , 1 female

Ackowledgments

Funding provided by The Nature Conservancy (TNC). Thank you to Tom Berry (TNC),

Dave Franzi (SUNY Plattsburgh), Dave Jaffe (University of Vermont), Steve Langdon and Yi Lu for assistance in the field and/or grant assistance. Logistical support also provided by the Lake Champlain Research Institute (LCRI). Tim Mihuc (LCRI) offered help with data analysis and proofreading. Eileen Allen (SUNY Plattsburgh) helped generate our watershed map. We are grateful for the outstanding grant management services provided by the SUNY Plattsburgh Office of Sponsored Research and Programs

(

Michael Simpson, Jennifer Breyette, Marlene Cummings, Melody Trombly, Cheryl

DeCamp, and Darcy Rugar) and the administrative support of Janet Manor (SUNY

Plattsburgh Dept. Biological Sciences).


Page 56 of 56

Riparian ecosystems are interfaces that link terrestrial and aquatic

Little Chazy River Riparian Biodiversity Assessment

Plant Community Survey

2008 Season Report

SUNY Plattsburgh in cooperation with

TNC Adirondack Chapter/Champlain Valley Program.

April 2009

Table of Contents

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Riparian ecosystems are interfaces that link terrestrial and aquatic

Little Chazy River Riparian Biodiversity Assessment

Plant Community Survey

2008 Season Report

SUNY Plattsburgh in cooperation with

TNC Adirondack Chapter/Champlain Valley Program.

April 2009

Table of Contents

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