DRUGS -VOCABULARY
- a person's emotional or mental need for a drug
learning to live without alcohol
DRUG
any chemical substance that causes a change in a person's physical or psychological
state
MEDICINE
any drug that is used to cure, prevent, or treat illness or discomfort
PRESCRIPTION MEDICINE
medicine that can be bought only with a written order from a doctor OVER-THECOUNTER
medicine medicine that can be bought without a prescription
SIDE EFFECT
any effect that is caused by a drug that is different from the drug's intended effect
FOOD DRUG ADMINISTRATION (FDA) a government agency that controls the safety of food and drugs in the United
States
DRUG ADDICTION
the uncontrollable use of a drug
STIMULANT
any drug that increases the body's activity
MARIJUANA
the dried flowers and leaves of the Cannibis plant
TETRAHDYDROCANNABINOL (THC) the active chemical in marijuana
OPIATE
any drug that is produced from the milk of the opium poppy
HALLUCINOGEN
any drug that causes a person to hallucinate
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord
DEPRESSANT
a drug that decreases body activity
BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION (BAC) the amount of alcohol in the bloodstream
INTOXICATION
the physical and mental changes produced by drinking alcohol
ALCOHOL POISONING
the damage to physical health caused by drinking too much alcohol
HANGOVER
the uncomfortable physical effects caused by alcohol use, including headache,
dizziness, stomach upset, nausea, and vomiting
cirrhosis a deadly disease that replaces healthy liver tissue with useless scar tissue
TOLERANCE
a condition in which a person needs more of a drug to feel the original effects of the
drug
FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME (FAS) birth defects that affect an unborn baby that has been exposed to alcohol
INHIBITION
a mental or psychological process that restrains your actions, emotions, and thoughts
REACTION TIME the amount of time from the instant your brain detects an external
stimulus until the moment you respond
ALCOHOLISM
a disease in which a person is physically or psychologically dependent on alcohol
PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE
the body's chemical need for a drug
FLASHBACK
an event in which a hallucinogen's effects happen again long after the drug was
originally taken
INHALANT
any drug that is inhaled and absorbed into the bloodstream through the lungs
DESIGNER DRUG
a drug that is produces by making a small chemical change to a drug that already
exists
ECSTASY
the common name given to the chemical MDMA
GHB
a designer drug that is made from the anesthetic GBL (a common ingredient in
pesticides)
KETAMINE
a designer drug that is closely related to the hallucinogen PCP (angel dust)
INTERVENTION
a gathering in which the people who are close to a person who is abusing drugs, try to
get the person to accept help by relating stories of how his or her drug problem has
affected them
TREATMENT CENTER
a facility with trained doctors and counselors where people who abuse drugs can get
help for their problems
DETOXIFICATION
the process by which the body rids itself of harmful chemicals
PSYCHOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE
RECOVERY
CHRISTMAS VOCABULARY
ADVENT
the arrival of someone or something important
ADVENT
the coming (or second coming) of Jesus Christ; the month leading up to Christmas
ANGEL
a spiritual being acting as a messenger of God (usually shown as a human being with wings)
BERRY
a small round fruit
BETHLEHEM
the small town in the Middle East believed to be the birthplace of Jesus Christ
CANDLE
a cylinder of wax with a central wick (like string) which burns to produce light
CHIMNEY
a vertical pipe in a house that allows smoke and gases to escape from a fireplace (Father
Christmas traditionally enters a house through its chimney)
CHRIST
the title of Jesus (also used as His name)
CHRISTIAN
a person who believes in Christianity; also an adjective
CHRISTIANITY
the religion based on the teachings and person of Jesus Christ
CHRISTMAS
the annual Christian festival celebrating the birth of Jesus Christ (Christmas Day is on 25
December)
CHRISTMAS
CAKE
CHRISTMAS
CARD
CHRISTMAS
CAROL
a rich fruit cake covered with white icing, eaten at Christmas
a greetings card that people send to friends and family at Christmas
a religious song or popular hymn that people sing at Christmas
CHRISTMAS
DAY
25 December, the birthday of Jesus Christ
CHRISTMAS EVE
the evening or day before Christmas Day (24 December)
CHRISTMAS
HOLIDAYS
CHRISTMAS
PRESENT
CHRISTMAS
TREE
the holiday period for about a week before and after Christmas Day
a gift or present given at Christmas
an evergreen tree (often a spruce) that people decorate with lights and ornaments at Christmas
CRACKER
a decorated paper tube that makes a sharp noise ("crack!") and releases a small toy when two
people pull it apart
DECORATION
something that adds beauty; ornament
EGG-NOG
a traditional Christmas drink made of alcohol with beaten eggs and milk
FATHER
CHRISTMAS
an imaginary being who brings presents for children on the night before Christmas Day (also
known as Santa Claus) - traditionally an old man with a red suit and white beard
FIREPLACE
a partly enclosed space in a house where people light a fire for warmth
FRANKINCENSE
a gum used for incense, one of the gifts that the three wise men gave to Jesus
GOLD
a yellow precious metal, one of the gifts that the three wise men gave to Jesus
HOLLY
an evergreen plant with prickly dark green leaves and red berries
JESUS
the name of Christ, the central figure of Christianity (believed by Christians to be the Son of
God)
JOSEPH
the husband of Mary (the mother of Jesus)
MAGI
the wise men from the East who brought gifts for the baby Jesus
MANGER
a trough for food for horses or cattle (used by Mary as a cradle or bed for Jesus)
MARY
the mother of Jesus
MISTLETOE
a parasitic plant with white berries, traditionally used as a Christmas decoration
MYRRH
a gum used for perfume or incense, one of the gifts that the three wise men gave to Jesus
NATIVITY
the birth of a person
THE NATIVITY
the birth of Jesus Christ
NATIVITY PLAY
a play that people perform at Christmas based on the birth of Jesus
NEW YEAR
the start of a year; the period just before and after 1 January
NEW YEAR'S
DAY
1 January
NEW YEAR'S
EVE
31 December
ORNAMENT
an object that adds beauty to something; a decoration
PRESENT
a thing given to somebody as a gift.
REINDEER
a deer with large antlers found in some cold climates (believed to pull the sleigh for Santa Claus
or Father Christmas)
SANTA CLAUS
an imaginary being who brings presents for children on the night before Christmas Day (also
known as Father Christmas) - traditionally an old man with a red suit and white beard (Santa
Claus may be based in part on the historical figure of Saint Nicholas.)
SHEPHERD
a person who looks after sheep
SLEIGH
a sledge or light cart on runners pulled by horses or reindeer over snow and ice
STAR
a bright point in the night sky which is a large, distant incandescent body like the sun
THE STAR OF
the star that announced the birth of Jesus and guided the wise men to find Him
TINSEL
a decoration consisting of thin strips of shiny metal foil, traditionally used at Christmas
TURKEY
a bird like a large chicken, traditionally eaten at Christmas
WHITE
CHRISTMAS
a Christmas with snow on the ground
XMAS
abbreviation or informal term for Christmas
BOXING DAY
In the UK, December 26 is called Boxing Day. It was traditionally a day to give presents
to the poor.
Christmas Expressions
 Merry Christmas!
 Happy Christmas
 Happy New Year!
 Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year!
 Wishing you a prosperous New Year
 All the best for the coming year
 Seasons Greetings!
CRIMINALITY - VOCABULARY
ACCUSED
a person against whom a criminal or quasi-criminal charge has been laid is known as the
accused.
AIDING OR ABETTING an aid to a criminal offence is a person who knowingly assists in the commission of a crime in
any way. An abettor to an offence is one who knowingly encourages another to commit a
criminal act.
ALIBI
when an accused person claims not to have been present at the time of an alleged offence.
ATTEMPT
there are three essential elements of the criminal offence of attempt are intent to carry out
an unlawful act, some act or omission toward committing the offence, and noncompletion
of the criminal act. (Completion of the action would eliminate the offence of attempt.)
ARREST (DETENTION) the act of taking an alleged or suspected offender into police custody. It is the lawful
restriction of liberty by legal authority, by expressing words of arrest and actual physical
detention.
CHARGE
when an individual is formally charged with an offence, the police will serve an
information upon the accused person that informs the accused of the details of the alleged
offence.
CRIME
an act or omission, prohibited by law, which is considered a wrong against society and
society’s values and morals.
CRIMINAL STATE OF MIND where an accused person has planned and commited the crime.
CRITERIA
rules or standards that are accepted and used to provide a consistent basis f
or making judgments.
DEFENCE
any denial or answer to the charge against an accused person. A defence is also a legally
recognized excuse or justification for criminal conduct.
DURESS
a person who commits an offence because of threat of immediate death or serious injury
may use the defence of duress.
ELECTION
an accused person may choose to have his or her case tried by a judge or a jury
HYBRID (OR DUAL OFFENCES) allow the prosecution to elect to proceed by way of summary conviction or by way of
indictment.
JURISDICTION
the federal government has sole power and responsibility to create criminal law, while the
provinces have the power and the responsibility for the administration and enforcement of
criminal law.
MENTAL DISORDERS
in an individual being found to be not criminally responsible for an offence. The person
must not have known that the action was an offence. The defence of intoxication can only
be used if alcohol or drug abuse has led to a condition of mental disorder.
MISTAKE OF LAW
ignorance of the law is no defence against committing an offence. However, if an accused
person can show that they were misled about a law by a government official, an exception
called officially induced error applies.
MORALITY
some actions are deemed criminally offensive because they offend the morality of the
predominant worldview in society.
LEGAL RIGHTS
legal rights of Canadians are protected as components of fundamental justice under the
Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
NON-CRIMINALITY
nothing is a crime unless the law specifically so provides. This means that an accused
must be charged under a specific statute and the burden is upon the prosecution to present
facts to prove the offence charged.
PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE an individual is presumed innocent unless proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
An individual placed under arrest has procedural rights, including:
 the right to remain silent
 the right to consult with a lawyer


the right to a hearing regarding their liberty
the presumption of innocence unless proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
SANCTIONS penalties or consequences for actions outside the accepted norms of behaviour. Sanctions
may be formal or informal.
SOCIETY
a system in which individuals and social organizations performing a variety of roles
interrelate with each other according to a set of mutual expectations and in ways
controlled by the social and natural environments.
THEORY
a hypothesis that has been tested, but that has not produced similar outcomes often enough
to be considered fact or truth.
VALUES
the beliefs people will act upon because they believe them to be correct and acceptable
behaviour. People use values as criteria on which to base their judgments about issues
significant to them and society.
VERDICTS IN CRIMINAL TRIALS a court may find an accused person guilty as a result of the crown proving the facts
of the charge beyond a reasonable doubt. A court may also find an accused person not
guilty, as a result of the crown failing to prove the facts of a charge beyond reasonable
doubt.