8th PHYSICAL SCIENCE
MIDTERM EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Chapter 6
I.
Important definitions terms and concepts:
Electron dot diagram
Ion
Anion
Cation
Chemical bond
II.
Ionic bond
Chemical formula
Crystal
Covalent bond
Molecule
Polar covalent bond
Polyatomic ion
Metallic bond
Alloy
Important discussion ideas:
1. Describe how an ionic bond forms and how ionization energy affects the process.
2. Relate the properties of ionic compounds to the structure of crystal lattice.
3. Describe how covalent bonds form and the attractions that keep atoms together in molecules.
4. Describe binary ionic compound, metals with multiple ions and Polyatomic ions.
5. Name and determine chemical formulas for ions, and molecular compounds.
6. Relate the properties of metals to their structure.
Chapter 7
I.
Important definitions terms and concepts:
Reactants
Products
Chemical equation
Coefficients
Mole
Molar mass
Synthesis reaction
II.
Decomposition reaction
Single-replacement
Double-replacement
Combustion
Oxidation-reduction
Chemical energy
Exothermic reaction
Endothermic reaction
Reaction rate
Catalyst
Equilibrium
Reversible reaction
Important discussion ideas:
1. Balance chemical equations by manipulating coefficients
2. Convert between moles and mass of a substance using molar mass.
3. Calculate amounts of reactants or products by using molar mass, mole ratios, and balanced chemical
equations.
4. Classify chemical reactions as synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, or
combustion reactions.
5. Describe the energy changes that take place during chemical reactions.
6. List the factors affecting chemical reaction rates.
7. Identify and describe physical and chemical equilibria and list the factors affecting chemical
equilibrium.
Chapter 11
I.
Important definitions terms and concepts:
Frame of reference
relative motion
distance
vector
Resultant vector
speed
average speed
instantaneous speed
Velocity
acceleration
free fall
constant acceleration
Linear graph
nonlinear graph
instantaneous acceleration
II.
Important discussion ideas:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Distinguish between distance and displacement.
Compare and contrast average speed and instantaneous speed.
Interpret graphs.
Calculate speed and acceleration of an object.
Identify changes in motion that produce acceleration.
Identify frames or reference and describe how they are used to measure motion
Chapter 12
I.
Important definitions terms and concepts:
Forces
Newton
Net force
Friction
Static friction
Sliding friction
Rolling friction
Fluid friction
II.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Air resistance
Gravity
Terminal velocity
Projectile motion
Inertia
Mass
Weight
Momentum
Law of conservation of
momentum
Electromagnetic forcer
Strong nuclear force
Weak nuclear force
Gravitational force
Centripetal force
Important discussion ideas:
List and describe the four types of friction.
How do gravity and air resistance affect a falling object?
Describe the path of a projectile & identify the forces that produce projectile motion.
Describe Newton’s 3 laws of motion.
Calculate acceleration, force, weight and momentum.
Relate the mass of an object to its weight.
Name and describe the forms of electromagnetic force that can both attract and repel.
Define Newton’s law of universal gravitation & describe the factors affecting gravitational force.
Chapter 13
I.
Important definitions terms and concepts:
Pressure
Pascal
Fluid
II.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Hydraulic system
Lift
Buoyancy
Buoyant force
Archimedes’ principle
Important discussion ideas:
Calculate pressure
Describe the relationship between water depth and pressure it exerts.
Describe how forces from pressure are distributed at a given level in fluid.
Explain how altitude affects air pressure.
Describe and give examples of each: Pascal’s principle, Bernoulli’s principle & Archimedes’
Principle.
6. Explain how a hydraulic system works to change a force.
7. Explain the effect of buoyancy on the apparent weight of an object.
8. How can you determine if an object will float or sink in a fluid?
Chapter 9
I.
Important key terms
Organic compounds
functional groups
hydrocarbons
Proteins
polymers
carbohydrates
Photosynthesis
Unsaturated hydrocarbons
Study the worksheet for the concepts
respiration
enzymes
saturated hydrocarbons