14 External Lighting

14 External Lighting

14.1

INTRODUCTION

14.1.1 This chapter provides an assessment of the potential significant effects on the local environment arising as a result of the installation of artificial lighting as part of the Proposed Development at land at

Llanfrechfa Grange.

14.1.2 The lighting assessment includes a review of relevant legislation and policy relating to artificial lighting and a description of the baseline lighting conditions both on and in the immediate vicinity of the Site.

The assessment also includes an evaluation of the significance and nature of existing lighting on and in the vicinity of the Site in terms of light spill, glare and sky glow and the potential effects of future lighting that may arise as a result of the installation of artificial lighting associated with the Proposed Development.

14.1.3 The assessment considers the potential significant lighting effects during both the construction and operational phases in relation to surrounding sensitive receptors, including local residents, ecological receptors, road users, and the change in the night-time amenity and landscape within the surrounding area.

Where potential significant effects have been identified in relation to potential light spill, glare and sky glow mitigation measures have been proposed with the significance of any residual effects also identified.

14.1.4 The potential significant effects of the artificial lighting proposed as part of the development on the current night-time landscape and on identified ecological receptors are considered in further detail in Chapter

7: Landscape and Visual Effects and Chapter 8: Ecology and Nature Conservation respectively . The baseline information and outline lighting design measures and mitigation contained in this chapter has been referred to during preparation of Chapters 7 and 8.

14.1.5 This chapter (and its associated figures and appendices) is not intended to be read as a standalone assessment and reference should be made to the Front End of this ES (Chapters 1 to 5).

14.2

LEGISLATION, POLICY AND GUIDANCE

Legislative Framework

Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act (CNEA) 2005 (Ref. 14.1)

14.2.1 The Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act (CNEA) 2005 gives Local Planning Authorities and the Environment Agency additional powers to deal with a wide range of issues , in particular, classifying light pollution as a statutory nuisance.

14.2.2 The CNEA 2005 amends section 79 of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (Ref. 14.2) to extend the statutory nuisance regime to include light pollution and the effects from artificial lighting stating the following:

‘(fb) artificial light emitted from premises so as to be prejudicial to health or a nuisance’.

14.2.3 Guidance published in relation to Sections 101 to 103 of the CNEA 2005 by DEFRA (Ref 14.3) in

April 2006 extends the duty on Local Planning Authorities to ensure their areas are checked periodically for existing and potential sources of statutory nuisances including nuisances arising from artificial lighting. Local

Planning Authorities must take reasonable steps to investigate complaints of such nuisances from artificial light. Once satisfied that a statutory nuisance exists or may occur or recur, Local Planning Authorities must issue an abatement notice (in accordance with section 80(2) of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 ), requiring that the nuisance cease or be abated within a set timescale.

14.2.4 However, the statutory nuisance regime amended by the CNEA 2005 does not include light emitted from light sources which are used for transport purposes (e.g. airports, ports / harbours, railway / tramway premises, bus stations, goods vehicle operating facilities) and other premises where high levels of light are required for safety and security reasons.

Chapter 14 – External Lighting

WSP Environment & Energy

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14.2.5 With regard to potential artificial light nuisance associated with commercial security and amenity lighting, the CNEA 2005 states a number of control measures that should be used, including the application of the minimum level of illumination necessary to light specific areas of a premises, special optics or double asymmetric luminaries.

14.2.6 Premises used for the provision of emergency services need adequate lighting for operation and security purposes to ensure the safety of their staff and visitors, and to protect the integrity of the premises.

The statutory nuisance regime recognises the need for industry to be able to undertake its usual functions without being compromised by inadequate security and amenity lighting. This need is protected by the defence of ‘best practicable means’ under the CNEA 2005 .

14.2.7 In addition, it should be noted that highways lighting is not specifically exempt from the CNEA 2005 , although due to its location such lighting is unlikely to qualify as a statutory artificial light nuisance as it is not located on a premises. This will be relevant to the highways lighting associated with the Proposed

Development.

Planning Policy

14.2.8 Planning policy at the national, regional, county and local level is discussed in Chapter 5 – Planning

Policy Context. A summary of planning policy relevant to light pollution and artificial lighting is provided below.

National Planning Policy

Planning Policy Wales (2011) (Ref. 14.4)

14.2.9 Planning Policy Wales (2011) emphasises that there is a need to balance the provision of lighting to enhance safety and security but with a need to:

 Protect the natural and historic environment including wildlife;

 Retain dark skies, where appropriate; and

 Prevent glare and respect the amenity of neighbouring land uses.

14.2.10 Therefore, Planning Policy Wales states that Local Planning Authorities need to adopt policies for lighting, including the control of light pollution, at a Development Plan level i.e. in their Unitary Development

Plans (UDP’s), Local Plans and emerging Local Development Plans (LDP’s).

Wales Spatial Plan (2008 Update) (Ref. 14.5)

14.2.11 The purpose of the Wales Spatial Plan (updated in 2008) sets the broad strategic direction for the

Spatial Plan Areas of Wales. There are no specific policies contained in the Spatial Plan directly relating to external lighting or light pollution nuisance.

Regional Planning Policy

Strategic Planning Guidance for South East Wales – Volume 1 (January 2000) (Ref. 14.6) and Volume 2

(July 2001) (Ref. 14.7)

14.2.12 The purpose of the Strategic Planning Guidance for South East Wales is to provide a context for the preparation, consideration and revision of UDP ’s. Furthermore this guidance aims to identify strategic spatial policy issues that may need resolution and the mechanisms for resolving them as well as to provide an opportunity for interested organisations to contribute to the regional planning process. The Strategic

Planning Guidance aims to ensure that policies and proposals within UDP’s and LDP’s are fully appraised in terms of their environmental effects, ensure environmental protection and enhancement and minimise waste and pollution (including the effects of light pollution).

Local Planning Policy

14.2.13 The current Development Plan for Torfaen consists of two documents: the adopted Gwent Structure

Plan the Adopted Local Plan for the County Borough of Torfaen (July 2000). These plans cover the fifteen-



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year period from 1991 to 2006, although they will remain in force until the new LDP is adopted by the

Council.

14.2.14 The Council submitted the LDP and associated evidence base to the Welsh Government and

Planning Inspectorate in March 2011. Therefore, for the purposes of this assessment adopted local planning policy in the Gwent Structure Plan and Torfaen Local Plan has been referred to as well as the emerging

Deposit Local Development Plan.

Gwent Structure Plan (Period 1991 – 2006) (Ref. 14.8)

14.2.15 The Gwent Structure Pan was adopted by the former Gwent County Council in 1996, and covers the former districts of Blaenau Gwent, Islwyn, Newport, Monmouth and Torfaen. Its purpose is to provide a broad policy framework for determining planning applications, and guide the preparation of local plans.

14.2.16 In particular, Policy ENV4 relates to Pollution and states that:

“Development which creates Atmospheric, Water and/or Noise Pollution which will have an unacceptable effect on communities or the environment will not normally be pe rmitted.”

Torfaen Local Plan (Adopted July 2000) (Ref. 14.9)

14.2.17 The County Borough of Torfaen published the Adopted Local Plan in July 2000. Its main purpose is to interpret the Gwent Structure Plan at a local level, providing guidance for development control decisions and coordinating investment in the development and use of land. There are no specific policies contained in the Local Plan directly relating to external lighting or light pollution nuisance. However, the Environment

Chapter of the Local Plan contains specific design criteria policies for new development (Policy G1) and polices for the protection and enhancement of the environment (in particular Policies E2 and E8). The content of these policies has been referred to as part of this assessment.

Torfaen Local Development Plan: Deposit Plan Written Statement (March 2011) (Ref. 14.10)

14.2.18 The Torfaen LDP has been prepared by Torfaen County Borough Council (TCBC) and submitted in

March 2011. The LDP covers the period 1 st January 2006 to 31 st March 2021 and will guide the development and use of land in the County Borough from adoption to 2021. On adoption it will replace the existing adopted Torfaen Local Plan (1991-2006) and the adopted Gwent Structure Plan (1991-2006) as the

Development Plan for the County Borough and for decision-making on land use planning matters.

14.2.19 The Torfaen LDP encourages all development proposals to explore opportunities to mitigate the potential for noise and light pollution through effect assessments at the design stage. Policy BW1 states:

“All development proposals will be considered favourably providing they comply with the following criteria where they are applicable: The proposal does not result in unacceptable adverse effects in respect of … light pollution…from or to the proposal”

Llanfrechfa Grange Development Framework (October 2008) (Ref 14.11)

14.2.20 The Llanfrechfa Grange Development Framework has been produced by TCBC in association with

Gwent Health Trust and their consultants. This Development Framework was authorised for a six week public consultation period at the TCBC Full Council meeting on 26 th June 2008. Following the completion of this consultation period a report of all responses together with the final Development Framework, incorporating any amendments, was presented to and formally approved on 16 th December 2008.

14.2.21 The Development Framework establishes the broad form and structure of how development proposals are to be delivered at Llanfrechfa Grange and how these proposals are to be made accessible and integrated successfully with the existing community. The guidance contained in the Development Framework has been referred to as part of this assessment.

Guidance

International Guidance



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Commission Internationale De L’Eclairage (CIE) 150: Guide on the Limitation of the Effects of Obtrusive

Light from Outdoor Lighting Installations (2003) (Ref. 14.12)

14.2.22 The purpose of CIE 150 is to help formulate guidelines for assessing the environmental effects of outdoor lighting and to give recommended limits for relevant lighting parameters to contain the obtrusive effects of outdoor lighting within tolerable levels. As the obtrusive effects of outdoor lighting are best controlled initially by appropriate design, the guidance given is primarily applicable to new installations; however, some advice is also provided on remedial measures which may be taken for existing installations.

CIE 126: Guidelines for Minimising Sky Glow (1997) (Ref. 14.13)

14.2.23 CIE 126 provides general guidance for lighting designers and policy makers on the reduction of sky glow. The report gives recommendations about maximum permissible values for lighting installations. These values must be regarded as limiting values. Lighting designers should do all possible to meet the lowest specifications for the design. Other uses of the open air areas at night will usually result in less stringent skyglow requirements. Practical implementation of the general guidance is left to National Regulations.

National Guidance

Institute of Lighting Professionals (ILP) (2011) Guidance Notes for the Reduction of Obtrusive Light (Ref.

14.14)

14.2.24 The ILP has proposed lighting guidance and criteria for local authorities with a recommendation that these are incorporated at the local plan level. The ILP Guidance Notes define various forms of light pollution and describe a series of environmental zones. The ILP Guidance Notes provide suitable criteria against which the effects of artificial lighting can be assessed. The ILP Guidance Notes for the Reduction of

Obtrusive Light are provided in Appendix 14.1.

Lighting in the Countryside: Towards Good Practice (Ref. 14.15)

14.2.25 The Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (ODPM), now Department for Communities and Local

Government (DCLG) in conjunction with the Countryside Commission published Lighting in the Countryside:

Towards Good Practice . The guidance was developed to:

‘…provide practical advice on the prevention and control of lighting impacts through appropriate action by all those involved with lighting in the countryside’. Its objective is ‘to identify good practice in the planning and design of lighting in rural areas; and advise on how it can be achieved, using case study examples …’

The guide aims to provide an overview and common understanding of all aspects of good lighting practice stating that close co-operation and participation is required for all those involved in planning, designing and installing lighting schemes. The guidance provides valuable information on lighting best practice and the standard methodology outlined in this guidance document has been followed as part of this assessment.

BS EN 5489-1:2003 Code of Practice for the Design of Road Lighting – Part 1: Lighting of Roads and Public

Amenity Areas (Ref. 14.16)

14.2.26 BS EN 5489-1:2003 provides recommendations on the general principles, aesthetic and technical aspects of road lighting and advice on statutory provisions, operation and maintenance of lighting. The standard provides recommendations for lighting design for all types of highways and public thoroughfares, including those specifically for pedestrians and cyclists, and for pedestrian subways and bridges. It also provides recommendations for lighting design in urban centres and public amenity areas.

BS EN 13201-2:2003 Road Lighting – Part 2: Performance Requirements (Ref. 14.17)

14.2.27 This Standard defines lighting classes for road lighting according to photometric requirements and aiming at the visual needs of road users. It also considers environmental aspects of road lighting. Roads designated within BS EN 13201-2:2003 , S class are lit to a level required by pedestrians and pedal cyclists on footways, cycleways, emergency lanes and other road areas lying separately or along the carriageway of a traffic route, and for residential roads, pedestrian streets, parking places and school yards.



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Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) Lighting Guide: The Outdoor Environment (LG06)

(Ref. 14.18)

14.2.28 LG06 provides general and specific lighting design criteria for the outdoor environment. The guide notes that outdoor lighting presents a unique challenge as it is necessary to evaluate the visual needs and to consider artificial lighting and its associated equipment as an integral component of the complete landscape.

LG06 deals with many technical and aesthetic aspects which are likely to be of interest to users and specifies of lighting equipment in outdoor situations and has been referred to as part of the assessment.

Compliance with Policy and Guidance

14.2.29 In order to comply with the relevant planning policy and guidance in relation to artificial lighting at a national, regional and local level, the Proposed Development will need to use the minimum amount of lighting necessary to provide for the safe and secure use of the Site for its intended end use. The Proposed

Development must not significantly affect local amenity (including adjacent residential properties), the visibility of the night sky and landscape (in terms of sky glow), ecological fauna and flora sensitive to changes in ambient lighting levels, the setting of listed structures and the safety of road users (both existing and future).

14.2.30 It is anticipated that the adoption of an appropriate, controlled lighting design in accordance with current best practice guidance and the measures outlined in Section 14.5 below, during both the construction and operational phases, will effectively mitigate the potential effects on surrounding sensitive receptors from light spill, glare and sky glow and are within the required limits stipulated by the current ILP Guidance Notes for an E2 Environmental Zone.

14.3

ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY AND SIGNIFICANCE CRITERIA

Scope of the Assessment

14.3.1 The scope of assessment shall cover the effects of artificial lighting as a result of the Proposed

Development. The assessment will consider the following.

 Assess the existing baseline lighting conditions on the Site and in the immediate surroundings and identify sensitive receptors;

 Assess the potential significant lighting effects during the construction and operational phases (light spill, sky glow and glare), particularly in relation to sensitive receptors; and

 Provide outline mitigation measures to reduce and contain potential light spill, glare and sky glow from future external sources of lighting.

14.3.2 It is anticipated that the recommendations contained in this chapter will be used to inform the detailed lighting designs for the Proposed Development.

14.3.3 In addition, the potential effects of the artificial lighting proposed as part of the Proposed

Development on the current night-time landscape and on identified ecological receptors are considered in further detail in Chapter 7: Landscape and Visual Effects and Chapter 8: Ecology and Nature Conservation .

Extent of the Study Area

14.3.4 The extent of the study area for the baseline lighting survey has been based on professional judgement and has been determined to identify the baseline lighting levels within the Site at key sensitive receptors, as well as within the immediate vicinity of the Site, including residential dwellings bordering the

Site’s northern, eastern, southern and western boundaries and road users. In addition, night-time viewpoint images and ambient lighting levels were also recorded from the Special Landscape Area approximately

200m to the east of the Site.

14.3.5 The study area does not take into account medium or long distant views into the Site but is considered within Chapter 7 Landscape and Visual Impacts. The focus of this assessment is to assess the potential significant environmental effects associated with artificial lighting and ensure that nuisance issues



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from lighting associated with the Proposed Development towards identified receptors are effectively mitigated.

Consultation

14.3.6 As part of the scoping process during 2012 the Environmental Health Department in TCBC was consulted on the scope and methodology for the lighting impact assessment and to discuss the key issues relating to potential lighting effects arising during the construction and operational phases of the Proposed

Development.

No comments relevant to lighting had been received from TCBC Environmental Health Department.

Method of Baseline Data Collation

14.3.7 The approach and methodology used to assess the baseline lighting conditions on and in the immediate vicinity of the Site involved a desk study and a baseline lighting survey, as discussed below.

Desk Study

14.3.8 A desk study has been undertaken to identify relevant legislation, planning policy, good practice guidance, and sensitive receptors in relation to artificial lighting following the standard methodology outlined in Lighting in the Countryside: Towards Good Practice (Ref. 14.13).

Baseline Lighting Survey

14.3.9 A day-time site visit and night-time survey was undertaken on 27 th May and 3 rd June 2008 under full cloud conditions with readings taken from 22:00 to 00:30hrs and 23:30 to 01:30hrs respectively to establish the baseline ambient lighting conditions and current night-time views at key locations on and surrounding the

Site. As the baseline ambient lighting conditions have not changed significantly since the 2008 surveys no additional night-time surveys were undertaken.

14.3.10 During both 2008 night-time surveys the moon was screened from view due to the full cloud cover and therefore did not influence the survey results. Readings of illuminance (light spill) and luminance (glare and sky glow) were taken on and in the vicinity of the Site. Sensitive receptors close to the Site were identified as part of the desk study and confirmed through the day time survey of the Site and the surrounding area and using Ordnance Survey mapping.

14.3.11 The following equipment was used during the course of the baseline lighting survey:

 Illuminance was recorded using a Minolta T10 (Serial Number 41021018/ 60031036);

 Luminance readings were made using a Minolta LS100 (Serial Number 79013024); and

 Photographs were taken using a Panasonic Lumix DMC TZ1 Digital Camera with night-time capability.

14.3.12 In order to benchmark the existing lighting levels, readings were taken on and in the immediate vicinity of Site, with readings of both illuminance and luminance recorded at a total of 22 monitoring locations

(A to V). At each of the monitoring locations, vertical illuminance was recorded from northerly, southerly, easterly and westerly directions. A reading of horizontal illuminance was also made at each location to benchmark the lit surface. Additionally, 6 sets of illuminance and luminance readings were taken, along with photographs of the current night-time scene at night-time viewpoints 1 to 6 (NV1 to NV6).

14.3.13 Monitoring locations were selected to provide representative readings of the current ambient lighting conditions on Site and in the immediate locality, as well as in areas where lighting was observed to be particularly intrusive. The monitoring locations for the Site and immediate area are shown in Figure 14.1.

The night time viewpoints are shown in Figures 14.2 to 14.7 and are described in Table 14.1 below.

Table 14.1: Description of Monitoring Locations on the Site and immediate Surrounding Area

Location Description

NV1 View from the main entrance to the Llanfrechfa Grange Hospital.



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Location Description

NV2

NV3

NV4

View from the central part of an agricultural land parcel in the Special Landscape Area looking in a westerly direction towards the Site.

View from an agricultural land parcel to the south-west of Ty Coch Cottages and Waun-y-Pwll

Farm looking in south-westerly direction towards the Site.

View adjacent to Ysgubornewydd Farm looking in a southerly direction across the Site towards the screened Llanfrechfa Grange Hospital grounds.

NV5

NV6

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

View from a footpath in an agricultural land parcel adjacent to the B4236 Caerleon Road and the Turnpike roundabout on the A4042 looking in a southerly direction across the southern part of the Site towards Llanfrechfa Grange Hospital.

View from a footpath in the playing fields area of the Llanfrechfa Grange Hospital grounds adjacent to the B4236 Caerleon Road looking in a north-easterly direction towards the Site.

Located adjacent to Fairwater Villa in the south-east corner of the Llanfrechfa Grange Hospital grounds.

Located at the entrance way to the Ty Ceirios Villa in the south-eastern area of the Llanfrechfa

Grange Hospital grounds.

Located in the central part of the playing fields and open space area on the Llanfrechfa Grange

Hospital grounds.

Located adjacent to the entrance to the Grade II Listed Grange Manor House.

Located on the main Site access road to Llanfrechfa Grange Hospital adjacent to the southern boundary of the Site.

Located at the southern end of the Green Vale Laundry building.

Located at the northern end of the Green Vale Laundry building adjacent to the loading bay entrance.

Located adjacent to the northern façade of the Walled Garden.

Located in car parking area adjacent to unnamed three storey hospital.

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

Located adjacent to the western boundary of the Site and the B4236 Caerleon Road.

Located on informal footpath in agricultural land parcel of Ysgubornewydd Farm in the north western part of the Site.

Located along footpath in the central part of the Site.

Located along footpath adjacent to area of dense woodland to the immediate west and open agricultural land to the east.

Located adjacent to mature hedgerow and field boundary in the central part of the Site.

Located in the eastern part of the Site adjacent to an area of woodland.

Located adjacent to the eastern boundary of Ysgubornewydd Farm.

Located adjacent to the western boundary of Ysgubornewydd Farm.

Located adjacent to the western boundary of the Site and the A4042.

S

T

U

V

Located along the northern boundary of the Site adjacent to access road to Ysgubornewydd

Farm.

Located along the B4236 Caerleon Road adjacent to residential properties including Friston,

Estia, Badgers Hole, Tall Timbers and Sunnyways.

Located adjacent to junction with Caerleon Road and the Selby Close/Twm Barlwm View

Junction.

Located at the B4236 Caerleon Road spur of the Turnpike roundabout on the A4042.



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14.3.14 The baseline lighting levels on the Site and in the immediate surrounding area are described with reference to the Environmental Zone Criteria for light trespass into windows (measured in lux) as outlined in

ILP Guidance Notes (Appendix 14.1). Both pre-curfew (referred to where light sources are switched off before the recommended 23h00 curfew time) and post curfew (referred to if light sources remain on throughout the night-time period such as highways and street lighting) standards have been referred to as part of the assessment.

14.3.15 In accordance with current ILP Guidance Notes the following definitions are used to describe lighting effects in this chapter:

 Sky glow: the upward spill of light into the sky which can cause a glowing effect and is often seen above cities when viewed from a dark area;

 Light spill: the unwanted spillage of light onto adjacent areas and may affect sensitive receptors, particularly residential properties and ecological sites;

 Glare: the uncomfortable brightness of the light source against a dark background which results in dazzling the observer, which may cause nuisance to residents and a hazard to road users; and

 Light trespass or nuisance (into Windows): the spilling of light beyond the boundary of a property which may cause nuisance to others. It should be noted that the term ‘trespass’ is no longer used by practitioners and light nuisance is now the preferred term.

Assessment Modelling

14.3.16 A Lighting Strategy was prepared for the Proposed Development by AECOM in April 2012 and is included in Appendix 14.2. The Lighting Strategy accounts for the necessary levels of illumination required for the Proposed Development to allow for energy efficiency and a safe and secure environment during the hours of darkness, whilst minimising the effects to on-site and neighbouring receptors to within acceptable best practice standards and guidance.

14.3.17 The Lighting Strategy has been prepared with reference to the existing baseline lighting levels observed on and in the immediate vicinity of the Site, as outlined in Appendix 14.4

.

Significance Criteria

14.3.18 The assessment of potential significant environmental effects as a result of artificial lighting addresses both the construction and operational phases. The significance level attributed to each effect has been assessed based on the magnitude of change due to the Proposed Development, and the sensitivity of the affected receptor / receiving environment to change.

14.3.19 The criteria used to determine the ‘significance’ of any change in baseline lighting levels have been defined using professional judgement and best practice guidance (as identified above). The lighting assessment has followed the methodology outlined in Lighting in the Countryside: Towards Good Practice .

The criteria used to assess the magnitude and significance of the effects of artificial lighting have been derived from the ILP Guidance Notes for the Reduction of Obtrusive Light . Reference has been made to the

ILP’s Environmental Zone Criteria for light nuisance into windows (measured in lux):

 E0: Dark Landscapes – UNESCO Starlight Reserves, IDA Dark Sky Parks;

 E1: Intrinsically Dark Landscapes - "National Parks", Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) or other dark landscapes;

 E2: Low District Brightness Areas – rural, small village or relatively dark urban locations;

 E3: Medium District Brightness Areas - small town centres or urban locations; and

 E4: High District Brightness Areas – town/city centre with high levels of night-time activity.



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Table 14.2: Obtrusive Light Limitations for Exterior Lighting Installations

OBTRUSIVE LIGHT LIMITATIONS FOR EXTERIOR LIGHTING INSTALLATIONS

Environmental

Zones

Sky Glow

ULR

(Max %)

Light Trespass into Windows

Ev (lux)

Source Intensity

I (kcd )

Building

Luminance

Average,

Pre-curfew

Average L

(cd/m 2 )

Pre- Curfew Post-Curfew

Pre-

Curfew

Post-

Curfew

E0

E1

E2

E3

E4

0

0

2.5

5

15

0

2

5

10

25

0

0 (1*)

1

2

5

0

2.5

7.5

10

25

0

0

0.5

1.0

2.5

0

0

5

10

25

Notes to Table 14.2:

 ULR (Upward Light Ratio) is the maximum permitted percentage of luminaire flux that goes directly into the sky;



Ev is Vertical Illuminance in Lux;

 I is Light Intensity in Candelas;

 L is Luminance in Candelas per square metre; and

 Curfew refers to a time when the local planning authority has agreed that the lighting installation should be switched off; this typically refers to 23h00

– 07h00.



* permitted only from Public road lighting installations.

14.3.20 The ILP Guidance Notes for the Reduction of Obtrusive Light propose that where a district classification falls between two zones that the more rigorous environmental zone standards are applied in the design of the lighting e.g. an E2 Environmental Zone would be selected in preference to an E3

Environmental Zone. In addition, an E0 Environmental Zone must always be surrounded by an E1

Environmental Zone. The guidelines and threshold values for the environmental zones are outlined in Table

14.2 above, with further details provided in Appendix 14.1. A glossary of lighting terminology used in the assessment is provided in Appendix 14.3.

14.3.21 In the absence of statutory guidance the ILP Guidance Notes for the Reduction of Obtrusive Light , referred to above, have been used as suitable criteria against which to assess the effects of artificial lighting.

The guidance levels for light nuisance into windows have been used as the principal criteria for assessing the potential significant effects associated with the Proposed Development. However, given the subjective nature of sky glow and glare, it is difficult to quantify the potential effects due to a number of variables, including the fact that sky glow is measured as a percentage change and glare from a light source is dependent on the type and distance from the light source, as well as the angle from which it is viewed.

14.3.22 There are also no set criteria to quantify the potential effects on ecological and landscape receptors. Consequently, the effects of artificial lighting on sensitive ecological receptors are considered in further detail in Chapter 8: Ecology and Nature Conservation and further details on the night-time visual effect of lighting at the Site (including the amenity and aesthetic effects of lighting during the night-time period) is considered in Chapter 7: Landscape and Visual Effects. Both assessments have referenced the baseline information and proposed mitigation for the Proposed Development contained in this chapter.

14.3.23 In addition to the criteria provided in the ILP Guidance Notes, the effect magnitude and significance and duration of the effects have been evaluated using the assessment scale outlined below.

Effect Magnitude

14.3.24 The magnitude of any effects has been determined using the following four point scale:

 High adverse / beneficial effects – significant deterioration / improvement in local conditions / circumstances;

 Medium adverse / beneficial effects – readily apparent change in conditions or circumstances;



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 Low adverse / beneficial effects – perceptible change in conditions or circumstances; and

 Negligible adverse / beneficial effects – no discernible change in conditions or circumstances.

Effect Significance

14.3.25 The overall significance of an effect has been determined by measuring the magnitude of the residual effect against:

 The number of receptors affected, which will consider the scale of an effect, whether it is local, regional or national;

 The duration of the effect, whether it is short, medium or long term;

 The type and sensitivity of the receptor affected; and

 The type of effect.

14.3.26 The significance of any effects has been defined using the following seven point scale derived by

WSP, outlined in Table 14.3 below:

Table 14.3: Significance Criteria used in the Assessment

Significance Definition

Major Positive

Major decrease in the level of sky glow, light spill and glare on to surrounding areas and illuminance levels at the windows of residential properties, resulting in a noticeable or major improvement in baseline conditions and is well within the recommended ILP guidance levels.

Moderate

Positive

Minor Positive

Negligible

Minor

Negative

Moderate

Negative

Major

Negative

Moderate decrease in the level of sky glow, light spill and glare on to surrounding areas and illuminance levels at the windows of residential properties, resulting in a moderate improvement in the current baseline conditions and recommended ILP guidance levels.

Minor decrease in the level of sky glow, light spill and glare on to surrounding areas and illuminance levels at the windows of residential properties, resulting in a perceptible improvement in baseline conditions and is within the recommended ILP guidance levels.

Negligible or barely perceptible change in the level of sky glow, light spill and glare onto surrounding areas and illuminance levels at the windows of residential properties and would cause a negligible or barely discernible change to current baseline conditions.

Minor increase in the level of sky glow, light spill and glare on to surrounding areas and illuminance levels at the windows of residential properties, would cause a minor perceptible change in baseline conditions which are slightly above recommended ILP guidance levels but where current uses could still be maintained.

Moderate increase in the level of sky glow, light spill and glare on to surrounding areas and illuminance levels at the windows of residential properties, and would result in a noticeable effect on baseline conditions moderately in excess of the recommended ILP guidance levels.

Major increase in the level of sky glow, light spill and glare on to surrounding areas and illuminance levels at the windows of residential properties, and would result in a major effect on baseline conditions significantly in excess of the recommended ILP guidance levels.

Notes to Table 14.3:

 Baseline conditions above refer to the conditions recorded on and in the immediate vicinity of the Site during the baseline lighting survey undertaken on 27 th

May and 3 rd

June 2008.

 These classifications have been applied indicatively based on the baseline lighting conditions recorded at the Site and available information and guidance levels contained in the ILP Guidance Notes (2011).



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Effect Duration

14.3.27 The overall significance of an effect will distinguish between temporary and permanent effects based on the following timescale:

 Short Term – the effects from lighting would be of short duration and would not last more than 2 to 5 years from the commencement of the works;

 Medium Term – the effects from the lighting would take 5 to 15 years to be mitigated; and

 Long Term – the effects form the lighting would be reasonably mitigated over a long period of time (15 years or more) and includes permanent effects.

14.4

BASELINE CONDITIONS

Existing Site Conditions and the Surrounding Environment

14.4.1 The Site is approximately 24 hectares (ha) in area. The northern part of the Site consists of greenfield land. In the southern part of the Site are several hospital outbuildings (including the Green Vale

Laundry building, Works and Estates Department and Contract Services, Training and Development), car parking areas and the historically important (but not designated) Walled Garden associated with the existing

Llanfrechfa Grange Hospital. An area in the southern part of the Site also forms part of the Llanfrechfa

Grange Site of Importance for Nature Conservation (SINC). In addition, in the south-east corner of the Site there is part of the Ty-Llwyd SINC which includes a small stream referred to as Sirhowy Brook. Further details on the on-site and surrounding landscape and details regarding these ecological sites are provided in

Chapter 7: Landscape and Visual Effects and Chapter 8: Ecology and Nature Conservation respectively.

14.4.2 In the area immediately surrounding the Site, Ysgubornewydd Farm and associated agricultural farmland borders the northern boundary of the Site. To the north-east of the Site is open farmland associated with Waun-y-Pwll Farm and Ty-Coch Cottage. Adjacent to the Site ’s eastern boundary comprises woodland, leading to open farmland beyond, which forms part of a Special Landscape Area. To the south-east of the Site is the continuation of the Ty-Llwyd SINC and further to the east and south-east there are scattered farms including Ty-Llwyd and Glansirhowy Farm respectively. The Llanfrechfa Grange

Manor House Grade II listed building, further associated hospital outbuildings and Llanfrechfa Grange playing fields are located adjacent to the southern boundary of the Site (which forms part of the Llanfrechfa

Grange SINC). The western boundary of the Site is bordered by the B4236 Caerleon Road and the continuation of the A4042 trunk road, beyond which land is occupied by the residential areas of Llanyrafon.

14.4.3 During the baseline lighting survey it was noted that the main artificial light sources are confined to the southern part of the Site. The lighting predominantly comprising amenity and security lighting along the estate access roads, within car parking areas and mounted on the facades of several of the Llanfrechfa

Grange Hospital outbuildings. However, the northern part of the Site is currently unlit comprising agricultural land intersected with mature hedgerows and woodland associated with Ysgubornewydd Farm.

Sensitive Receptors

14.4.4 The following sensitive receptors have been identified to potential nuisance issues arising from artificial lighting installed as part of the Proposed Development:

 Potential effects of lighting on Ysgubornewydd Farm bordering the Site ’s northern boundary;

 Potential effects of lighting on Ty-Coch Cottage and Waun-y-Pwll Farm to the north-east of the Site;

 Potential effects of lighting on Ty-Llwyd and Glansirhowy Farm to the east and south-east of the Site respectively;

 Potential effects of lighting on residential properties to the west of the Site between the B4236 Caerleon

Road and the A4042 including Selby Close, Twm Barlwm View, Bath Green, White Hall. Crown Rise /

Tarddiady Goro, High Close, South Close and Wood Close;



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 Potential for increased sky glow, glare and light spill affecting the current night-time scene and landscape setting, particularly the Special Landscape Area to the north and east of the Site. Further details on the night-time visual effects from medium and distant views are provided in Chapter 7: Landscape and Visual

Effects;

 Potential for lighting to affect the setting of the Grade II Listed Llanfrechfa Grange Manor House and the historically important Walled Garden area. Further information on both these features is provided in

Chapter 10: Cultural Heritage and Archaeology;

 The effects of lighting on local ecological sites and species sensitive to lighting including Llanfrechfa

Grange SINC and Ty-Llywd SINC (which includes the ancient woodland area), the Sirhowy Brook in the eastern part of the Site, and various light sensitive species. Further details are provided in Chapter 8:

Ecology and Nature Conservation;

 The potential effects of glare and light spill on future staff, visitors and patients utilising the Proposed

Development;

 The potential effects of glare and light spill on existing and future road users, pedestrians and the adjacent road network such as the A4042 and the B4236 Caerleon Road which are potentially sensitive to changes in ambient lighting levels; and

 Potential effects of installed lighting on the potential future residential development on the southern part of the Llanfrechfa Grange Hospital.

Existing Baseline Lighting Conditions on and surrounding the Site

14.4.5 This section describes the results of the baseline lighting survey undertaken on 27 th May and

3 rd June 2008 under full cloud conditions with readings taken from 22h00 to 00h30 and 23h30 to 01h30 respectively. This includes information relating to the existing lighting on and surrounding the Site and provides site specific data on both levels of illumination (including light spill) and the luminance (glare and sky glow) from externally lit sources including buildings, signage, highways lighting and street lighting together with levels of fugitive light loss from the windows of properties.

14.4.6 In order to benchmark the existing levels of lighting on and in the immediate vicinity of the Site readings of illuminance were recorded at a total of 22 monitoring locations (A to V). Additionally, a further six sets of readings of illuminance and luminance were taken along with illustrative photographed viewpoints

(NV1 to NV6) on and surrounding the Site. The location of monitoring positions on the Site and in the surrounding area is described in Table 14.1 above. The night-time viewpoints are shown in Figures 14.2 to

14.7 and the illuminance levels and description of the recorded lighting on the Site and in the immediate area are outlined in Appendix 14.4 and summarised below.

14.4.7 During the baseline lighting survey the southern part of the Site was illuminated by a combination of amenity and security lighting associated with the hospital estate roads, staff and visitor car parking areas and wall mounted lighting on the facades of several of the hospital outbuildings. The requirement for such lighting is to illuminate those areas of the Site to maintain on-site security and safety during the night-time period. The area to the north of the Site is currently unlit comprising agricultural farm land intersected with mature hedgerows and woodland associated with Ysgubornewydd Farm.

14.4.8 With regard to defining pre-curfew and post-curfew values, the following assumptions have been made regarding light sources on-site and in the surrounding area:

 Amenity and security lighting in operation on the Llanfrechfa Grange Hospital grounds will remain in operation post-curfew; and

 Highways lighting and street lighting in residential areas, particularly to the west and north-west of the

Site along the B4236 Caerleon Road, Llanyrafon, Cwmbran and Croescyceiliog respectively will remain in operation post-curfew.



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Future Baseline Conditions

14.4.9 Should the Proposed Development not take place at the Site it is predicted that the baseline lighting conditions described above would not change significantly. This is based on the current uses and artificial lighting associated with Llanfrechfa Grange Hospital remaining in operation in the southern part of the Site and the northern part of the Site remaining unlit and undeveloped agricultural land.

14.4.10 In the land adjacent to the northern Site boundary, which is currently unlit agricultural land, the illuminance levels recorded in such areas would remain predominately representative of the obtrusive light limitations for an E1 to E2 Environmental Zone (post curfew). This is typical of a relatively dark rural location in accordance with criteria outlined in the ILP Guidance Notes . In comparison, for those areas in the southern part of the Site, currently occupied by the northern part of Llanfrechfa Grange Hospital, higher levels of illumination are generally experienced associated with the amenity and security lighting which is in operation throughout the night-time period. In the southern area of the Site the levels of illuminance recorded are generally representative of the obtrusive light limitations for an E2 to E3 Environmental Zone

(post curfew) in accordance with criteria outlined in the ILP Guidance Notes .

14.4.11 In terms of the neighbouring areas, it is considered that the amenity and security lighting in operation on the remainder of the Llanfrechfa Grange Hospital complex to the immediate south of the Site will remain in operation throughout the night-time period. The recorded illuminance levels in the remainder of the hospital complex are generally typical of the obtrusive light limitations for an E2 to E3 Environmental

Zone (post curfew), which are considered representative of the obtrusive light limitations for a relatively dark urban location, although levels recorded in the playing fields area are more typical of an E2 Environmental

Zone.

14.4.12 To the immediate east of the Site it is anticipated that the open agricultural land, which forms part of the Special Landscape Area, will remain undeveloped and unlit and that the illuminance levels will remain typical of an E1 to E2 Environmental Zone (post curfew) representative of a dark rural location.

14.4.13 In addition, the highways and street lighting illuminating the highways and residential streets, predominately to the west and north-west of the Site along the B4236 Caerleon Road, the A4042,

Llanyrafon, Cwmbran and Croesyceiliog respectively, will continue to operate throughout the night-time period and the lighting conditions recorded in these areas are considered unlikely to significantly change compared to that recorded as part of the baseline lighting survey. This will result in these areas maintaining ambient lighting levels which are typical of the obtrusive light limitations for an E3 to E4 Environmental Zone

(post curfew), which are representative lighting levels for an urban environment.

14.5

ASSESSMENT OF EFFECTS, MITIGATION AND RESIDUAL EFFECTS

14.5.1 The potential effects of lighting during the construction and operational phase of the Proposed

Development have been assessed against the baseline lighting conditions outlined in Appendix 14.4.

14.5.2 In addition, to further assess the effects of installed artificial lighting during the operational phase of the development, a Lighting Strategy has been prepared by AECOM in April 2012 which outlines details of the external provisions and design criteria that will be taken into consideration at the detailed design stage .

The details of the Lighting Strategy are summarised in the operational mitigation measures section below and in further detail in Appendix 14.2.

Construction

14.5.3 During the construction phase, temporary direct and indirect effects may arise over the duration of the works as a result of the installation of temporary lighting for security and health and safety purposes associated with the following stages:

 Enabling works;

 Demolition of selected buildings and ground preparation;



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 Installation of temporary site plant including new light sources associated with on-site construction compound and material storage areas;

 Construction of proposed building structures; and

 On-site security lighting for health and safety and security purposes.

14.5.4 Good practice guidance documents prepared by The Construction Industry Research and

Information Association (CIRIA) ( http://www.ciria.org/complianceplus/) note that lighting on construction sites is typically required as part of on-site security and health and safety requirements. However, it also notes that potential effects towards surrounding receptors will need to be minimised through the controlled application of lighting in accordance with current best practice standards.

14.5.5 It is anticipated that the key areas to be illuminated on a temporary basis during the construction phase of the Proposed Development will relate to the following:

 Installation of temporary site plant and the storage of materials at the Site. This is likely to include the installation of temporary new light sources associated with on-site construction compound and material storage areas. Such areas will require localised levels of illumination typically required for health and safety and security purposes, in order to deter the potential for crime and incidents during the night-time period;

 Lighting along the access road(s) into the Site during the enabling works and any temporary car parking areas for the construction workforce and security staff;

 Construction activities, including the construction of the main hospital buildings, which may require the use of lights at height and fixing of surface finishes to buildings and completion of external works; and

 The potential for fugitive light spill and glare from internal lighting associated with the temporary office units within the construction compound, particularly during winter months.

14.5.6 Artificial lighting is likely to result in light spill, glare and sky glow if lighting is poorly controlled.

However, lighting provided during the construction phase will be limited to certain areas of the Site at any one time and its use will be short term.

14.5.7 Should any night-time works be required, particularly during the winter months, lighting associated with such works would be temporary and intermittent in nature.

14.5.8 The key lighting effects, which are typically associated with construction sites, potentially affecting the sensitive receptors outlined in Section 14.4, are considered below.

Light spill, glare and sky glow from temporary lighting associated with the construction compound area effecting surrounding residential receptors.

14.5.9 Ysgubornewydd Farm (bordering the Site ’s northern boundary) and Ty-Coch Cottage and Waun-y-

Pwll Farm (north-east of the Site) will potentially be affected by temporary lighting installed during the construction phase. At present the current baseline ambient lighting levels recorded in the vicinity of the

Farm residential buildings are typical of dark rural location and low district brightness area (E1 to E2

Environmental Zone). Therefore, given the baseline conditions, the sensitivity of such properties and its residents to such temporary lighting is considered to be medium and the magnitude of change, prior to mitigation, as a result of temporary installed lighting is considered to be low. Therefore, there is likely to be a direct, temporary, short-term effect of minor negative significance, prior to the implementation of mitigation measures.

14.5.10 The residential properties to west of the Site, between the B4236 Caerleon Road and the A4042, are partially screened by the vegetation present along the curtilage of their properties. Currently such residential areas are exposed to sources artificial lighting in the form of highways and street lighting and the baseline ambient lighting levels recorded in these areas are typical of urban location and medium to high district brightness area (E3 to E4 Environmental Zone). Therefore, given the presence of existing highways lighting along the B4236 Caerleon Road, the sensitivity of such properties to the effects of temporary lighting



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installed during the construction phase and in the introduction of new light sources is considered to be medium, with the magnitude of change, prior to mitigation, considered to be low. This is likely to be a direct, temporary, short-term effect on such properties of minor negative significance, prior to the implementation of mitigation measures.

14.5.11 Ty-Llwyd and Glansirhowy Farm to the east and south-east of the Site respectively are significantly screened by the intervening landscape and topography and are unlikely to be significantly affected by temporary lighting installed during construction. Therefore, the sensitivity of the residential properties to the east and south-east to such temporary lighting is considered to be low and the magnitude of change, prior to mitigation, is considered to be negligible. Therefore, there is likely to be a direct, temporary, short-term effect on such residential properties of negligible significance.

Mitigation

14.5.12 The Proposed Development will be registered with the Considerate Constructors Scheme and as part of this process the contractor will implement the appropriate measures to ensure the minimisation of any negative effects the construction works have on the environment and in the area in which they are working .

As part of this best practice a Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) will be prepared for the construction phase and will be agreed with TCBC in advance of any enabling works and construction activities commencing at the Site. The CEMP will include details of the construction programme and phasing, construction techniques, specify the locations of the construction compound, potential road diversions / highway improvement works and temporary security lighting throughout the planned construction programme. This is to ensure that the construction works are sympathetic in relation to surrounding sensitive receptors and effects are reduced to a minimum.

14.5.13 In order to reduce lighting effects during the construction phase, the following best practice measures, as recommended by the ILP and CIRIA, will be implemented as part of the CEMP:

 Specified hours for construction activities (typically 08h00 to 18h00 Monday to Friday and 08h00 to 13h00

Saturdays with no construction activities on Sundays or Bank Holidays), uses of lighting, the location of temporary floodlights and construction compound will be agreed with TCBC. The CEMP will indicate the proposed location of the construction compound taking into consideration the location of sensitive receptors;

 The external lighting of the Site during construction will use energy saving bulbs and lighting will be directional, non-light polluting, and controlled by light sensors;

 Lighting will be switched off when not required, unless specifically needed for construction activities or for security / health and safety requirements during the night-time period;

 Glare caused by poorly directed security and floodlighting will be controlled by ensuring that light fittings are horizontally mounted and directed into the centre of the Site. Given the sensitivities surrounding the

Site, temporary lighting fixtures will be installed and designed to provide full horizontal cut-off with directionally shielded fittings to enable artificial light to be controlled and substantially confined to the object intended to be illuminated and will be designed to the obtrusive light limitations for an E 2

Environmental Zone for source intensity (glare);

 Light spill/trespass will be controlled by avoiding poorly sited lights on the boundary of the Site. I n particular, lighting will be located and directed so that it does not cause unnecessary intrusion to adjacent residential properties and unlit areas and will be designed to the obtrusive light limitations for an E2

Environmental Zone for Light Trespass into windows; and

 Sky glow will be controlled by the use of modern floodlight fittings which will be horizontally mounted to avoid light spilling upwards and will be designed to the obtrusive light limitations for an E 2 Environmental

Zone for the sky glow Upward Light Ratio (ULR).

14.5.14 As part of the construction management activities for the Proposed Development regular monitoring of the installed lighting will be undertaken to confirm that correct tilt angles are being achieved, and appropriate modifications made, where necessary, should undue light spill, glare or sky glow be identified.



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Residual Effects

14.5.15 The effects of temporary lighting installed during the construction phase on the night-time amenity of surrounding residential receptors will be mitigated by the incorporation of the good practice lighting requirements outlined above as part of the CEMP. In addition, the localised use of lighting and the selection of modern and controlled light fittings as part of the design for the temporary lighting to minimise, as far as reasonably practicable, the effects from light spill and glare towards sensitive residential properties.

14.5.16 For Ysgubornewydd Farm, Ty-Coch Cottage and Waun-y-Pwll Farm the sensitivity of these receptors are considered to be medium and the magnitude of change, following mitigation, is considered to be low to negligible. Therefore, given the localised use of lighting during the construction phase, the residual effect is likely to be of negligible to minor negative significance, although this will be temporary and shortterm in nature following the implementation of the above mitigation

14.5.17 Residential properties to the west of the Site are partially screened by the intervening vegetation along the curtilage of their properties, which restricts direct views into the Site. In addition, such properties currently experience ambient lighting associated with the nearby existing highways and street lighting.

However, given the proximity of such properties to the Site, the sensitivity of such residential receptors to the immediate west of the Site is considered to be medium and the magnitude of change, following mitigation, is considered to be low to negligible. Therefore, there is likely to be a temporary residual effect of negligible to minor negative significance following the implementation of the above mitigation.

14.5.18 Ty-Llwyd and Glansirhowy Farm to the east and south-east of the Site respectively are significantly screened by the intervening landscape and topography and are unlikely to be affected by localised and temporary use of lighting installed during the construction phase. Therefore, the sensitivity of such residential properties is considered to be low and the magnitude of change, following mitigation, is considered to be negligible. Therefore, there is likely to be a temporary residual effect of negligible significance following the implementation of the above mitigation.

Potential for increased sky glow, glare and light spill affecting the current night-time scene and landscape setting, particularly the Special Landscape Area.

14.5.19 The setting of the current night time scene, and in particular the setting of the Special Landscape

Area, has the potential to be affected by increased light spill, glare and sky glow resulting from temporarily installed lighting associated with the site compound area and work areas required for security and health and safety purposes. The current baseline ambient lighting levels recorded within the Special Landscape Area are typical of dark rural location and low district brightness area (E1 to E2 Environmental Zone).

14.5.20 Therefore, given the baseline conditions, the Site ’s unlit nature in the north and proximity to the

Special Landscape Area, the sensitivity of the current night-time scene to temporary lighting is considered to be medium and the magnitude of change, prior to mitigation, is considered to be low. Therefore, there is likely to be a direct, temporary, short-term effect on the current night-time scene and setting of the Special

Landscape Area of minor negative significance, prior to the implementation of the mitigation measures.

Mitigation

14.5.21 In order to mitigate the potential lighting effects during the construction phase on the setting of the

Special Landscape Area, the best practice measures, as recommended by the ILP and CIRIA, outlined in paragraphs 14.5.12 to 14.5.14 above, will be implemented as part of the CEMP.

Residual Effects

14.5.22 The effects of increased light spill, glare and sky glow associated with temporary installed lighting at the Site, mainly associated with site compound, will be mitigated through the incorporation of best practice lighting measures, as outlined in Paragraphs 14.5.12 to 14.5.14, into the CEMP. This will include current best practice guidance and any further requirements stipulated by TCBC to ensure that light sources are directionally controlled and horizontally mounted to minimise the upward loss of light and glare during the construction phase.



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14.5.23 Furthermore, as no night-time construction working is proposed, temporary lighting will only be utilised in areas of the Site requiring illumination for on-site security and safety and will be controlled through the implementation of the CEMP. Therefore the sensitivity of the current night-time scene, and in particular the setting of the Special Landscape Area, is considered to be medium and the magnitude of change, following mitigation, is considered to be low to negligible. Therefore there is likely to be a temporary residual effect of negligible to minor negative significance on the current night-time scene and setting of the Special

Landscape Area following the implementation of mitigation measures.

Potential for installed lighting associated with the Proposed Development to affect the setting of the Grade II

Listed Victorian Llanfrechfa Grange Manor House and the historically important Walled Garden area.

14.5.24 During the baseline lighting survey it was noted that light sources are mounted on and in the vicinity of Llanfrechfa Grange Manor House and Walled Garden, therefore, exposing both structures to elevated levels of ambient lighting predominately representative of a medium district brightness area (E3

Environmental Zone). Given the baseline readings noted in the vicinity of both structures, the sensitivity of

Llanfrechfa Grange Manor House and Walled Garden to such temporary lighting is considered to be medium and the magnitude of change, prior to mitigation, is considered to be low. Therefore, there is likely to be a direct, temporary, short-term effect on the setting of such structures of minor negative significance, prior to the implementation of appropriate mitigation measures.

Mitigation

14.5.25 In order to mitigate the potential lighting effects during construction on the setting of Llanfrechfa

Grange Manor House and Walled Garden, the best practice measures, as recommended by the ILP and

CIRIA, outlined in Paragraphs 14.5.12 to 14.5.14 will be implemented as part of the CEMP.

Residual Effects

14.5.26 Overall, given the application of the mitigation measures proposed in paragraphs 14.5.12 to 14.5.14 above and the localised and short-term use of lighting during the construction phase, it is anticipated that the effects of such temporary lighting on the setting of Llanfrechfa Grange Manor House and Walled Garden will be insignificant in nature with the magnitude of change, following mitigation, being negligible resulting in a residual effect of negligible significance.

The potential effects of installed lighting on existing road users on the adjacent road network including the

A4042 and the B4236 Caerleon Road

14.5.27 Given the proximity to the B4236 Caerleon Road and the A4042 which borders the Site ’s western boundary and the proposed improvement works to the Turnpike roundabout on the A4042, it is considered possible that the temporary effects from construction lighting, particularly associated with increased levels of glare, could affect road users in the surrounding area, if poorly controlled.

14.5.28 As both road networks are currently illuminated by highways lighting throughout the night-time period and given the existing screening adjacent to the B4236 Caerleon Road, the sensitivity of existing road users to temporary lighting is considered to be medium and the magnitude of change, prior to mitigation, is considered to be low. Therefore, there is likely to be a direct, temporary, short-term effect on such road users of minor negative significance, prior to the implementation of appropriate mitigation measures.

Mitigation

14.5.29 In addition to the mitigation outlined in Paragraphs 14.5.12 to 14.5.14, to reduce lighting effects further during the construction phase on road users utilising the surrounding road network, the following best practice measures will be implemented as part of the CEMP proposed for the construction phase:

 Temporary lighting will be designed with the intention of avoiding unnecessary glare or light spill to pedestrians and motorists;

 The construction areas adjacent to walkways or roadways will be appropriately and clearly defined at all times to ensure the safety of motorists and pedestrians;



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 Any temporary detours around the construction site should be clearly visible at all times;

 Temporary walkways, roads and parking areas should be illuminated to the same intensity in accordance with the ILP Guidance Notes (2011); and

 Should hoarding be erected during the construction phase, care will be taken to avoid this resulting in the casting of shadows on surrounding footpaths and roads.

Residual Effects

14.5.30 To minimise the effects of light spill and glare from temporary lighting on road users, the lighting requirements for the Site will be included as part of the CEMP and will be in accordance with current best practice guidance and any further requirements stipulated by TCBC. Overall, the sensitivity of existing road users surrounding the Site to changes in ambient lighting levels is considered to be medium and the magnitude of change, following mitigation, is considered to be negligible. Therefore, this is likely to result in a residual effect of negligible significance following the implementation of the above mitigation measures.

The potential for light spill, glare and sky glow from temporary lighting installed during the construction phase to affect sensitive ecological sites and species .

14.5.31 The assessment of effects of temporary artificial lighting installed during construction on ecological sites and species sensitive to lighting are assessed in Chapter 8: Ecology and Nature Conservation. This includes the potential effects of temporary artificial lighting on Llanfrechfa Grange SINC and Ty -Llywd SINC

(which includes the ancient woodland area), the Sirhowy Brook and various light sensitive species.

Mitigation

14.5.32 Measures to mitigate the effects of temporary lighting installed during the construction phase on identified sensitive ecological receptors are outlined in Chapter 8: Ecology and Nature Conservation and include reference to the mitigation outlined in this chapter.

Residual Effects

14.5.33 The resulting residual effects of temporary lighting installed during the construction phase on identified sensitive ecological receptors, following the implementation of mitigation, are outlined in Chapter 8:

Ecology and Nature Conservation.

Operation

14.5.34 The Lighting Strategy prepared for the Proposed Development by AECOM (see Appendix 14.2) provides outline details of the external lighting provision and the design criteria that will be taken into consideration as part of the detailed design. In the preparation of the Lighting Strategy consideration has been given to the current baseline lighting conditions recorded on and in the immediate vicinity of the Site, the surrounding sensitive receptors including residential properties, ecological receptors and the landscape setting, particularly given the Site ’s proximity to a Special Landscape Area.

14.5.35 External lighting will be provided to all entrance areas, car parks, on-site access roads, paths and courtyards to suit the architectural requirements of the Proposed Development. The external lighting design will provide a secure environment for road users, whilst ensuring that any nuisance effects on adjacent areas is minimised in accordance with current best practice and guidance. The scheme will be designed to complement the architectural design philosophy and all luminaires will be selected to meet the architectural requirements of the building and respect the sensitivities of the surrounding environment.

14.5.36 The lighting will be provided to enhance the security of the building in accordance with the requirements of Secure By Design with minimal effect on the surrounding environment and, wherever possible, the design will satisfy the minimum lighting level requirements, generally as follows:

 Car parks to be lit to a luminance of 20 lux minimum with a 0.25 uniformity, with light level enhanced in and around designated disabled parking spaces; and

 Roadway to be lit to a luminance of 10 lux minimum, with light level enhanced at vehicle barriers (if fitted).



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 Type and specification of the lighting equipment used,

 The location and height of columns, and

 The intensity of the light source.

14.5.37 Therefore, prior to mitigation and implementation of the measures outlined in the Lighting Strategy, the following potential significant effects associated with lighting implemented during operation of the

Proposed Development are anticipated on the identified sensitive receptors.

Light spill, glare and sky glow from external lighting associated with the Proposed Development affecting surrounding residential receptors.

14.5.38 The installation of lighting as part of the Proposed Development associated with entrance areas, car parks, access roads (on-site) paths and courtyards, if poorly controlled and designed, has the potential to result in glare and light spill which may cause a direct nuisance to nearby residential receptors.

14.5.39 During the operational phase of the Proposed Development, Ysgubornewydd Farm, Ty-Coch

Cottage and Waun-y-Pwll Farms could potentially be affected by external lighting. At present the current baseline ambient lighting levels recorded are typical of dark rural location and low district brightness area ( E1 to E2 Environmental Zone). Therefore, given the baseline conditions and the uses proposed as part of the development, the sensitivity of Ysgubornewydd Farm, Ty-Coch Cottage and Waun-y-Pwll Farm to such external light sources is considered to be high and the magnitude of change, prior to mitigation, is considered to be medium. Therefore, there is likely to be a direct, permanent, long-term effect of moderate negative significance, prior to the implementation of the outline design criteria included as part of the Lighting

Strategy.

14.5.40 The residential properties to west of the Site, between the B4236 Caerleon Road and A4042, are partially screened by the vegetation present along the curtilage of their properties. However, new light sources will be introduced across the Proposed Development, particularly associated with the car park, access routes and the main building itself. Currently, these residential areas are exposed to sources artificial lighting in the form of highways lighting along the B4236 Caerleon Road and the baseline ambient lighting levels recorded in these areas are typical of an urban location of medium to high district brightness (E3 to E4

Environmental Zone). Therefore, given the presence of existing highways lighting along the B4236 Caerleon

Road, the sensitivity of such properties to the effects of external lighting installed across the Proposed

Development is considered to be high, with the magnitude of change, prior to mitigation, considered to be medium. This is likely to result in a direct, permanent, long-term effect on such properties of moderate negative significance, prior to the implementation of the outline design criteria included as part of the Lighting

Strategy for the Proposed Development.

14.5.41 Ty-Llwyd and Glansirhowy Farm to the east and south-east of the Site respectively are screened by the intervening vegetation, which is being retained as part of the Proposed Development and are unlikely to be significantly affected by the external lighting installed during the operational phase. Therefore, the sensitivity of the residential properties to the east and south-east to such permanent lighting installed as part of the Proposed Development is considered to be low and the magnitude of change, prior to mitigation, is considered to be negligible. Therefore, there is likely to be a direct, permanent, long-term effect on such residential properties of negligible significance.

14.5.42 The night-time visual effects are discussed in further detail in Chapter 7: Landscape and Visual

Effects.

Mitigation

14.5.43 External lighting will be designed in accordance with the CIBSE Code for External Lighting and the

ILP Guidance Notes (2011), and will fulfil the required criteria relating to the categories of amenity, safety and security. The lighting design will satisfy the minimum lighting level requirements set out in current best practice guidance and will minimise, as far as practicable, light pollution into sensitive areas including adjoining residential areas and to the natural environment in general.



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14.5.44 In addition, the lighting design requirements will consider the obtrusive light limitations for light trespass (into windows), source intensity (glare) and sky glow upward light ratio for an E2 Environmental

Zone, in order to safeguard the sensitivities of the surrounding natural and built environment. In particular, this will assist minimising and mitigating the effects of installed lighting towards neighbouring residential properties.

14.5.45 Recommended illuminance levels will be achieved by selection of a particular luminaire type, lamp source and optical control. All external lighting, excluding emergency luminaires, will be photo-electric cell and time switch controlled, with manual override from within the Hospital Estates Department.

14.5.46 Other measures which are incorporated into the Lighting Strategy to mitigate the potential effects of artificial lighting both on on-site and surrounding sensitive receptors (including the amenity of adjacent residential receptors) include:

 Columns used will be typically 5m to 8m in height, and where deemed necessary luminaires will be fitted with accessories such as hoods, cowls, louvres or shields to direct light to intended areas only;

 In environmentally sensitive areas, lighting will be positioned to avoid unnecessary light sp ill, glare and the upward loss of light (sky glow) towards such sensitive areas;

 Car parks to be lit to a luminance of 20 lux minimum with a 0.25 uniformity, with light level enhanced in and around designated disabled parking spaces. The roadway areas are proposed to be lit to a luminance of 10 lux minimum, with light level enhanced at vehicle barriers (if fitted);

 Street lighting to adopted roads will be designed to meet the TCBC highway authority requirements;

 Lighting along pedestrian walkways and footways, where required, will be illuminated, preferably by wall mounted lanterns providing good vertical illumination or from low level columns or bollards (approximately

1m high). Both the wall mounted or low level bollard lighting will be designed to provide good directional control as possible and achieving an illuminance level of 10 lux or below at ground level to minimise any nuisance effects to adjacent receptors;

 All external wall mounted luminaires will be positioned to minimise stray light towards adjacent residential properties and unlit areas of the Site;

 Consideration will also be given to locating luminaires away from trees to avoid disturbing flickering; and

 Enhanced accent lighting provided at the main entrance area will involve the use of either recessed inground luminaires installed at a local level to the entrance to the illuminate the underside of the canopy or via wall and or canopy mounted decorative luminaires to emphasise the building entrance features.

Luminaires will be designed to avoid light trespass and glare towards neighbouring residential areas.

14.5.47 In addition, the retention of key landscape features and enhancement landscape planting is a principal objective of the Landscape Strategy, and will provide valuable secondary measures to mitigate the effects of installed lighting (details on the Landscape Strategy is outlined in the Design and Access

Statement and summarised in Chapter 7: Landscape and Visual Effects). A public realm and open space strategy that will respect and enhance the landscape setting and will provide screening to assist in assimilating the built form of the development into the natural surroundings.

Residual Effects

14.5.48 The lighting design criteria stipulated as part of the Lighting Strategy has considered baseline lighting conditions recorded on the Site with regard to the obtrusive light limitations for light trespass (into windows), source intensity (glare) and sky glow upward light ratio for an E2 Environmental Zone, in order to safeguard the sensitivities of the surrounding natural and built environment This will be achieved through the rigorous selection of luminaire, lamp source and optical control as part of the lighting design with the intention of minimising the effects from light spill, glare and sky glow towards sensitive residential properties.



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14.5.49 The illustrative landscape scheme for the Site, involving the retention of current landscape features and proposed enhancement landscape planting, will assist in preserving the landscape setting and further soften the built form of the development during the night-time period.

14.5.50 For Ysgubornewydd Farm, Ty-Coch Cottage and Waun-y-Pwll Farm the sensitivity is considered to be medium and the magnitude of change, following mitigation, is considered to be low. The refore, following the implementation of the above mitigation, there is likely to be a residual effect of minor negative significance on the Farm. The lighting design in this area will be well controlled and directed in accordance with current best practice standards.

14.5.51 Residential properties to the immediate west of the Site are partially screened by the intervening vegetation along the curtalidge of their properties, which restricts direct views into the Site. In addition, such properties currently experience ambient lighting associated with the existing highways and street lighting in this area. However, given the proximity of such properties to the Site and the introduction of new lighting sources associated with the proposed roundabout access on the B4236 Caerleon Road and the upgrade of the road leading towards the A4042, the sensitivity of such residential is considered to be high and the magnitude of change, following mitigation, is considered to be low. Therefore, following the implementation of the above mitigation, there is likely to be a residual effect of minor negative significance on such properties from external lighting installed as part of the Proposed Development.

14.5.52 Ty-Llwyd and Glansirhowy Farm to the east and south-east of the Site respectively are screened existing vegetation and are unlikely to be affected by lighting installed during the operational phase due to the design criteria stipulated as part of the Lighting Strategy. The sensitivity of such residential properties is considered to be low and the magnitude of change, following mitigation, is considered to be negligible.

Therefore, following the implementation of the above mitigation measures, there is likely to be a residual effect of negligible significance on such residential properties from installed lighting.

14.5.53 The night-time visual residual effect on residential properties is discussed in further detail in

Chapter 7: Landscape and Visual Effects.

Effect of light spill, glare and sky glow upon future users of the Proposed Development.

14.5.54 Installation of lighting on the Site has the potential to result in glare and light spill which can cause a nuisance and disturbance to future occupants of the Proposed Development. The sensitivity of future occupants of the Proposed Development to the lighting installed is considered to be medium and the magnitude of change, prior to mitigation, is considered to be low. Therefore, there is likely to be a direct, permanent, long-term effect on these receptors of minor negative significance, prior to the implementation of the design criteria and measures stipulated within the Lighting Strategy.

Mitigation

14.5.55 To mitigate the effects of artificial lighting on future users, the mitigation measures outlined in

Paragraphs 14.5.43 to 14.5.47 have been incorporated into the Lighting Strategy for the Proposed

Development.

Residual Effects

14.5.56 The sensitivity of future occupants (i.e. patients, staff and visitors) of the Proposed Development considered to be medium and the magnitude of change, following mitigation, is considered to be negligible.

Therefore, following the implementation of the above lighting strategy, there is likely to be a direct, permanent, long-term effect of negligible significance on such occupants of the hospital as the lighting will be designed and effectively controlled to mitigate potential nuisance issues from lighting on such receptors.



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Potential for increased sky glow, glare and light spill from installed lighting associated with the Proposed

Development affecting the current night-time scene and landscape setting, particularly that of the Special

Landscape Area

14.5.57 Sky glow is the colouration of sky above the horizon caused by upward light loss. Such colouration can cause a disturbance on the tranquillity of an area as a result of the urbanisation effect through the installation of artificial light. Sky glow as an issue has been raised at a national level by a number of organisations, including the British Astronomers Society. At present, the current baseline ambient lighting levels recorded within the Special Landscape Area are typical of dark rural location and low district brightness area (E1 to E2 Environmental Zone) and sky glow is predominately visible to the west associated with the urban areas of Llanyrafon and Cwmbran with perceptible levels of sky glow also observed in the vicinity of the existing Llanfrechfa Grange Hospital.

14.5.58 Therefore the setting of the current night-time scene and the visual amenity of the surrounding area, in particular the setting of the Special Landscape Area, has the potential to be affected primarily by the increased upward loss of light (sky glow) and to a lesser degree from light spill and glare from external lighting installed as part of the Proposed Development.

14.5.59 Given the Site ’s proximity to the Special Landscape Area and the current unlit nature of the northern extent of the Site, reflected in the low ambient lighting levels, the sensitivity of the current night-time scene to such external lighting during the operational phase is considered to be high and the magnitude of change, prior to mitigation, is considered to be medium. Therefore, prior to the implementation of the necessary measures, there is likely to be a direct, permanent, long-term effect on the current night-time scene and the setting of the Special Landscape Area of moderate negative significance.

14.5.60 The night-time visual effects on the landscape character and visual amenity of the surrounding area are discussed in further detail in Chapter 7: Landscape and Visual Effects.

Mitigation

14.5.61 To mitigate the effects of artificial lighting on the current night-time scene and landscape setting, particularly on the Special Landscape Area, the mitigation measures outlined in Paragraphs 14.5.43 to

14.5.47 have been incorporated into the Lighting Strategy for the Proposed Development.

Residual Effects

14.5.62 Overall, given the Site ’s proximity to the Special Landscape Area, the sensitivity of the current night time scene to such lighting installed during the operational phase is considered to be high and the magnitude of change, following the implementation of the above mitigation, is considered to be low. Therefore, there is likely to be a direct, permanent, long-term effect on the current night time scene and the setting of the

Special Landscape Area of minor negative significance. The night-time visual residual effects on the landscape character and visual amenity of the surrounding area are discussed in further detail in Chapter 7:

Landscape and Visual Effects.

Potential for installed lighting associated with the Proposed Development to affect the setting of the Grade II

Listed Victorian Llanfrechfa Grange Manor House and the historically important Walled Garden area.

14.5.63 During the baseline lighting survey it was noted that light sources are currently in operation mounted on and in the vicinity of Llanfrechfa Grange Manor House and Walled Garden respectively. Such lighting exposes both structures to elevated levels of ambient lighting predominately representative of a medium district brightness area (E3 Environmental Zone). Given the baseline readings noted in the vicinity of both structures, the sensitivity of Llanfrechfa Grange Manor House and Walled Garden to lighting installed during the operational phase of the Proposed Development is considered to be medium and the magnitude of change, prior to mitigation, is considered to be low. Therefore, prior to the implementation of appropriate mitigation measures, there is likely to be a direct, permanent, long-term effect on the setting of such structures of minor negative significance.



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Mitigation

14.5.64 To mitigate the effects of artificial lighting on the setting of Llanfrechfa Grange Manor House and

Walled Garden, the mitigation measures outlined in Paragraphs 14.5.43 to 14.5.47 have been incorporated into the Lighting Strategy for the Proposed Development.

Residual Effects

14.5.65 Overall, following the implementation of the above mitigation measures, it is anticipated that the effects of installed lighting on the setting of such structures will not significantly alter the current baseline conditions experienced. This is mainly attributed to the current baseline lighting conditions recorded in the vicinity of Llanfrechfa Grange Manor House and Walled Garden with both structures exposed to differing sources of ambient lighting comprising both wall and column mounted luminaires. Therefore, the magnitude of change, following mitigation, is considered to be negligible resulting in a residual effect of negligible significance on the setting of Llanfrechfa Grange Manor House and Walled Garden.

The potential effects of installed lighting on existing road users on the adjacent road network including the

A4042 and the B4236 Caerleon Road

14.5.66 Poorly controlled and designed lighting installations have the potential to cause unnecessary distraction and glare towards both existing and future road users. New lighting installed as part of the

Proposed Development will increase the level of lighting on the Site compared to existing baseline levels, particularly with the northern extent of the Site currently being unlit. As such, prior to mitigation road users utilising the future access roads on the Proposed Development and neighbouring road network, particularly on the B4236 Caerleon Road and the A4042, may experience increased levels of glare and light spill.

14.5.67 The sensitivity of existing and future road users to such external lighting arrangements is considered to be medium and the magnitude of change, prior to mitigation, is considered to be medium.

Therefore, prior to the implementation of design measures outlined in the Lighting Strategy, there is likely to be a direct, permanent, long-term effect on such road users of moderate negative significance.

Mitigation

14.5.68 To mitigate the effects of artificial lighting on existing and future road users, the mitigation measures outlined in Paragraphs 14.5.43 to 14.5.47 have been incorporated into the Lighting Strategy for the Proposed

Development.

14.5.69 In addition, the ILP Guidance Notes (2011) has been considered and the lighting design requirements will have regard to the obtrusive light limitations for an E2 Environmental Zone. Designing the lighting to such good practice guidance has been followed in order to safeguard the sensitivities of the surrounding natural and built environment and to minimise the effects of installed lighting on road users.

Residual Effects

14.5.70 The outline design criteria provided as part of the Lighting Strategy has referred to the obtrusive light limitations for E2 Environmental Zone and will be designed in accordance with current CIBSE guidance.

This will minimise the effects of glare (source intensity) and vertical illuminance (light spill) towards road users. Overall, the sensitivity of existing and future road users to such lighting is considered to be medium and the magnitude of change, following mitigation, is considered to be negligible. Therefore, there is likely to be a direct, permanent, long-term effect on such road users of negligible significance.

The potential effects of light spill, glare and sky glow on sensitive ecological sites and s pecies from lighting installed during the operational phase of the Proposed Development .

14.5.71 The assessment of the effects of artificial lighting installed as part of the Proposed Development on local ecological sites and species sensitive to lighting are assessed in Chapter 8: Ecology and Nature

Conservation with reference to the baseline conditions outlined in Appendix 14.4. This includes the potential effects of artificial lighting on Llanfrechfa Grange SINC and Ty-Llywd SINC (which includes the ancient woodland area), the Sirhowy Brook and various light sensitive species.



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Mitigation

14.5.72 Measures to mitigate the effects of lighting installed during the operational phase of the Proposed

Development on identified sensitive ecological receptors are outlined in Chapter 8: Ecology and Nature

Conservation and includes reference to the measures contained in this chapter and in further detail in the

Lighting Strategy at Appendix 14.2.

Residual Effects

14.5.73 The resulting residual effects of lighting installed during the operational phase on identified sensitive ecological receptors, following the implementation of the required design measures and mitigation, are outlined in Chapter 8: Ecology and Nature Conservation.

Monitoring and Follow Up

14.5.74 It is recommended that monitoring of the temporary lighting installations is undertaken during the construction period to ensure that correct tilting angles and appropriate direction of lighting are being achieved. Adjustments would be made, where necessary, should undue light spill or glare be identified.

This should be integrated into the CEMP. This monitoring will ensure that during the construction period levels of lighting are maintained in accordance with best practice standards and that likely effects associated with the introduction of temporary artificial light sources are minimised through illuminating only those areas of the Site as required for on-site safety and security purposes during the night time period.

14.5.75 During the operational phase, monitoring should be undertaken immediately following installation, followed by a programme of periodic maintenance as best practice by the appointed lighting contractors to ensure lighting is consistent with the required illuminance levels stipulated in the lighting design. This will ensure that any modifications required are undertaken by the appointed lighting contractors.

Limitations and Assumptions

14.5.76 In the absence of statutory guidance, the ILP Guidance Notes (2011), referred to above, have been used in order to provide suitable assessment criteria against which to assess the effects of artificial lighting.

The guidance levels for light trespass into windows have been used as the principal criteria for assessing the effects associated with the Proposed Development. However, given the subjective nature of sky glow and glare, it is difficult to quantify the potential effects due to a number of variables. Such variables include the fact that sky glow is measured as a percentage change and glare from a light source is dependent on the type and distance from the light source. Therefore a qualitative assessment has been undertaken. In addition, an External Lighting Strategy has been prepared for the Proposed Development by AECOM in order to inform the assessment of effects and provide outline design criteria as part of the external lighting for the detailed design. This strategy has been prepared with reference to current best practice standards and guidance outlined in the relevant CIBSE, ILP and British Standard guidance.

14.5.77 The Lighting Strategy for the Proposed Development has been used to inform the assessment of lighting effects during the operational phase. In addition, discussions have been undertaken with the engineer at AECOM to consider the sensitivities of the area and the potential additional measures to be implemented as part of the Strategy to further reduce the potential for light spill, glare and sky glow on both on-site and surrounding sensitive receptors. In particular, the Lighting Strategy has been developed to respect and safeguard the sensitivities of the surrounding natural and built environment, particularly on neighbouring residential properties, ecological receptors, the night-time setting and landscape, the nearby

Special Landscape Area and areas of historical interest (including the Grade II Listed Llanfrechfa Grange

Manor House and the historically important Walled Garden). The Lighting Strategy is outlined in Appendix

14.2.

14.5.78 To date there are also no set criteria to quantify the potential effects of artificial lighting on ecological and landscape receptors. Therefore, the effects of artificial lighting the current night-time landscape and on identified sensitive ecological receptors are considered in Chapter 7: Landscape and

Visual Effects and Chapter 8: Ecology and Nature Conservation respectively with reference made to the baseline information and outline lighting design measures and mitigation contained in this chapter.



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14.6

CUMMULATIVE EFFECTS

14.6.1 During the construction phase it is considered unlikely that there will be any cumulative effects occurring from the introduction of temporary artificial lighting associated with the Proposed Development and the two residential developments on Llantarnam Road and the proposals at South Sebastopol and

Malthouse Road. This is mainly due to the intervening distance between these sites and since the consented development specified planning conditions have been specified regarding the hours of construction and deliveries. Such conditions imposed on the construction activities indicate that no nighttime working is permitted in order to safeguard residential amenity and it is anticipated that any lighting installed on such sites will be temporary and short-term in nature and mainly required for safety and security purposes.

14.6.2 The potential for the interaction of effects associated with the Proposed Development and the residential development on Llanfrechfa Grange South during the construction phase are anticipated given that both schemes are likely to be constructed concurrently. The principal cumulative lighting effect is likely to be associated with the construction compound areas at both sites which are likely to require localised illumination for night-time security purposes. The potential cumulative effects associated with temporary installed lighting during the construction phase from the both developments in-combination are unlikely to significantly affect the surrounding sensitive receptors, particularly the amenity of neighbouring residential receptors, and are therefore considered to be negligible. This is mainly due to the use of localised and well controlled lighting at the Site in accordance with current best practice guidance to effectively mitigate any potential cumulative effects, particularly from temporary increases in sky glow, light spill and glare, affecting surrounding receptors.

14.6.3 During the operational phase the principal cumulative effects are likely to be associated with the potential interaction of the effects of light spill, glare and sky glow associated with the external lighting associated with the Proposed Development interacting with lighting permanently installed at the other identified development sites. Given the distance between the two residential developments off Llantarnam

Road and the proposals for South Sebastopol and Malthouse Road, it is considered unlikely that there will be the potential for cumulative effects with the Proposed Development through increases in ambient lighting and levels of light spill, glare and upward light loss effecting surrounding receptors. In addition, the implementation of planning conditions for each of the consented sites in relation to all roads and ancillary features being constructed to adoptable standards (which will include highways lighting) will further reduce the potential for the interaction of effects and cumulative effects from artificial lighting installed at these sites with the lighting installed as part of the Proposed Development.

14.6.4 The potential for the interaction of effects associated with the Proposed Development and the residential development on Llanfrechfa Grange South during the operational phase are anticipated, particularly given the proximity of the sites to each other and that both schemes will be operational concurrently. There is the potential for the interaction of effects and cumulative effects from the installed lighting at both sites if poorly design and controlled. To mitigate the potential for such interactions and cumulative effects the lighting strategy prepared for the Proposed Development which sets out the key criteria to accord with as part of the detailed design. External lighting for the Proposed Development will be provided to all entrance areas, car parks, on-site access roads, paths and courtyards to suit the architectural requirements of the hospital. The external lighting design for the Proposed Development will provide a secure environment for both road and pedestrian traffic, whilst ensuring that any nuisance effects on adjacent areas is minimised in accordance with current best practice standards and guidance, including the

CIBSE Code for External Lighting and the criteria outlined in the ILP Guidance Notes . In accordance with the ILP Guidance Notes the lighting design requirements will have regard to the obtrusive light limitations for light trespass (into windows), source intensity (glare) and sky glow upward light ratio for an E2 Environmental

Zone, in order to safeguard the sensitivities of the surrounding natural and built environment.

14.6.5 For the residential scheme at Llanfrechfa Grange South it is anticipated that the roads and street lighting requirements will be to adoptable highway standards and will meet current best practice guidance as required by TCBC and appropriate British Standard guidance. It is anticipated that according to such best practice design guidance and standards at both sites will mitigate any potential for any interactions and



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cumulative effects of installed lighting on neighbouring residential properties, ecological receptors and on the night-time setting and landscape.

14.6.6 In addition, the Landscaping Strategy for the Proposed Development will also provide secondary mitigation to assist in softening the built form of the Proposed Development and providing a buffer between the Site and the adjacent Llanfrechfa Grange South site. In particular, the public realm and open space strategy for the Proposed Development will respect and enhance the landscape setting, creating an established hierarchy of high quality open space providing clearly delineated and accessible spaces, whilst retaining and enhancing key landscape features, such as the retention of woodland belts and mature hedgerows, will provide a screening role to assist in assimilating the built form of the development into the natural surroundings

14.6.7 Overall, given the distance and land use between the Site and the two residential developments off

Llantarnam Road and the South Sebastopol and Malthouse Road developments, it is considered unlikely that any significant interaction and cumulative effects will arise from the installation of artificial lighting during either the construction or operational phases. In respect of the Proposed Development and the residential scheme at Llanfrechfa Grange South, the potential for and cumulative effects will be mitigated by the use of modern controlled lighting equipment throughout the Proposed Development in accordance with CIBSE lighting requirements and the external lighting requirements for an E2 Environmental Zone. This will provide the minimum levels of illumination required for a safe and secure environment whilst providing the necessary controls to minimise the potential for cumulative effects with the lighting installed on the other identified sites on surrounding receptors.



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Table 14.4: Summary of Effects Table for External Lighting

Description of Likely

Significant Effects

Significance of Effects

(Major,

Moderate,

Minor,

Negligible)

Positive /

Negative

(P/T) (D/I) ST/

MT/

LT)

Construction

Potential for glare, light spill and sky glow from temporary lighting affecting Ysgubornewydd

Farm, bordering the Sites northern boundary and affecting Ty-Coch

Cottage and Waun-y-Pwll

Farm to the north-east of the Site

Minor Negative T D ST

Summary of Mitigation / Enhancement

Measures

Significance of Residual Effects

(Major,

Moderate,

Minor,

Negligible)

Positive /

Negative

(P/T) (D/I) ST/

MT/

LT)

Relevant

Policy

 The lighting requirements will be incorporated into the CEMP and the scheme registered with Considerate Contractors;

 Specified working hours, uses of lighting, the location of temporary floodlights and construction compound will be agreed with

TCBC.

 The external lighting of the Site during construction will use energy saving bulbs and lighting will be directional, non-light polluting, and controlled by light sensors;



Lighting to be switched off when not required unless specifically needed for construction activities or for security / health and safety requirements;

 Glare controlled by using lighting fixtures designed to provide full horizontal cut-off with directionally shielded fittings to enable artificial light to be controlled and substantially confined to the object intended to be illuminated and will be designed to the obtrusive light limitations for an E2

Environmental Zone for source intensity

(glare);

 Light spill/trespass controlled by using lighting fixtures designed not to cause unnecessary intrusion to adjacent sensitive receptors and unlit areas and will be designed to the obtrusive light limitations for an E2 Environmental Zone for Light

Trespass into Windows; and

 Sky glow controlled by the use of modern floodlight fittings which will be horizontally mounted to avoid light spilling upwards and will be designed to the obtrusive light limitations for an E2 Environmental Zone for the sky glow upward light ratio (ULR).

Negligible to

Minor

Negative T D

Relevant

Legislation

ST Policy EN4 of

Gwent

Structure Plan

Policy E2 and

E8 of the

Torfaen Local

Plan

Section 101 –

103 of CNEA

2005,

Section 79 and

80(2) of the

EPA 1990



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(Major,

Moderate,

Minor,

Negligible)

Potential for glare, light spill and sky glow from temporary lighting affecting the residential properties to west of the

Site between Caerleon

Road (B4236) and the

A4042

Potential for glare, light spill and sky glow from temporary lighting affecting Ty-Llwyd and

Glansirhowy Farm to the east and south-east of the

Site

Minor

Negligible

Positive /

Negative

Negative T

N/A T

(P/T) (D/I) ST/

MT/

LT)

D

D

ST

ST

Negative T D ST


Measures

 As above

 As above

 As above Potential for increased sky glow, glare and light spill from temporary installed lighting affecting the current night-time scene and landscape setting, particularly the

Special Landscape Area.

Potential for temporary installed lighting to affect the setting of the Grade II

Listed Victorian

Llanfrechfa Grange

Manor House and the historically important

Walled Garden area

Minor

Minor Negative T D ST



As above


(Major,

Moderate,

Minor,

Negligible)

Negligible to

Minor

Positive /

Negative

Negative

(P/T)

T

(D/I)

D

ST/

MT/

LT)

Relevant

Policy

ST Policy EN4 of

Gwent

Structure Plan

Policy E2 and

E8 of the

Torfaen Local

Plan

Negligible

Minor

N/A

Negative

N/A

T

N/A N/A Policy EN4 of

Gwent

Structure Plan

Policy E2 and

E8 of the

Torfaen Local

Plan

D ST Policy EN4 of

Gwent

Structure Plan

Policy E2 and

E8 of the

Torfaen Local

Plan

Negligible N/A N/A

Relevant

Legislation

Section 101 –

103 of CNEA

2005,

Section 79 and

80(2) of the

EPA 1990

Section 101 –

103 of CNEA

2005,

Section 79 and

80(2) of the

EPA 1990

Section 101 –

103 of CNEA

2005,

Section 79 and

80(2) of the

EPA 1990


Gwent

Structure Plan

Policy E2 and

E8 of the

Torfaen Local

Plan

Section 101

–

103 of CNEA

2005,

Section 79 and

80(2) of the

EPA 1990



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(Major,

Moderate,

Minor,

Negligible)

Minor

Positive /

Negative

Negative T

(P/T) (D/I) ST/

MT/

LT)

D ST The potential effects of temporary installed lighting on existing road users on the adjacent road network including the A4042 and Caerleon

Road.

Operation

Potential for glare, light spill and sky glow from external lighting installed as part of the Proposed

Development affecting

Ysgubornewydd Farm, bordering the Sites northern boundary and

Ty-Coch Cottage and

Waun-y-Pwll Farm to the north-east of the Site

Moderate Negative P D LT


Measures


(Major,

Moderate,

Minor,

Negligible)

 As above; and

 Temporary lighting will be designed to minimise unnecessary glare or light spill to pedestrians and motorists;

 The construction areas adjacent to walkways or roadways will be appropriately and clearly defined at all times to ensure the safety of motorists and pedestrians;

 Any temporary detours of vehicles or pedestrians around a construction site should be clearly visible at all times;



Construction area fences located near existing roadways or walkways should be appropriately to assist in defining the limits of construction for motorists and pedestrians;

 Temporary walkways, roads and parking areas should be illuminated to the same intensity in accordance with current guidance stipulated in the ILPE Guidance

Notes (2011).

Negligible

Positive /

Negative

N/A

(P/T)

N/A

(D/I) ST/

MT/

LT)

Relevant

Policy


Gwent

Structure Plan

Policy E2 and

E8 of the

Torfaen Local

Plan

 A Lighting Strategy has been prepared which accords with CIBSE Code for External

Lighting and the ILP Guidance Notes (2011).

 The lighting design criteria contained in the

Lighting Strategy has been prepared with regard the requirements for an E2

Environmental Zone under the current ILP

Guidance Notes (2011) for light spill, glare and sky glow.

 The retention of key landscape features, such as woodland belts and mature hedgerows, and further enhancement planting as part of the Landscape Strategy.

Minor Negative P D LT Policy EN4 of

Gwent

Structure Plan

Policy G1, E2 and E8 of the

Torfaen Local

Plan

Relevant

Legislation

Section 101 –

103 of CNEA

2005,

Section 79 and

80(2) of the

EPA 1990

Section 101 –

103 of CNEA

2005,

Section 79 and

80(2) of the

EPA 1990



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(Major,

Moderate,

Minor,

Negligible)

Moderate

Positive /

Negative

Negative P

(P/T) (D/I) ST/

MT/

LT)

D LT Potential for glare, light spill and sky glow from external lighting installed as part of the Proposed

Development affecting the residential properties to west of the Site between Caerleon Road

(B4236) and the A4042


Measures

 As above


(Major,

Moderate,

Minor,

Negligible)

Minor

Positive /

Negative

Negative

(P/T)

P

(D/I)

D

ST/

MT/

LT)

LT

Relevant

Policy

Policy EN4 of

Gwent

Structure Plan


Torfaen Local

Plan

Relevant

Legislation

Section 101 –

103 of CNEA

2005,

Section 79 and

80(2) of the

EPA 1990

Potential for glare, light spill and sky glow from external lighting installed as part of the Proposed

Development affecting

Ty-Llwyd and

Glansirhowy Farm to the east and south-east of the

Site

Potential for glare, light spill and sky glow from external lighting installed affecting future occupants of the Proposed

Development and future residents at Llanfrechfa

Grange South.

Potential for increased sky glow, glare and light spill from external lighting installed as part of the

Proposed Development affecting the current night-time scene and landscape setting, particularly the Special

Landscape Area

Negligible

Minor

Moderate



N/A P

Negative P

Negative P

D LT  As above

D LT  As above

D LT



As above

Negligible

Negligible

Minor

N/A

N/A

Negative

N/A

N/A

P


Gwent

Structure Plan


Torfaen Local

Plan

Section 101 –

103 of CNEA

2005,

Section 79 and

80(2) of the

EPA 1990


Gwent

Structure Plan


Torfaen Local

Plan

D LT Policy EN4 of

Gwent

Structure Plan


Torfaen Local

Plan

Section 101 –

103 of CNEA

2005,

Section 79 and

80(2) of the

EPA 1990

Section 101

–

103 of CNEA

2005,

Section 79 and

80(2) of the

EPA 1990

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(Major,

Moderate,

Minor,

Negligible)

Potential for installed lighting as part of the

Proposed Development to affect the setting of the

Grade II Listed Victorian

Llanfrechfa Grange

Manor House and the historically important

Walled Garden area

Minor

The potential for installed lighting as part of the

Proposed Development to affect road users on the

Site and adjacent road network, including the

A4042 and Caerleon

Road.

Moderate

Positive /

Negative

(P/T) (D/I) ST/

MT/

LT)

Negative P

Negative P

D

D

LT

LT


Measures

 As above

 As above; and

 Car parks to be lit to a luminance of 20 lux minimum with a 0.25 uniformity, with light level enhanced in and around designated disabled parking spaces.

 The roadway areas are proposed to be lit to a luminance of 10 lux minimum, with light level enhanced at vehicle barriers (if fitted), with street lighting to adopted roads designed to meet the TCBC highway authority requirements.

Key to Table 14.7:

P/T = Permanent or Temporary, D/I = Direct or Indirect, ST/MT/LT = Short Term, Medium Term or Long Term

N/A = Not Applicable

Negligible


(Major,

Moderate,

Minor,

Negligible)

Negligible

Positive /

Negative

N/A

(P/T)

P

(D/I)

D

ST/

MT/

LT)

LT

Relevant

Policy

Policy EN4 of

Gwent

Structure Plan


Torfaen Local

Plan

Relevant

Legislation

Section 101 –

103 of CNEA

2005,

Section 79 and

80(2) of the

EPA 1990

N/A P D LT Policy EN4 of

Gwent

Structure Plan


Torfaen Local

Plan

Section 101 –

103 of CNEA

2005,

Section 79 and

80(2) of the

EPA 1990



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14.7

REFERENCES

Documentary sources



 Ref 14.2

 Ref 14.3



















Ref 14.1

Ref 14.4

 Ref 14.5

 Ref 14.6

 Ref 14.7

 Ref 14.8

 Ref 14.9

 Ref 14.10

Ref 14.11

Ref 14.12

Ref 14.13

Ref 14.14

Ref 14.15

Ref 14.16

Ref 14.17

Ref 14.18

DEFRA (2005), Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act

Environmental Protection Act (1990)

DEFRA (2005), Guidance on Sections 101 to 103 of the Clean Neighbourhoods and

Environment Act 2005

Planning Policy Wales (2002)

Welsh Assembly Government (2008), The Wales Spatial Plan – 2008 Update

Strategic Planning Guidance for South East Wales – Volume 1 (January 2000)

Strategic Planning Guidance for South East Wales – Volume 2 (July 2001)

Gwent Structure Plan (Period 1991 – 2006)

Torfaen Local Plan (Adopted July 2000)

Torfaen County Borough Council Local Development Plan (to 2021): Deposit Plan

Written Statement (March 2011)

Llanfrechfa Grange Development Framework Document (June 2008)

Commission Internationale De L’Eclairage (2003), CIE 150: Guide on the Limitation of the Effects of Obtrusive Light from Outdoor Lighting Installations

Commission Internationale De L’Eclairage (1997), CIE 126: Guidelines for Minimising

Sky Glow

Institution of Lighting Professionals (2011) Guidance Notes for the Reduction of

Obtrusive Light

DEFRA (2001) Lighting in the Countryside: Towards Good Practice

BS EN 5489 (2003) Code of Practice for the Design of Road Lighting – Part 1: Lighting of Roads and Public Amenity Areas

BS EN 13201 (2003) Road Lighting – Part 2: Performance Requirements

Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) (1992), Lighting Guide: The

Outdoor Environment (LG06)

Online sources

 Llanfrechfa Grange Development Framework Consultation Draft (July 2008) – http://www.torfaen.gov.uk/EnvironmentAndPlanning/Planning/ForwardPlanning/LlanfrechfaGrangeDevelo pmentFramework.aspx





Torfaen County Borough Council- http://www.torfaen.gov.uk/Home.aspx

Torfaen County Borough Council – Pollution Control http://www.torfaen.gov.uk/EnvironmentAndPlanning/Pollution/Home.aspx









Environment Agency & Light Pollution - http://www.environmentagency.gov.uk/yourenv/eff/1190084/pollution/152227/

Institution of Lighting Engineers – www.theilp.org.uk

The Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA) – Compliance Plus – Lighting: http://www.ciria.org/complianceplus/

Society of Light and Lighting – www.cibse.org.

 Institute of Lighting Engineers and Bat Conservation Trust (2007) Bats and Lighting in the UK: Bats and the Built Environment Series [online]. Available at www.theilp.org.uk

 Institute of Lighting Engineers (2001) ILE Technical Report 5; Brightness of Illuminated Advertisements

[online]. Available online at www.theilp.org.uk



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