Patterns of Inheritance - Chapter 9

Genetics the science of ___________________.
A distinct _______________ makeup ________________ in a distinct set of
________________ and _________________ characteristics.

History of Genetics:
Biologists in the 19 th century observed inheritance patterns in _____________ and concluded that offspring inherit traits from___________ _________________.
The favored explanation for inheritance then became the “________________” hypothesis.
This is the idea that the hereditary materials contributed by the male and female
_______________________________________________________________
Modern genetics began in the 1860’s when a _______ named
Gregor Mendel experimented with...
With a history in____________________, his research implemented a great deal of statistics.
He stressed that the heritable factors (genes) _____________________ their individuality generation after generation. (_________________________)
He studied pea plants because they had____________ ___________________
_____________, they produced______________ ________________ of
_________________, and they came in______________ ________________.
___________________ : flower color, height, seed shape, pod color, etc.
Traits
(___________________________________________
_____) purple/white flower, tall/short height, round/wrinkled seed, green/yellow pod color.

He could strictly ________________
_______________of pea plants.
Pea plants usually
_________________________, sperm carrying pollen from a plant lands on an egg of the same plant.
He could also cross-fertilize -
____________________
____________________________________
_________
He worked with plants until he was sure he has a true-breed...
Example – parent plant had purple flowers, and if self fertilized it would only produce purple flowered plants generation after generation.
Once he had a true-breed, he then investigated what would happen if he crossed truebreeding varieties with each other.
Example – what offspring would result from cross-fertilization of true-breeds? purple flowers x white flowers
This offspring of two different true-breeds is called a__________________.
(the fertilization is called______________________, or ________________ .)
P generation –
F
1
generation -
(F stands for _____________, Latin for “_______”)
 F
2
generation –

Mendel ___________________ and ___________________ the inheritance of
________________, & the results lead him to formulate several ideas about inheritance.
He crossed a ______________________________ flower with a
_________________________________ flower.
He observed that the _________ generation were all __________________ flowers.
______________________________ the ______ generation he found that the _______ generation had a ratio of______________.
* One __________ for every three_____________.
He concluded that the ___________________________________________________, and that they ________________________________________________ for the flower color character.
He called these alleles –
Let’s look at his monohybrid-cross (parent plants differ in only 1 character):
Homologous Chromosomes - _______________ reside at the same _______________ on homologous chromosomes

Dominant allele –
PP or Pp
Recessive allele – pp
A homozygous genotype has -
PP or pp
A heterozygous genotype has -

Law of segregation
A sperm or egg carries only ____________________ for each inherited character.
 because
_________________________________ from each other during the production of ____________________________

Genotype -

Phenotype –

Carriers – organisms that are __________________________, they carry the
__________________________ for a trait but _______________________ only the
________________________________ is expressed.

Types of hybrid crosses
______________________ – the parents differ in only _____________________.

Example: Green or Yellow seeds.
______________________ – parents differ in ____________________________.
(Round or Wrinkled) and (Green or Yellow) seeds

Law of Independent Assortment
Each pair of alleles ______________________________________ of other pairs of alleles during _______________________________.

Punnett Squares
Punnett squares are used to show the _______________________ of what genotypes the offspring could have.

Test Cross
Used to determine the _____________________________ of a unknown character.
Used to verify if organism is in fact a true-breed.

Mate organism with unknown genotype, with an organism that has a __________
_____________________________ genotype.

The appearance of the offspring reveals the ______________________________.
Picture of Test Cross