‫סקירת ספרות בנושא חוסר מגנזיום במי השתייה‬
‫מאמרים שתמכו בקיום קשר הפוך בן רמת מגנזיום במי שתיה לתחלואה‬
‫מסקנה‬
This study found significant evidence of an inverse
association between magnesium levels in drinking
water and cardiovascular mortality following a
meta-analysis of case control studies. Evidence for
calcium remains unclear.
Information from epidemiological and other
studies supports the hypothesis that a low intake
of magnesium may increase the risk of dying from,
and possibly developing, cardiovascular disease or
stroke. Thus, not removing magnesium from
drinking water, or in certain situations increasing
the magnesium intake from water, may be
beneficial, especially for populations with an
insufficient dietary intake of the mineral.
The results of the present study show that there
may be a significant protective effect of
magnesium intake from drinking water on the risk
of ovarian cancer death.
The results of our study show that there is a
significant trend toward a decreased risk of having
a child of VLBW with increasing magnesium levels
in drinking water. Only the specific reversibility of
the symptoms through nutritional magnesium in
drinking water supplementation might
demonstrate the existence of a pathogenic link.
‫אוכלוסיה המחקר‬
)n(
‫ מאמרים מתוך‬41
‫ שנסקרו‬6092
933 cases
933 controls
1,781 women
‫סוג מחקר‬
systematic
review
‫שנת‬
‫פרסום‬
2008
Dec
‫כותבים ופרסום‬
‫שם המאמר‬
et al.Catling LA
J Water Health
A systematic review of analytical
observational studies investigating the
association between cardiovascular disease
and drinking water hardness
Review
2006
Aug
et al. Eur J Monarca S
Cardiovasc Prev
Rehabil.
Review of epidemiological studies on
drinking water hardness and cardiovascular
diseases.
A case control
study
March
2004
Hui‐Fen Chiu et al.
Magnesium Research
Magnesium and calcium in drinking water
and risk of death from ovarian cancer.
2002
Dec
Yang CY et al.
Magnes Res.
Magnesium in drinking water and the risk
of delivering a child of very low birth
weight.
The data suggest that magnesium in drinking water
is associated with lower mortality from acute
myocardial infarction, but not with the total
incidence.
Weighted multivariate regression analysis was
used, and after adjusting for fertility rates and
urbanization, there was a significant inverse
relationship between the levels of calcium and
magnesium in drinking water and risk of death
from breast cancer.
The results suggest that magnesium and calcium in
drinking water are important protective factors for
death from acute myocardial infarction among
women.
The results of the present study show that there
seems to be a significant protective effect of
magnesium intake from drinking water on the risk
of dying from diabetes mellitus. This is an
important finding for the Taiwan water industry
and human health.
The results of the present study show that there
may be a significant protective effect of calcium
intake from drinking water on the risk of rectal
cancer.
The results of the present study show that there is
a significant protective effect of magnesium intake
from drinking water on the risk of cerebrovascular
disease. This is an important finding for the Taiwan
water industry and human health.
The present study also suggests that there was a
significant protective effect of calcium intake from
drinking water on the risk of gastric cancer.
Cases – 823
Controls - 853
A case control
study
2000
Jul
et alRubenowitz E
Epidemiology
Magnesium in drinking water in relation to
morbidity and mortality from acute
myocardial infarction
2.52
municipalities in
Taiwan
Ecological
design
2000
Jun
et al.Yang CY
J Toxicol Environ
Health A
Calcium and magnesium in drinking water
and the risk of death from breast cancer.
Cases – 378
Controls – 1368
A case control
study
1999
Jan
et alRubenowitz E
Epidemiology
Magnesium and calcium in drinking water
and death from acute myocardial infarction
in women.
Cases – 6781
Controls – 6781
A case control
study
1999
Jun
Yang CY et al.
Magnes Res
Magnesium in drinking water and the risk
of death from diabetes mellitus.
Cases – 986
Controls – 986
A case control
study
1998
Aug
Yang CY; Chiu HF .
Int J Cancer
Calcium and magnesium in drinking water
and risk of death from rectal cancer.
17133 cases
17133 controls
A case control
1998
Feb
Yang CY
Stroke
Calcium and magnesium in drinking
water and risk of death from
cerebrovascular disease.
1998
Feb
Yang CY et al.
Jpn J Cancer
Calcium, magnesium, and nitrate in
drinking water and gastric cancer
mortality.
study
A case control
Magnesium also exerts a protective effect against
gastric cancer, but only for the group with the
highest levels.
The results of the present study show that there is
a significant protective effect of calcium intake
from drinking water against colon cancer.
study
1714 cases
1714 controls
A case control
study
1997
Oct
Yang CY et al.
Jpn J Cancer Res
Calcium and magnesium in drinking
water and risk of death from colon
cancer.
Magnesium and calcium in drinking
water and cerebrovascular mortality in
Taiwan.
The results from this study strengthen the
hypothesis that magnesium in drinking water helps
to prevent death from cerebrovascular disease.
227 municipalities
in Taiwan
Ecological
design
1997
Mar
Yang CY et al.
Magnes Res
These data suggest that magnesium in drinking
water is a important protective factor for death
from acute myocardial infarction among males.
Most case-control and one cohort studies showed
an inverse relation, statistically significant,
between mortality from CVD and water levels of
magnesium, but not calcium. Consumption of
water containing high concentrations of
magnesium seems to reduce of about 30-35% the
mortality for CVD, but not the incidence. This
inverse association is supported by clinical and
experimental findings and is biologically plausible
and in line with Hill's criteria for a cause-effect
relationship.
Cases – 854
Controls - 989
A case control
study
1996
Mar
et alRubenowitz E
Am J Epidemiol.
Magnesium in drinking water and death
from acute myocardial infarction.
Review
2003
JanFeb
et alMonarca S
Ann Ig.
[Drinking water hardness and chronic
degenerative diseases. II. Cardiovascular
diseases]
‫מאמרים שלא מצאו קשר או הסיקו כי יש צורך במחקרים נוספים על מנת להגיע להחלטה‬
‫מסקנה‬
We found no evidence for an overall significant
association between tap water hardness,
magnesium or calcium concentrations, and IHD
mortality or stroke mortality. More research is
needed to investigate the effect of tap water
magnesium on IHD mortality or stroke mortality in
subjects with low dietary magnesium intake.
This study suggests that neither high water
hardness, nor high calcium or magnesium intake
appreciably protect against CHD or CVD. Initiatives
to add calcium and magnesium to desalinated
water cannot be justified by these findings.
This study of individuals living in soft and hard
water areas showed significant correlations
between the content of calcium in water and
major cardiovascular risk factors. This was not
found for magnesium in water or calcium or
magnesium in diet. Regression analyses indicated
that calcium content in water could be a factor in
the complexity of relationships and importance of
cardiovascular risk factors. From these results it is
not possible to conclude any definite causal
relation and further research is needed.
To date, it would be impossible to understand this
environmental findings without large intervention
studies performed in well-controlled public health
programs.
‫אוכלוסיה המחקר‬
)n(
‫סוג מחקר‬
120,852 men
and women
A cohort
study
‫שנת‬
‫פרסום‬
2010
Mar
7,735 men
Prospective
study
207 individuals
‫כותבים ופרסום‬
‫שם המאמר‬
et al.Leurs LJ
Environ Health
Perspect.
Relationship between tap water hardness,
magnesium, and calcium concentration and
mortality due to ischemic heart disease or
stroke in The Netherlands
2008
Apr
et al.Morris RW
Eur J Cardiovasc Prev
Rehabil.
Hard drinking water does not protect
against cardiovascular disease: new
evidence from the British Regional Heart
Study
Cross
sectional
study
2003
Jun
Nerbrand C et al.
BMC Public Health.
The influence of calcium and magnesium in
drinking water and diet on cardiovascular
risk factors in individuals living in hard and
soft water areas with differences in
cardiovascular mortality.
Review
2002
Oct
Sauvant MP et al.
Food Chem Toxicol.
Drinking water and cardiovascular
disease.
No evidence was found of an association between
magnesium concentrations in drinking water
supplies and mortality from acute myocardial
infarction. These results do not support the
hypothesis that magnesium is the key water factor
in relation to mortality from heart disease
Furthermore, researchers should determine which
chemical form of magnesium is best absorbed and
most effective. We need to better understand the
interrelation of various water and food
constituents, as well as individual risk factors, in
the pathogenesis of IHD. Susceptible individuals
who are at higher risk of being depleted of
magnesium need to be identified, and potential
untoward effects of magnesium should be studied.
Future research must provide better answers
about low level waterborne magnesium before
recommendations to the public can be made.
Before general prevention programmes can be
recommended, risk groups must be defined and
experimental intervention programmes
performed.
124 623 men and
1 372 036 women
Small area
geographical
study
1999
Oct
Maheswaran R et al.
Heart
Magnesium in drinking water supplies and
mortality from acute myocardial infarction
in north west England.
Review
1997
Marx A; Neutra RR
Epidemiol Rev
Magnesium in drinking water and
ischemic heart disease.
1996
Feb
Rylander R.
J Cardiovasc Risk
Environmental magnesium deficiency
as a cardiovascular risk factor
Review