Pathology
General
Manifestation
Cause
Dg / Tx
Gastroesophageal
Reflux
Reflux of chime into the
lower esoph.
-Inflammation of
lower esophagus.
-heatburn, acidic regurg.
after meal dysphagia,
Incompetence of lower
esophageal sphincter
Dg: endoscopy
Hiatal Hernia
Stomach slides through
diaphragm into thorax
Accompanied by
gastroesophageal reflux
and esophagitis
Can occur w/ gall stones,
pancreatitis, cholecystitis
Acute
Gastritis
Inflammation of the
stomach lining
Stomach pain, nausea,
vomiting, bleeding
Erosion of superficial
epithelium (drugs,
caffeine, bacteria
alcohol)
Chronic Fundal
Gastritis (atrophic)
Autoimmune; atrophy of
stomach lining in older
people
Leads to decrease of
pepsinogen and
deficiency in Intrinsic
Factor secretion
“Pernicious Anemia”
Chronic Antral
Gastritis
(helicobactor,
infectious)
can be asymptomatic
very common in distal/
antrum part of stomach
Anorexia, bloating,
fullness, nausea,
vomiting, epigastric pain,
bleeding. May lead to
gastric or duodenal ulcer
or cancer
Tx: discontinue drugs,
diet (low fat, no spice)
bed rest
Patients have antibodies
present to parietal cells,
intrinsic factor and
intrinsic cells
Helicobacter bacteria:
Tx: antibiotics
Pathology
General
Manifestation
Causes
Dg / Tx
Peptic Ulcer
Pain after eating,
bloating, nausea,
vomiting
Exposure of mucous
membranes to acid and
pepsin
Gastric Ulcers
An ulceration of
muscularic mucosa of
lower esophagus,
stomach or duodenum
Common in older people;
erosion of mucous lining
Pain after eating,
bloating, nausea,
vomiting
Imbalance btw ulcerpromoting and (mucosa)
protective factors
Dg: clinical symptoms,
endoscopy, xray, gastric
analysis
Tx: see gastric ulcers
Dg: see peptic ulcers
Tx: antacids, surgery,
antibiotics, diet, etc
Acute Appendicitis
Inflammation of the
vermiform appendix
Pseudomembranous
Enterocolitis
Peritonitis
Acute inflammation of
the large or large and
small intestines ,
associated with
antibiotics
Acute inflammation of
the visceral and parietal
peritoneum with pus on
the abdominal wall
Pain (right side abd),
Obstruction of the lumen, Tx: surgery to remove,
nausea, vomiting
twisting, lymphoid
esp. with abscess
diarrhea, fever (low),
hyperplasia
formation or perforation
leukocytosis
leading to peritonitis
Rapid diarrhea, exudate
Toxin producing
Tx: change in antibiotics,
on surface of large and/or
bacteria, resistant to
fluid replacement
small intestines.
antibiotics multiply
trigger mucous prod.,
fibrin, inflame. response
Abdominal pain,
Bacteria from intestinal
Tx: surgery, antibiotics
distension or tenderness,
tract penetrate after
fever, tachycardia,
perforation of the
tachypnea, chills,
appendix or peptic ulcer,
vomiting, leukocytosis,
penetrating wounds or
shock
ectopic pregnancy
Pathology
General
Manifestation
Causes
Crohn’s Disease
Chronic transmural
inflammatory disease
affecting the distal ileum
and colon
Irritable bowel,
abdominal pain, fever,
anorexia, weight loss,
chronic diarrhea, right
lower quadrant mass
unknown etiology; may
be autoimmune, dietary
factors, bacteria,
smoking – affects young
adults, runs in families
Disease with
development of small,
multiple outpouchings
through the muscular
wall of the sigmoid colon
Motility disorder of the
small and large
intestines, as a reaction
to stress, mostly affecting
women. Excess mucous
production
Pain, diarrhea, bleeding.
Can lead to perforation,
abscess or fistula
formation
Related to low fibre diet
and aging
Abdominal distress,
variation in stool
consistency, bloating,
flatulence, headache,
fatigue, depression,
anxiety, food
intolerances
Loss of appetite, weight
loss, abdominal
discomfort or pain,
abdominal mass, anemia
(occur after
metastasizations)
May cause bleeding,
altered bowel movement
No anatomic cause.
Triggered by stress,
occurs in people with
inherited increased
sensitivity to
gastrointestinal motility
Colonic
Diverticulosis
Irritable Bowel
Syndrome (IBS,
spastic colon)
Carcinoma of the
Stomach
Hyperplastic Polyps
Arises from the gastric
mucosa and spreads into
the stomach wall,
metastasizes into
regional lymph nodes
and liver
Small protrusion from
mucosal lining
Cured meats (sodium
nitrates, MSG) pickled
food.
Associated with gastritis
or stomach ulcers
Dg / Tx
Dg: x-ray, endoscopy
Tx: anti-inflammatory
drugs, corticosteroids,
immunosuppressive
drugs, surgery
(obstruction, abscess,
fistulas)
Tx: diet, bed rest, Iv
alimentation, antibiotics,
surgery
Dg: made after exclusion
of other diseases
Tx: Diet and excersize,
detox, sedation, antidepressant therapy,
psychotherapy, stress
releif
Dg: x-ray, gastroscopy,
biopsy
Tx: surgery
Pathology
General
Manifestation
Villous Adenoma
Raised broad-based mass
(polyp) shaped like a
huge villi.
Often precancerous
Most common polyp
type. With stem coming
off of the large intestine
Growth turns into
hundreds of polyps, will
turn into cancer
Bleeding and altered
bowel movement, if any.
Adenocarcinomas,
growing slowly, arise in
the mucosa and expand
into lumen and through
colonic wall
Tumors of the
Right Colon:
Pain, palpable mass,
anemia, dark red or
brownish blood in stool
Tumors of the
Left Colon:
Grow circumferentially,
ulcerate, cause pain,
cramps, obstruction and
altered bowel movement,
bright red blood on stool
surface
Pedunculated
Adenoma
Familial
Adenomatous
Polyposis
Carcinoma of the
Colon and Rectum
Cont’d
“
Causes
Dg / Tx
Tx: surgery,
colonostomy
Bleeding and altered
bowel movement, if any.
Happens within a family
(if one person has it, all
are monitored)
Tx: surgery, radiation,
chemotherapy,
immunotherapy
Dg: endoscopy, x-rays,
presence of
carcinoembryonic
antigen
Cont’d
“
Rectal Carcinomas
Up to 15 cm from anus,
invade prostate, vagina,
lungs