SELECTED BOOKS ON QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS
Adams, R. N., & Preiss, J. J. (Eds.). (1960). Human organization research: Field relations and
techniques. Homewood, IL: Dorsey.
Adelman, C. (1981). Stuttering, muttering: Collecting, using, and reporting talk for social and
educational research. London: Grant McIntyre.
Adler, P. A., & Adler, P. (1987). Membership roles in field research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Agar, M. H. (1980). The professional stranger: An informal introduction to ethnography. New
York: Academic Press.
Agar, M. H. (1986). Speaking of ethnography. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Alary, J., Guedon, M-C., Larivere, C., & Mazer, R. (Eds.). (1990). Community care and
participatory research (S. Usher, Trans.). Montreal, Canada: Nu-Age Editions.
Alasuutari, P. (1995). Researching culture: Qualitative method and cultural studies. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage.
Alasuutari, P. (1998). An invitation to social research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Altrichter, H., Posch, P., & Somekh, B. (1993). Teachers investigate their work: An introduction
to the methods of action research. New York: Routledge.
Albesson, M., & Skoldberg, K. (2000). Reflexive methodology: New vistas for qualitative
research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Alvesson, M., & Deetz, S. A. (2000). Doing critical management research. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage.
Alvesson, M., & Skoldberg, K. (2000). Reflexive methodology: New vistas for qualitative
research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Amit, V. (Ed.). (2000). Constructing the field: Ethnographic fieldwork in the contemporary
world. London: Routledge.
Anderson, B. G. (1990). First fieldwork: The misadventures of an anthropologist. Prospect
Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
Appell, G. N. (1978). Ethical dilemmas in anthropological inquiry: A case book. Los Angeles:
Crossroads Press.
Argyris, C., Putnam, R., & Smith, D. M. (1985). Action science: Concepts, methods, and skills
for research and intervention. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Ashley, K., Gilmore, L., & Peters, G. (Eds.). (1994). Autobiography & postmodernism. Amherst:
University of Massachusetts Press.
Atkins, C., & Beschner, G. (Eds.). (1979). Ethnography: A research tool for policymakers in the
drug and alcohol fields. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Atkinson, P. (1990). The ethnographic imagination: Textual constructions of reality. London:
Routledge.
Atkinson, P. (1992). Understanding ethnographic texts. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Atkinson, R. (1998). The life story interview. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Altheide, D. L. (1996). Qualitative media analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Atkinson, P., Coffey, A., & Delamont, S. (2003). Key themes in qualitative research:
Continuities and changes. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
Atkinson, P., Coffey, A., Delamont, S., Lofland, J., & Lofland, L. H. (2001). Handbook of
ethnography. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Argyris, C., Putnam, R., & Smith, M. C. (1985). Action science: Concepts, methods, and skills
for research and intervention. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Baily, C. A. (1996). A guide to field research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
Balnaves, M., & Caputi, P. (2001). Introduction to qualitative research methods: An
investigative approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Banaka, W. (1971). Training in depth interviewing. New York: Harper & Row.
Banister, P., Burman, E., Parker, I., Taylor, M., & Tindall, C. (1994). Qualitative methods in
psychology: A research guide. Buckingham, England: Open University Press.
Banks, A., & Banks, S. P. (Eds.). (1998). Fiction and social research. Walnut Creek, CA:
AltaMira Press.
Banks, M. (2001). Visual methods in social research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Banks, M., & Morphy, H. (Eds.). (1997). Rethinking visual anthropology. New Haven, CT: Yale
University Press.
Barbash, I., & Taylor, L. (1997). Cross-cultural filmmaking: A handbook for making
documentary and ethnographic films and videos. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Barnsley, J., & Ellis, D. (1987). Action research for women’s groups. Vancouver, British
Columbia, Canada: Women’s Research Centre.
Bartunek, J. M., & Louis, M. R. (1996). Insider/outsider team research. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage.
Bauer, M. W., & Gaskell, G. (Eds.). (2000). Qualitative researching with text, image and source:
A practical handbook for social research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Bauman, R., & Sherzer, J. (Eds.). (1974). Explorations in the ethnography of speaking. New
York: Cambridge University Press.
Bazeley, P., & Richards, L. (2001). The Nvivo qualitative project book. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage.
Becker, H. S. (1998). Tricks of the trade How to think about your research while you’re doing it.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Behar, R. (1996). The vulnerable observer: Anthropology that breaks your heart. Boston:
Beacon.
Behar, R., & Gordon, D. (Eds.). (1995). Women writing culture. Berkeley: University of
California Press.
Bell, D., Caplan, P., & Karim, D. J. (1993). Gendered fields: Women, men and ethnography.
New York: Routledge.
Bell, C., & Roberts, H. (Eds.). (1984). Social researching: Politics, problems, practice. London:
Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Benner, P. (1994). Interpretive phenomenology: Embodiment, caring, and ethics in health and
illness. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Bellenger, D. N., Bernhardt, K. L., & Goldstrucker, J. L. (1976). Qualitative research in
marketing. Chicago: American Marketing Association.
Benner, P. (Ed.). (1994). Interpretive phenomenology: Embodiment, caring, and ethics in health
and illness. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Benson, D., & Hughes, J. A. (1983). The perspective of ethnomethodology. London: Longman.
Bentz, V. M., & Shapiro, J. J. (1998). Mindful inquiry in social research. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage.
Berg, B. (1998). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences (3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn &
Bacon.
Berg, D. N., & Smith, K. K. (Eds.). (1985). The self in social inquiry: Research methods.
Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Berger, A. A. (2000). Media and communication research methods: An introduction to
qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Berger Gluck, S., & Patai (Eds.). (1991). Women’s words: The feminist practice of oral history.
New York: Routledge.
Bernard, H. R. (1994). Research methods in anthropology: Qualitative and quantitative
approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Bernard, H. R. (Ed.). (1998). Handbook of methods in cultural anthropology. Walnut Creek, CA:
AltaMira.
Bernard, H. R. (2000). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Bernard, H. R. (2001). Research methods in anthropology (3rd ed.). Walnut Creek, CA:
AltaMira.
Bernstein, R. J. (1983). Beyond objectivism and relativism: science, hermeneutics, and praxis.
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Beteille, A., & Madan, T. N. (Eds.). (1975). Encounter and experience: Personal accounts of
fieldwork. Honolulu: University Press of Hawai’i.
Bickman, L., & Rog, D. J. (1997). Handbook of applied social research methods. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage.
Bloom, L. R. (1998). Under the sign of hope: Feminist methodology and narrative
interpretation. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Bloor, M., Frankland, J., & Thomas, M. (2001). Focus groups in social research. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage.
Bochner, A. P., & Ellis, C. (2001). Ethnographically speaking: Autoethnography, literature, and
aesthetics. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
Bogdan, R. (1972). Participant observation in organizational settings. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse
University Press.
Bogdan, R. C., & Biklen, S. K. (1982). Qualitative research for education: An introduction to
theory and methods. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Bogdan, R., & Taylor, S. J. (1975). Introduction to qualitative research methods: A
phenomenological approach to the social sciences. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Boje, D. M. (2001). Narrative methods for organizations and communication research.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Boyarsky, N., & Murphy, N. (1998). Action research. N.p.: Art Books International.
Boyatzis, R. E. (1998). Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code
development. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Bradburd, D. (1998). Being there: The necessity of fieldwork. Washington, DC: Smithsonian
Press.
Brannan, J. (Ed.). (1992). Mixing methods: Qualitative and quantitative research. Aldershot,
England: Avebury.
Brannick, T. (2001). Doing action research in your own organization. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage.
Braud, W., & Anderson, R. (Eds.). (1998). Transpersonal research methods for the social
sciences: Honoring human experience. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Bray, J., Lee, J., Smith, L., & Yorks, L. (2000). Collaborative inquiry in practice: Action,
reflection, and making meaning. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Brenner, M., Brown, J., & Canter, D. (Eds.). (1985). The research interview: Uses and
approaches. New York: Academic Press.
Brettell, C. E. (1993). When they read what we write: The politics of ethnography. Westport, CT:
Bergen and Garvey.
Brewer, J., & Hunter, A. (1989). Multimethod research: A synthesis of styles. London: Sage.
Briggs, C. L. (1986). Learning how to ask: A sociolinguistic appraisal of the role of the interview
in social scientific research. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Bryman, A. (1988). Quantity and quality in social research. London: Unwin Hyman.
Bryman, A., & Burgess, B. (Eds.). (1994). Analyzing qualitative data. New York: Routledge.
Bryman, A., & Burgess, R. (Eds.). (in press). Qualitative research (4 vols.). Thousand Oaks,
CA: Sage.
Bulmer, M. (Ed.) (1982). Social research ethics: An examination of the merits of covert
participant observation. London: Macmillan.
Bulmer, R. G. (1984). In the field: An introduction to field research. London: Allyn & Unwin.
Burawoy, M., Burton, A., Ferguson, A. A., Fox, K. F., Gamson, J., Gartrell, N., Hurst, L.,
Kurzman, C., Salzinger, L., Schiffman, J., & Ui, D. (Eds.). (1992). Ethnography unbound:
Power and resistance in the modern metropolis. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Burgess, R. G. (Ed.). (1982). Field research: A sourcebook and field manual. London: Allen and
Unwin.
Burgess, R. G. (1984). In the field: An introduction to field research. London: Allen and Unwin.
Burgess, R. G. (Ed.). (1988). Studies in qualitative methodology (2 vols.). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
Burgess, R. G. (Ed.). (1996). Using computers in qualitative research. Greenwich, CT: JAI.
Burman, E., & Parker, I. (Eds.). (1993). Discourse analytic research: Repertoires and readings
of text in action. London: Routledge.
Burt, S., & Cole, L. (Eds.). Changing methods: Feminist transforming practice. Peterborough,
Ontario, Canada: Broadview Press.
Burton, G. (Ed.). (1991). Ethnomethodology and the human sciences. Cambridge, England:
Cambridge University Press.
Butler, P. (1986). Feminist experiences in feminist research. Manchester, England: University of
Manchester Press.
Carini, P. F. (1975). Observation and description: An alternative methodology for the
investigation of human phenomena. Grand Forks: University of North Dakota, North Dakota
Study Group on Evaluation Monograph Series.
Carney, T. F. (1990). Collaborative inquiry methodology. Windsor, Ontario, Canada: University
of Windsor, Division for Instructional Development.
Carr, W. L., & Kemmis, S. (1986). Becoming critical: Education, knowledge and action
research. London: Falmer.
Carter, K., & Delamont, S. (Eds.). (1996). Qualitative research: The emotional dimension.
Brookfield, VT: Avebury.
Carspecken, P. (1995). Critical ethnography in educational research: A theoretical and practice
guide. New York: Routledge.
Cassell, C., & Symon, G. (Eds.). Qualitative methods in organizational research: A practical
guide. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Chapin, F. S. (1920). Field work and social research. New York: Century.
Chenitz, W. C., & Swanson, J. M. (1986). From practice to grounded theory: Grounded
research in nursing. Menlo Park, CA: Addison-Wesley.
Clifford, J. (1988). The predicament of culture: Twentieth-century ethnography, literature, and
art. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Clifford, J., & Marcus, G. (Eds.). (1986). Writing culture: The poetics and politics of
ethnography. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Clough, P. T. (1992). The end(s) of ethnography: From realism to social criticism. Newbury
Park, CA: Sage.
Coffey, A. (1999). The ethnographic self: Fieldwork and representation of identity. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage.
Coffey, M., & Atkinson, P. (1996). Making sense of qualitative data: Complementary research
strategies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Coghlan, D., & Brannick, T. (2000). Doing action research in your own organization. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage.
Cohen, M., Kahn, D. L., & Steeves, R. (2000). Hermeneutic phenomenological research: A
practical guide for nurse researchers. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Collier, J., Jr., & Collier, M. (1986). Visual anthropology: Photography as a research method.
Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Comaroff, J., & Comaroff, J. (1992). Ethnography and the historical imagination. Boulder, CO:
Westview.
Cook, T. D., & Reinhardt, C. S. (Eds.). (1979). Qualitative and quantitative methods in
evaluation research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Cooper, H. (in press). Synthesizing research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Coulon, A. (1995). Ethnomethodology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Crabtree, B. F., & Miller, W. L. (1999). Doing qualitative research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks,
CA: Sage.
Crawford, P., & Turton, D. (Eds.). (1992). Film as ethnography. Manchester, England:
Manchester University Press.
Creswell, J. W. (1997). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among 5 traditions.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Cresswell, J. W. (2002). Research design: Qualitative and quantitative approaches (2nd ed.).
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Crick, M., & Geddes, B. (Eds.). (1993). Research methods in the field: Ten anthropological
accounts. Geelong: Deakin University Press.
Czarniawska, B. (1997). A narrative approach to organization studies. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage.
Daly, J. (Ed.). Ethical intersections: Health research, methods and researcher responsibility.
Sydney, Australia: Allen and Unwin.
Davies, C. A. (1999). Reflexive ethnography: A guide to researching selves and others. New
York: Routledge.
Delamont, S. (2001). Fieldwork in educational settings: Methods, pitfalls and perspectives (2nd
ed.). London: Falmer Press.
Delamont, S., & Atkinson, P. (1995). Fighting familiarity: Essays on education and
ethnography. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
de Laine, M. (2000). Fieldwork, participation and practice: Ethics and dilemmas in qualitative
research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
de Marrais, K. B. (Ed.). (1998). Inside stories: Qualitative research reflections. Mahwah, NJ:
Erlbaum.
de Munck, V. C., & Sobo, E. J. (1998). Using methods in the field: A practical introduction and
casebook. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press.
Denzin, N. (1989). Interpretive biography. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Denzin, N. K. (1989). The research act: A theoretical introduction to sociological methods (3rd
ed.). Chicago: Aldine.
Denzin, N. (1996). Interpretive ethnography: Ethnographic practices for the 21st century.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Denzin, N. K. (2002). Interpretive interactionism (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (1994). Handbook of qualitative research. Newbury Park,
CA: Sage.
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (1998). Collecting and interpreting qualitative materials.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (1998). The landscape of qualitative research: Theories
and issues. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (1998). Strategies of qualitative inquiry. Thousand Oaks,
CA: Sage
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (2000). Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed.).
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2002). The qualitative inquiry reader. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage.
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (1998). Collecting and interpreting qualitative materials
(2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (2003). Strategies of qualitative inquiry (2nd ed.).
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2003). The landscape of qualitative research (2nd ed.).
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
DeVault, M. (1999). Liberating method: Feminism and social research. Philadelphia: Temple
University Press.
DeWalt, K. M., & DeWalt, B. R. (2002). Participant observation: A guide for fieldworkers.
Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
Dexter, L. A. (1970). Elite and specialized interviewing. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University
Press.
Dey, I. (1993). Qualitative data analysis: A user-friendly guide for social scientists. New York:
Routledge.
Dingwall, R., Payne, G., & Payne, J. (1980). The development of ethnography in Britain. Mimeo,
Centre for Socio-Legal Studies, Oxford.
Dobbert, M. L. (1982). Ethnographic research: Theory and application for modern schools and
societies. New York: Praeger.
Douglas, J. D. (1976). Investigative social research: Individual and team field research. Beverly
Hills, CA: Sage.
Douglas, J. D. (Ed.). (1980). Introduction to the sociologies of everyday life. Boston: Allyn and
Bacon.
Douglas, J. D. (1985). Creative interviewing. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Drass, K. (1992). QCA3: Qualitative comparative analysis. Evanston, IL: Center for Urban
Affairs and Policy Research.
Driessen, H. (Ed.). (1993). The politics of ethnographic reading and writing: Confrontations of
Western and indigenous views. Ft. Lauderdale, FL: Verlag Breitenbach.
DuJour, B. (Ed.). (1982). New movements in the social sciences and humanities. London:
Maurice Temple Smith.
Dunaway, D. K., & Baum, W. K. (Eds.). (1984). Oral history: An interdisciplinary anthology.
Nashville, TN: American Association for State and Local History.
Eisner, E. (1991). The enlightened eye: Qualitative inquiry and the enhancement of educational
practices. New York: Macmillan.
Eisner, E. W., & Peshkin, A. (Eds.). (1990). Qualitative inquiry in education: The continuing
debate. New York: Teachers College Press.
Ellen, R. F. (Ed.). (1984). Ethnographic research: A guide to general conduct. London:
Academic Press.
Elliot, J., & Keynes, M. (1991). Action research for educational change. Philadelphia: Open
University Press.
Ellis, C., & Bochner, A. (Eds.). (1997). Composing ethnography: Alternative forms of qualitative
writing. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
Ellis, C., & Flaherty, M. G. (Eds.). (1992). Investigating subjectivity: Research on lived
experience. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Ely, M., Anzul, M., Friedman, T., Garner, D., & Steinmetz, A. M. (1991). Doing qualitative
research: Circles within circles. London: Falmer.
Ely, M., Vinz, R., Downing, M. A., & Anzul, M. (1997). On writing qualitative research: Living
by words. London: Falmer Press.
Emerson, R. M. (Ed.). (1988). Contemporary field research: A collection of readings. Prospect
Heights, IL: Waveland.
Emerson, R. M., Fretz, R. I., & Shaw, L. L. (1995). Writing ethnographic fieldnotes. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
Emmison, M., & Smith, P. (2000). Researching the visual: Images, objects, contexts and
interactions in social and cultural inquiry. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Erickson, K., & Stull, D. (1997). Doing team ethnography: Warnings and advice. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage.
Erlandson, D. A., Harris, E. L., Skipper, B. L., & Allen, S. D. (1993). Doing naturalistic inquiry:
A guide to methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Fals-Borda, O., & Rahman, M. A. (Eds.). (1991). Action and knowledge: Breaking the monopoly
with participatory action research. New York: Intermediate Technology/Apex.
Fardon, R. (Ed.). (1990). Localizing strategies: Regional traditions of ethnographic writing.
Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press.
Feagin, J. R., Orum, A. M., & Sjoberg, G. (1991). A case for the case study. Chapel Hill:
University of North Carolina Press.
Feldman, M. S. (1994). Strategies for interpreting qualitative data. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Fern, E. (2001). Advanced focus group research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Fernandes, W., & Tandon, R. (Eds.). (1981). Participatory research and evaluations:
Experiments in research as a process of liberation. New Delhi: Indian Social Institute.
Fetterman, D. M. (Ed.). (1984). Ethnography in educational evaluation. Beverly Hills, CA:
Sage.
Fetterman, D. M. Qualitative approaches to evaluation in education: The silent scientific
revolution. New York: Praeger.
Fetterman, D. M. (1998). Ethnography: Step by step (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Fetterman, D. M., Kaftarian, S. J., & Wandersman, A. (Eds.) (1996). Empowerment evaluation:
Knowledge and tools for self-assessment & accountability. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Fetterman, D. M., & Pitman, M. A. (Eds.). (1986). Education evaluation: Ethnography in theory,
practice, and politics. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Fiedler, J. (1978). Field research: A manual for logistics and management of scientific studies in
natural settings. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Field, P. A., & Morse, J. M. (1985). Qualitative approaches to nursing research. Edinburgh:
Chapman & Hall.
Field, P. A., & Morse, J. M. (1991). Nursing research: The application of qualitative
approaches. London: Chapman & Hall.
Fielding, N. G., & Fielding, J. L. (1986). Linking data. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Fielding, N. G., & Lee, R. M. (Eds.). (1991). Using computers in qualitative research. Newbury
Park, CA: Sage.
Filstead, W. J. (Ed.). (1970). Qualitative methodology: Firsthand involvement with the social
world. Chicago: Markham.
Filstead, W. J. (Ed.). (1972). Qualitative methodology. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Finch, J. (1986). Research and policy: The uses of qualitative research in social and educational
research. London: Falmer.
Fine, G. A., & Sandstrom, K. L. (1988). Knowing children. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Fine, M. (Ed.). (1992). Disruptive voices: The possibilities of feminist research. Ann Arbor:
University of Michigan Press.
Filstead, W. J. (1970). Qualitative methodology: Firsthand involvement with the social world.
Chicago: Markham.
Fisher, M. (1997). Qualitative computing: Using software for qualitative data analysis. Avebury
England: Aldershot.
Flick, U. (2002). An introduction to qualitative research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Flinders, D. J., & Mills, G. E. (Eds.). (1993). Theory and concepts in qualitative research:
Perspectives from the field. New York: Teachers College press.
Flynn, P. (1991). The ethnomethodological movement: Semiotic interpretations. Berlin and New
York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Fonow, M. M., & Cook, J. A. (Eds.). (1991). Beyond methodology: Feminist scholarship as lived
research. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Foster, G. M., Scudder, T., Colson, E., & Kemper, R. V. (Eds.). (1979). Long-term field research
in social anthropology. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Fowler, D. D., & Hardesty, D. L. (1994). Others knowing others: Perspectives on ethnographic
careers. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Friedrichs, J. (1975). Participant observation: Theory and practice. Lexington, KY: Lexington
Books.
Galdwin, C. H. (1989). Ethnographic decision tree modeling. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Gahan, C., & Hannibal, M. (1998). Doing qualitative research using QSR NUD.IST. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage.
Garfinkel, H. (1967). Studies in ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretations of cultures: Selected essays. New York: Basic Books.
Geertz, C. (1983). Local knowledge: Further essays in interpretive anthropology. New York:
Basic Books.
Geertz, C. (1988). Works and lives: The anthropologist as author. Stanford, CA: Stanford
University Press.
Georges, R. A., & Jones, M. O. (1980). People studying people: The human element in
fieldwork. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Gephart, R. P., Jr. (1988). Ethnostatistics: Qualitative foundations for quantitative research.
Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Giele, J. Z., & Elder, G. H., Jr. (1998). Methods of life course research: Qualitative and
quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Gilgun, J. F., Daly, K., & Handel, G. (Eds.). (1992). Qualitative methods in family research.
Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Gladwin, C. H. (1989). Ethnographic decision tree modeling. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Glaser, B. G. (1978). Theoretical sensitivity: Advances in the methodology of grounded theory.
Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press.
Glaser, B. G. (1992). Emergence vs. forcing: Basics of grounded theory. Mill Valley, CA:
Sociology Press.
Glaser, B. G. (Ed.). (1994). More grounded theory methodology: A reader. Mill Valley, CA:
Sociology Press.
Glaser, B., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative
research. Chicago: Aldine.
Glassner, B., & Hertz, R. (Eds.). (1999). Qualitative sociology as everyday life. Thousand Oaks,
CA: Sage.
Glassner, B., & Moreno, J. (Eds.). (1989). The qualitative—quantitative distinction in the social
sciences. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Glazer, M. (1972). The research adventure: Promise and problems of fieldwork. New York:
Random House.
Glesne, C., & Peshkin, A. (1992). Becoming qualitative researchers: An introduction. New
York: Longman.
Gluck, S. B., & Patai, D. (Eds.). (1991). Women’s words: The feminist practice of oral history.
New York: Routledge.
Goetz, J. P., & LeCompte, M. D. (1984). Ethnography and qualitative design in educational
research. New York: Academic Press.
Golde, P. (Ed.). (1970). Women in the field: Anthropological experiences. Chicago: Aldine.
Golden-Biddle, K., & Locke, K. D. (1997). Composing qualitative research. Thousand Oaks,
CA: Sage.
Goldman, A. E., & McDonald, S. S. (1987). The group depth interview: Principles and practice.
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Goldstein, K. (1964). A guide for field workers in folklore. Hatboro, Pa: Folklore Associates.
Gomm, R., Hammersley, M., & Foster, P. (Eds.). (2001). Case study method: Key issues, key
texts. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Goodall, H. L., Jr. (2000). Writing the new ethnography. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
Gordon, R. (1987). Interviewing strategy: Techniques and tactics (4th ed.). Chicago: Dorsey
Press.
Gottschalk, L., Kluckholm, C., & Angell, R. (Eds.). (1945). The use of personal documents in
history, anthropology, and sociology. New York: Social Science Research Council.
Gray, A. (2003). Research practices for cultural studies: Ethnographic methods and lived
culture. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Grbich, C. (1998). Qualitative research in health: An introduction. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Green, J. L., & Wallat, C. (Eds.). (1981). Ethnography and language in educational settings.
Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Greenbaum, T. L. (1997). The handbook for focus group research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks,
CA: Sage.
Greenbaum, T. L. (1988). The practical handbook and guide to focus group research. Lexington,
MA: D. C. Heath.
Greenwood, D., & Levin, M. (1998). Introduction to action research: Social research for social
change. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Greele, R. (Ed.). (1992). Envelopes of sound: Six practitioners discuss the method, theory and
practice of oral history and oral testimony. Chicago: Precedent.
Green, J. L., & Wallat, C. (Eds.). (1981). Ethnography and language in educational settings.
Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Greenbaum, T. L. (1997) The handbook for focus group research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage
Greenbaum, T. L. (1999). Moderating focus groups: A practical guide for group facilitation.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Greenwood, D. J., & Levin, M. (1998). Introduction to action research: Democratizing the
research process. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Griffin, C. (1980). Feminist ethnography. Birmingham, England: Stencilled Paper.
Grills, S. (1998). Doing ethnographic research: Fieldwork settings. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Grimshaw, A. (2001). The ethnographer’s eye: Ways of seeing in modern anthropology.
Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Guba, E. G. (Ed.). (1992). The paradigm dialog. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Gubrium, J. F. (1988). Analyzing field reality. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Gubrium, J. F., & Holstein, J. A. (1997). The new language of qualitative method. New York:
Oxford University Press.
Gubrium, J. F., & Holstein, J. A. (2001). Handbook of interview research: Context and method.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Gurbium, J. F., & Holstein, J. A. (2003). Postmodern interviewing. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Gubrium, J. F., & Sankar A. (Eds.). (1994). Qualitative methods in aging research. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage.
Gubrium, J. F., & Silverman, D. (Eds.). (1989). The politics of field research: Sociology beyond
enlightenment. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Gummersson, E. (1999). Qualitative methods in management research (2nd ed.). Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage.
Gumpertz, J. J., & Hymes, D. (Eds.). (1986). Directions in sociolinguistics: The ethnography of
communication. New York: Basil Blackwell.
Gupta, A., & Ferguson, J. (Eds.). (1997). Anthropological locations: Boundaries and grounds of
a field science. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Haan, N., Bellah, R. N., Rabinow, P., & Sullivan, W. M. (1983). Social science as moral inquiry.
New York: Columbia University Press.
Hamel, J. (with Dufour, S., & Forin, D.). (1993). Case study methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Hammersley, M. (1983). The ethnography of schooling: Methodological issues. London:
Driffield, Nafferton.
Hammersley, M. (1989). The dilemma of qualitative method: Herbert Blumer and the Chicago
tradition. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Hammersley, M. (1990). Classroom ethnography: Empirical and methodological essays.
London: Open University Press.
Hammersley, M. (1991). Reading ethnographic research: A critical guide. London: Longman.
Hammersley, M. (1992). What’s wrong with ethnography? Methodological explorations.
London: Routledge.
Hammersley, M., & Atkinson, P. (1995). Ethnography: Principles in practice (2nd ed.). New
York: Routledge.
Handel, W. (1982). Ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Handwerker, W. P. (2001). Quick ethnography. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
Harding, S. (Ed.). (1987). Feminism and methodology: Social science issues. Bloomington:
Indiana University Press.
Harding, S., & Hintikka, M. (Eds.). (1983). Discovering reality: Feminist perspectives of
epistemology, metaphysics, methodology and philosophy of science. Boston: Reidel.
Hart, E., & Bond, M. (1995). Action research for health and social care: A guide to practice.
London: Open University Press.
Have, P. ten (1998). Doing conversation analysis: A practical guide. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Havens, L. L. (1976). Participant observation. New York: J. Aronston
Heider, K. G. (1976). Ethnographic film. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Henige, D. (1982). Oral historiography. London: Longman.
Henry, F., & Saberwal, S, (1969). Stress and response in fieldwork. New York: Holt, Rinehart &
Winston.
Heritage, J. (1984). Garfinkel and ethnomethodology. Cambridge, England: Polity Press.
Heron, J. (1971). Experience and method: An inquiry into the concept of experiential research.
Surrey, England: University of Surrey, Human Potential Research Project.
Heron, J. (1996). Co-operative inquiry: Research into the human condition. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage.
Hertz, R. (Ed.). (1997). Reflexivity and voice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Hertz, R., & Imber, J. B. (Eds.). (1995). Studying elites using qualitative methods. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage.
Higgenbotham, J. B., & Cox, K. K. (Eds.). Focus group interviews: A reader. Chicago:
American Marketing Association.
Hill, M. R. (1993). Archival strategies and techniques. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Hine, C. (2000). Virtual ethnography. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Hobbs, D., & May, T. (1993). Interpreting the field: Accounts of ethnography. Oxford, England:
Clarendon.
Hockins, P., & Omordi, Y. (Eds.). (1988). Cinematographic theory and new dimensions in
ethnography film. Osaaka, Japan: Senri Ethnological Studies, No. 24.
Holliday (2000). Doing and writing qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Holmes, R. M. (1998). Fieldwork with children. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Holstein, J. A., & Gubrium, J. F. (1995). The active interview. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Holstein, J., & Gubrium, J. F. (2003). Inside interviewing: New lenses, new concerns. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sahe.
Howell, N. (1990). Surviving fieldwork: A report of the advisory panel on health and safety in
fieldwork. Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association.
Huber, G. P., & Van de Ven, A. H. (Eds.). (1995). Longitudinal field research methods: Studying
processes of organizational change. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Huberman, A. M., & Miles, M. B. (2002). The qualitative researcher’s companion. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage.
Hunt, J. C. (1989). Psychoanalytic aspects of fieldwork. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Hyman, H. (1954). Interviewing in social research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hymes, D. (1974). Foundations in sociolinguistics: An ethnographic approach. Philadelphia:
University of Pennsylvania Press.
Hymes, D. 91996). Ethnography, linguistics, narrative inequality: Towards an understanding of
voice. London: Taylor and Francis.
Ives, E. D. (1974). The tape-recorded interview: A manual for field workers and oral history.
Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press.
Jackson, B. (1987). Fieldwork. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Jackson, B., & Edwards, D. (Eds.). (1996). The world observed: Reflections on the fieldwork
process. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Jackson, M. (1989). Paths toward a clearing: Radical empiricism and ethnographic inquiry.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Jacobs, G. (Ed.). (1977). The participant observer. New York: G. Braziller.
Jacobson, D. (1991). Reading ethnography. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Jackson, M. (1989). Paths toward a clearing: Radical empiricism and ethnographic inquiry.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Janesick, V. J. (1998). “Stretching” exercises for qualitative researchers. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage.
Jarviluoma, H., Moisala, P., & Vikko, A. (in press). Gender and qualitative research. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage.
Johnson, J. (1975) Doing field research. New York: Free Press.
Johnson, J. C. (1990). Selecting ethnographic informants. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Jones, M. O. (1996). Studying organizational symbolism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Jorgensen, D. L. (1989). Participant observation: A methodology for human studies. Newbury
Park, CA: Sage.
Josselson, R., & Lieblich, A. (Eds.). (1993). The narrative study of lives (Vol. 1). Newbury Park,
CA: Sage.
Josselson, R. (1996). Ethics and process in the narrative study of lives. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage.
Junker, B. (1960). Field work: An introduction to the social sciences. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
Kelle, U. (Ed.). (1995). Computer-aided qualitative data analysis: Theory, methods, and
practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Kemmis, S., & McTaggart, R. (Eds.). (1988). The action research planner (3rd ed). Victoria,
Australia: Deakin University Press.
Kimball, S. T., & Partridge, W. L. (1979). The craft of community study: Fieldwork dialogues.
Gainesville: University of Florida Press.
Kimmel, A. J. (1988). Ethics and values in applied social research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Kincheloe, J. (1991). Teachers as researchers: Qualitative inquiry as a path to empowerment.
Philadelphia: Falmer Press.
Kirby, S., & McKenna, K. (1980). Experience, research, and social change: Methods from the
margins. Toronto, Canada: Garamond Press.
Kirk, J., & Miller, M. L. (1986). Reliability and validity in qualitative research. Newbury Park,
CA: Sage.
Kleninman, S., & Copp, M. A. (1993). Emotions and fieldwork. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Kopala, M., & Suzuki, L. A. (1999). Using qualitative methods in psychology. Thousand Oaks,
CA: Sage.
Krieger, S. (1991). Social science and the self: Personal essays on an art form. New Brunswick,
NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Krueger, R. A. (1997a). Analyzing and reporting focus group results. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Krueger, R. A. (1997b). Developing questions for focus groups. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Krueger, R. A. (1997c). Moderating focus groups. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Krueger, R. A. (2000). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research (3rd ed.). Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage.
Krueger, R. A., & King, J. A. (1997). Involving community members in focus groups. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage.
Krupat, A. (1992). Ethnocentrism: Ethnography, history, literature. Los Angeles: University of
California Press.
Kuhns, E., & Martorana, S. V. (Eds.). (1982). Qualitative methods for institutional research. San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Kulick, D., & Wilson, M. (Eds.). (1995). Taboo: Sex, identity, and erotic subjectivity in
anthropological fieldwork. London: Routledge.
Kvale, S. (Ed.). (1989). Issues of validity in qualitative research. Lund, Sweden: Studenliteratur.
Kvale, S. (1996). InterViews: An introduction to qualitative research interviewing. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage.
Lancy, D. F. (1993). Qualitative research in education: An introduction to the major traditions.
New York: Longman.
Lather, P. A. (1991). Getting smart: Feminist research and pedagogy with/in the postmodern.
New York: Routledge.
Lawler, R. W., & Carley, K. M. (1996). Case study & computing: Advanced qualitative methods
in the study of human behavior. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Lawless, R., Sutlive, V., Jr., & Zamora, M. (Eds.). (1983). Fieldwork: The human experience.
New York: Gordon and Breach.
LeCompte, M. D., Millroy, W. L., & Preissle, J. (Eds.). (1992). The handbook of qualitative
research in education. New York: Academic Press.
LeCompte, M. D., Preissle, J., with Tresch, R. (1993). Ethnography and qualitative design in
educational research (2nd ed.). New York: Academic Press.
LeCompte, M. D., & Schensul, J. J. (1999). Analyzing and interpreting ethnographic data.
Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
LeCompte, M. D., & Schensul, J. J. (1999). Designing and conducting ethnographic research.
Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
LeCompte, M. D., Schensul, J. J., Weeks, M. R., & Singer, M. (1999). Researcher roles &
research partnerships. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
Lee, R. M. (1993). Doing research on sensitive topics. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Lee, R. M. (1994). Dangerous fieldwork. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Lee, T. W. (1998). Using qualitative methods in organizational research. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage.
Lee-Treweek, & Linkogle, S. (Eds.). (2000). Danger in the field: Risk and ethics in social
research. London: Routledge.
Leininger, M. (Ed.). (1985). Qualitative research methods in nursing. New York: Grune &
Stratton.
Leiter, K. (1980). A primer on ethnomethodology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lepper, G. (2000). Categories in text and talk: A practical introduction to categorical analysis.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Lewin, R., & Leap, W. L. (Eds.). (1996). Out in the field: Reflections on lesbian and gay
anthropologists. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Lieblich, A., & Josselson, R. (Eds.). (1997). The narrative study of lives (Vol. 5). Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage.
Lieblich, A., Tuval-Mashiach, R., & Zilber, T. (1998). Narrative research: Reading, analysis,
and interpretation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Livingston, E. (1986). The ethnomethodological foundations of mathematics. London: Routledge
and Kegan Paul.
Locke, K. D. (2001). Grounded theory in management research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Lofland, J. (1976). Doing social life: The qualitative study of human interaction in natural
settings. New York: John Wiley.
Lofland, J., & Lofland, L. H. (1995). Analyzing social settings: A guide to qualitative
observation and analysis (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Loizos, P. (1993). Innovation in ethnographic film: From innocence to self-consciousness,
1955-85. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lonner, W., J., & Berry, J. W. (1986). Field methods in cross-cultural research. Newbury Park,
VA: Sage.
Lumis, T. (1987). Listening to history: The authenticity of oral evidence. London: Hutchinson.
Lynch, M. (1993). Scientific practice and ordinary action: Ethnomethodology and social studies
of science. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Maguire, P. (1987). Doing participatory research: A feminist approach. Amherst: Center for
International Education, School of Education, University of Massachusetts.
Manning, P. K. (1987). Semiotics and fieldwork. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Marchus, G. E. (19981). Ethnography through thick and thin. Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press.
Marcus, G. E., & Fischer, M. J. (1986). Anthropology as cultural critique: An experimental
moment in the human sciences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Mariampolski, H. (2001). Qualitative market research: A comprehensive guide. Thousand Oaks,
CA: Sage.
Mark, M. M., & Shotland, R. L. (Eds.). (1987). Multiple methods in program evaluation. San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (1998). Designing qualitative research (3rd ed.). Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage.
Marshall, P. L., & Oiler, C. J. (1986). Nursing research: A qualitative perspective. New York:
Appleton-Century-Croft.
Maso, I., Atkinson, S., Delamont, S., & Verhoeven, J. C. (Eds.). (1995). Openness in research:
The tension between self and other. Assen: Van Gorcum.
Maso, I., & Wester, F. (Eds.). (1996). The deliberative dialogue. Brussels, Belgium: VUB
University Press.
Mason, J. (2002). Qualitative researching (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Maxwell, A. E. (1961). Analysing qualitative data. London: Methuen.
Maxwell, J. A., & Miller, B. A. (1992). Two aspects of thought and two components of
qualitative data analysis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, Graduate School of
Education.
May, T. (2002). Qualitative research in action. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Maykurt, P., & Morehouse, R. (1994). Beginning qualitative research. London: Falmer.
Maynard, M., & Purvis, J. (Eds.). (1994). Researching women’s lives from a feminist
perspective. London: Taylor and Francis.
Mazwell, J. A. (1996). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach. Thousand Oaks,
CA: Sage.
Maykovich, M. K. 91977). The difficulties of a minority researcher in minority communities.
Journal of Social Issues, 33(4), 108-119.
McCall, G. J., & Simmons, J. L. (Eds.). (1969). Issues in participant observation: A text and
reader. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
McCracken, G. (1988). The long interview. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
McGuigan, J. (Ed.). (1998). Cultural methodologies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
McHourl, A. (1982). Telling how texts talk: Essays on reading and ethnomethodology. London:
Routledge and Kegan Paul.
McKernan, J. (1991). Curriculum action research: A handbook of methods and resources for the
reflective practitioner. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
McMahan, E. M., & Rogers, K. L. (1994). Interactive oral history interviewing. Hillsdale, NJ:
Erlbaum.
McNiff, J. (1995). Action research principles and practice. New York: Routledge.
McTaggert, R. (1991). Action research: A short modern history. Geelong, Victoria, Australia:
Deakin University Press.
McTaggart, R. (Ed.). (1997). Participatory action research: International contexts and
consequences (pp. 45-78). Albany: State University of New York.
Mehan, H., & Wood, H. (1975). The reality of ethnomethodology. New York: John Wiley.
Meloy, J. M. (1994). Writing the qualitative dissertation: Understanding by doing. Hillsdale, NJ:
Erlbaum.
Merriam, S. B. (1991). Case study research in education: A qualitative approach. San Francisco:
Jossey-Bass.
Merton, R. K., Fiske, M., & Kendall, P. L. (1990). The focused interview: A manual of problems
and procedures (2nd ed.). New York: Free Press.
Messerschmidt, D. A. (Ed.). (1981). Anthropologists at home in North America: Methods and
issues in the study of one’s own society. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge
University Press.
Mikkelsen, B. (1995). Methods for development work and research: A guide for practitioners.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook
(2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Miller, G., & Dingwall, R. (Eds.). (1997). Context and methods in qualitative research.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Mills, G. (2003). Action research: A guide for the teacher researcher. Columbus, OH:
Merrill/Prentice Hall.
Minichiello, V., Aroni, R., Timewell, E., & Alexander, L. (1997). In-depth interviewing (2nd
ed.). Melbourne, Australia: Longman Chesire.
Mishler, E. G. (1986). Research interviewing: Context and narrative. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press.
Mitchell, M. L. (1998). Employing qualitative methods in the private sector. Thousand Oaks,
CA: Sage.
Mitchell, R. G., Jr. (1993). Secrecy and fieldwork. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Moch, S. D., & Gates, M. F. (Eds.). (2000). The researcher experience in qualitative research.
London: Sage.
Moerman, M. (1988). Talking culture: Ethnography and conversation analysis. Philadelphia:
University of Pennsylvania Press.
Morgan D. L. (Ed.). (1993). Successful focus groups: Advancing the state of the art. Newbury
Park, CA: Sage.
Morgan, D. L. (1997a). Focus groups as qualitative research (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA:
Sage.
Morgan, D. L. (1997b). The focus group guidebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Morgan, D. L. (1997c). Planning focus groups. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Morgan, G. (1983). Beyond method: Strategies for social research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Morrison, M. A., Haley, E., & Taylor, R. E. (2002). Using qualitative research in advertising.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Morse, J. M. (Ed.). (1991). Qualitative nursing research: A contemporary dialogue. Newbury
Park, CA: Sage.
Morse, J. M. (Ed.). (1994). Critical issues in qualitative research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage.
Morse, J. M. (Ed.). (1997). Completing a qualitative project: Details and dialogue. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage.
Morse, J. M., & Field, P. A. (1995). Qualitative research methods for health professionals (2nd
ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Morse, J. M., & Richards, L. (2002). README FIRST for a user’s guide to qualitative methods.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Morse, J. M., Swanson, J., & Kuzel, A. J. (Eds.). (2001). The nature of qualitative evidence.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Mouly, V., S., & Sankaran, J. K. (1995). Organizational ethnography: An illustrative application
in the study of Indian R&D settings. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Moustakas, C. (1990). Heuristic research: Design, methodology, and applications. Newbury
Park, CA: Sage.
Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Moyser, G., & Wagstaffe, M. (Eds.). (1987). Research methods for elite studies. London: Allen
& Unwin.
Munhall, P. L., & Boyd, C. O. (1993). Nursing research: A qualitative perspective (2nd ed.).
New York: National League for Nursing.
Murphy, J. W., & Pilotta, J. J. (Eds.). (1983). Qualitative methodology, theory and application:
A guide for the social practitioner. Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt.
Murray, M., & Chamberlain, K. (Eds.). (1999). Qualitative health psychology: Theories and
methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Narula, U., & Pearce, W. B. (Eds.). (1990). Cultures, politics, and research programs: An
international assessment of practical problems in field research. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence
Erlbaum.
Naumes, W., & Naumes, M. J. (1999). The art and craft of case writing. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage.
Nebraska Sociological Feminist Collective (Eds.). (1988). A feminist ethic for social science
research. New York: Edwin Mellen.
Neuman, W. L. (1994). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches.
Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Nielsen, J. M. (Ed.). Feminist research methods: Exemplary readings in the social sciences.
Boulder, CO: Westview.
Noblit, G. W., & Hare, R. D. (1988). Meta-ethnography: Synthesizing qualitative studies.
Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Norton, P., Stewart, M., Tudiver, F., Bass, M., & Dunn, E. (Eds.). (1991). Primary care
research: Traditional and innovative approaches. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Odell, L., & Goswami, D. (Eds.). (1985). Writing in non-academic settings. New York: Guilford
Press.
Oyen, E. (Ed.) (1990). Comparative methodology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Packer, M. J., & Addison, R. B. (Eds.). Entering the circle: Hermeneutic investigation in
psychology. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Padget, D. K. (1998). Qualitative methods in social work research: Challenges and rewards.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Panini, M. N. (Ed.). (1991). From the female eye: Accounts of women fieldworkers studying their
own communities. Delhi, India: Hindustan.
Park, P., Brydon-Miller, M., Hall, B., & Jackson, T. (Eds.). (1993). Voices of change:
Participatory research in the United States and Canada. Toronto: OISE Press.
Parse, R. R., Coyne, A. B., & Smith, M. J. (1985). Nursing research: Qualitative methods.
Bowie, MD: Brady Communications.
Patton, M. Q. (1987). How to use qualitative methods in evaluation. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage.
Payne, S. (1951). The art of asking questions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Pelto, P. J., & Pelto, G. H. (1978). Anthropological fieldwork: The structure of inquiry (2nd ed.).
New York: Cambridge University Press.
Personal Narratives Group (Ed.). (1989). Interpreting women’s lives: Feminist theory and
personal narratives. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Pfaffenberger, B. (1988). Microcomputer applications in qualitative research. Newbury Park,
CA: Sage.
Phillips, N., & Hardy, C. (2002). Discourse analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Phillips, S., Delamont, S., & Temple, D. (Eds.). (1996). Qualitative research in pharmacy practice.
Brookfield, VT: Avebury.
Pink, S. (2001). Doing visual ethnography: Images, media and representation in research.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Prosser, J. (Ed.). (1998). Image-based research: A sourcebook for qualitative researchers.
London: Falmer Press.
Prus, R. 91996). Symbolic interaction and ethnographic research: Intersubjectivity and the study
of human lived experience. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Psathas, G. (1994). Conversation analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Punch, K. (1998). Introduction to social research: Quantitative and qualitative approaches.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Punch, M. (1985). The politics and ethics of fieldwork. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Qualis Research Associates. (1990). The Ethnograph: A program for the computer-assisted
analysis of text-based data. Corvallis, OR: Author.
Rabinow, P., & Sullivan, W. M. (Eds.). Interpretive social science: A reader. Berkeley:
University of California Press.
Rabinow, P., & Sullivan, M. W. (Eds.). Interpretive social science: A second look. Berkeley:
University of California Press.
Ragin, C. C. (1987). The comparative method: Moving beyond qualitative and quantitative
strategies. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Ragin, C. (1994). Constructing social research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
Reason, P. (Ed.). (1988). Human inquiry in action: Developments in new paradigm research.
London: Sage.
Reason, P. (Ed.). (1994). Participation in human inquiry. Thousand Oaks: Sage
Reason, P., & Bradbury, H. (Eds.). (2001). Handbook of action research: Participative inquiry
and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Reason, P., & Rowan, J. (Eds.). (1981). Human inquiry: A sourcebook of new paradigm
research. Chichester, United Kingdom: John Wiley.
Reed-Danahay (Ed.). (1997). Auto/ethnography: Rewriting the self and the social. London: Berg.
Reinharz, S. (1984). On becoming a social scientist: From survey research and participant
observation to experimental analysis. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
Reinharz, S. (1992). Feminist methods in social research. New York: Oxford University Press.
Renzetti, C. M., & Lee, R. M. (Eds.). (1993). Researching sensitive topics. Beverly Hills, CA:
Sage.
Ribbens, J., & Edwards, R. (Eds.). (1997). Feminist dilemmas in qualitative research: Public
knowledge and private lives. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Richards, L., & Richards, T. (1989). Old goals, new goals: Toward the next generation of
qualitative analysis programs. Bundoora, Victoria, Australia: La Trobe University.
Richardson, L. (1990). Writing strategies: Reaching diverse audiences. Newbury Park, CA:
Sage.
Riessman, C. K. (1993). Narrative analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Riessman, C. K. (Ed.). (1993). Qualitative studies in social work research. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage.
Riley, J. (1990). Getting the most from your data: A handbook of practical ideas on how to
analyse qualitative data. Bristol, England: Technical and Educational Services Ltd.
Ristock, J. L., & Pennell, J. (1996). Community research as empowerment: Feminist links,
postmodern interruptions. Toronto, Canada: Oxford University Press.
Roberts, H. (Ed.). (1981). Doing feminist research. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Robson, C. (1993). Real world research: A resource for social scientists and practitionerresearchers. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
Rodriguez, N. M., & Ryave, A. L. (2002). Systematic self-observation: A method for researching
the hidden and elusive features of everyday social life. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Rogers, M. F. (1983). Sociology, ethnomethodology, and experience. Cambridge, United
Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Roper, J. M., & Shapira, J. (1999). Ethnography in nursing research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Rosaldo, R. (1989). Culture and truth: The remaking of social analysis. Boston: Beacon Press.
Rose, D. (1989). Patterns of American culture: Ethnography and estrangement. Philadelphia:
University of Pennsylvania Press.
Rose, D. (1990). Living the ethnographic life. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Rose, G. (2001). Visual methodologies: An introduction to the interpretation of visual materials.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Rossman, G. B., & Rallis, S. F. (2003). Learning in the field: An introduction to qualitative
research (2nd ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Rowan, J. (Ed.). (1981). Human inquiry: A sourcebook of new paradigm research. Chicester,
England: Wiley.
Rubin, H. J., & Rubin, I. S. (1995). Qualitative interviewing: The art of hearing data. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage.
Ruby, J. (Ed.). (1982). A crack in the mirror: Reflexive perspectives in anthropology.
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Rynkiewich, M. A., & Spradley, J. (Eds.). (1976). Ethics and anthropology: Dilemmas in
fieldwork. New York: John Wiley.
Sanjek, R. (Ed.). (1990). Fieldnotes: The makings of anthropology. Albany: State University of
New York Press.
Sapsford, R., & Jupp, V. (Eds.). (1997). Data collection and analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage.
Saville-Troike, M. (1989). The ethnography of communication (2nd ed.). New York: Basil
Blackwell.
Sayre, S. (2001). Qualitative methods for marketplace research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Schaffir, W. B., & Stebbins, R. A. (Eds.) (1991). Experiencing fieldwork: An inside view of
qualitative research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Schaffir, W., Stebbins, R., & Turowetz, A. (Eds.). (1980). Fieldwork experiences: Qualitative
approaches to social research. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Schatzman, L., & Strauss, A. (1973). Field research: Strategies for a natural sociology.
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Schein, E. H. (1977). The clinical perspective in fieldwork. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Scheurich, J. J. (1977). Research methods in the postmodern. London: Falmer.
Schmuck, R. (1998). Practical action research for change. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Scholz, R. W., Tietje, O. (2002). Embedded case study methods: Integrating quantitative and
qualitative knowledge. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Schwandt, T. A. (2001). Dictionary of qualitative inquiry (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Schwartz, H., & Jacobs, J. (1979). Qualitative sociology: A method to the madness. New York:
Free Press.
Schwartzman, H. B. (1993). Ethnography in organizations. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Seale, C. (Ed.). (1998). Researching society and culture. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Sechrest, L. (Ed.). (1979). Unobtrusive measurement today. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Seidman, I. E. (1991). Interviewing as qualitative research: A guide for researchers in the social
sciences. New York: Teachers College Press.
Shaffir, W. B., & Stebbins, R. A. (Eds.). (1991). Experiencing fieldwork: An inside view of
qualitative research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Schensul, J. J. (Ed.) & LeCompte, M. D. (Eds.). (1999). Ethnographer’s toolkit (7 vols). Walnut
Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
Schensul, J. J., LeCompte, M. D, Hess, G. A., Natasi, B. K., Berg, M., Brecher, J., Williamson,
L., & Glasser, R. (1999). Using ethnographic data: Interventions, public programming, and
public policy. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
Schensul, J. J., & LeCompte, M. D. (with Weeks, M. R., & Singer, M.). (1999). Researcher roles
and research partnerships. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
Schensul, J. J., LeCompte, M. D., Nastasi, B. K., & Borgatti, S. P. (1999). Enhanced
ethnographic methods: Audiovisual techniques, focused group interviews, and elicitation
techniques. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
Schensul, J. J., LeCompte, M. D., Trotter, R. T., II, Cromley, E. K., & Singer, M. (1999).
Mapping social networks, spatial data, & hidden populations. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira
Press.
Schensul, S. L., Schensul, J. J., & LeCompte, M. D. (1999). Essential ethnographic methods:
Observations, interviews, and questionnaires. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
Scholz, R. W., & Tietje, O. (2002). Embedded case study methods: Integrating quantitative and
qualitative knowledge. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Schutt, R. K. (2003). Investigating the social world: The process and practice of research (4th
ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Schwandt, T. A. (2001). Dictionary of qualitative inquiry (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage,
Seal, C. (1999). The quality of qualitative research. London: Sage.
Shaffir, W., Marshall, V., & Haas, J. (1980). Fieldwork experience. New York: St. Martin’s
Press.
Shaffir, B., & Stebbins, R. B. (Eds.) (1991). Experiencing fieldwork: An inside view of
qualitative research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Shaw, I., & Gould, N. (2002). Qualitative research in social work. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Sieber, J. (Ed.). (1982). The ethics of social research: Fieldwork, regulation and publication.
New York: Springer-Verlag.
Sieber, S. D. (1976). A synopsis and critique of guidelines for qualitative analysis contained in
selected textbooks. New York: Center for Policy Research, Project on Social Architecture in
Education.
Silverman, D. (1985). Qualitative methodology and sociology: Describing the social world.
Brookfield: Gower.
Silverman, D. (2001). Interpreting qualitative data: Methods for analysing talk, text and
interaction (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Silverman, D. (Ed.). (1997). Qualitative research: Theory, method, and practice. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage.
Silverman, D. (Ed.). (2000). Doing qualitative research: A practical handbook. Thousand Oaks,
CA; Sage.
Smith, C. D., & Kornblum, W. (Eds.) (1989). In the field: Readings on the field research
experience. New York: Praeger.
Smith, R. B., & Manning, P. K. (Eds.). (1982). A handbook of social science methods: Vol. 2.
Qualitative methods. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
Speier, M. (1973). How to observe face-to-face communication: A sociological introduction.
Pacific Palisades, CA: Goodyear.
Spindler, G., & Spindler, L. (Eds.). (1987). Interpretive ethnography of education: At home and
abroad. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Spradley, J. P. (1979). The ethnographic interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Spradley, J. P. (1980). Participant observation. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Srivas, M., Narasimhacher, A. M. S., & Ramaswamy, E. A. (Eds.). (1979). The fieldworker and
the field: Problems and challenges in sociological investigation. Delphi, India: Oxford
University Press.
Stanley, L., & Wise, S. (1983). Breaking out: Feminist consciousness and feminist research.
Manchester, United Kingdom: Manchester University Press.
Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Steier, F. (Ed.). (1991). Research and reflexivity. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Stewart, A. (1998). The ethnographer’s method. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Stewart, D. W., & Shamndasani, P. N. (1990). Focus groups: Theory and practice. Newbury
Park, CA: Sage.
Stewart, M., Tudiver, F., Bass, M., Dunn, E., & Norton, P. (Eds.). (1992). Tools for primary care
research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Stocking, G. W., Jr. (Ed.). (1983). Observers observed: Essays on ethnographic fieldwork.
Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Stoller, P. (1988). The taste of ethnographic things: The senses in anthropology. Philadelphia,
University of Pennsylvania Press.
Strauss, A. L. (1987). Qualitative analysis for social scientists. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge
University Press.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (Eds.). (1997). Grounded theory in practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for
developing grounded theory (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Stringer, E. T. (1999). Action research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Stringer, E., Agnello, M. F., Baldwin, S. C., Christensen, L. M., Henry, D. L. P., Henry, K. I.,
Katt, T. P., Nason, P. G., Newman, V., Petty, R., & Tinsley-Batson, P. S. (1997).
Community-based ethnography: Breaking traditional boundaries of research, teaching, and
learning. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Stull, D., & Schensul, J. J. (Eds.). (1987). Collaborative research and social change: Applied
anthropology in action. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Sussman, M. B., & Gilgun, J. F. (Eds.). (1996). The methods and methodologies of qualitative
family research. New York: Haworth Press.
Symon, G., & Cassell, C. (1998). Qualitative methods and analysis in organizational research:
A practical guide. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Tannen, D. (1982). Analyzing discourse: Text and talk. Washington, DC: Georgetown University
Press.
Tashakkori, A., & Teddle, C. (1998). Mixed methodology: Combining qualitative and
quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Tashakkori, A., & Teddle, C. (2002). Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral
research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Taylor, S. (Ed.). (2002). Ethnographic research: A reader. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Taylor, S. J., & Bogdan, R. (1984). Introduction to qualitative research methods: The search for
meanings. New York: John Wiley.
Ten Have, P. (1999). Doing conversation analysis: A practical guide. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Tesch, R. (1990). Qualitative research: Analysis types and software tools. London: Falmer.
Textor, R. (1980). A handbook on ethnographic futures research. Stanford, CA: Stanford
University, Cultural and Educational Futures Research Project.
Thomas, D. (1979). Naturalism and social science: A post-empirical philosophy of social
science. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Thomas, J. (1992). Doing critical ethnography. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Tilly, L., & Petraka, V. (Eds.). (1983). Feminist visions and re-visions. Ann Arbor: University of
Michigan, Women’s Studies.
Titscher, S., Meyer, M., & Wodak, R. (2000). Methods of text and discourse analysis: In search
of meaning. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Tolan, P., Keys, C., Chertok, F., & Jason, L. (Eds.). (1990). Research community psychology:
Issues of theory and methods. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Travers, M. (2001). Qualitative research through case-studies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Turner, R. (Ed.). (1974). Ethnomethodology: Selected readings. Harmondsworth, England:
Penguin.
Van Den Hoonaard, W. C. (1996). Working with sensitizing concepts. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage.
van Dijk, T. A. (Ed.). (1985). Handbook of discourse analysis (4 vols.). London: Academic
Press.
van Leewen, T., & Jewitt, C. (Eds.). (2001). Handbook of visual analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage.
Van Maanen, J. (Ed.). (1983). Qualitative methodology (updated reprint). Newbury Park, CA:
Sage.
Van Maanen, J. (1988a). Tales of the field: On writing ethnography. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
Van Maanen, J. (1988b). Varieties of qualitative research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Van Maanen, J. (1990). Researching lived experience: Human science for an action sensitive
pedagogy. London: University of Western Ontario Press.
Van Maanen, J. (Ed.). (1995). Representation in ethnography. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Van Maanen, J. (in press). Qualitative studies in organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Van Maanen, J., Dabbs, J. M., & Faulkner, R. R. (1982). Varieties of qualitative research.
Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Vaz, K. M. (Ed.). (1997). Oral narrative research with Black women. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Visweswaran, K. (Ed.). (1994). Fictions of feminist ethnography. Minneapolis: University of
Minnesota Press.
Wagner, J. (Ed.). (1979). Images of information: Still photography in the social sciences.
Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Walker, R. (Ed.). (1985). Applied qualitative research. Aldershot, United Kingdom: Glower.
Wallace, M. (1998). Action research for language teachers. Cambridge, United Kingdom:
Cambridge University Press.
Warren, C. A. B. (1988). Gender issues in field research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Watson, G., & Seiler, R. M. (Eds.). (1992). Text in context: Contributions to ethnomethodology.
Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Wax, R. H. (1971). Doing fieldwork: Warnings and advice. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press.
Weaver, A., & Atkinson, P. (1994). Microcomputing and qualitative data analysis. Aldershot,
United Kingdom: Avebury.
Webb, E. J., Campbell, D. T., Swartz, R. D., & Sechrest, L. (1973). Unobtrusive measures:
Nonreactive research in the social sciences. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Webb, E. J., Campbell, D. T., Swartz, R. D., & Sechrest, L. (1999). Unobtrusive measures (2nd
ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Weiss, L., & Fine, M. (Eds.). (in press). Speedbumps: A student-friendly guide to qualitative
work. New York: Teachers College Press.
Weiss, R. S. (1994). Learning from strangers: The art and method of qualitative interviewing.
New York: Free Press.
Weitzman, E. A., & Miles, M. B. (1995). Computer programs for qualitative data analysis: A
software sourcebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Welch, W. W. (Ed.). (1981). Case study methodology in educational evaluation. Minneapolis:
University of Minnesota, Research and Evaluation Center.
Weller, S. C., & Romney, A. K. (1988). Systematic data collection. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Wenger, G. C. (Ed.). (1987). The research relationship: Practice and politics in social policy
research. London: Allen and Unwin.
Wengle, J. L. (1988). Ethnographers in the field: The psychology of research. Tuscaloosa:
University of Alabama Press.
Wengraf, T. (2001). Qualitative research interviewing: Biographic narrative and semistructured methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Weppner, R. S. (1977). Street ethnography. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Werner, O., & Schoepfle, G. M. (1987a). Systematic fieldwork. Vol. 1: Foundations of
ethnography and interviewing. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Werner, O., & Schoepfle, G. M. (1987b). Systematic fieldwork. Vol. 2: Ethnographic analysis
and data management. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Wetherell, M., & Traylor, S. (2001). Discourse as data: A guide for analysis. Thousand Oaks,
CA: Sage.
Whitehead, T. L., & Conaway, NM. E. (Eds.). (1986). Self, sex, and gender in cross-cultural
fieldwork. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Whyte, W. F. (1984). Learning from the field: A guide from experience. Newbury Park, CA:
Sage.
Whyte, W. F. (Ed.). (1991). Participatory action research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Whyte, W. G. (1994). Participant-observer: An autobiography. New York: ILR Press.
Wiener, C. L., & Wysmans, W. H. (Eds.). Grounded theory in medical research: From theory to
practice. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.
Willens, E. P., & Raush, H. L. (Eds.). (1969). Naturalistic viewpoints in psychological research.
New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Williams, D. (Ed.). (1986). Naturalistic evaluation: New directions for program evaluation. San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Wodak, R., & Meyer, M. (Eds.). (2002). Methods of critical discourse analysis. Thousand Oaks,
CA: Sage.
Wolcott, H. F. (1990). Writing up qualitative research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Wolcott, H. F. (1994). Transforming qualitative data: Description, analysis, and interpretation.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Wolcott, H. F. (1995). The art of fieldwork. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Wolcott, H. F. (2001). Writing up qualitative research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Wolcott, H. F. (1999). Ethnography: A way of seeing. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
Wolf, D. (Ed.). (1996). Feminist dilemmas in fieldwork. Oxford, England: Westview Press.
Wolf, M. (1992). A thrice told tale: Feminism, postmodernism and ethnographic responsibility.
Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Wood, L. A., & Kroger, R. O. (2000). Doing discourse analysis: Methods for studying action in
talk and text. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Woods, P. (1986). Inside schools: Ethnography in educational research. London: Routledge and
Kegan Paul.
Yin, R. K. (2002). Applications of case study research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Yin, R. K. (2002). Case study research: Design and methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage.
Yow, V. R. (1994). Recording oral history. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Zuber-Skerritt, O. (Ed.). (1996). New directions in action research. London: Falmer.
SELECTED JOURNAL ARTICLES ON QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS
Aamodt, A. (1982). Examining ethnography for nurse researchers. Western Journal of Nursing
Research, 4, 209-221.
Aamodt, A. (1983). Problems in doing nursing research: Developing criteria for evaluating
qualitative research. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 5, 399.
Abbot, A. (1992). From causes to events: Notes on narrative positivism. Sociological Methods &
Research, 20, 428-455.
Abu-Lughod, L. (1990). Can there be a feminist ethnography? Women and Performance: A
Journal of Feminist Theory, 5, 7-27.
Acker, J., Barry, K., & Esseveld, J. (1983). Objectivity and truth: Problems in doing feminist
research. Women’s Studies International Forum, 6, 423-435.
Adams, L. L. (1999). The mascot researcher: Identity, power, and knowledge in fieldwork.
Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 28, 331-363.
Adamson, J., & Donovan, J. L. (2002). Research in black and white. Qualitative Health
Research, 12, 816-825.
Adler, P. (1984). The sociologist as celebrity: The role of the media in field research. Qualitative
Sociology, 7, 310-326.
Adler, P., & Adler, P. (1990). The past and future of ethnography. Journal of Contemporary
Ethnography, 16, 4-24.
Adler, P. A., & Adler, P. (1995). The demography of ethnography. Journal of Contemporary
Ethnography, 24, 3-29.
Adler, P. A., & Adler, P. (1996). Parent-as-researcher: The politics of researching in the personal
life. Qualitative Sociology, 19, 35-58.
Adler, P. A., & Adler, P. (1999). The ethnographer’s ball—Revisited. Journal of Contemporary
Ethnography, 28, 442-450.
Adler, P. A., Adler, P., Rochford, J., & Burke, E. (1986). The politics of participation in field
research. Urban Life, 14, 363-376.
Agar, M. (1980). Getting better quality stuff: Methodological competition in an interdisciplinary
niche. Urban Life, 9, 34-50.
Agar, M. (1982). Toward an ethnographic language. American Anthropologist, 84, 779-795.
Agar, M. A. (1983). Inference and schema: An ethnographic view. Human Studies, 6, 53-66.
Agar, M. (1990). Text and fieldwork: Exploring the excluded middle. Journal of Contemporary
Ethnography, 19, 73-88.
Agar, M. (2003). Toward a qualitative epidemiology. Qualitative Health Research, 13, 974-986.
Agar, M. (2004). Know when to hold ‘em, know when to fold ‘em: Qualitative thinking outside
the university. Qualitative Health Research, 14, 100-112.
Agar, M., & Hobbs, J. R. (1982). Interpreting discourse: Coherence and the analysis of
ethnographic interviews. Discourse Processes, 5, 233-239.
Agar, M., & Hobbs, J. R. (1983). Natural plans: Using AI planning in the analysis of
ethnographic interviews. Ethos, 11(1/2), 33-48.
Agar, M. H., & MacDonald, J. 91995). Focus groups and ethnography. Human Organization, 54,
78-86.
Agger, B. (2002). Sociological writing in the wake of postmodernism. Cultural Studies—Critical
Methodologies, 2, 427-459.
Ahern, K. J. (1999). Ten tips for reflective bracketing. Qualitative Health Research, 9, 407-411.
Alasuutari, P. (1996). Theorizing in qualitative research: A cultural studies perspective.
Qualitative Inquiry, 2, 371-384.
Albas, D., & Albas, C. (1996). An invitation to the ethnographic study of university examination
behaviour: Concepts, methodology, and implications. Canadian Journal of Higher
Education, 26(3), 1-26.
Alcoff, L., & Gray, L. (1993). The problem of speaking for others. Cultural Critique, 20, 5-32.
Allen, C. (1997). Spies like us: When sociologists deceive their subjects. Lingua Franca, 7(9),
30-39.
Allen, D. (1995). Hermeneutics: Philosophical traditions and nursing practice research. Nursing
Science Quarterly, 8, 174-182.
Allen, K. R., & Barber, K. M. (1992). Ethical and epistemological tensions in applying a
postmodern perspective to feminist research. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 16, 1-15.
Allen, M. N., & Jenson, L. (1990). Hermeneutical inquiry: Meaning and scope. Western Journal
of Nursing Research, 12, 241-253.
Allison, L. J., Snook, B., & Stein, K. L. (2001). Unobtrusive measurement: Using police
information for forensic research. Qualitative Research, 1, 241-254.
Altheide, D. L. (1987). Ethnographic content analysis. Qualitative Sociology, 10, 65-77.
Alty, A., & Rodham, K. (1998). The ouch! factor: Problems in conducting sensitive research.
Qualitative Health Research, 8, 275-282.
Amenta, E., & Poulsen, J. D. (1994). Where to begin: A survey of five approaches to selecting
independent variables for qualitative comparative analysis. Sociological Methods &
Research, 23, 22-53.
Ammerman, N. T. (1982). Dilemmas in establishing a research identity. New England
Sociologist, 4, 21-37.
Ammon-Gaberson, K. B., & Piantanida, M. (1988). Generating results from qualitative data.
Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 20, 159-161.
Anderson, G. L. (1989). Critical ethnography in education: Origins, current status, and new
directions. Review of Educational Research, 59, 249-270.
Anderson, J. (1991). Reflexivity in fieldwork: Toward a feminist epistemology. Image: Journal
of Nursing Scholarship, 23(2), 115-118.
Anderson, J. 92002). Researching environmental resistance: Working through Secondspace and
Thirsdspace approaches. Qualitative Research, 2, 301-321.
Anderson, J. W. (1986). Reinventing the shape of meaning: Ambiguities in the ontology of
ethnography. Anthropological Quarterly, 59(2), 64-74.
Anderson, K., Armitage, S., Jack, D., & Wittner, J. (1987). Beginning where we are: Feminist
methodology in oral history. Oral History Review, 15, 103-127.
Andersson, P., & Nilsson, S. (1964). Studies in the reliability and validity of the critical incident
technique. Journal of Applied Psychology, 48, 398-403.
Andrade, L. L. de. (2000) Negotiating from the inside: Constructing racial and ethnic identity in
qualitative research. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 29, 268-290.
Angen, M. J. (2000). Evaluating interpreting inquiry: Reviewing the validity debate and opening
the dialogue. Qualitative Health Research, 10, 378-395.
Arandell, T. (1997). Reflections on the researcher-researched relationship: A woman
interviewing men. Qualitative Sociology, 20, 341-368.
Archer, J. L., & Whitaker, D. S. (1989). Engaging practitioners in formulating research purposes.
Journal of Social Work, 8(2), 29-37.
Arcury, T. A., & Quandt, S. A. (1999). Participant recruitment for qualitative research: A sitebased approach to community research in complex societies. Human Organization, 58, 128133.
Arendell, T. (1997). Reflections on the researcher-researched relationship: A woman
interviewing men. Qualitative Sociology, 20, 341-368.
Arnold, D. O. (1970). Dimensional sampling: An approach for studying a small number of cases.
American Sociologist, 5, 147-150.
Arnould, E. J., & Wallendorf, M. (1994). Market-oriented ethnography: Interpretation building
and marketing strategy formulation. Journal of Marketing Research, 31, 484-504.
Asad, T. (1994). Ethnographic representation, statistics, and modern power. Social Research, 61,
55-88.
Ashkam, J. (1982). Telling stories. Sociological Review, 30, 555-573.
Ashworth, P. D. (1995). The meaning of “participation” in participant-observation. Qualitative
Health Research, 5, 366-367.
Atkinson, B., Health, A., & Chenail, R. (1991). Qualitative research and the legitimization of
knowledge. Journal of Marital & Family Therapy, 17, 161-166.
Atkinson, P. A. (1988). Ethnomethodology: A critical review. Annual Review of Sociology, 14,
441-465.
Atkinson, P. (1991). Supervising the text. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in
Education, 4, 161-174.
Atkinson, P. (1995). Some perils of paradigms. Qualitative Health Research, 5, 117-124.
Atkinson, P. (1997). Narrative turn or blind alley? Qualitative Health Research, 7, 325-344.
Atkinson, P., Coffey, A., & Delamont, S. (2001). A debate about our canon. Qualitative
Research, 1, 5-22.
Atkinson, P., & Delamont, S. (1980). The two traditions in educational ethnography: Sociology
and anthropology compared. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 1, 139-152.
Atkinson, P., Delamont, S., & Hammersley, M. (1988). Qualitative research traditions: A British
respond to Jacob. Review of Educational Research, 58, 231-250.
Atkinson, P. A., & Silverman, D. (1997). “Kundera’s Immortality: The interview society and the
invention of the self. Qualitative Inquiry, 3, 304-325.
Atkinson, P. A., Coffey, A. J., & Delamont, S. (1999). Ethnography: Post, past, and present.
Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 28, 460-471.
Atkinson, P. A., Delamont, S., & Hammersley, M. (1988). Qualitative research traditions.
Review of Educational Research, 38, 231-250.
Atkinson, P., & Silverman, D. (1997). “Kundera’s immortality: The interview society and the
invention of self. Qualitative Inquiry, 3, 304-325.
Attride-Stirling, J. (2001). Thematic networks: An analytic tool for qualitative research.
Qualitative Research, 1, 385-406.
Aunger, R. (1995). On ethnography: Storytelling or science? Current Anthropology, 36, 18-33.
Averill, J. B. (2002). Matrix analysis as a complementary analytic strategy in qualitative inquiry.
Qualitative Health Research, 12, 855-866.
Avis, M. (2003). Do we need methodological theory to do qualitative research? Qualitative
Health Research, 13, 995-1004.
Avruch, K. (2001). Notes toward ethnographies of conflict and violence. Journal of
Contemporary Ethnography, 30, 637-648.
Ayers, L., Kazvanaugh, K., & Knafl, K. A. (2003). Within-case and across-case approaches to
qualitative data analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 13, 871-883.
Babchuck, N., (1962). The role of the researcher as participant observer and participant as
observer in the field situation. Human Organization, 21, 225-228.
Baez, B. 92002). Confidentiality in qualitative research: Reflections on secrets, power and
agency. Qualitative Research, 2, 35-58.
Bain, R. (1929). The validity of life histories and diaries. Journal of Educational Sociology, 79,
243-261.
Baker, C., Wuest, J., & Stern, P. C. (1992). Method slurring: The grounded theory/
phenomenology example. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 17, 1355-1360.
Baker, P. N. (1985). Focus group interviewing: The real constituency. Journal of Data
Collection, 25, 14-23.
Ball, S. (1990). Self-doubt and soft data: Social and technical trajectories in ethnographic
fieldwork. Qualitative Studies in Education, 3, 157-171.
Bamberg, M. G. W. (Ed.). Oral versions of personal experience: Three decades of narrative
analysis [Special issue]. Journal of Narrative and Life History, 7(1-4).
Barbour, R. S. (1998). Mixing qualitative methods: Quality assurance or qualitative quagmire?
Qualitative Health Research, 8, 352-361.
Barbour, R. S. (2003). The newfound credibility of qualitative research? Tales of technical
essentialism and co-option. Qualitative Health Research, 13, 1019-1027.
Bargagliotti, L. A. (1983). The scientific method and phenomenology: Toward their peaceful
coexistence in nursing. Journal of Nursing Research, 5, 409-411.
Barker, J., & Weller, S. (2003): “Never work with children?”: The geography of methodological
issues in research with children. Qualitative Research, 3, 207-228.
Barley, S. R. (1990). Images of imaging: Doing longitudinal field work. Organization Science, 1,
220-247.
Barnard, A., McCosker, H., & Gerber, R. (1999). Phenomenography: A qualitative research
approach for exploring understanding in health care. Qualitative Health Research, 9, 212226.
Barnes, C. (1992). Qualitative research: Valuable or irrelevant? Disability, Handicap & Society,
7, 115-124.
Barnes, D. M. (1996). An analysis of the grounded theory method and the concept of culture.
Qualitative Health Research, 6, 429-441.
Barnes, J. A. (1963). Some ethical problems in modern fieldwork. British Journal of Sociology,
13, 118-134.
Barnes, V., Clouder, D. L., Hughes, C., Purkis, J., & Pritchard, J. (2003). Deconstructing
dissemination: Dissemination as qualitative research. Qualitative Research, 3, 147-164.
Barone, T. E. (1997). Among the chosen: A collaborative educational auto(biography).
Qualitative Inquiry, 3, 222-236.
Barry, D. (1996). Artful inquiry: A symbolic constructivist approach to social science research.
Qualitative Inquiry, 2, 411-438.
Bauew, P. F. (1984). Personal reflections on participant observation as a methodology in the
social sciences. Pastoral Psychology, 32, 140-145.
Bauman, R. E., & Sherzer, J. (Eds.). (1974). The ethnography of speaking. Annual Review of
Anthropology, 4, 95-119.
Bauman, Z. (2002). Afterthought: On writing; on writing sociology. Cultural Studies<->Critical
Methodologies, 2, 359-370.
Baumeister, R. F., & Newman, L. S. (1994). How stories make sense of personal experiences:
Motives that shape autobiographical narratives. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,
20, 676-690.
Baumrind, D. (1985). Research using intentional deception: Ethical issues revisited. American
Psychologist, 40, 165-174.
Bazeley, P. (1999). The bricoleur with a computer: Piecing together qualitative and quantitative
data. Qualitative Health Research, 9, 279-287.
Beach, D. (2003). A problem of validity in education research. Qualitative Inquiry, 9, 859-873.
Becker, H. S. (1934). Culture case study and ideal-typical method. Social Forces, 12, 399-405.
Becker, H. S. (1954). A note on interviewing tactics. Human Organizations, 12(4), 31-32.
Becker, H. S. (1958). Problems of inference and proof in participant observation. American
Sociological Review, 23, 652-660.
Becker, H. S. (1978). Do photographs tell the truth? After Image, 5, 9-13.
Becker, H. S. (1986). Computing in qualitative sociology. Qualitative Sociology, 9(1), 100-103.
Becker, H. S., & Geer, B. (1957). Participant observation and interviewing: A comparison.
Human Organization, 16, 28-32.
Becker, H. S., & Geer, B. (1958). Participant observation and interviewing: A rejoinder. Human
Organization, 17(2), 39-40.
Becker, H. S., Gordon, A. C., & LeBailly, R. K. (1984). Field work with the computer: Criteria
for assessing systems. Qualitative Sociology, 7, 16-33.
Becker, P. H. (1993). Common pitfalls in published grounded theory research. Qualitative
Health Research, 3, 254-260.
Beeson, D. (1997). Nuance, complexity, and context: Qualitative methods in genetic counseling
research. Journal of Genetic Counseling, 6, 21-43.
Behrens, C. A. (1990). Qualitative and quantitative approaches to the analysis of anthropological
data: A new synthesis. Journal of Quantitative Anthropology, 2, 305-328.
Belgrave, L. L., Zablotsky, D., & Guadagno, M. A. (2002). How do we talk to each other?
Writing qualitative research for quantitative readers. Qualitative Health Research, 12, 14271439.
Bell, S. E. (1991). Commentary on “Perspectives on embodiment: The uses of narrativity in
ethnographic writing. Journal of narrative and Life History, 1, 245-254.
Bennet, J. W. (1948). A survey of techniques and methodology in field work. American
Sociology Review, 13, 672-689.
Bensman, K., & Vidich, A. K. (1960). Social theory in field research. American Journal of
Sociology, 65, 577-584.
Berger, L. (2001). Inside out: Narrative autoethnography as a path toward rapport. Qualitative
Inquiry, 7, 504-518.
Berk, R. A., & Adams, J. M. (1970). Establishing rapport with deviant groups. Social Problems,
18, 102-117.
Bernard, R. H., Kilworth, P., Kronenfeld, D., & Sailor, L. (1984). The problem of informant
accuracy. Annual Review of Anthropology, 13, 495-517.
Best, A. L. (2003). Doing race in the context of feminist interviewing: Constructing Whiteness
through talk. Qualitative Inquiry, 9, 895-914.
Biernacki, P., & Waldorf, D. (1981). Snowball sampling: Problems and techniques of chain
referral sampling. Sociological Methods and Research, 10, 141-163.
Belgrave, L. L., & Smith, K. J. (1995). Negotiated validity in collaborative ethnography.
Qualitative Inquiry, 1, 69-86.
Bell, J., & Jankowiak, W. R. (1992). The ethnographer vs. the folk expert: Pitfalls of contract
ethnography. Human Organization, 51, 412-417.
Bennis, W. G. (1968). The case study. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 4, 227-231.
Benny, M., & Hughes, E. (1956). Of sociology and the interview. American Journal of
Sociology, 62, 137-142.
Bensman, J., & Vidich, A. (1960). Social theory in field research. American Journal of
Sociology, 65, 577-584.
Berent, P. H. (1966). The technique of the depth interview. Journal of Advertising Research,
6(2), 32-39.
Bernard, H. R., Killworth, P. D., Kroenfield, D., & Sailer, L. (1984). The problem of informant
accuracy: The validity of retrospective data. Annual Review of Anthropology, 13, 495-517.
Bertaux, D., & Martin, K. (1984). The life story approach: A continental view. Annual Review of
Sociology, 10, 215-237.
Bhavnani, K. K. (1993). Tracing the contours: Feminist research and feminist objectivity.
Women’s Studies International Forum, 16, 95-104.
Biernacki, P., & Waldorf, D. (1981). Snowball sampling: Problems and techniques of chain
referral sampling. Sociological Methods and Research, 10, 141-163.
Bighby, J. L. (1986). Beyond chi-square: Log-linear analysis and related methods of qualitative
analysis. Advances in Nursing Sciences, 8, 70-79.
Bird, S. E. (1995). Understanding the ethnographic encounter: The need for flexibility in
feminist reception studies. Women and Language, 18(2), 22-26.
Black, M., & Metzger, D. (1964). Ethnographic description and the study of law. American
Anthropologist, 4, 95-119.
Blaikie, N. W. (1991). A critique of the use of triangulation in social research. Quality &
Quantity, 25, 115-136.
Blake, R. L. (1989). Integrating quantitative and qualitative methods in family research. Family
Systems Medicine, 7, 411-427.
Blaumer, B. (1987). Problems of editing “first-person” sociology. Qualitative Sociology, 10, 4664.
Blee, K. M. (1993, September). Evidence, empathy and ethics: Lessons from oral histories of the
Klan. Journal of American History, pp. 596-606.
Blee, K. M. (1998). White-knuckle research: Emotional dynamics in fieldwork with racist
activists. Qualitative Sociology, 21, 381-399.
Bloom, L. R. (1996). Stories of one’s own: Nonunitary subjectivity in narrative representation.
Qualitative Inquiry, 2, 176-197.
Bloor, M. (1978). On the analysis of observational data: A discussion of the worth and uses of
inductive techniques and respondent validation. Sociology, 12, 545-557.
Blumenfeld-Jones, D. S. (1995). Dance as a mode of research representation. Qualitative
Inquiry, 1, 391-401.
Bochner, A. P. (1997). It’s about time: Narrative and the divided self. Qualitative Inquiry, 3,
418-429.
Bochner, A. P., & Ellis, C. (Eds.). (1996). Taking ethnography into the twenty-first century.
Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 25, 3-167.
Bodgan, R. (1980). The soft side of hard data. Phi Delta Kappan, 61, 411-412.
Bogdan, R., & Taylor, S. J. (1990). Looking at the bright side: A positive approach to qualitative
policy and evaluation research. Qualitative Sociology, 13, 183-192.
Boelen, W. A. M. (1992). Street corner society: Cornerville revisited. Journal of Contemporary
Ethnography, 21, 11-51.
Bogdan, R. (1980). Policy data as a social process: A qualitative approach to quantitative data.
Human Organization, 39, 302-309.
Boje, D. M., Fedor, D. B., & Rowland, K. M. (1982). Myth making: A qualitative step in
interventions. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 18, 17-28.
Booth, E. O. (1987). Researcher as participant: Collaborative evaluation in a primary school.
Education and Urban Society, 20, 55-85.
Borgadus, E. S. (1926). The group interview. Journal of Applied Sociology, 10, 372-382.
Borman, K. M., LeCompte, M. D., & Goetz, J. P. (1986). Ethnographic and qualitative research
design and why it doesn’t work. American Behavioral Scientist, 30, 42-57.
Boschma, G., Yonge, O., & Mychajlunow, L. (2003). Consent in oral history interviews: Unique
challenges. Qualitative Health Research, 13, 129-135.
Bosk, C. (1985). The fieldworker as watcher and witness. Hastings Center Report, 15(3), 10-14.
Bourgois, P. (1990). Confronting anthropological ethics: Ethnographic lessons from Central
America. Journal of Peace Research, 27, 43-54.
Bowers, L. (1992). Ethnomethodology I: An approach to nursing research. International Journal
of Nursing Studies, 29, 59-68.
Bowman, M., Bowman, G. W., & Resch, R. C. (1984). Humanizing the research interview: A
posthumous analysis of LeRow Bowman’s approach to the interview process. Quality and
Quantity, 18, 159-171.
Bradley, R. T. (1982). Ethical problems in team research: A structural analysis and an agenda for
resolution. American Sociologist, 17, 87-94.
Brajuha, M., & Hallowell, L. (1986). Legal intrusion and the politics of fieldwork: The impact of
the Brajuha case. Urban Life, 14, 454-478.
Brannen, J. (1988). The study of sensitive subjects. Sociological Review, 36, 552-563.
Breitmayeer, B. J., Ayres, L., & Knafl, K. A. (1993). Triangulation in qualitative research:
Evaluation of completeness and confirmation purposes. Image: Journal of Nursing
Scholarship, 23, 215-220.
Brent, E., Scott, J., & Spencer, J. (1987). Computing in qualitative sociology: Guest column.
Qualitative Sociology, 19, 309-313.
Brewer, D. D. (2002). Supplementary interviewing techniques to maximize output in free listing
tasks. Field Methods, 14, 108-118.
Brewer, J. D. (1994). The ethnographic critic of ethnography: Sectarianism in the RUC.
Sociology, 28, 231-244.
Briggs, C. L. (1983). Questions for the ethnographer: A critical examination of the role of the
interview if fieldwork. Semiotica, 46(2/4), 233-261.
Briggs, C. L. (1984). Learning how to ask: Native metacommunicative competence and the
incompetence of fieldwork. Language in Society, 13, 1-28.
Brink, P. J., & Edgecombe. What is becoming of ethnography? Qualitative Health Research, 13,
1028-1030.
Britzman, D. (1995). The question of belief: Writing poststructural anthropology. Qualitative
Studies in Education, 8, 229-238.
Broadhead, R. S. (1980). Qualitative analysis in evaluation research: Problems and promises of
an interactionist approach. Symbolic Interaction, 3, 23-40.
Brodkey, L. (1987a). Writing critical ethnographic narratives. Anthropology & Education
Quarterly, 18, 67-76.
Brodkey, L. (1987B). Writing ethnographic narratives. Written Communication, 4, 25-50.
Brotherson, M. J. (1994). Interactive focus group interviewing: A qualitative research method in
early intervention. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 14, 101-118.
Broughton, W. (1991). Qualitative methods in program evaluation. American Journal of Health
Promotion, 5, 461-465.
Brown, G. W. (1973). Some thoughts on grounded theory. Sociology, 7, 1-16.
Brown, L. D., Bammer, G., Batliwala, S., & Kunreuther, F. 92003). Framing practice-research
engagement for democratizing knowledge. Action Research, 1, 81-102.
Brown, L, D., & Tandon, R. (1983). Ideology and political economy in inquiry: Action research
and participatory research. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 19, 277-294.
Brown, S. R. (1996). Q methodology and qualitative research. Qualitative Health Research, 6,
561-567.
Brownstein, H. H. (1990). Surviving as a qualitative sociologist: Recollections from the diary of
a state worker. Qualitative Sociology, 13, 149-167.
Bruce, T., & Greendorfer, S. L. (1994). Postmodern challenges: Recognizing multiple standards
for social science research. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 18, 258-268.
Bruner, J. (1987). Life as narrative. Social Research, 54, 11-32.
Bruyn, S. (1963). The methodology of participant observation. Human Organization, 21, 224235.
Brydon-Miller, M., Greenwood, D., & Maguire, P. (2003). Why action research? Action
Research, 1, 9-28.
Bryman, A. (1984). The debate about quantitative and qualitative research. British Journal of
Sociology, 35, 75-92.
Buchanan, D. R. (1992). An uneasy alliance: Combining qualitative and quantitative research
methods. Health Education Quarterly, 3, 23-40.
Buchmann, M., & Floden, R. E. (1989). Research traditions, diversity and progress. Review of
Educational Research, 59, 241-248.
Bulmer, M. (1979). Concepts in the analysis of qualitative data. Sociological Review, 27, 851877.
Bulmer, M. (1980). Comment on the ethics of covert methods. British Journal of Sociology, 31,
59-65.
Bungay, V., & Keddy, B. C. (1996). Experiential analysis as a feminist methodology for health
professionals. Qualitative Health Research, 6, 442-452.
Burawoy, M. (1988). The extended case method. Sociological Theory, 16, 4-33.
Burling, R. (1969). Linguistics and ethnographic description. American Anthropologist, 71, 817827.
Burns, N. (1989). Standards for qualitative research. Nursing Science Quarterly, 2, 44-52.
Byerly, E. L. (1969). The nurse-researcher as participant observer in a nursing setting. Nursing
Research, 18, 230-236.
Cahill, S. E., & Loeske, D. R. (Eds.). (1999). Ethnography: Reflections at the millennium’s
turn—part 2 [Special issue]. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 28(6).
Calder, B. J. (1977). Focus groups and the nature of qualitative marketing research. Journal of
Marketing Research, 14, 353-364.
Calhoun, E. F. (1993). Action research: Three approaches. Educational Leadership, 51(2), 6265.
Calvert, S. L. (1992). Pictorial prompts for discursive analyses: Developmental considerations
and methodological innovations. American Behavioral Scientist, 36, 39-51.
Campbell, D. T. (1955). The informant in qualitative research. American Journal of Sociology,
60, 339-342.
Campbell, D. T. (1975). Degrees of freedom and the case study. Comparative Political Studies,
8, 178-193.
Campbell, M. L. (1998). Institutional ethnography and experience as data. Qualitative Sociology,
21, 55-74
Campbell, R. (1984). The virtues of feminist empiricism. Hypatia, 9, 90-115.
Campbell, R. (1995). Weaving a new tapestry of research: A bibliography of selected readings
on feminist research methods. Women’s Studies International Forum, 18, 215-222.
Cancian, F. M. (1992). Feminist science: Methodologies that challenge inequality. Gender &
Society, 6, 623-642.
Cancian, F. (1993). Conflicts between activist research and academic success: Participatory
research and alternative strategies. American Sociologist, Spring, 92-106.
Cancian, F. M., & Armstead, C. (1992). Bibliography on participatory research. Collaborative
Inquiry, 9.
Cannell, C. F., & Azelrod, M. (1956). The respondent reports on the interview. American
Journal of Sociology, 62, 177-181.
Cannon, L. W., Higgenbotham, E., & Leung, M. L. A. (1988). Race and class bias in qualitative
research on women. Gender & Society, 2, 449-462.
Caplan, P. (1988/1989). Engendering knowledge: The politics of ethnography. Anthropology
Today, 4(6), 14-17.
Caplin, P. (1988). Engendering knowledge: The politics of ethnography. Anthropology Today,
4(6), 8-17.
Carey, J. W. (1993). Linking qualitative and quantitative methods: Integrating cultural factors in
public health. Qualitative Health Research, 3, 298-318.
Carey, J. W., Morgan, M., & Oxtoby, M. J. (1996). Intercoder agreement in analysis of responses
to open-ended interview questions: Examples from tuberculosis research. Cultural
Anthropology Methods, 8(3), 1-5.
Carey, J. W., Wenzel, P. H., Reilly, C., Sheridan, J., & Steinberg, J. M. (1998). CDC EZ-text:
Software for management and analysis of semistructured qualitative data sets. Cultural
Anthropology Methods, 10(1), 14-20.
Carey, M. A. (Ed.). (1995). Special issue: Issues and applications of focus groups. Qualitative
Health Research, 5, 413-530.
Carey, M. A., & Swanson, J. M. (2003). Funding for quality research. Qualitative Health
Research, 13, 852-856.
Cassell, J. (1978). Risks and benefits to subjects of fieldwork. American Sociologist, 13(3), 134143.
Cassell, J. (1980). Ethical principles for conducting fieldwork. American Anthropologist, 82, 2841.
Cassell, J., & Wax, M. (Eds.). (1980). Ethical problems in fieldwork [Special issue]. Social
Problems, 27(3).
Castellani, B., & Castellani, J. (2003). Data mining: Qualitative analysis with health informatics
data. Qualitative Health Research, 13, 1005-1018.
Caulkins, D. (1995). Stumbling into applied anthropology: Collaborative roles of academic
researchers. Practicing Anthropology, 17(1-2), 21-24.
Cawthorne, P. (2001). Identity, values and method: Taking interview research seriously in
political economy. Qualitative Research, 1, 65-90.
Ceci, C., Limacher, L. H., & McLeod, D. L. (2002). Language and power: Ascribing legitimacy
to interpretive research. Qualitative Health Research, 12, 713-720.
Ceglowski, D. (1997). That’s a good story, but is it really research? Qualitative Inquiry, 3, 188201.
Ceglowski, D. (2000). Research as relationship. Qualitative Inquiry, 6, 88-103.
Chaitin, J. 92003). “I wish he hadn’t told me that”: Methodological and ethical issues in social
trauma and conflict research. Qualitative Health Research, 13, 1145-1154.
Chapple, RE. D. (1949). Field methods and techniques. Human Organization, 8, 22-28.
Charmaz, K. (1991). Translating graduate qualitative methods into undergraduate teaching:
Intensive interviewing as a case example. Teaching Sociology, 9, 284-295.
Charmaz, K., & Mitchell, R. G. (1996). The myth of silent authorship: Self, substance, and style
in ethnographic editing. Symbolic Interaction, 19, 285-302.
Charmaz, K., & Olesen, V. L. (1997). Ethnographic research in medical sociology: Its foci and
distinctive contributions. Sociological Methods & Research, 25, 452-494.
Chatterjee, P. (1993). The observer as an instrument in qualitative community studies. Journal of
Sociology & Social Welfare, 20, 29-50.
Chatterton, M. R. (1978). From participant to observer. Sociologische Gids, 25(6), 502-516.
Chaudhry, L. C. (1997). Researching “my people,” researching myself: Fragments of a reflexive
tale. Qualitative Studies in Education, 10, 441-453.
Cheek, J. (1996). Taking a view: Qualitative research as representation. Qualitative Health
Research, 6, 492-505.
Cheek, J. (2002). Advancing what? Qualitative research, scholarship, and the research
imperative. Qualitative Health Research, 12, 1130-1140.
Chernail, R. J. (1992). A case for clinical qualitative research. Qualitative Reports, 1(4), 1-11.
Chesler, M. A. (1991). Participatory action research with self-help groups: An alternative
paradigm for inquiry and action. American Journal of Community Psychology, 19, 757-768.
Chesney, M. (2000). Dilemmas of self in the method. Qualitative Health Research, 11, 127-135.
Childress, H. (1998). Kinder ethnographic writing. Qualitative Inquiry, 4, 249-264.
Chisholm, R., & Elden, M. (1993). Features of emerging action research. Human Relations, 46,
275-298.
Chock, P. P. (1986). Irony and ethnography: On cultural analysis of one’s own culture.
Anthropological Quarterly, 59(2), 87-96.
Chwalisz, K., Wiersma, N., & Stark-Wroblewski, K. (1996). A quasi-qualitative investigation of
strategies used in qualitative categorization. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43, 502-509.
Cintron, R. (1993). Wearing a pith helmet at a sly angle: Or can writing researchers do
ethnography in a postmodern era? Written Communication, 10, 371-412.
Clancey, W. J. (2001). Field science ethnography: Methods for systematic observation on an
Arctic expedition. Field Methods, 13, 223-243.
Clarke, L. H. (2003). Overcoming ambivalence: The challenges of exploring socially charged
issues. Qualitative Health Research, 13, 718-735.
Clarke, S. (2002). Learning from experience: Psycho-social research methods in the social
sciences. Qualitative Research, 2, 173-194.
Clarvarino, A. M., & Hagemaster, J. N. (1987). The quality of qualitative data: Two strategies
for analyzing medical interviews. Qualitative Inquiry, 1, 223-242.
Clifford, J. (1980). Fieldwork, reciprocity and the making of ethnographic texts: The examples
of Maurice Leenhardt. Man, 15, 518-532.
Clifford, J. (1983). On ethnographic authority. Representations, 1, 118-146.
Clough, P. T. (1998). The end(s) of ethnography: Now and then. Qualitative Inquiry, 4, 3-14.
Cobb, A. K., & Hagemaster, J. N. (1987). Ten criteria for evaluating qualitative research
proposals. Journal of Nursing Education, 26(4), 138-143.
Coffield, F., & Borrill, C. (1983). Entree and exit. Sociology Review, 31, 520-545.
Coffey, A. (1996). The power of accounts: Authority and authorship in ethnography. Qualitative
Studies in Education, 9, 61-74.
Cohen, A. B., Greenwood, D. J., & Harkavay, I. (1992). Social research for social change:
Varieties of participatory action research. Collaborative Inquiry, 7, 2-8.
Cohen, A. P. (1978). Ethnographic method in the real community. Sociologica Ruralis, 18, 1-22.
Cohen, A. P. (1992). Post-fieldwork fieldwork. Journal of Anthropological Research, 48, 339354.
Cohen, M. Z., Knafl, K., & Dzurec, L. C. (1993). Grant writing for qualitative research. Image:
Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 25, 151-156.
Cohen, J. H. (2000). Problems in the field: Participant observation and the assumption of
neutrality. Field Methods, 12, 316-333.
Cohen, J. R. (1997). Poverty: Talk, identity, and action. Qualitative Inquiry, 3, 71-92.
Cohen, M., Kruckeberg, T., McCloskey, J., Bulechek, G., Craft, M., Crossley, J., Denehy, J.,
Glick, O., Maas, M., Prophet, C., Tripp-Reimer, T., Nelson, D., Wyman, M., & Titler, M.
(1991). Inductive methodology and a research team. Nursing Outlook, 39, 162-165.
Colby, B. N., Kennedy, S., & Milanesi, L. (1991). Content analysis, cultural grammars and
computers. Qualitative Sociology, 14, 373-384.
Colson, E., Scudder, T., & Kemper, R. V. (1976). Long-term field research in social
anthropology. Current Anthropology, 17, 494-496.
Connelley, F. M., & Clandinin, D. J. (1990). Stories of experience and narrative inquiry.
Educational Researcher, 19(5), 2-14.
Conrad, P., & Reinharz, S. (Eds.). (1984). Special Issue: Computers and qualitative data.
Qualitative Sociology, 7.
Constas, M. A. (1992). Qualitative analysis as a public event: The documentation of category
development procedures. American Educational Research Journal, 29, 253-266.
Cook, J., & Fonow, M. (1984). Knowledge and women’s interests: Issues of epistemology and
methodology in feminist sociological research. Sociological Inquiry, 56, 2-29.
Corbin, J., & Morse, J. M. (2003). The unstructured interactive interview: Issues of reciprocity
and risks when dealing with sensitive topics. Qualitative Inquiry, 9, 335-354.
Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (1996). Analytic ordering for theoretical purposes. Qualitative Inquiry,
2, 139-150.
Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (1990). Grounded theory method: Procedures, canons, and evaluative
criteria. Qualitative Sociology, 13, 3-21.
Cornwall, A., & Jewkes, R. (1995). What is participatory research? Social Sciences and
Medicine, 41, 1667-1676.
Corsino, L. (1987). Fieldworker blues: Emotional stress and research under involvement in
fieldwork settings. Social Science Journal, 24, 275-285.
Corti, L., Foster, J., & Thompson, P. (1996). The need for a qualitative data archival policy.
Qualitative Health Research, 6, 135-139.
Cottle, T. (1973). The life study: On mutual recognition and the subjective inquiry. Urban Life
and Culture, 2, 344-360.
Cottle, T. J. (2002). On narratives and the sense of self. Qualitative Inquiry, 8, 535-549.
Cowles, K. V. (1988). Issues in qualitative research on sensitive topics. Western Journal of
Nursing Research, 10, 163-179.
Crabtree, B. F., & Miller, W. L. (1991). A qualitative approach to primary care research: The
long interview. Family Medicine, 23, 145-151.
Crapanzano, V. (1970). On the writing of ethnography. Dialectical Anthropology, 2, 69-73.
Cressey, P. G. (1983). A comparison of the roles of the “sociological stranger” and the
“anonymous stranger” in field research. Urban Life, 12, 102-120.
Crozier, G. (2003). Researching Black parents: Making sense of the role of research and the
researcher. Qualitative Research, 3, 79-94.
Crowe, D. (2003). Objectivity, photography, and ethnography. Cultural Studies—Critical
Methodologies, 3, 470-485.
Crowley, E. P. (1995). Using qualitative methods in special education research. Exceptionality,
5(2), 55-69.
Cuoto, R. (1987). Participatory research: Methodology and critique. Clinical Sociology Review,
5, 83-90.
Cutcliffe, J. R. (2003). Reconsidering reflecivity: Introducing the case for intellectual
entrepreneurship. Qualitative Health Research, 13, 136-148.
Cutcliffe, J. R., & Ramcharan, P. (2002). Leveling the playing field? Exploring the merits of the
ethics-as-process approach for judging qualitative research projects. Qualitative Health
Research, 12, 1000-1010.
Daly, J., & McDonald, I. (1992). Covering your back: Strategies for qualitative research in
clinical settings. Qualitative Health Research, 2, 416-438.
Daly, K. (1997). Re-placing theory in ethnography: A postmodern view. Qualitative Inquiry, 3,
343-365.
Daniels, A. (1983). Self-deception and self-discovery in field work. Qualitative Sociology, 6,
195-214.
Dauber, K. (1995). Bureaucratizing the ethnographer’s magic. Current Anthropology, 36, 399408, 420-440.
Davie, L. E. (1996). Learning qualitative research: Electronic learning circles. Qualitative Health
Research, 6, 453-457.
Davies, D., & Dodd, J. (2002). Qualitative research and the question of rigor. Qualitative Health
Research, 12, 279-289.
Davis, K., & Gremmen, I. (1998). In search of heroines: Some reflections on normativity in
feminist research. Feminism and Psychology, 8, 133-153.
Dawson, L. L. & Prus, R. (1993). Interactionist ethnography and postmodernist discourse:
Affinities and disjunctures in approaching human lived experience. Studies in Symbolic
Interaction, 15, 147-177.
Dean, J., & Whyte, W. F. (1958). How do you know if the informant is telling the truth? Human
Organization, 17(2), 34-38.
Delgado Bernal, D. (1998). Using a Chicano feminist epistemology in educational research.
Harvard Business Review, 68, 558-579.
Delgado-Gaitan, C. (1993). Researching change and changing the researcher. Harvard
Educational Review, 63, 389-411.
Dennis, M. L., Fetterman, D. M., & Sechrest, L. (1994). Integrating qualitative and quantitative
evaluation methods in substance abuse research. Evaluation & Program Planning, 17, 419427.
Denzin, N. K. (1971). The logic of naturalistic inquiry. Social Forces, 50, 166-182.
Denzin, N. K. (1992). Whose Cornerville is it, anyway. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography,
21, 120-132.
Denzin, N. K. (1994). Evaluating qualitative research in the poststructural moment: The lesson
James Joyce teaches us. Qualitative Studies in Education, 7, 295-308.
Denzin, N. K. (1995). The experimental text and the limits of visual understanding. Educational
Theory, 45, 7-18.
Denzin, N. K. (1999a). An interpretive ethnography for the next century. Journal of
Contemporary Ethnography, 28, 510-519.
Denzin, N. K. (1999b). Two-stepping in the ‘90s. Qualitative Inquiry, 5, 568-572.
Denzin, N. K. (2001). The reflexive interview and a performative social science. Qualitative
Research, 1, 23-46.
Denzin, N. K. (2003). Reading and writing performance. Qualitative Research, 3, 243-268.
DeSantis, L. (1980). Interviewing as social interaction. Qualitative Sociology, 2, 72-98.
DeSantis, L. (1990). Fieldwork with undocumented aliens and other populations at risk. Western
Journal of Nursing Research, 12, 413-416.
DeVault, M. L. (1990). Talking and listening from women’s standpoint: Feminist strategies for
interviewing and analysis. Social Problems, 37, 96-116.
DeVault, M. L. (1993). Different voices: Feminists’ methods of social research. Qualitative
Sociology, 16, 77-83.
Devers, K. J. (1999). How will we know “good” qualitative research when we see it? Beginning
the dialogue in health service research. Health Services Research, 34, 1153-1188.
Dexter, L. A. (1956). Role relationships and conceptions of neutrality in interviewing. American
Journal of Sociology, 62, 153-157.
Dexter, S., & LaMagdeleine, D. R. (2002). Dominance theater, slam-a-thon, and cargo cults:
Three illustrations of how using conceptual metaphors in qualitative research works.
Qualitative Inquiry. 8, 362-381.
Diamond, J. (1989). The ethnobiologist’s dilemma. Natural History, 6, 26-30.
di Leonardo, M. (1987). Oral history as ethnographic encounter. Oral History Review, 15, 1-20.
Dimitriadis, G. (2001). Coming clean at the hyphen: Ethics and dialogue at a local community
center. Qualitative Inquiry, 7, 576-597.
Dingwall, R. G. (1980). Ethics and ethnography. Sociological Review, 28, 871-891.
Diversi, M. (1998). Glimpses of street life: Representing lived experience through short story.
Qualitative Inquiry, 4, 131-147.
Dohan, D., & Sanchez-Jankowski, M. (1998). Using computers to analyze ethnographic field
data: Theoretical and practical considerations. Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 477-498.
Donmoyer, R., & Yennie-Donmoyer, J. (1995). Data as drama: Reflections on the use of readers
theatre as a mode of qualitative data display. Qualitative Inquiry, 1, 402-428.
Drass, K. A. 91980). The analysis of qualitative data: A computer program. Urban Life, 9, 323353.
Drevdahl, D. (1995). Coming to voice: The power of emancipatory community interventions.
Advances in Nursing Science, 18, 13-24.
Drury, J., & Stott, C. (2001). Bias as a research strategy in participant observation: The case of
intergroup conflict. Field Methods, 13, 47-67.
Duffy, M. E. (1986). Qualitative research: An approach whose time has come. Nursing and
Health Care, 7(5), 237-239.
Dumont, J. (1986). Prologue to ethnography or prolegomena to anthropography. Ethos, 14, 352363.
Durgee, J. F. (1986a). Depth-interviewing techniques for creative advertising. Journal of
Advertising Research, 25(6), 29-37.
Durgee, J. F. (1986b). Richer findings from qualitative research. Journal of Advertising
Research, 26(4), 36-44.
Duster, T., Matza, D., & Wellman, D. (1979). Fieldwork and the protection of human subjects.
The American Sociologist, 14, 136-142.
Eason, D. (1981). Telling stories and making sense. Journal of Popular Culture, 15, 142-149.
Easterday, L., Papademas, D., Schorr, L., & Valentine, C. (1977). The making of a female
researcher: Role problems in field work. Urban Life, 6, 333-348.
Edgar, I. R. (1999). The imagework method in health and social science research. Qualitative
Health Research, 9, 212-226.
Edwards, R. (1990). Connecting method and epistemology: A White woman interviewing Black
women. Women’s Studies International Forum, 13, 477-490.
Eichler, M. (1986). The relationship between sexist, nonsexist, woman-centered and feminist
research. Studies in Communication, 3, 37-74.
Eichler, M. (1997). Feminist methodology. Current Sociology, 45, 9-36.
Eipper, C. (1998). Anthropology and cultural studies: Difference, ethnography and theory.
Australian Journal of Anthropology, 10, 310-326.
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building theories from case study research. Academy of management
Review, 14, 532-550.
Eisenhardt, M. (1988). The ethnographic research tradition and mathematics education research.
Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 19, 99-114.
Eisner, E. W. (1981). On the difference between scientific and artistic approaches to qualitative
research. Educational Review, 10, 5-9.
Eisner, E. (1988). The primacy of experience and the politics of method. Educational Researcher,
17(5), 150-20.
Eisner, E. W. (1997). The new frontier in qualitative research methodology. Qualitative Inquiry,
3, 259-273.
Eisner, E. W. (2001). Concerns and aspirations for qualitative research in the new millennium.
Qualitative Research, 1, 134-146.
Elden, M., & Chisholm, R. (Eds.). (1993). Varieties of action research [Special Issue]. Human
Relations, 46(2).
Ellington, L. L. (1998). “Then you know how I feel”: Empathy, identity, and reflexivity in
fieldwork. Qualitative Inquiry, 4, 492-514.
Ellis, C. (1994). Between social science and literature: What are our options? Symbolic
Interaction, 17, 325-330.
Ellis, C. (1995). Emotional and ethical quagmires in returning to the field. Journal of
Contemporary Ethnography, 24, 68-96.
Ellis, C., & Bochner, A. (Eds.). (1996). Special issue: Taking ethnography into the twenty-first
century. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 25.
Elsworth, G. R. (1994). Arguing challenges to validity in field research: A realist perspective.
Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization, 15, 321-343.
Emerson, R. M. (1981). Observational field work. Annual Review of Sociology, 7, 351-378.
Emerson, R. M. (1987). Four ways to improve the craft of fieldwork. Journal of Contemporary
Ethnography, 16, 69-89.
Emerson, R., M. & Pollner, M. (1988). On the uses of members’ responses to researchers’
accounts. Human Organization, 47, 189-198.
Engel, J. D. (1992). Introduction: Issues of methodology in qualitative inquiry. Qualitative
Health Research, 2, 373-374.
Engel, J. D., & Kuzel, A. J. (1992). On the idea of what constitutes good qualitative inquiry.
Qualitative Health Research, 2, 504-510.
Ennew, J. (1976). Examining the facts in fieldwork: Considerations of method and data. Critique
of Anthropology, 7, 43-66.
Erickson, F. (1977). Some approaches to inquiry in school-community ethnography.
Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 8, 58-69.
Erickson, F. (1984). What makes school ethnography “ethnographic?” Anthropology and
Education Quarterly, 15(1), 51-66.
Erikson, K. T. (1967). A comment on disguised observation in sociology. Social Programs, 14,
366-373.
Esposito, N. (2001). From meaning to meaning: The influence of translation technique on nonEnglish focus group research. Qualitative Health Research, 11, 568-579.
Estabrooks, C. A., Field, P. A., & Morse, J. M. (1994). Aggregating qualitative findings: An
approach to theory development. Qualitative Health Research, 4, 503-511.
Evanes-ko, V., & Kay, M. A. (1982). The ethnoscience research technique. Western Journal of
Nursing Research, 4, 49-64.
Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1973). Some reminiscences and reflections on fieldwork. Journal of the
Anthropological Society of Oxford, 4, 1-12.
Everhart, R. (1975). Problems of doing fieldwork in educational evaluation. Human
Organization, 34, 205-215.
Everhart, R. (1977). Between stranger and friend: Some consequences of “long term” fieldwork
in schools. American Educational Research Journal, 14(1), 1-15.
Ezeh, P-J. (2003). Integration and its challenges in participant observation. Qualitative Research,
3, 191-206.
Fabian, J. (1971). Rule and process: Thoughts on ethnography as communication. Philosophy of
the Social Sciences, 9, 1-26.
Fabian, J. (1991). Ethnographic objectivity revisited: From rigor to vigor. Annals of Scholarship,
8, 381-408.
Fabian, J. (1995). Ethnographic misunderstanding and the perils of context. American
Anthropologist, 97, 41-50.
Fals-Borda, O. (1982). Participatory research and rural social change. Journal of Rural
Cooperation, 10, 25-40.
Farberman, H. A. (1991). Symbolic interactionism and postmodernism: Close encounters of a
dubious kind. Symbolic Interaction, 14, 471-488.
Feinberg, R. (1979). The role of the ethnographer in shaping attitudes towards anthropologists: A
case in point. Pacific Studies, 2(2), 156-165.
Fetterman, D. M. (1981). A new peril for the contract ethnographer. Anthropology & Education
Quarterly, 12, 71-80.
Fetterman, D. M. (1982). Ethnography in educational research: The dynamics of diffusion.
Educational Researcher, 11(3), 17-29.
Fetterman, D. M. (1988). Qualitative approaches to evaluating education. Educational Research,
17(8), 17-23.
Fetterman, D. M. (1989). Ethnographer as rhetorician: Multiple audiences reflect multiple
realities. Practicing Anthropology, 11(2), 2, 17-18.
Fichter, J., & Kolb, W. (1963). Ethical limitations on sociological reporting. American
Sociological Review, 18, 544-550.
Fielding, N. G., & Lee, R. M. (2002). New patterns in the adoption and use of qualitative
software. Field Methods, 14, 197-216.
Fine, G. A. (1993). Ten lies of ethnography: Moral dilemmas of field research. Journal of
Contemporary Ethnography, 22, 267-293.
Fine, M., & Weis, L. (1996). Writing the “wrongs” of fieldwork: Confronting our own
research/writing dilemmas in urban ethnographies. Qualitative Inquiry, 2, 251-274.
Finfgewld, D. (2003). Metasynthesis: The state of the art—so far. Qualitative Health Research,
13, 893-904.
Finlay, L. (2002). Negotiating the swamp: The operation and challenge of reflexivity in research
practice. Qualitative Research, 2, 209-230.
Finlay, L. (2002). “Outing” the researcher: The provenance, process, and practice of reflexivity.
Qualitative Health Research, 12, 531-545.
Finley, S., & Knowles, J. G. (1995). Researcher as artist/artist as researcher. Qualitative Inquiry,
1, 110-142.
Firestone, W. A. (1987). Meaning in method: The rhetoric of quantitative and qualitative
research. Educational Researcher, 16, 16-21.
Firestone, W. A. (1993). Alternative arguments for generalizing from data as applied to
qualitative research. Educational Researcher, 22(4), 16-23.
Firestone, W. A., & Herriott, R. E. (1983). The formalization of qualitative research: An
adaptation of “soft” science to the policy world. Evaluation Review, 7, 437-466.
Fiske, J. (1990). Ethnosemiotics: Some personal and theoretical reflections. Cultural Studies,
4(1), 85-99.
Flaherty, M. G. (1996). Some methodological principles from research in practice: Validity,
truth, and method in the study of lived time. Qualitative Inquiry, 2, 285-299.
Flanagan, J. C. (1954). The critical incident technique. Psychological Bulletin, 51, 327-357.
Flannery, M. C. (2001). Quilting: A feminist metaphor for scientific inquiry. Qualitative Inquiry,
7, 628-645.
Fleitas, J. (1998). Spinning tales from the World Wide Web: Qualitative research in an electronic
environment. Qualitative Health Research, 8, 283-292.
Flick, U. (1992). Triangulation revisited: Strategy of validation or alternative? Journal for the
Theory of Social Behaviour, 22, 175-197.
Flicker, S., Haans, D., & Skinner, H. (2004). Ethical dilemmas in research on Internet
communities. Qualitative Health Research, 14, 124-134.
Fluehr-Lobban, C. (1994). Informant consent in anthropological research: We are not exempt.
Human Organization, 53, 1-10.
Fluery, J. (1993). Preserving qualitative meaning in instrument development. Journal of Nursing
Management, 1, 135-144.
Foley, D. (2002). Critical ethnography: The reflexive turn. International Journal of Qualitative
Studies in Education, 15, 469-490.
Fontana, A. (1997). Of heaven and hell: Narrating Hieonymous Bosch. Qualitative Inquiry, 3,
237-249.
Forbat, L., & Henderson, J. (2003). “Stuck in the middle with you”: The ethics and process of
qualitative research with two people in an intimate relationshiop. Qualitative Health
Research, 13, 1453-1462.
Ford-Gilboe, M., Campbell, J., & Berman, H. (1995). Stories and numbers: Coexistence without
compromise. Advances in Nursing Sciences, 18, 14-26.
Forrest, B. (1986). Apprentice participation: Methodology and the study of subjective reality.
Urban Life, 14, 431-453.
Francis, D. (1996). Moving from noninterventionist research to participatory action: Challenges
for academe. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 9, 75-86.
Frank, A. W. (2000). The standpoint of storyteller. Qualitative Health Research, 10, 354-365.
Frank, G. (1979). Finding a common denominator: A phenomenological critique of life history
method. Ethnos, 7, 68-94.
Frankenberg, R. (1963). Participant observers. New Society, 1(23), 22-23.
Franklin, C. (1996). Learning to teach qualitative research: Reflections of a quantitative
researcher. Marriage & Family Review, 24, 2410-274.
Franklin, K., & Lowery, C. (2001). Computer-mediated focus group sessions: Naturalistic
inquiry in a networked environment. Qualitative Research, 1, 169-184.
Fredericks, M., & Miller, S. I. (1997). Some brief notes in the “unfinished business” of
qualitative inquiry. Quality and Quantity, 31, 1-13.
Freeman, L. C., Romney, A. K., & Freeman, S. C. (1987). Cognitive structure and informant
accuracy. American Anthropologist, 89, 310-325.
Freeman, M. (2001). “Between eye and eye stretches an interminable landscape”: The challenge
of philosophical hermeneutics. Qualitative Inquiry, 7, 646-658.
Frey, J. H., & Fontana, A. (1991). The group interview in social research. Social Science Journal,
28, 175-187.
Frontier, A-M. (1996). Troubles in the field: The use of personal experiences as sources of
knowledge. Critique of Anthropology, 16, 303-323.
Gage, N. L. (1989). The paradigm wars and their aftermath: A “historical” sketch of research on
teaching. Educational Researcher, 18(7), 4-10.
Gale, J. (1993). A field guide to qualitative inquiry and its clinical relevance. Contemporary
Family Therapy: An International Journal, 15, 73-91.
Gallin, B. (1959). A case for intervention in the field. Human Organization, 18(3), 140-144.
Gans, H. J. (1999). Participant observation in the era of ethnography. Journal of Contemporary
Ethnography, 28, 540-548.
Ganzevoort, R. (1993). Investigating life-stories: Personal narratives in pastoral psychology.
Journal of Psychology & Theology, 21, 277-287.
Garcia-Alvarez, E., & Lopez-Sintas, J. (2002). Contingency table: A two-way bridge between
qualitative and quantitative methods. Field Methods, 14, 270-287.
Gardner, G. (2001). Unreliable memories and other contingencies: Problems with biographical
knowledge. Qualitative Research, 1, 185-205.
Gardner, P. (1976). Birds, words, and a requiem for the omniscient informant. American
Anthropologist, 89, 310-325.
Gatewood, J. B. (1984). A short typology of ethnographic genres: Or ways to write about other
people. Anthropology and Humanism Quarterly, 9(4), 5-10.
Geiger, S. N. G. (1986). Women’s life histories: Method and content. Signs: Journal of Women
in Culture and Society, 11, 334-351.
Gelsthrope, L. (1992). Response to Martyn Hammersley’s paper “On feminist methodology,”
Sociology, 26, 213-219.
Georgiou, D., & Carspecken, P. E. (2002). Critical ethnography and ecological psychology:
Conceptual and empirical explorations of a synthesis. Qualitative Inquiry, 8, 688-706.
Gephart, R. (1988). Deconstructing the defense for quantification in social science: A content
analysis of journal articles on the parametric strategy. Qualitative Sociology, 9, 126-144.
Gergen, K. J. 92003). Action research and orders of democracy. Action Research, 1, 39-56.
Gerson, E. M. (1986). Computing in qualitative research: An approach to structured text.
Qualitative Sociology, 9, 204-207.
Giarelli, E., & Tulman, L. (2003). Methodological issues in the use of published cartoons as data.
Qualitative Health Research, 13, 945-956.
Gibbon, M. (2002). Doing a doctorate using a participatory action research framework in the
context of community health. Qualitative Health Research, 12, 546-558.
Gibbons, D. C. (1975). Unidentified research sites and fictitious names. American Sociologist,
10(1), 32-36.
Gilgun, J. F. (1993). Publishing research reports based on qualitative methods. Marriage &
Family Review, 18, 177-181.
Gille, Z. (2001). Critical ethnography in the time of globalization: Toward a new concept of site.
Cultural Studies<->Critical Methodologies, 1, 319-334.
Gillespie, G. W., Jr. (1986). Using word processor macros for computer-assisted qualitative
analysis. Qualitative Sociology, 9, 283-292.
Gilmore, D. D. (1991). Subjectivity and subjugation: Fieldwork in the stratified community.
Human Organization, 50, 215-224.
Gitlin, A., Siegel, M., & Boru, K. (1989). The politics of method: From leftist ethnography to
educative research. Qualitative Studies in Education, 2, 237-253.
Glaser, B., & Strauss, A. (1967a). The discovery of substantive theory: A basic strategy
underlying qualitative research. American Behavioral Scientist, 8(6), 5-12.
Glaser, B., & Strauss, A. (1967b). The purpose and credibility of qualitative research. Nursing
Research, 15, 56-61.
Glesne, C. (1997). That rare feeling: Re-presenting research through poetic transcription.
Qualitative Inquiry, 3, 202-221.
Gliner, J. A. (1994). Reviewing qualitative research: Proposed criteria for fairness and rigor.
Occupational Therapy Journal of Research, 14, 78-90.
Gluckman, M. (1961). Ethnographic data in British social anthropology. Sociology, 9, 5-26.
Goffman, E. (1989). On fieldwork. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 18, 123-132.
Gold, R. L. (1958). Roles in sociological field observation. Social Forces, 36, 217-223.
Gold, R. L. (1997). The ethnographic method in sociology. Qualitative Inquiry, 3, 388-402.
Golden-Biddle, K., & Locke, K. (1993). Appealing work: An investigation of how ethnographic
texts convince. Organization Science, 4, 595-616.
Goode, E. (1996). The ethics of deception in social research: A case study. Qualitative
Sociology, 19, 11-33.
Goodley, D. (1999). Disability research and the “researcher template”: Reflections on grounded
subjectivity in ethnographic research. Qualitative Inquiry, 5, 24-46.
Goodman, R. S., & Kruger, E. J. (1988). Data dredging or legitimate research methods?
Historiography and its potential for management research. Academy of Management Review,
13, 315-325.
Goodwin, C. (1994). Recording human interaction in natural settings. Pragmatics, 3, 181-209.
Goodwin, D., Pope, C., Mort, M., & Smith, A. (2003). Ethics and ethnography: An experiential
approach. Qualitative Health Research, 13, 567-577.
Goodwin, L., & Goodwin, W. (1984). Qualitative versus quantitative research or qualitative and
quantitative research. Nursing Research, 33(6), 379.
Gordon, D. (1988). Writing culture, writing feminism: The poetics and politics of experimental
ethnography. Inscriptions, 3/4, 7-24.
Gordon, D. F. (1987). Getting close by staying distant: Fieldwork with proselytizing groups.
Qualitative Sociology, 10, 267-287.
Gorelick, S. (1991). Contradictions of feminist methodology. Gender & Society, 5, 459-477.
Grady, J. (1996). The scope of visual sociology. Visual Sociology, 11(2), 10-24.
Grahame, P. R. (1998). Ethnography, institutions, and the social organization of knowledge.
Human Studies, 21, 347-360.
Grahame, P. R. (1999). Doing qualitative research: Three problematics. Discourses of
Sociological Practice, 2(1), 4-10.
Gravlee, C. C. (2002). Mobile computer-assisted personal interviewing with handheld
computers: The Entryware System 3.0. 322-336.
Green, E. C. (2001). Can qualitative research produce quantitative findings? Field Methods, 13,
3-19.
Greene, J. C., Caracelli, V. J., & Graham, W. F. (1989). Toward a conceptual framework for
mixed-method evaluation designs. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 11, 255-274.
Greene, P. D. (2001). Handheld computers as tools for writing and managing fields data. Field
Methods, 13, 181-197.
Greenwood, D. J. (1992). Discursive practices and psychological science. American Behavioral
Scientist, 36, 114-123.
Greenwood, D. J., Whyte, W. F., & Harkavay, I. (1993). Participatory action research as process
and as goal. Human Relations, 46, 175-192.
Gregor, S., & Galazka, S. S. (1990). The use of key informant networks in the assessment of
community health. Family Medicine, 22, 118-121.
Gregory, J. R. (1984). The myth of the male ethnographer and the woman’s world. American
Anthropologist, 86, 316-327.
Gregory, D., Russell, C. K., & Phillips, L. R. (1997). Beyond textual perfection: Transcribers as
vulnerable persons. Qualitative Health Research, 7, 294-300.
Gregory, J. R. (1984). The myth of the male ethnographer and the woman’s world. Journal of the
American Anthropological Association, 86, 316-327.
Griffin, C., & Phoenix, A. (1994). The relationship between qualitative and quantitative research:
Lessons from feminist psychology. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 4,
287-298.
Griffin, L., & Ragin, C. C. (1994). Some observations on formal methods of qualitative analysis.
Sociological Methods & Research, 23, 4-21.
Griffith, A. I. (1998). Institutions, ethnography, and social organization [Symposium]. Human
Studies, 21, 347-436.
Griffiths, V. (1984). Feminist research and the use of drama. Women’s Studies International
Forum, 7, 511-519.
Gross, D. (1991). Issues related to validity of videotaped observational data. Western Journal of
Nursing Research, 13, 658-663.
Gross, N., & Mason, W. S. (1953). Some methodological problems of eight-hour interviews.
American Journal of Sociology, 59, 197-204.
Gruber, J. W. (1970). Ethnographic salvage and the shaping of anthropology. American
Anthropologist, 72, 1289-1299.
Guba, E. G. (1981). Criteria for assessing the trustworthiness of naturalistic inquiries. Education,
Communication, and Technology Journal, 29, 75-92.
Guba, E., & Lincoln, Y. (1982). Epistemological and methodological bases of naturalistic
inquiry. Educational Communication and Technology Journal, 30, 233-252.
Gubium, J. F., & Holstein, J. A. (1995). Qualitative inquiry and the deprivatization of
experience. Qualitative Inquiry, 1, 204-222.
Gubium, J. F., & Holstein, J. A. (1998). Narrative practice and the coherence of personal stories.
Sociological Quarterly, 39, 163-187.
Guest, G., & McLellan, E. (2003). Distinguishing the trees from the forest: Applying cluster
analysis to thematic qualitative data. Field Methods, 15, 186-201.
Gurevitch, Z. (2002). Writing through: The poetics of transfiguration. Cultural Studies<>Critical Methodologies, 2, 403-413.
Gurney, J. N. (1985). Not one of the guys: The female researcher in a male-dominated setting.
Qualitative Sociology, 8, 42-61.
Gustavsen, B. (1996). Action research, democratic dialogue, and the issue of “critical mass” in
change. Qualitative Inquiry, 2, 90-103.
Guttman, L. (1944). A basis for scaling qualitative data. American Sociological Review, 9, 139150.
Gwaltney, J. L. (1976). On going home again—some reflections of a native anthropologist,
Phylon, 37, 236-242.
Hagermaster, J. N. (1992). Life history: A qualitative method of research. Journal of Advanced
Nursing, 17, 1122-1128.
Hagey, R. (1997). The use and abuse of participatory action research [Guest Editorial]. Chronic
Disease in Canada, 18(1), 2.
Hagner, D. C., & Helm, D. T. (1994). Qualitative methods in rehabilitation research.
Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 37, 290-303.
Hak, T., & Brents, T. (1996). Coder training: Theoretical training or practical socialization?
Qualitative Sociology, 19, 235-257.
Hale, K. (1965). On the use of informants in fieldwork. The Canadian Journal of Linguistics, 10,
108-119.
Halfpenny, P. (1979). The analysis of qualitative data. Sociological Review, 27, 799-825.
Hall, B. L. (1975). Participatory research: An approach to change. Convergence, 8(2), 24-31.
Hall, B. (1992). From margins to center? The development and purpose of participatory research.
American Sociologist, 23, 15-28.
Hall, J. M., & Stevens, P. E. (1991). Rigor in feminist research. Advances in Nursing Science,
13(3), 16-29.
Hall, W. A., & Callery, P. (2001). Enhancing the rigor of grounded theory: Incorporating
reflexivity and relationality. Qualitative Health Research, 11, 257-272.
Halling, S., & Leifer, M. (1991). The theory and practice of dialogic research. Journal of
Phenomenological Psychology, 22, 1-15.
Hammel, J. (Ed.). (1992). The case study method in sociology. Current Sociology, 40(1).
Hammersley, M. (1985). From ethnography to theory: A programme and paradigm for case
study research in the sociology of education. Sociology, 19, 244-259.
Hammersley, M. (1987a). Ethnography and the cumulative development of theory. British
Educational Research Journal, 13(3), 73-81.
Hammersley, M. (1987b). Ethnography for survival. British Educational Research Journal, 13,
283-295.
Hammersley, M. (1992). On feminist methodology. Sociology, 26, 187-206.
Hammersley, M. (1993). The rhetorical turn in ethnography. Social Science Information, 32(1),
23-37.
Hammersley, M. (1995). Theory and evidence in qualitative research. Quality and Quantity, 29,
55-66.
Hammersley, M. (1997). Qualitative data archiving: Some reflections on its prospects and
problems. Sociology, 31, 131-142.
Hammerseley, M. (2001). Which side was Becker on? Questioning political and epistemological
radicalism. Qualitative Research, 1, 91-110.
Hammerseley, M. (in press). Not bricolage but boatbuilding. Journal of Contemporary
Ethnography.
Handwerker, W. P., & Wozniak, D. F. (1997). Sampling strategies for cultural data: An
extension of Boas’s answer to Galton’s problem. Current Anthropology, 8, 869-875.
Hansen, C. D., & Kahnweiler, W. H. (1993). Storytelling: An instrument for understanding the
dynamics of corporate relationships. Human Relations, 46, 1391-1409.
Haraway, D. (1988). Situated knowledge: The science question in feminism and the privilege of
partial perspective. Feminist Studies, 14, 575-599.
Harkness, S., & Warren, C. A. B. (1993). The social relations of intensive interviewing:
Constellations of strangeness and science. Sociological Methods & Research, 21, 317-339.
Harper, D. (1987). The visual ethnographic narrative. Visual Anthropology, 1(1), 1-19.
Harrington, B. (2003). The social psychology of access in ethnographic research. Journal of
Contemporary Ethnography, 32, 592-625.
Harrington, W. (2003). What journalism can offer ethnography. Qualitative Inquiry, 9, 90-104.
Harrison, B., & Lyon, E. S. (1993). A note on ethical issues in the use of autobiography in
sociological research. Sociology, 27, 101-109.
Harrison, J., MacGibbon, L., & Morton, M. (2001). Regimes of trustworthiness in qualitative
research: The rigors of reciprocity. Qualitative Inquiry, 7, 323-345.
Harstock, N. (1997). Comment on Heckman’s “Truth and method: Feminist standpoint
revisited”: Truth or justice? Signs, 22, 367-373.
Hart, E. (1996). Action research as a professionalizing strategy: Issues and dilemmas. Journal of
Advanced Nursing, 23, 454-461.
Hawker, S., Payne, S., Kerr, C., Hardey, M., & Powell, J. (2002). Appraising the evidence:
Reviewing disparate data systematically. Qualitative Health Research, 12, 1284-1299.
Hayano, D. (1979). Auto-ethnography: Paradigms, problems, and prospects. Human
Organization, 38, 99-104.
Healey, W. (1923). The contribution of case studies to sociology. Publications of the American
Sociological Society, 13, 147-155.
Heckman, S. (1997). Truth and method: Feminist standpoint revisited. Signs, 22, 341-365.
Heider, K. G. (1988). The Rashomon Effect: When ethnographers disagree. American
Anthropologist, 90, 73-81.
Heller, F. (1969). Group feedback analysis: A method of action research. Psychological Bulletin,
72, 108-117.
Helling, I. K. (1988). The life history method: A survey and discussion with Norman K. Denzin.
Studies in Symbolic Interaction, 9, 211-243.
Henry, F. (1966). The role of the fieldworker in an explosive political situation (with comments
and reply). Current Anthropology, 7, 552-559.
Henwood, K. L., & Pidgeon, N. F. (1992). Qualitative research and psychological theorizing.
British Journal of Psychology, 83, 97-111.
Herdt, G., & Boxer, A. M. (1991). Ethnographic issues in the study of AIDS. Journal of Sex
Research, 28, 171-187.
Heron, J., & Reason, P. (1997). A participatory inquiry paradigm. Qualitative Inquiry, 3, 274294.
Hermans, H. M. (1992). The person as active participant in psychological research. American
Behavioral Scientist, 36, 102-113.
Hermans, H. J. M., & Bonarius, H. (1991). The person as co-investigator in personality research.
European Journal of Personality, 5, 199-216.
Heron, J. (1986). Critique of conventional research methodology. Contemporary Medical
Research, 1, 12-22.
Heron, J. (1996). Quality as primacy of the practical. Qualitative Inquiry, 2, 41-56.
Heron, J., & Reason, P. (1986). Research with people. Person-centered Review, 4, 456-476.
Herriott, E. (1977). Ethnographic case studies in federally funded multi-disciplinary policy
research: Some design and implementation issues. Anthropology and Education Quarterly,
8, 106-115.
Herriott, R. E., & Firestone, W. A. (1963). Multisite qualitative policy research: Optimizing
description and generalizability. Educational Researchers, 12(2), 14-19.
Hertz, R. (1996). Introduction: Ethics, reflexivity and voice. Qualitative Sociology, 19, 3-9.
Hertz, R., & Imber, J. B. (1993). Fieldwork in elite settings (Introduction). Journal of
Contemporary Ethnography, 22, 3-6.
Hess, D. J. (1989). Teaching ethnographic writing: A review essay. Anthropology and Education
Quarterly, 20, 163-177.
Hesse-Bilber, S., DuPuis, P., & Kinder, T. S. (1991). HyperRESEARCH: A computer program
for the analysis of qualitative data with an emphasis on hypothesis testing and multimedia
analysis. Qualitative Sociology, 14, 289-306.
Heyl, B. S. (1997). Talking across the differences in collaborative fieldwork: Unanticipated
consequences. Sociological Quarterly, 38, 1-18.
Hicks, G. L. (1977). Informant anonymity and scientific accuracy: The problem of pseudonyms.
Human Organization, 36, 214-220.
Hilbert, R. A. (1980). Covert participant observation. Urban Life, 9, 51-78.
Hill Collins, P. (1979). Comment on Hackman’s “Truth and method: Feminist standpoint theory
revisited”: Where’s the power? Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 22, 375381.
Hinds, P. S., Scandrett-Hibdon, S., & McAulay, L. S. (1990). Further assessment of a method to
estimate reliability and validity of qualitative research findings. Journal of Advanced
Nursing, 15, 430-435.
Hinds, P. S., Vogel, R. J., & Clarke-Steffen, L. (1997). The possibilities and pitfalls of doing a
secondary analysis of a qualitative data set. Qualitative Health Research, 7, 408-424.
Hines, A. M. (1993). Linking qualitative and quantitative methods in cross-cultural survey
research: Techniques from cognitive science. American Journal of Community Psychology,
21, 729-746.
Hlebec, V., & Ferligoj, A. (2002). Reliability of social network measurement instruments. Field
Methods, 14, 288-306.
Hoare, T., Levy, C., & Robinson, M. P. (1993). Participatory action research in Native
communities: Cultural opportunities and legal implications. Canadian Journal of native
Studies, 13(1), 43-68.
Hoffart, N. (1991). A member check procedure to enhance rigor in naturalistic research. Western
Journal of Nursing Research, 13, 522-534.
Hoffart, N., & Bradley, K. (1997). Using qualitative research in the management of health care.
Seminars for Nurse Managers, 5, 173-181.
Holloway, W., & Jefferson T. (1997). Eliciting narrative through the in-depth interview.
Qualitative Inquiry, 3, 53-70.
Holstein, M. (1995). Qualitative gerontology: Methodology and meaning. Research on Aging,
17, 114-117.
Hones, D. F. (1998). Known in part: The transformative power of narrative inquiry. Qualitative
Inquiry, 4, 225-248.
Hong, L. K., & Duff, R. W. (2002). Modulating participant-observation: Managing the delimma
of distance in field research. Field Methods, 14, 190-196.
Honigmann, J. J. (1976). The personal approach in cultural anthropological research. Current
Anthropology, 17, 243-251.
Horman, R. (1980). The ethics of covert methods. British Journal of Sociology, 31, 46-59.
Horowitz, R. (1986). Remaining an outsider: Membership as a threat to research rapport. Urban
Life, 14, 409-430.
Hosie, P. (1986). Some theoretical and methodological issues to consider when using interviews
for naturalistic research. Australian Journal of Education, 30, 200-211.
House, E. R. (1991). Realism in research. Educational Researcher, 20(6), 2-9.
How, K. R. (1988). Against the quantitative-qualitative incompatibility thesis or dogmas die
hard. Educational Research, 17(8), 10-16.
Howarth, C. (2002). Using the theory of social representation to explore difference in the
research relationship. Qualitative Research, 2, 21-34.
Howe, K., & Eisenhart, M. (1990). Standards for qualitative (and quantitative) research: A
prolegomenon. Educational Research, 19(4), 2-9.
Huber, G. L., & Marcelo Garcia, C. (1991). Computer assistance for testing hypotheses about
qualitative data: The software package AQUAD 3.0. Qualitative Sociology, 14, 325-348.
Huber, J., & Clandinin, D. J. (2002). Ethical dilemmas in relational narrative inquiry with
children. Qualitative Inquiry, 8, 785-803.
Huberman, A. M., & Miles, M. B. (1983) Drawing valid meaning from qualitative data: Some
techniques of data reduction and display. Quality and Quantity, 17, 281-339.
Hughes, C. C. (1992). “Ethnography”: What’s in a word—process? Product? Promise?
Qualitative Health Research, 2, 439-450.
Hughes, E. C. (1974). Who studies whom? Human Organization, 33, 327-334.
Humphreys, B. (1997). From critical thought to emancipatory action: Contradictory research
goals. Sociological Research Online, 2, 1-9.
Hunter, A., Lusardi, P., Zucker, D., Jacelon, C., & Chandler, G. (2002). Making meaning: The
creative component in qualitative research. Qualitative Health Research, 12, 388-398.
Hutchinson, S. A. (2001). The development of qualitative health research: Taking stock.
Qualitative Health Research, 11, 505-521.
Hutchinson, S., & Wilson, H. S. (1992). Validity threats in scheduled semistructured research
interviews. Nursing Research, 41, 117-119.
Hymes, D. (1980). Educational ethnology. Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 34, 673-693.
Israel, B. A., Schurman, S. J., & Hugentobler, M. K. (1992). Conducting action research:
Relationships between organization members and researchers. Journal of Applied
Behavioral Science, 28, 74-101.
Italy, J., & McDonald, I. (1992). Covering your back: Strategies for qualitative research in
clinical settings. Qualitative Health Research, 2, 416-438.
Jaarsma, S. R., & de Wolf, J. J. (1991). Ethnographic data-gathering: Organization and structure.
Anthropos, 86, 385-396.
Jackson, J. (1990). Deja entendu: The liminal qualities of anthropological fieldnotes. Journal of
Contemporary Ethnography, 19, 8043.
Jacob, E. (1987). Qualitative research traditions: A review. Review of Educational Researcher,
57, 1-50.
Jacob, E. (1988). Clarifying qualitative research: A focus on traditions. Educational Researcher,
17, 16-24.
Jacob, E. (1989). Qualitative research: A defense of traditions. Review of Educational Research,
59, 229-235.
Jacobs, J. B. (1974). Participant observation in prison. Urban Life and Culture, 3, 221-240.
Jacobs, S-E. (1974). Action and advocacy anthropology. Human Organization, 33, 209-215.
Janes, R. W. (1961). A note on phases of the community role of the participant observer.
American Sociological Review, 26, 446-450.
Janesick, V. J. (1983). Reflections on teaching ethnographic research methods. Anthropology
and Education Quarterly, 14, 198-202.
Janesick, V. J. (1999). A journal about journal writing as a qualitative research technique:
History, issues, and reflections. Qualitative Inquiry, 5, 505-524.
Janesick, V. J. (2001). Intuition and creativity: A pas de deux for qualitative researchers.
Qualitative Inquiry, 7, 531-540.
Jardine, D. W. (1992). The fecundity of the individual case:” Considerations of the pedagogic
heart of interpretive work. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 26, 51-61.
Jarvie, I. C. (1967). On the theories of fieldwork and the scientific character of social
anthropology. Philosophy of Science, 24, 223-242.
Jarvie, I. C. (1969). The problem of ethical integrity in participant observation. Current
Anthropology, 10, 505-508.
Jarvinen, M. (2000). The biographical illusion: Constructing meaning in qualitative interviews.
Qualitative Inquiry, 6, 370-391.
Jenkins, T. (1994). Fieldwork and the perception of everyday life, Man (N.S.), 29, 433-455.
Jensen, L. A., & Allen, M. N. (1996). Meta-synthesis of qualitative findings. Qualitative Health
Research, 6, 553-560.
Jick, T. D. (1979). Mixing qualitative and quantitative methods: Triangulation in action.
Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 602-611.
Johannesen, A. M. (1992). Applied anthropology and post-modernist ethnography. Human
Organization, 51, 71-81.
Johnson, B., & Clarke, J. M. (2003). Collecting sensitive data: The impact on researchers.
Qualitative Health Research, 13, 421-434.
Jones, D. K. (2001). Researching groups of lives: A collective biographical perspective on the
Protestant ethic debate. Qualitative Research, 1, 325-346.
Jones, S. H. (1998). Turning the kaleidoscope, re-visioning an ethnography. Qualitative Inquiry,
4, 421-441.
Jones, S. H. (2002). Authoring social responsibility. Qualitative Inquiry, 8, 715-737.
Jones, S. J. (1997). Reflexivity and feminist practice: Ethical dilemmas in negotiating meaning.
Feminism and Psychology, 7, 348-353.
Jordan, D. K. (1981). Ethnographic enterprise and the bureaucratization of ethics: The problem
of human subjects legislation. Journal of Anthropological Research, 37, 415-419.
Jordon, S., & Yeomans, D. (1995). Critical ethnography: Problems in contemporary theory and
practice. British Journal of Education, 19, 389-408.
Jules-Rosette, B. (1978a). Towards a theory of ethnography. Sociological Symposium, 24, 8198.
Jules-Rosette, B. (1978b). The veil of objectivity: Prophecy, divination and social inquiry.
American Anthropologist, 80, 549-570.
Jules-Rosette, B., McVey, C., & Arbitrario, M. (2002). Performance ethnography: The theory
and method of dual tracking. Field Methods, 14, 123-147.
Kamberelis, G. 92003). Ingestion, eilimination, sex, and song: Trickster as postmodern avatar of
postmodern research practice. Qualitative Inquiry, 9, 673-704.
Karner, T. X. & Warren, C. A. B. (1995). The dangerous listener: Unforeseen perils in intensive
interviewing. Clinical Sociology Review, 13, 80-105.
Karp, D. A. (1999). Social science, progress, and the ethnographer’s craft. Journal of
Contemporary Ethnography, 28, 597-609.
Kaufman, K. S. (1994). The insider-outsider dilemma: Field experience of a white researcher
“getting in” a poor black community. Nursing research, 43, 179-183.
Kayser-Jones, J. (2002). Malnutrition, dehydration, and starvation in the midst of plenty: The
political impact of qualitative inquiry. Qualitative Health Research, 12, 1391-1405.
Keesing, R. M. (1987). Anthropology as interpretive quest. Current Anthropology, 28, 161-176.
Keleher, H. M., & Verrinder, G. K. (2003). Health diaries in a rural Australian study. Qualitative
Health Research, 13, 435-443.
Kelman, H. C. (1977). Privacy and research with human beings. Journal of Social Issues, 33,
169-195.
Kennedy, M. M. (1979). Generalizing from single case studies. Evaluation Quarterly, 12, 661678.
Kertzer, D. I. (1978). Methods, problems and expedients of fieldwork. Uomo, 2, 151-159.
Kezar, A. (2003). Transformative elite interviews: Principles and problems. Qualitative Inquiry,
9, 395-415.
Kidd, P. S., & Parshall, M. B. (2000). Getting the focus and the group: Enhancing analytic rigor
in focus group research. Qualitative Health Research, 10, 293-308.
Kiesinger, C. E. (1998). From interview to story: Writing Abbie’s life. Qualitative Inquiry, 4, 7195.
Kimchi, J., Polivka, B., & Stevenson, J. S. (1991). Triangulation: Operational definitions.
Nursing Research, 40, 363-366.
Kincheloe, J. L. (2001). Describing the bricolage: Conceptualizing a new rigor in qualitative
research. Qualitative Inquiry, 7, 679-692.
Kingry, R., Tiedge, L., & Friedman, L. (1990). Focus groups: A research technique for nursing.
Nursing Research, 39(2), 124-125.
Kirchgassler, K. U. (1991). Validity: The question for reality in quantitative and qualitative
research. Quality & Quantity, 25, 285-295.
Kirschner, S. R. (1987). “Then what have I to do with thee?”: On identity, fieldwork, and
ethnographic knowledge. Cultural Anthropology, 2, 211-234.
Kitzinger, C., & Wilkinson, S. (1997). Validating women’s experiences? Dilemmas in feminist
research. Feminism and Psychology, 7, 566-574.
Kitzinger, J. (1994). The methodology of focus groups: The importance of interaction between
research participants. Sociology of Health and Illness, 16, 103.121.
Kleinman, S. (1993). The textual turn. Contemporary Sociology, 22, 11-13.
Kleinman, S., Copp, M., & Henderson, K. A. (1997). Qualitatively different: Teaching fieldwork
to graduate students. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 25, 469-499.
Kleinmann, S., Stenross, B., & McMahon, M. (1994). Privileging fieldwork over interviews:
Consequences for identity and practice. Symbolic Interaction, 17, 37-50.
Kloos, P. 91969). Role conflicts in social fieldwork. Current Anthropology, 10, 509-512.
Kluckhorn, F. (1940). The participant-observer technique in small communities. American
Journal of Sociology, 46, 331-344.
Knafl, K. A., & Howard, M. J. (1984). Interpreting and reporting qualitative research. Research
in Nursing and Health, 7, 17-24.
Knafl, K. A., & Webster, D. C. (1988). Managing and analyzing qualitative data: A description
of tasks, techniques, and materials. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 10, 195-218.
Knox, C. (2001). Establishing research legitimacy in the contested political; ground of
contemporary Northern Ireland. Qualitative Research, 1, 205-222.
Koch, T. (1995). Interpretive approaches in nursing research: The influence of Husserl and
Heidegger. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 21, 827-836.
Kockelmans, J. J. (1975). Toward an interpretative or hermeneutic social science. New School
Graduate Faculty Philosophy Journal, 5, 73-96.
Kools, S., McCarthy, M., Durham, R., & Robrecht, L. (1996). Dimensional analysis: Broadening
the conception of grounded theory. Qualitative Health Research, 6, 312-330.
Korth, B. (20020. Critical qualitative research as consciousness raising: The dialogic texts of
researcher/researchee interactions. Qualitative Inquiry. 8, 381-403.
Kotarba, J. A. (1998). Black men, Black voices: The role of the producer in synthetic
performance ethnography. Qualitative Inquiry, 4, 389-404.
Kracauer, S. (1993). The challenge to qualitative content analysis. Public Opinion Quarterly, 16,
631-642.
Krane, V., Andersen, M. B. & Stream, W. B. (1997). Issues of qualitative research methods and
presentation. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 19, 213-218.
Krantz, D. L. (1995). Sustaining vs. resolving the quantitative-qualitative debate. Evaluation &
Program Planning, 18, 89-96.
Kratz, C. (1975). Participant observation in dyadic and triadic situations. International Journal of
Nursing Studies, 12, 169-174.
Krentz, C., & Sax, G. (1986). What quantitative research is and why it doesn’t work. American
behavioral Scientist, 30, 58-69.
Krieger, S. (1979). Research and the construction of a text. Studies in Symbolic Interaction, 2,
167-187.
Krieger, S. (1985). Beyond “subjectivity”: The use of the self in social science. Qualitative
Sociology, 8, 309-324.
Kritzer, H. M. (1994). Interpretation and validity assessment in qualitative research: The case of
H. W. Perry’s Deciding to decide. Law & Social Inquiry, 19, 687-724.
Krueger, E. T. (1925). The value of life history documents for social research. Journal of Applied
Sociology, 9, 196-201.
Krueger, R. A. (1995). The future of focus groups. Qualitative Health Research, 5, 524-530.
Kuzel, A. J., Engel, J. D., Addison, R. B., & Bogdewic, S. P. (1994). Desirable features of
qualitative research. Family Practice Research Journal, 14, 369-378.
Kuznar, L. A., & Werner, O. (2001). Ethnographic mapmaking: Part I—principles. Field
Methods, 13, 204-211.
Kvale, S. (1984). The qualitative research interview: A phenomenological and hermeneutical
mode of understanding. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 14, 171-196.
Kvale, S. (1987). Validity in the qualitative research interview. Methods: A Journal for Human
Sciences, 1(2), 37-72.
Kvale, S. (1995). The social construction of validity. Qualitative Inquiry, 1, 19-40.
Kvale, S. (1996). The 1,000-page question. Qualitative Inquiry, 2, 275-284.
Kvale, S. (1999). The psychoanalytic interview as qualitative research. Qualitative Inquiry, 5,
87-113.
Labaree, R. V. (2002). The risk of “going observationalist”: Negotiating the hidden dilemmas of
being an insider participant observer. Qualitative Research, 2, 97-122.
Ladson-Billing, G. (2003). It’s your world, I’m just trying to explain it: Understanding our
epistemological and methodological challenges. Qualitative Inquiry, 9, 5-12.
Lamb, G. S., & Huttlinger, K. (1989). Reflexivity in nursing research. Western Journal of
Nursing Research, 11, 765-772.
Lange, M. E. (2003). In search of methodology: From one other to an-other. Cultural Studies—
Critical Methodologies, 3, 448-469.
Langford, D. R. (2000). Developing a safety protocol in qualitative research involving battered
women. Qualitative Health Research, 10, 133-142.
Lapadat, J. C., & Lidsay, A. C. (1999). Transcription in research and practice: From
standardization of technique to interpretive positionings. Qualitative Inquiry, 5, 64-86.
Larossa, R., Bennett, L., & Gelles, R. (1981). Ethical dilemmas in qualitative family research.
Journal of Marriage and the Family, 43, 303-313.
Larossa, R., & Wolf, J. H. (1985). On qualitative family research. Journal of Marriage and the
Family, 47, 531-541.
Larson, D. N. (1964). Making use of anthropological fieldnotes. Practical Anthropology, 11(3),
143-144
Laslett, B., & Rapoport, R. (1975). Collaborative interviewing and interactive research. Journal
of Marriage and the Family, 37, 968-977.
Lather, P. (1986a). Research as praxis. Harvard Educational Review, 56, 257-277.
Lather, P. (1986b). Issues of validity in openly ideological research: Between a rock and a soft
place. Interchange, 17, 63-84.
Lather, P. (1988). Feminist perspectives on empowering research methodologies. Women’s
Studies International Forum, 11, 569-581.
Lather, P. (1993). Fertile obsession: Validity after poststructuralism. Sociological Quarterly, 34,
673-693.
Lather, P. (1995). The validity of angels: Interpretive and textual strategies in researching the
lives of women with HIV/AIDS. Qualitative Inquiry, 1, 41-68.
Lather, P. (1997). Drawing the line at angst: Working the ruins of feminist ethnography.
Qualitative Studies in Education, 10, 285-304.
Lawless, E. (1992). “I was afraid someone like you . . . an outside . . . would misunderstand”:
Negotiating interpretive differences between ethnographers and subjects. Journal of
American Folklore, 105, 302-314.
Lawthom, R. (1997). What can I do? A feminist researcher in non-feminist research. Feminism
and Psychology, 7, 533-538.
Lawton, J. (2001). Gaining and maintaining consent: Ethical concerns raised in a study of dying
patients. Qualitative Health Research, 11, 682-705.
LeCompte, M. D. (1987). Bias in the biography: Bias and subjectivity in ethnographic research.
Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 18, 43-52.
LeCompte, M. (2002). The transformation of ethnographic practice: Past and current challenges.
Qualitative Research, 2, 283-300.
LeCompte, M. D., & Goetz, J. P. (1982). Problems of reliability and validity in ethnographic
research. Review of Educational Research, 52, 31-60.
Ledford, G. E., & Mohrman, S. A. (1993). Looking backward and forward at action research.
Human Relations, 46, 1349-1365.
Lee, R. L. M., & Ackerman, S. E. (1994). farewell to ethnography? Global embourgeoisement
and the dispriviliging of the narrative. Critique of Anthropology, 14, 339-354.
Lehnerer, M. (1996). Caring, information control, and emotionality: Fieldwork trade-offs.
Qualitative Inquiry, 2, 337-350.
Leininger, M. (1969). Ethnoscience: A promising research approach to improve nurse
assessment. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 18, 1986-1989.
Leininger, M. (1990). Ethnomethods: The philosophic and epistemic bases to explicate
transcultural nursing knowledge. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 1(2), 40-51.
Leininger, M. (1992). Current issues, problems, and trends to advance qualitative paradigmatic
research methods for the future. Qualitative Health Research, 2, 392-415.
Lenskyij, H. (1990). The treatment of the sexualities in research. Resources for Feminist
Research, 19, 91-94.
Leondard-Baton, D. (1990). A dual methodology for case studies: Synergistic use of a
longitudinal single site with replicated multiple studies. Organization Science, 1, 248-266.
Lerum, K. 92001). Subjects of desire: Academic armor, intimate ethnography, and the
production of critical knowledge. Qualitative Inquiry, 7, 466-483.
Lester, M., & Hadden, S. C. (1980). Ethnomethodology and grounded theory methodology.
Urban Life, 9, 3-33.
LeVasseur, J. J. (2003). The problem of bracketing in phenomenology. Qualitative Health
Research, 13, 408-420.
Lever, J. (1981). Multiple methods of data collection: A note on divergence. Urban Life, 10,
199-213.
Levine, H. G. (1985). Principles of data storage and retrieval for use in qualitative evaluations.
Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 7, 169-186.
Levine, M. (1980). Investigate reporting as a research method: An analysis of Bernstein and
Woodward’s All the president’s men. American Psychologist, 35, 626-638.
Levinson, B. A. (1993). Accommodating voices: Notes for a critical school ethnography. Critical
Pedagogy Networker, 6(4), 1-10.
Levinson, B. A. (1998). (How) Can a man do feminist ethnography of education? Qualitative
Inquiry, 4, 337-368.
Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social issues, 2, 34-46.
Liberman, K. (1999). From walkabout to meditation: Craft and ethics in field research.
Qualitative Inquiry, 5, 47-63.
Lidz, C., & Ricci, E. (1990). Funding large-scale qualitative sociology. Qualitative Sociology,
13, 113-126.
Light, R., & Pillemer, D. (1982). Numbers and narrative: Combining their strengths in research
reviews. Harvard Educational Review, 52, 1-23.
Lincoln, Y. S. (1989). Qualitative research: A response to Atkinson, Delamont and Hammersley.
Review of Educational Research, 59, 237-239.
Lincoln, Y. S. (1992). Sympathetic connections between qualitative connections and health
research. Qualitative Health Research, 2, 375-391.
Lincoln, Y. S. (1995a). Emerging criteria for quality in qualitative and interpretive research.
Qualitative Inquiry, 1, 275-289.
Lincoln, Y. S. (1995b). The sixth moment: Emerging problems in qualitative research. Studies in
Symbolic Interaction, 19, 37-55.
Lincoln, Y. S. (1988). The ethics of teaching in qualitative research. Qualitative Inquiry, 4, 315327.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1989). Ethics: The failure of positivist science. Review of Higher
Education, 12, 221-241.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1990). Judging the quality of case study reports. International
Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 3, 53-59.
Linde, C. (1986). Private stories in public discourse: Narrative analysis in the social sciences.
Poetics, 15, 183-202.
Lindsey, E. W. (1997). Feminist issues in qualitative research with formerly homeless mothers.
Affilia, 12(1), 57-75.
Lindwuist, S. (1979). Dig where you stand. Oral History, 7, 26-30.
Lipson, J. (1984). Combining researcher, clinical and personal roles: Enrichment or confusion.
Human Organization, 43, 348-352.
Lipson, J., & Meleis, A. (1989). Methodological issues in research with immigrants. Medical
Anthropology, 12, 103-115.
List, D. (2001). The consensus group technique in social research. Field Methods, 13, 277-290.
Locke, K. (1996). Who’s re-writing grounded theory over 25 years later? Journal of Management
Inquiry, 5, 239-245.
Lofland, J. (1975). Styles of reporting qualitative field research. The American Sociologist, 9,
101-111.
Lofland, J. (1995). Analytic ethnography: Features, failings, and futures. Journal of
Contemporary Ethnography, 24, 30-67.
Lomaz, H., & Casey, N. (1998). Recording social life: Reflexivity and video methodology.
Sociological Research Online, 3(2). Available: http://www.socresonline.org.uk/
socresonline/3/2/1.html.
Loos, G. P. (1995). Foldback analysis: A method to reduce bias in behavioral health research
conducted in cross-cultural settings. Qualitative Inquiry, 1, 465-480.
Loseke, D. R. (1989). Evaluation research and the practice of social services: A case for
qualitative methodology. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 2, 202-223.
Louis, K. S. (1982). Multisite/multimethod studies. American Behavioral Scientist, 26,(1), 6-22.
Louid, M. R., & Bartunek, J. M. (1992). Insider/outsider research teams: Collaboration across
diverse perspectives. Journal of Management Inquiry, 1, 101-110.
Lowie, R. H. (1940). Native languages as ethnographic tools. American Anthropologist, 42, 8189.
Lundberg, S. (1967). A transactional conception of fieldwork. Human Organization, 27(1), 4549.
Lundsgaarde, H. P. (1970-71). Privacy: An Anthropological perspective on the right to be let
alone. Houston Law Review, 8, 858-875.
Lutz, C. (1991). The erasure of women’s writing in sociocultural anthropology. American
Ethnologist, 17, 611-627.
Lutz, C. (1999). Ethnography at the war century’s end. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography,
28, 610-619.
Luuborsky, M. R., & Rubinstein, R. L. (1995). Sampling in qualitative research: Rationale,
issues, and methods. Research on Aging, 17, 89-113.
Lynch, F. R. (1977). Field research and future history: Problems posed for ethnographic
sociologists by the “Doomsday Cult” making good. The American Sociologist, 12(April),
80-88.
Lynn, M., Yosso, T. J., Solorzano, D. G., & Parker, L. (Eds). (2002). Critical race theory and
qualitative research [Special issue]. Qualitative Inquiry, 8(1).
Lyon, E. (1997). Applying ethnography. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 26, 3-27.
Lyon, E. (1999). Reflections on the future of applied ethnography. Journal of Contemporary
Ethnography, 28, 620-627.
Macaulay, A. C., Commanda, L. E., Freeman, W. L., Gibson, N., McCabe, M. L., Robbins, C.
M., & Twohig, P. L. (1999). Participatory research maximizes community and lay
involvement. British Medical Journal, 319, 774-778.
Macbeth, D. (1998). Qualitative methods and the “analytic gaze”: An affirmation of scientism.
Interchange, 29(2), 137-168.
Macbeth, D. (2001). On “reflexivity” in qualitative research: Two readings, and a third.
Qualitative Inquiry, 7, 35-68.
MacDougall, D. (1978). Ethnographic film: Failure and promise. Annual Review of
Anthropology, 7, 405-425.
MacDougall, C., & Fudge, E. (2000). Planning and recruiting the sample for focus groups and
in-depth interviews. Qualitative Health Research, 11, 117-126.
MacLean, L. M., Meyer, M., & Estable, A. (2004). Improving accuracy of transcripts in
qualitative research. Qualitative Health Research, 14, 113-123.
Maguire, P. (1996). Considering more feminist participatory research: What’s congruency got to
do with it? Qualitative Inquiry, 2, 106-118.
Maines, D. (1993). Narrative’s moment and sociology’s phenoman: Toward a narrative
sociology. Sociological Quarterly, 34, 17-38.
Manderson, L., Kelaher, M., & Woelz-Stirling, N. (2001). Developing qualitative databases for
multiple users. Qualitative Health Research, 11, 149-160.
Mangham, I. (1993). Conspiracies of silence? Some critical comments of the action research
special issue, February, 1993. Human Relations, 46, 1243-1251.
Manning, K. (1997). Authenticity in constructivist inquiry: Methodological considerations
without prescription. Qualitative Inquiry, 3, 93-115.
Manning, P. K. (1967). Problems in interpreting interview data. Sociology and Social Research,
51, 302-316.
Manning, P. K., & Fabrega, M., Jr. (1976). Fieldwork and the “New Ethnography.” Man, 11, 3952.
March, J. G., Sproull, L. S., & Tamuz, M. (1991). Learning from samples of one or fewer.
Organization Science, 2, 1-13.
Marcus, G. (1980). Rhetoric and the ethnographic genre in anthropological research. Current
Anthropology, 21, 507-510.
Marcus, G. (2001). From rapport under erasure to theatres of complicit reflexivity. Qualitative
Inquiry, 7, 519-528.
Marcus, G., & Cushman, D. (1982). Ethnographies as texts. Annual Review of Anthropology,
11, 25-69.
Marshall, C. (1985). Appropriate criteria of trustworthiness and goodness for qualitative research
on education organizations. Quality and Quantity, 19, 353-373.
Marton, F. (1986). Phenomenology—a research approach to investigating different
understandings of reality. Journal of Thought, 21(3), 28-48.
Masayuki, H. M. (1986). Ethnographic boundaries. Qualitative Sociology, 9, 354-371.
Mascia-Lees, F. E., Sharpe, P., & Ballerino-Cohen, C. (1989). The postmodern turn in
anthropology: Cautions from a feminist perspective. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture
and Society, 15, 7-33.
Maseid, P. (1990). The social construction of research information. Acta Sociologica, 33, 3-13.
Mathison, S. (1988). Why triangulate? Educational Researcher, 17(2), 13-17.
Matthews, B., & Paradise, L. V. (1988). Toward methodological diversity: Qualitative research
approaches. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 10, 225-234.
Matthews, S. H. (1993). The use of qualitative methods in research on older families. Canadian
Journal on Aging, 12, 157-165.
Maxwell, J. A. (1992). Understanding and validity in qualitative research. Harvard
Educational Review, 63, 279-300.
Maxwell, J. A. (1992). Understanding and validity in qualitative research. Harvard Educational
Review, 62, 279-300.
May, K. A. (Ed.). (1996). Special issue: Advances in grounded theory. Qualitative Health
Research, 6(3).
May, W. (1980). Doing ethnics: The bearing of ethical theories on fieldwork. Social Problems,
27, 358-370.
Mays, N., & Pope, C. (2000). Qualitative research in healthcare: Assessing quality in qualitative
research. British Medical Journal, 320, 50-52.
Maynard, D. W. (1988). On qualitative inquiry and extramodernity. Contemporary Sociology,
27, 343-345.
Maynard, D. W. (1989). On the ethnography and analysis of discourse in institutional settings.
Perspectives on Social Problems, 1, 127-146.
Maynard, D. W., & Clayman, S. E. (1991). The diversity of ethnomethodology. Annual Review
of Sociology, 17, 385-418.
Mazie, S. V., & Woods, P. J. (2003). Prayer, contentious politics, and the women of the wall:
The benefits of collaboration in participant observation at intense, multifocal events. Field
Methods, 15, 25-50.
Mazzei, L. A. (2003). Inhavibited silences: In pursuit of a muffled subtext. Qualitative Inquiry,
9, 355-368.
McClintock, C. D., Brannon, D., & Maynard-Moody, S. (1979). Applying the logic of sample
surveys to qualitative case studies: The case cluster method. Administrative Science
Quarterly, 24, 612-629.
McDermott, R. P., Gospodinoff, K., & Aron, J. (1978). Criteria for an ethnographically adequate
description of concerted activities and their contexts. Semiotica, 24, 245-275.
McEwen, W. J. (1963). Forms and problems of validation in social anthropology. Current
Anthropology, 4, 155-183.
McGettigan, T. (1997). Uncorrected insight: Metaphor and transcendence “after truth” in
qualitative inquiry. Qualitative Inquiry, 3, 366-383.
McKeganey, N. (1995). Quantitative and qualitative research in the addictions: An unhelpful
divide. Addiction, 90, 749-751.
McCormick, J., Rodney, P., & Varcoe, C. (2003). Reinterpretations across studies: An approach
to meta-analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 13, 933-944.
McLaren, P. (1992). Collisions with otherness: “Traveling” theory, post-colonial criticism, and
the politics of ethnographic practice—the mission of the wounded ethnographer. Qualitative
Studies in Education, 5, 77-92.
McLellan, E., MacQueen, K. M., & Beidig, J. L. (2003). Beyond the qualitative interview: Data
preparation and transcription. Field Methods, 15, 63-84.
McRobbie, A. (1982). The politics of feminist research: Between talk, text and action. Feminist
Review, 12, 46-57.
McTaggart, R. (1991). Principles for participatory action research. Adult Education Quarterly,
4(3), 168-171.
McTaggart, R. (1998). Is validity really an issue for action research? Studies in Cultures,
Organizations and Societies, 4, 211-236.
McWilliam, C. L. (1996). Creating understanding that cultivates change. Qualitative Inquiry, 2,
151-175.
Mead, M. (1969). Research with human beings: A model derived from anthropological field
practice. Daedalus, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 98(2), 361386.
Mehan, H., & Wood, H. (1976). De-secting ethnomethodology. American Sociologist, 11, 13-31.
Melia, K. M. (1996). Rediscovering Glaser. Qualitative Health Research, 6, 368-378.
Mello, R. A. (2002). Collocation analysis: A method for conceptualizing and understanding
narrative data. Qualitative Research, 2, 231-243.
Meloy, M. (1993). Problems of writing and representation in qualitative inquiry. International
Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 6, 315-330.
Melrose, M. J. (2001). Maximizing the rigor of action research: Why would you want to? How
could you? Field Methods, 13, 160-180.
Mensch, I., & Jules, H. (1953). Direct observation and psychological tests in anthropological
fieldwork. American Anthropologist, 55, 461-480.
Metzger, D., & Williams, G. E. (1966). Procedures and results in the study of native categories.
American Anthropologist, 68, 389-407.
Mienczakowski, J. (1994a). Reading and writing research: Ethnographic theatre. National
Association for Drama in Education (Australia), 18, 45-54.
Mienczkowski, J. (1994b). Theatrical and theoretical experimentation in ethnography and
dramatic form. ND DRAMA, Journal of National Drama, U.K., 2(2), 16-23.
Mienczakowski, J. (1995a). The theater of ethnography: The reconstruction of ethnography into
theater with emancipatory potential. Qualitative Inquiry, 1, 360-375.
Mienczkowski, J. (1995b). Reading and writing research: Ethnographic theatre. ND DRAMA,
Journal of National Drama, U.K, 3(3), 8-12.
Mienczakowski, J., Smith, R., & Sinclair, M. (1996). On the road to catharsis: A theoretical
framework for change. Qualitative Inquiry, 2, 439-462.
Miles, M. B. (1979). Qualitative data as an attractive nuisance: The problem of analysis.
Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 590-601.
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1984). Drawing valid meaning from qualitative data: Toward
a shared craft. Educational Research, 13(5), 20-30.
Mill, J. E., & Ogilvie, L. D. (2002). Ethical decision making in international nursing research.
Qualitative Health Research, 12, 807-815.
Miller, G. (1994). Toward ethnographies of institutional discourse: Proposal and suggestions.
Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 23, 280-306.
Miller G. (1999). A man from Milwaukee walked into a bar: Sort cuts on ethnography. Journal
of Contemporary Ethnography, 28, 628-640.
Miller, S. I. (1982). Quality and quantity: Another view of analytic induction as a research
technique. Quality and Quantity, 16, 281-295.
Miller, S. I., & Fredericks, M. (2002). Naturalistic inquiry and reliabilism: A compatible
epistemological grounding. Qualitative Health Research, 12, 982-989.
Miller, S. I., & Fredericks, M. (1995). Can there be “rules” for qualitative inquiry? Journal of
Thought, 30, 61-71.
Miller, S. I., & Fredericks, M. (1998). Hearing discordant voices: Some notes on using Bayes’s
theorem in interpretive inquiry. Qualitative Health Research, 8, 393-398.
Miller, S. M. (1952). The participant observer and “over-rapport.” American Sociological
Review, 5, 439-452.
Milton, K. (1979). Male bias in anthropology? Man, 14(1), 40-54.
Mintz, S. M. (1979). The anthropological interview and the life history. Oral History Review, 7,
18-26.
Mischler, E. G. (1990). Validation in inquiry-guided research: The role of exemplars in narrative
studies. Harvard Educational Review, 60, 415-441.
Mischler, E. G. (1991). Representing discourse: The rhetoric of transcription. Journal of
Narrative and Life History, 1, 255-280.
Mischler, E. G. (1995). Models of narrative analysis: A typology. Journal of Narrative and Life
History, 5, 87-123.
Mitchell, E. S. (1986). Multiple triangulation: A methodology for nursing science. Advances in
Nursing Science, 8, 18-26.
Mitchell, G. J., & Cody, W. K. (1993). The role of theory in qualitative research. Nursing
Science Quarterly, 6, 170-178.
Mitchell, J. C. (1983). Case and situational analysis. Sociological Review, 31, 187-211.
Mitchell, R. G., & Charmaz, K. (1996). Telling tales, writing stories: Postmodernist visions and
realist images in ethnographic writing. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 25, 144-166.
Mitchell, T. L., & Radford, J. L. (1996). Rethinking research relationships in qualitative
research. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 15, 49-60.
Mo, L. (1979). Is field work scientific? Munich Social Science Review, 1, 5-17.
Moghaddam, F. M., & Harre, R. (1992). Rethinking the laboratory experiment. American
Behavioral Scientist, 36, 22-38.
Monberg, T. (1975). Informants fire back: A micro-study in anthropological methods. Journal of
the Polynesian Society, 84, 218-224.
Moore, L. W. (2002). Conducting research with visually impaired older adults. Qualitative
Health Research, 12, 559-565.
Morgan, D. L. (1993). Qualitative content analysis: A guide to paths not taken. Qualitative
Health Research, 3, 112-121.
Morgan, D. L. (1995). Why things (sometimes) go wrong in focus groups. Qualitative Health
Research, 5, 516-523.
Morgan, D. L. (1995). Focus groups. Annual Review of Sociology, 22, 129-152.
Morgan, D. L. (1998). Practical strategies for combining qualitative and quantitative methods:
Applications to health research. Qualitative Health Research, 8, 362-376.
Morgan, G., & Smirchich, L. (1980). The case for qualitative research. Academy of Management
Review, 5, 491-500.
Morgan, D. L., & Spanish, M. T. (1984). Focus groups: A new tool for qualitative research.
Qualitative Sociology, 7, 253-270.
Moring, I. (2001). Detecting the fictional problem solvers in time and space: Metaphors guiding
qualitative analysis and interpretation. Qualitative Inquiry, 7, 346-369.
Morrisey, C. (1987). The two-sentence format as an interviewing technique in oral history
fieldwork. Oral History Review, 15, 43-53.
Morrison, B., & Lilford, R. (2001). How can action research apply to health services? Qualitative
Health Research, 11, 436-449.
Morse, J. M. (1991a). Approaches to qualitative-quantitative methodological triangulation.
Nursing Research, 40, 120-123.
Morse, J. M. (1991b). Editorial: Evaluating qualitative research. Qualitative Health Research, 1,
283-286.
Morse, J. M. (1991c). On the evaluation of qualitative proposals. Qualitative Health Research, 1,
147-151.
Morse, J. M. (1991d). Subjects, respondents, informants, and participants? (Editorial).
Qualitative Health Research, 1, 403-406.
Morse, J. M. (1992a). If you believe in theories . . . Qualitative Health Research, 2, 259-261.
Morse, J. M. (1992b). The power of induction. Qualitative Health Research, 2, 3-6.
Morse, J. M. (1995). The significance of saturation. Qualitative Health Research, 5, 147-149.
Morse, J. M. (1998). The contracted relationship: Ensuring protection of anonymity and
confidentiality. Qualitative Health Research, 8, 301-303.
Morse, J. M. (1999a). Myth #93: Reliability and validity are not relevant to qualitative inquiry.
Qualitative Health Research, 9, 717-718.
Morse, J. M. (1999b). Qualitative methods: The state of the art. Qualitative Health Research, 9,
393-406.
Morse, J. M. (2002). Qualitative health research: Challenges for the 21st century. Qualitative
Health Research, 12, 116-129.
Morse, J. M. (2002). Enhancing the usefulness of qualitative inquiry: Gaps, directions, and
responsibilities. Qualitative Health Research, 12, 1419-1426.
Morse, J. M., Hutchinson, S. A., & Penrod, J. (1998). From theory to practice: The development
of assessment guides from qualitatively derived theory. Qualitative Health Research, 8, 329340.
Morse, J. M., & Penrod, J. (2000). Qualitative outcome analysis: Evaluating nursing
interventions for complex critical phenomena. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 32, 125-130.
Morse, J. M., & Singleton, J. (2001). Exploring the technical aspects of “fit” in qualitative
research. Qualitative Health Research, 11, 841-847.
Morse, R. M., & Morse, J. M. (1989). QUAL: A mainframe program for qualitative data
analysis. Nursing Research, 38, 188-189.
Much, N. C. (1992). The analysis of discourse as methodology for a semiotic psychology.
American Behavioral Scientist, 36, 52-72.
Mullen, C. A., & Finley, S. (Eds). (2003). Arts-based approaches to qualitative inquiry [Special
issue]. Qualitative Inquiry, 9.
Mulroy, K. (1986). Preserving oral history interviews on tape: Curatorial techniques and
management procedures. International Journal of Oral History, 7, 189-197.
Mulvaney, D. J. (1970). The anthropologist as tribal elder. Mankind, 7, 207-217.
Munhall, P. (1989a). Ethical considerations in qualitative research. Western Journal of Nursing
Research, 10, 150-162.
Munhall, P. (1989b). Philosophical ponderings on qualitative research methods in nursing.
Nursing Science Quarterly, 2, 20-28.
Murphy, P. D. (1999). Doing audience ethnography: A narrative account of establishing
ethnographic identity and locating interpretive communities in fieldwork. Qualitative
Inquiry, 5, 479-504.
Murray, S. O. (1982). The dissolution of classical ethnoscience. Journal of the History of the
Behavioral Sciences, 18, 163-175.
Murray, W. B., & Buckingham, R. W. (1976). Implications of participant observation in medical
studies. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 115, 1187-1190.
Myers, J. E. (1969). Unleashing the untrained: Some observations on student ethnographers.
Human Organization, 28, 155-159.
Myers, S. T., & Haase, J. E. (1989). Guidelines for integration of quantitative and qualitative
approaches. Nursing Research, 38, 299-301.
Myers, V. (1977). Toward a synthesis of ethnographic and survey methods. Human
Organization, 36, 244-251.
Mykhalovskiy, E. (1996). Reconsidering table talk: Critical thoughts on the relationship between
sociology, autobiography and self-indulgence. Qualitative Sociology, 19, 131-151.
Nachman, S. R. (1984). Lies my informant told me. Journal of Anthropological Research, 40,
536-555.
Nandhaumar, J., & Jones, M. (2002). Development gain? Participant observation in interpretive
management information systems research. Qualitative Research, 2, 323-341.
Naples, N. A. (1998). Traversing the new frontier of qualitative methodology. Contemporary
Sociology, 27, 345-347.
Narayan, K. (1993). How native is a “native” anthropologist. American Anthropologist, 95, 671686.
Naroll, R., & Naroll, F. (1963). On the bias of exotic data. Man, 53, 24-26.
Nash, D., & Wintrob, R. (1972). The emergence of self-consciousness in ethnography. Current
Anthropology, 13, 527-542.
Nash, J. (1975). Nationalism and fieldwork. Annual Review of Anthropology, 4, 225-245.
Nayamathi, A., & Shuler, P. (1990). Focus group interview: A research technique. Journal of
Advanced Nursing, 15, 1281-1288.
Narayan, K. (1993). How native is the “native” anthropologist? American Anthropologist, 95(3),
19-34.
Nelson, C. K. (1994). Ethnomethodological positions on the use of ethnographic data in
conversation analytic research. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 23, 307-329.
Nespor, J. (1998). The meaning of research: Kids as subjects and kids as inquirers. Qualitative
Inquiry, 4, 369-388.
Newbold, A. R. (1981). Ethical principles in anthropological research: One or many? Human
Organization, 40, 155-160.
Newton, E. (1993). My best informant’s dress: The erotic equation in fieldwork. Cultural
Anthropology, 8, 3-23.
Nijhof, G. (1997). “Response work:” Approaching answers to open interviews as readings.
Qualitative Inquiry, 3, 169-187.
Nilan, P. 92002). “Dangerous fieldwork: re-examined: The question of researcher subject
position. Qualitative Research, 2, 363-386.
Norris, J. (1995). You’re invited to a barn raising: Building resources on the Internet for
qualitative researchers. Qualitative Health Research, 5, 398-400.
Noblit, G. (1984). The prospects of an applied ethnography for education: A sociology of
knowledge interpretation. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 6, 95-101.
Nussbaum, E. (1998). Return of the native: What happens when an anthropologist’s manuscript
is edited by his subjects? Lingua Franca, 53-56.
Nyden, P., & Wiewel, W. (1992). Collaboration research: Harnessing the tensions between
researcher and practitioner. American Sociologist, 23, 43-55.
Nye, E. F. (1997). Writing as healing. Qualitative Inquiry, 3, 439-452.
Nygren, L., & Blom, B. (2001). Analysis of short reflective narratives: A method for the study of
knowledge in social workers’ actions. Qualitative Research, 1, 369-384.
Obligacion, F. R. (1994). Managing perceived deception among respondents: A traveler’s tale.
Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 23, 29-50.
Ohnuki-Tierney, E. (1984). Critical commentary: “Native” anthropologists. American
Ethnologist, 11, 584-586.
Oiler, C. (1982). The phenomenological approach in nursing research. Nursing Research, 31,
178-181.
Oleson, V. L., & Whittaker, E. W. (1967). Role-making in participant observation: Processes in
the researcher-actor relationship. Human Organization, 26, 273-281.
Ollerenshaw, J. A., & Cresswell, J. W. (2002). Narrative research: A comparison of two
restorying data analysis approaches. Qualitative Inquiry. 8, 329-347.
Olshansky, E. F. (1996). Theoretical issues in building a grounded theory: Application of an
example of a program of research on infertility. Qualitative Health Research, 6, 394-405.
Omery, A. (1983). Phenomenology: A method for nursing research. Advances in Nursing
Science, 5(2), 49-63.
Onyx, J., & Small, J. (2001). Memory-work: The method. Qualitative Inquiry, 7, 773-786.
Opie, A. (1992). Qualitative research, appropriation of the “other” and empowerment. Feminist
Review, 40, 52-69.
Osborne, J. W. (1994). Some similarities and differences among phenomenological and other
methods of psychological qualitative research. Canadian Psychology, 35, 167-189.
Ottenberg, S. (1987). Return to the field: Anthropological deja vu. Cambridge Anthropology,
923, 16-31.7
Oyen, E. (1972). The impact of prolonged observation on the role of the “neutral observer” in
small groups. Acta Sociologica, 15, 254-266.
Oquist, P. (1978). The epistemological basis of action-research. Aacta Sociologica, 21, 143-163.
Orletti, F. (1984). Some methodological problems in data gathering for discourse analysis.
Journal of Pragmatics, 8, 559-567.
Owusu, M. (1978). The ethnography of Africa: The usefulness of the useless. American
Anthropologist, 80, 310-334.
Page, R. (1997). Teaching about validity. Qualitative Studies in Education, 10, 145-155.
Paget, M. (1990). Performing the text. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 19, 136-155.
Papanek, H. (1964). The woman fieldworker in a purdah society. Human Organization, 23, 160163.
Parsons, C. (1995). The impact of postmodernism on research methodology: Implications for
nursing. Nursing Inquiry, 2, 22-28.
Patai, D. (1987). Ethical problems of personal narratives, or, who should eat the last piece of
cake? International Journal of Oral History, 8, 5-27.
Patterson, B. L. (1994). A framework to identify reactivity in qualitative research. Western
Journal of Nursing Research, 16, 301-316.
Patterson, B. L., Gregory, D., & Thorne, S. (1999). A protocol for researcher safety. Qualitative
Health Research, 9, 259-269.
Patton, M. J. (1991, September). Qualitative research on college students: Philosophical and
methodological comparisons with the quantitative approach. Journal of College Student
Development, 32, 389-396.
Patton, M., & Westby, C. (1992). Ethnography and research: A qualitative review. Topics in
Language Disorders, 12(3), 1-14.
Peat, J., Torelle, B., & Nagy, S. (1998). Qualitative research: A path to better healthcare.
Medical Journal of Australia, 21, 327-329.
Perakyla, A., & Silverman, D. (1991). Owning experience: Describing the experience of other
persons. Text, 11, 441-480.
Perinbanayagam, R. (1974). The definition of the situation and the analysis of the ethno
methodological and dramaturgical view. Sociological Quarterly, 15, 521-542.
Peritore, N. P. (1990). Reflections on dangerous fieldwork. American Sociologist, 21, 359-372.
Perry, C., Thurson, M., & Green, K. (2004). Involvement and detachment in researching
sexuality: Reflections on the process of semistructured interviewing. Qualitative Health
Research, 14, 135-148.
Perry, P. A. (1994). Feminist empiricism as a method for inquiry in nursing. Western Journal of
Nursing Research, 16, 480-494.
Peshkin, A. (1984). Odd-man out: The participant observer in an absolutist setting. Sociology of
Education, 57, 254-264.
Peshkin, A. (1988). In search of subjectivity—one’s own. Educational researcher, 17(7), 17-22.
Peshkin, A. (1993). The goodness of qualitative research. Educational Researcher, 22(2), 23-29.
Peyrot, M. (1982). Understanding ethnomethodology: A remedy for some common
misconceptions. Human Studies, 5, 261-283.
Pettigrew, A. M. (1990). Longitudinal field research on change: Theory and practice.
Organization Science, 1, 267-292.
Phillips, D. C. (1987). Validity in qualitative research. Education and Urban Society, 20, 9-24.
Phillips, D. C. (1994). Telling it straight: Issues in assessing narrative research. Educational
Psychologist, 29, 13-21.
Phillips, N. (1995). Telling organizational tales: On the role of narrative fiction in the study of
organizations. Organization Studies, 16, 625-649.
Pinxten, R. (1981). Observation in anthropology: Positivism and subjectivism combined.
Communication and Cognition, 14, 57-83.
Piore, M. J. (1979). Qualitative research techniques in economics. Administrative Science
Quarterly, 24, 560-569.
Plat, J. (1981). Reading data: Evidence and proof in documentary research (Parts 1 & 2).
Sociological Review, 29, 29-66.
Plat, J. (1992). “Case study” in American methodological thought. Current Sociology, 40(1), 1748.
Pinxten, R. (1981). Observation in anthropology: Positivism and subjectivism combined.
Communication and Cognition, 14(1), 57-83.
Plummer, K. (1999). The “ethnographic society” at century’s end: Clarifying the role of public
ethnography. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 28, 628-640.
Podolefsky, A., & McCarty, C. (1983). Topical sorting: A technique for computer assisted
qualitative data analysis. American Anthropologist, 85, 866-889.
Poggie, J. J., Jr. (1972). Toward quality control in key informant data. Human Organization, 31,
23-30.
Poindexter, C. C. (1998). Poetry as data analysis: Honoring the words of research participants.
Reflections: Narratives of Professional Helping, 4(3), 22-25.
Poindexter, C. C. (2002). Research as poetry: A couple experiences HIV. Qualitative Inquiry, 8,
707-714.
Poland, B. (1992). Learning to “walk our talk”: The implications of sociological theory for
research methodologies in health promotion. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 83(Suppl.
1), S31-S46.
Poland, B. D. (1995). Transcription quality as an aspect of rigor in qualitative research.
Qualitative Inquiry, 1, 290-310.
Poland, B., & Perderson, A. (1998). Reading between the lines: Interpreting silences in
qualitative research. Qualitative Inquiry, 4, 293-312.
Polkinghorne, D. E. (1991). Two conflicting calls for methodological reform. Counseling
Psychologist, 19, 103-114.
Pollner, M. (1991). Left of ethnomethodology: The rise and decline of radical reflexivity.
American Sociological Review, 56, 370-380.
Pollner, M., & Goode, D. (1990). Ethnomethodology and person-centered practices. Person
Centered Review, 5, 203-220.
Polumin, J. 91970). Visual and sound recording apparatus in ethnographic fieldwork. Current
Anthropology, 11, 3-22.
Ponticelli, C. M. (1996). The spiritual warfare of exodus: A postpositivist research adventure.
Qualitative Inquiry, 2, 198-219.
Popay, J., Rogers, A., & Williams, G. (1998). Rationale and standards for the systematic review
of qualitative literature in health services research. Qualitative Health Research, 8, 341-351.
Porter-Gehrie, C. (1980). The ethnographer as insider. Educational Studies, 2, 123-124.
Poses, R. M., & Isen, A. M. (1998). Qualitative research in medicine and health care: Questions
and controversy. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 15, 32-38.
Power, R. (1989). Participant observation and its place in the study of illicit drug abuse. British
Journal of Addiction, 84, 43-52.
Priessle, J. (1999). An educational philosopher comes of age. Journal of Contemporary
Ethnography, 28, 650-659.
Prosser, J. (1996). What constitutes an image-based qualitative methodology? Visual Sociology,
11(2), 25-34.
Prus, R. C. (1997). Generic social processes: Maximizing conceptual development in
ethnographic research. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 18, 250-293.
Prus, R. (1998). The new language of qualitative method: Enabling device or dialectics of
obscurity? Contemporary Sociology, 27, 347-349.
Psathas, G., & Anderson, T. (1990). The “practices” of transcription in conversation analysis.
Semiotica, 78, 75-99.
Puett, P. M. (2003). Validation of qualitative research in the “real world.” Qualitative Health
Research, 13, 1170-1179.
Radnofsky, M. L. (1996). Qualitative models: Visually representing complex data in an
image/text balance. Qualitative Inquiry, 2, 385-410.
Radway, J. A. (1988). Reception study: Ethnography and the problems of dispersed audiences
and nomadic subjects. Cultural Studies, 2, 359-376.
Ragin, C. C., Shulman, D., Weinberg, A., & Gran, B. (2003). Complexity, generality, and
qualitative comparative analysis. Field Methods, 15, 323-340.
Raingruber, B. (2003). Video-cued narrative reflection: A research approach for articulating
tacit, relational, and embodied understandings. Qualitative Health Research, 13, 1155-1179.
Rains, J., & Ray, D. W. (1995). Participatory action research for community health promotion.
Public Health Nursing, 12, 256-261.
Rainwater, L., & Pittman, D. J. (1967). Ethical problems in studying a politically sensitive and
deviant community. Social Problems, 14, 357-366.
Ramazanoglou, C. (1992). On feminist methodology: Male reason versus female empowerment.
Sociology, 26, 207-212.
Ramos, A. R. (1987). Reflecting on the Yanonami: Ethnographic images and the pursuit of the
exotic. Cultural Anthropology, 2, 284-318.
Rapley, M., & Antaki, C. (1998). “What do you think about . . .?: Generating views in an
interview. Text, 18, 587-608.
Rapley, T. J. (2001). The art(fullness) of open-ended interviewing: Some considerations on
analyzing interviews. Qualitative Research, 1, 303-324.
Rapoport, R. N. (1970). Three dilemmas in action research. Human Relations, 23, 488-513.
Ratcliffe, J. W. (1983). Notions of validity in qualitative research methodology. Knowledge:
Creation, Diffusion, Utilization, 5, 147-167.
Raudonis, B. (1992). Ethical considerations in qualitative research with hospice patients.
Western Journal of Nursing Research, 2, 238-249.
Ray, L. D. (1997). Qualitative data management using folio VIEWS. Qualitative Health
Research, 7, 301-308.
Razack, S. (1993). Story-telling for social chance. Gender and Education, 5, 55-70.
Reason, P. (1986). Innovative research techniques. Complementary medical Research, 1, 23-39.
Reason, P. (1996). Reflections on the purposes of human inquiry. Qualitative Inquiry, 2, 15-28.
Reason, P., & Heron, J. (1986). Research with people: The paradigm of co-operative experiential
inquiry. Person Centered Review, 1, 456-475.
Reay, D. (1995). The fallacy of easy access. Women’s Studies International Forum, 18, 205-213.
Reay, D. (1996). Insider perspectives or stealing the words out of women’s mouths:
Interpretation in the research process. Feminist Review, 53, 53-73.
Rees, N. S., & Gerber, S. (1992). Ethnography and communication: Social-role relations. Topics
in Language Disorders, 12(3), 15-27.
Reinharz, S. (1993). Neglected voices and excessive demands in feminist research. Qualitative
Sociology, 1, 69-76.
Reinharz, S., Bombyk, M., & Wright, J. (1983). Methodological issues in feminist research: A
bibliography of literature in women’s studies, sociology and psychology. Women’s Studies
International Forum, 6, 437-454.
Rennie, D. L. (1996). Fifteen years of doing qualitative research on psychotherapy. British
Journal of Guidance & Counseling, 24, 317-327.
Ribbins, J. (1989). Interviewing—an “unnatural situation”? Women’s Studies International
Forum, 12, 579-592.
Richards, L. (1998). Closeness to data: The changing goals of qualitative data handling.
Qualitative Health Research, 8, 319-328.
Richards, L., & Richards, T. (1987). Qualitative data analysis: Can computers do it? Australia
and New Zealand Journal of Sociology, 23, 23-35.
Richards, L., & Richards, T. J. (1991). Computing in qualitative analysis: A healthy
development? Qualitative Health research, 1, 234-262.
Richardson, A. (1994). The health diary: An examination of its use as a data collection method.
Journal of Advanced Nursing, 19, 782-791.
Richardson, L. (1990). Narrative and sociology. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 19, 116135.
Richardson, L. (1996). Ethnographic trouble. Qualitative Inquiry, 2, 227-229.
Richardson, L. (1998a). The politics of location: Where am I now? Qualitative Inquiry, 4, 41-48.
Richardson, L. (1998b). Fiction and ethnography: A conversation. Qualitative Inquiry, 4, 328336.
Richardson, L. (1999). Feathers in our CAP. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 28, 660668.
Richardson, L. (Ed.). (2000). Assessing alternative modes of qualitative and ethnographic
research: How do we judge? Who judges? [Special focus]. Qualitative Inquiry, 6, 251-291.
Richardson, L. (2002). Writing sociology. Cultural Studies <->Critical Methodologies, 2, 414422.
Richardson, L., & Lockridge, E. (1991). Fiction and ethnography: A conversation. Symbolic
Interaction, 14, 335-340.
Riemer, J. W. (1977). Varieties of opportunistic research. Urban Life, 4, 467-477.
Riesman, D., & Benny, M. (1956). The sociology of the interview. Midwest Sociologist, 18, 315.
Riessman, C. K. (1987). When gender is not enough: Women interviewing women. Gender and
Society, 1, 172-207.
Rihoux, B. (2003). Bridging the gap between qualitative and quantitative worlds? A
retrospective and prospective view on qualitative comparative analysis. Field Methods, 15,
351-365.
Rinehart, R. (1998). Fictional methods in ethnography: Believability, specks of glass, and
Checkov. Qualitative Inquiry, 4, 200-224.
Rist, R. (1980). Blitzkreig ethnography: On the transformation of a method into a movement.
Educational Researcher, 9, 8-10.
Robertson, H. B., & Boyle, J. S. (1984). Ethnography: Contributions to nursing research. Journal
of Advanced Nursing, 9, 43-50.
Robinson, K. M. (2001). Unsolicited narratives from the Internet: A rich source of qualitative
data. Qualitative Health Research, 11, 706-714.
Robinson, W. S. (1951). The logical structure of analytic induction. American Sociological
Review, 16, 812-818.
Robrecht, L. C. (1995). Grounded theory: Evolving methods. Qualitative Health Research, 5,
169-177.
Rocha, J. M. (2001). Using energy analysis in ethnographic research. Field Methods, 13, 244262.
Rodgers, B. L., & Cowles, K. V. (1993). The qualitative research audit trial: A complex
collection of documentation. Research in Nursing and Health, 16, 219-226.
Rodriguez, M. R. (1998). Confronting anthropology’s silencing praxis: Speaking of/from a
Chicana consciousness. Qualitative Inquiry, 4, 15-40.
Rodwell, M. K., & Byers, K. V. (1997). Auditing constructivist inquiry: Perspectives of two
stakeholders. Qualitative Inquiry, 3, 116-134.
Rogers, C. (1945). The nondirective method as a technique for social research. American Journal
of Sociology, 50, 279-283.
Roman, L. (1993). Double exposure: The politics of feminist materialist ethnography.
Educational Theory, 43, 279-308.
Ronan, W. W., & Latham, G. P. (1974). The reliability and validity of the critical incident
technique: A closer look. Studies in Personnel Psychology, 6, 53-64.
Rose, K., & Webb, C. (1998). Analyzing data: Maintaining rigor in a qualitative study.
Qualitative Health Research, 8, 556-562.
Rosen, M. (1991). Coming to terms with the field: Understanding and doing organizational
ethnography. Journal of Management Studies, 28, 1-24.
Rosenthal, G. (2003). The healing effects of storytelling: On the conditions of curative
storytelling in the context of research and counseling. Qualitative Inquiry, 9, 915-933.
Rossman, G. B., & Wilson, B. L. (1995). Numbers and words: Combining quantitative and
qualitative methods in a single large-scale evaluation study. Evaluation Review, 9, 627-643.
Roth, J. (1962). Comments on “secret observation.” Social Problems, 9, 283-284.
Roth, P. A. (1989). Ethnography without tears. Current Anthropology, 30, 555-569.
Roulston, K. (2001). Data analysis and “theorizing as ideology.” Qualitative Research, 1, 279302.
Roulston, K., deMarrais, K., & Lewis, J. B. (2003). Learning to interview in the social sciences.
Qualitative Inquiry, 9, 643-668.
Ruby, J. (1976). In a pic’s eye: Interpretive strategies for deriving significance and meaning from
photographs. Afterimage, 3, 5-7.
Ruby, J. (1991). Speaking for, speaking about, speaking with, or speaking alongside—an
anthropological and documentary dilemma. Visual Anthropology Review, 7(2), 50-66.
Ryan, G. W., & Bernard, H. R. (2003). Techniques to identify themes. Field Methods, 15, 85109.
Saarnivaara, M., & Bochner, A. P. (Eds.). (2003). The arts and narrative research: Art as inquiry
[Special issue]. Qualitative Inquiry, 9.
Sadler, D. R. (1981). Intuitive data processing as a potential source of bias in naturalistic
evaluations. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 3, 25-31.
Salamone, F. (1977). The methodological significance of the lying informant. Anthropological
Quarterly, 50(3), 117-124.
Salamone, F. A. (1979). Epistemological implications of fieldwork and their consequences.
American Anthropologist, 81, 46-60.
Salomon, G. (1991). Transcending the qualitative-quantitative debate: The analytic and systemic
approaches to educational research. Educational Researcher, 20(6), 10-18.
Sampson, H., & Thomas, M. 92003). Lone researchers at sea: Gender, risk, and responsibility.
Qualitative Research, 3, 165-190.
Sanaday, P. R. (1979). The ethnographic paradigm(s). Administrative Science Quarterly, 24,
527-538.
Sandelowski, M. (1986). The problem of rigor in qualitative research. Advances in Nursing
Science, 8(3), 27-37.
Sandelowski, M. (1991). Telling stories: Narrative approaches in qualitative research. Image:
Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 23, 161-166.
Sandelowski, M. (1993a). Rigor or rigor mortis: The problem of rigor in qualitative research
revisited. Advances in Nursing Science, 16, 1-8.
Sandelowski, M. (1993b). Theory unmasked: The uses and guises of theory in qualitative
research. Research in Nursing and Health, 16, 1-18.
Sandelowski, M. (1995a) Sample size in qualitative research. Research in Nursing & Health, 18,
179-183.
Sandelowski, M. (1995b). On the aesthetics of qualitative research. IMAGE: Journal of Nursing
Scholarship, 3, 205-209.
Sandelowski, M. (1996). Using qualitative methods in intervention studies. Research in Nursing
& Health, 19, 359-364.
Sandelowski, M. (2002). Reembodying qualitative inquiry. Qualitative Health Research, 12, 104115.
Sandelowski, M., & Barroso. (2003). Classifying the findings in qualitative studies. Qualitative
Health Research, 13, 905-924.
Sandelowski, M., Davis, D. H., & Harris, B. G. (1989). Artful design: Writing the proposal for
research in the naturalist paradigm. Research in Nursing & Health, 12, 77-84.
Sanders, C. R. (1995). Stranger than fiction: Insights and pitfalls in post-modern ethnography.
Studies in Symbolic Interaction, 17, 89-104.
Sanders, C. R. (1999). Prospects for a post-postmodern ethnography. Journal of Contemporary
Ethnography, 28, 669-675.
Sangren, P. S. (1988). Rhetoric and the authority of ethnography: “Postmodernism” and the
social reproductions of texts. Current Anthropology, 29, 405-435.
Sanjek, R. (1991). The ethnographic present. Man: The Journal of the Royal Anthropological
Institute, 26, 609-628.
Savage, J. (2000). Participative observation: Standing in the shoes of others? Qualitative Health
Research, 10, 324-339.
Savage, P. S. (1988). Can ethnographic narrative be a neighborly act? Anthropology and
Education Quarterly, 19, 3-19.
Scarce, R. (1994). No trial but tribulations: When courts and ethnography conflict. Journal of
Contemporary Ethnography, 23, 123-149.
Scheff, T. J. (1986). Toward resolving the controversy over “thick description.” Current
Anthropology, 27, 408-409.
Schensul, S. L. (1980). Anthropological fieldwork and sociopolitical change. Social Problems,
27, 309-319.
Schensul, S. L. (1993). Using Ethnograph to build a survey instrument. Cultural Anthropology
Methods, 52, 9.
Scheper-Hughes, N. (1995). The primacy of the ethical: Propositions for a militant anthropology.
Current Anthropology, 36, 409-440.
Scheurich, J. J. (1995a). Interviewing. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education,
8, 239-252.
Scheurich, J. J. (1995b). A postmodernist critique of research interviewing. International Journal
of Qualitative Studies in Education, 8, 239-252.
Scheurich, J. J., & Young, M. D. (1997). Coloring epistemologies: Are our research
epistemologies racially biased? Educational Research, 26(4), 4-17.
Schick, R. S. (2002). When the subject is difference: Conditions of voice in policy-oriented
qualitative research. Qualitative Inquiry, 8, 632-651.
Schneider, J. W. (1991). Troubles with textual authority in sociology. Symbolic Interaction, 14,
295-319.
Scheider, J. (2002). Reflexive/Diffractive ethnography. Cultural Studies<-> Critical
Methodologies, 2, 460-482.
Schrum, L. (1995). Framing the debate: Ethical research in the information age. Qualitative
Inquiry, 1, 311-326.
Schwandt, T. A. (1995). Thoughts on the moral career of the interpretive inquirer. Studies in
Symbolic Interaction, 19, 131-140.
Schwandt, T. A. (1996). Farewell to criteriology. Qualitative Inquiry, 2, 58-72.
Schwandt, T. A. (1997). Reading the “problem of evaluation” in social inquiry. Qualitative
Inquiry, 3, 4-25.
Schwandt, T. A. (1999). On understanding understanding. Qualitative Inquiry, 5, 451-464.
Schwartz, D. (1989). Visual ethnography: Using photography in qualitative research. Qualitative
Sociology, 12, 119-154.
Schwartz, G., & Becker, P. (1971). Participant observation and the discovery of meaning.
Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 1, 279-298.
Schwartzman, H., & Werner, O. (1990). Census, taxonomies, and the partition of ethnographic
tasks. Cultural Anthropology Methods Newsletter, 2(3), 8-9.
Scott, M. B., & Lyman, S. M. (1968Z). Accounts. American Sociological Review, 33, 46-62.
Scott, W. R. (1973). Field work in a formal organization: Some dilemmas in the role of observer.
Human Organization, 22, 162-168.
Seale, C. (1999). Quality in qualitative research. Qualitative Inquiry, 5, 465-478.
Searight, H. R., & Campbell, D. C. (1992). Ethnography and family medicine: Issues and
overview. Family Practice Research Journal, 12, 369-382.
Searight, H. R., & Young, R. (1994). Qualitative research and family systems medicine: A
natural fit. Family Systems Medicine, 12, 117-131.
Sechrest, L., & Sidani, S. (1995). Quantitative and qualitative methods: Is there an alternative?
Evaluation & Program Planning, 18, 77-87.
Seidel, J. V., & Clark, J. A. (1984). The Ethnograph: A computer program for the analysis of
qualitative data. Qualitative Sociology, 7, 110-125.
Sells, S. P., Smith, T. E., & Sprnegle, D. H. (1995). Integrating qualitative and quantitative
research methods: A research model. Family Process, 34, 199-218.
Seymour, W. S. (2001). In the flesh or online? Exploring qualitative research methodologies.
Qualitative Research, 1, 147-168.
Shadish, W. R. (1995). The logic of generalization: Five principles common to experiments and
ethnographies. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23, 419-428.
Shaffir, W. B. (1985). Some reflections on approaches to fieldwork in Hassidic communities.
Jewish Journal of Sociology, 27, 115-134.
Shaffir, W. (1999). Doing ethnography: Reflections on finding your way. Journal of
Contemporary Ethnography, 28, 676-686.
Shaffir, W., Marshall, V., & Haas, J. (1979). Competing commitments: Unanticipated problems
of field research. Qualitative Sociology, 1, 56-71.
Shankman, P. (1984). The thick and the thin: On the interpretive theoretical program of Clifford
Geertz. Current Anthropology, 25, 261-280.
Sharpness, R. (1986). The numbers game: Oral history compared with quantitative methodology.
International Journal of Oral History, 7(2), 93-108.
Sharrock, W. W., & Anderson, R. J. (1982). On the demise of the native: Some observations on
and a proposal for ethnography. Human Studies, 5, 1198-135.
Shaw, B. (1980). Life writing in anthropology: A methodological review. Mankind, 12, 226-232.
Sheehan, E. A. (1993). The academic as informant: Methodological and theoretical issue in the
ethnography of intellectuals. Human Observation, 42, 252-259.
Shelly, A., & Sibert, E. (1986). Using logic programming to facilitate qualitative data analysis.
Qualitative Sociology, 9, 145-161.
Sherif, B. (2001). The ambiguity of boundaries in the fieldwork experience: Establishing rapport
and negotiating insider/outsider status. Qualitative Inquiry, 7, 436-447.
Shockeid, M. (1997). Negotiating multiple viewpoints: The cook, the native, the publisher, and
the ethnographic text. Current Anthropology, 38, 631-645.
Shulman, D. (1994). Dirty data and investigative methods: Some lessons from private detective
work. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 23, 214-253.
Sieber, S. D. (1973). The integration of fieldwork and survey methods. American Journal of
Sociology, 78, 1335-1359.
Silverman, D. (1973). Interview talk: Bringing off a research instrument. Sociology, 7, 31-48.
Silverman, D. (1989). Six rules of qualitative research: A post-romantic argument. Symbolic
Interaction, 12, 215-230.
Silverman, D. (1998). The quality of qualitative health research: The open-ended interview and
its alternatives. Social Sciences in Health, 4(2), 104-118.
Silverman, D., & Gubrium, J. F. (1994). Competing strategies for analyzing the contexts of
social interaction. Sociological Inquiry, 64, 179-198.
Simmons, S. (1995). From paradigm to method in interpretive action research. Journal of
Advanced Nursing, 21, 837-844.
Simon, R. I., & Dippo, D. (1986). On critical ethnographic work. Anthropology and Education
Quarterly, 17, 195-202.
Simonson, L. J., & Bushaw, V. A. (1993). Participatory action research: Easier said than done.
American Sociologist, 24(1), 27.
Sinding, C., & Aronson, J. 92003). Exposing failures, unsettling accommodations: Tensions in
interview practice. Qualitative Research, 3, 95-118.
Sixsmith, J., Bonehman, M., & Goldring, J. E. (2003). Accessing the community: Gaining
insider perspectives from the outside. Qualitative Health Research, 13, 578-589.
Sixsmith, J., & Murray, C. D. (2001). Ethical issues in the documentary data analysis of Internet
posts and archives. Qualitative Health Research, 11, 423-432.
Skipper, J. K., & McCaghy, C. H. (1972). Respondents’ intrusion upon the situation: The
problem of interviewing subjects with special qualities. Sociological Quarterly, 13, 237-243.
Slack, R. S. (1998). On the potentialities and problems of a WWW based naturalistic sociology.
Sociological Research Online, 3(2). Available: http://wwwsocresonline.org.uk/
soicresonline/3/2/3,html
Sluka, J. A. (1990). Participant observation in violent social contexts. Human Organization, 49,
114-126.
Small, S. (1995). Action-oriented research: Models and methods. Journal of Marriage and the
Family, 57, 941-955.
Smith, A. G., & Robbins, A. E. (1982). Structured ethnography. American Behavioral Scientist,
26, 45-61.
Smith, D. E. (Ed.). (in press). Institutional ethnography [Special issue]. Studies in Cultures,
Organizations and Societies.
Smith, G. W. (1990). Political activist as ethnographer. Social Problems, 37, 629-648.
Smith, J. K. (1983, March). Quantitative versus qualitative research: An attempt to clarify the
issue. Educational Researcher, 6-13.
Smith, J. K. (1984). The problem of criteria for judging interpretive inquiry. Educational
Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 6, 379-391.
Smith, J. K., & Heshusius, L. (1986). Closing down the conversation: The end of the
quantitative-qualitative debate among educational inquirers. Educational Researcher, 15, 412.
Smith, M. L. (1987). Publishing qualitative research. American Educational Research Journal,
24, 173-183.
Snow, D. A. (1980). The disengagement process: A neglected problem in participant observation
research. Qualitative Sociology, 3, 100-122.
Snow, D. A., & Anderson, L. (1986). Fieldwork roles and informational yield: A comparison of
alternative settings and roles. Urban Life, 14, 377-408.
Snow, D., & Morrill, C. (1995a). Ironies, puzzles, and contradictions in Denzin and Lincoln’s
version of qualitative research. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 22, 358-362.
Snow, D., & Morrill, C. (1995b). New ethnographies: Review Symposium: A revolutionary
handbook or a handbook for revolution? Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 24, 341362.
Sommer, R. (1971). Some costs and pitfalls in field research. Social Problems, 19, 162-166.
Sorenson, E. R. (1974). Anthropological film: A scientific and human resource. Science,
186(4169), 1079-1085.
Spall, S. (1998). Peer debriefing in qualitative research: Emerging operational models.
Qualitative Inquiry, 4, 280-292.
Sparkes, A. C. (1996). The fatal flaw: A narrative of the fragile body-self. Qualitative Inquiry, 2,
495-516.
Sparkes, A. C. (2001). Myth 94: Qualitative health researchers will agree about validity.
Qualitative Health Research, 11, 538-552.
Spencer, J. (1989). Anthropology as a kind of writing. Man, 24, 145-164.
Spencer, J. W. (1994). Mutual relevance of ethnography and discourse. Journal of Contemporary
Ethnography, 23, 267-279.
Springwood, C. F., & King, C. R. 92001). Unsettling engagements: On the ends of rapport in
critical ethnography. Qualitative Inquiry, 7, 403-417.
Spry, T. (2001). Performing autoethnography: An embodied methodological praxis. Qualitative
Inquiry, 7, 706-732.
Stacey, J. (1988). Can there be a feminist ethnography? Women’s Studies International Forum,
11(1), 21-27.
Stacey, J. (1994). Imagining feminist ethnography: A response to Elizabeth E. Wheatley.
Women’s Studies International Forum, 17, 417-419.
Stacey, K. (1999). Ethnography confronts the global village: A new home for a new century?
Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 28, 687-697.
Stanley, C. A., & Slattery, P. (2003). Who reveals what to whom? Critical reflections on
conducting qualitative inquiry as an interdisciplinary, biracial, male/female research team.
Qualitative Inquiry, 9, 705-728.
Stafford, M. R., & Stafford, T. F. (1993). Participant observation and the pursuit of truth:
Methodological and ethical considerations. Journal of the Market research Society, 35, 6376.
Stake, R. E. (1978). The case study method in social inquiry. Educational Research, 7(2), 5-8.
Stake, R. E., & Trumbull, D. J. (1982). Naturalistic generalizations. Review Journal of
Philosophy and Social Science, 7, 1-12.
Stanley, L. (1993). On auto/biography in sociology. Sociology, 27(1), 41-52.
Stanley, L., & Wise, S. (1979). Feminist research, feminist consciousness and experiences of
sexism. Women’s Studies International Quarterly, 2, 259-279.
Stebbins, R. A. (1992). Concatenated exploration: Notes on a neglected type of longitudinal
research. Quality & Quantity, 26, 435-442.
Steckler, A., McLeroy, K. R., Goodman, R. M., & Bird, S. T. (1992). Toward integrating
qualitative and quantitative e methods: An introduction. Health Education Quarterly, 19, 18.
Steeves, R. H., Kahn, D. L., & Cohen, M. Z. (1996). Asking substantive questions of
naturalistically derived data. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 18, 209-212.
Steinberg, M. W. (1997). Fence sitting for a better view: Finding a middle ground between
materialism and the linguistic turn in the epistemology of history. Qualitative Inquiry, 3, 2652.
Stephenson, J. B., & Greer, L. S. (1981). Ethnographers in their own cultures: Two Appalachian
cases. Human Organization, 40, 123-130.
Stern, P. N. (1980). Grounded theory methodology: Its uses and processes. Image: Journal of
Nursing Scholarship, 12(11), 20-23.
Stern, P. N., Allen, L. M., & Moxley, P. A. (1984). Qualitative research: The nurse as grounded
theorist. Health Care for Women International, 5, 371-385.
Stiles, W. B. (1993). Quality control in qualitative research. Clinical Psychology Review, 13,
593-618.
Stimson, G. (1986). Place and space in sociological fieldwork. Sociological Review, 34, 641656.
St. Pieere, E. A. (1999). The work of response in ethnography. Journal of Contemporary
Ethnography, 28, 266-287.
Stoddart, K. (1986). The presentation of everyday life: Some textual strategies for “adequate
ethnography.” Urban Life, 15, 103-121.
Stoeker, R. (1991). Evaluating and rethinking the case study. Sociological Review, 39(1), 88112.
Stoeker, R. (1999). Are academics irrelevant? Roles for scholars in participatory research.
American Behavioural Scientist, 42, 840-855.
Stoller, P. (1994). Ethnographies as texts/ethnographers as griots. American Ethnologist, 21,
353-366.
Stoller, P. (1999). Back to the ethnographic future. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 28,
698-705.
Stones, R. (1991). Strategic context analysis: A new research strategy for structuration theory.
Sociology, 25, 673-695.
Stouffer, S. A. (1941). Notes on the case-study and the unique case. Sociometry, 4, 349-357.
St. Pierre, E. A. (1997). Circling the text: Nomadic writing practices. Qualitative Inquiry, 3, 403417.
Strathern, M. (1987). An awkward relationship: The case of feminism and anthropology. Signs:
Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 12, 276-292.
Strickland, D. A., & Schlesinger, L. E. (1969). “Lurking” as a research method. Human
Organization, 28, 248-251.
Strickland, O. L. (1993). Qualitative or quantitative: So what is your religion? [Editorial].
Journal of Nursing Management, 1, 103-105.
Strivers, C. (1993). Reflections on the role of personal narrative in social science. Signs: Journal
of Women in Culture and Society, 18(2), 408-425.
Stuhlmiller, C. M., & Thorsen, R. (1997). Narrative picturing: A new strategy for qualitative data
collection. Qualitative Health Research, 7, 140-149.
Sturtevant, W. (1964). Studies in ethnoscience. American Anthropologist, 66, 99-131.
Styles, J. (1979). Outsider/insider: Researching gay baths. Urban Life, 8, 135-152.
Susman, G., & Evered, R. (1978). An assessment of the scientific merits of action research.
Administrative Science Quarterly, 25, 582-603.
Sutton, R. I. (1997). The virtues of closet qualitative research. Organization Science, 8, 97-106.
Swanson-Kaufman, K. (1986). A combined methodology for nursing research. Advances in
Nursing Science, 8, 58-69.
Swantz, M-L. (1996). A personal position paper on participatory research: Personal quest for
living knowledge. Qualitative Inquiry, 2, 120-136.
Sword, W. (1999). Accounting for presence of self: Reflections on doing qualitative research.
Qualitative Health Research, 9, 270-278.
Swugonski, M. E. (1993). Feminist standpoint theory and the questions of social work research.
AFFILLA: Journal of Women and Social Work, 8(2), 171-183.
Tallerico, M. (1991). Applications of qualitative analysis software: A view from the field.
Qualitative Sociology, 14, 275-285.
Tandon, R. (1989). Participatory research and social transformation. Convergence, 21(2/3), 5-15.
Taylor, S. J. (1987). Observing abuse: Professional ethics and personal morality in field research.
Qualitative Sociology, 10, 288-301.
Tedlock, B. (1991). From participant observation to the observation of participation: The
emergence of narrative ethnography. Journal of Anthropological Research, 47, 69-94.
Temple, B. (2002). Crossed wires: Interpreters, translators, and bilingual workers in crosslanguage research. Qualitative Health Research, 12, 844-854.
Ten Have, P. (1990). Methodological issues in conversation analysis. Bulletin de Methodologie
Sociologique, 27, 23-51.
Tesch, R. (1987). Emerging themes: The researcher’s experience. Phenomenology + Pedagogy,
5, 230-241.
Tesch, R. (1991). Computer programs that assist in the analysis of qualitative data: An overview.
Qualitative Health Research, 1, 309-325.
Thomas, J. (1983). Toward a critical ethnography. Urban Life, 11, 477-490.
Thomas, M. D., Blacksmith, J., & Reno, J. (2000). Utilizing insider-outsider research teams in
qualitative research. Qualitative Health Research, 10, 819-828.
Thomas, S. (1983). Digging beneath the surface: Oral history techniques. Frontiers, 7, 50-55.
Thompson. J. (1991). Exploring gender and culture with Khmer refugee women: Reflections on
participatory feminist research. Advances in Nursing Science, 13(3), 30-48.
Thorne, B. “You still takin’ notes?” Fieldwork and problems of informed consent. Social
Problems, 27, 284-296.
Thorne, S. E. (1991). Methodological orthodoxy in qualitative nursing research data: An
overview. Qualitative Health Research, 1, 309-325.
Thorne, S. E. (1997). Phenomenological positivism and other problematic trends in health
science research. Qualitative Health Research, 7, 287-293.
Thorne, S. (1998). Ethical and representational issues in qualitative secondary analysis.
Qualitative Health Research, 8, 547-555.
Thornton, R. (1988). The rhetoric of ethnographic holism. Cultural Anthropology, 3, 285-303.
Tierney, W. G. (1995). (Re)presentation and voice. Qualitative Inquiry, 1, 379-390.
Tierney, W. G. (1998). Life history’s history: Subjects foretold. Qualitative Inquiry, 4, 49-70.
Tilden, V. P., Nelson, C. A., & May, B. A. (1990). Use of qualitative methods to enhance
content validity. Nursing Research, 39, 172-175.
Tilley, S. A. (2003). “Challenging” research practices: Turning a critical lens on the work of
transcription. Qualitative Inquiry, 9, 750-773.
Tillmann-Healy, L. M. (2003). Freidnship as method. Qualitative Inquiry, 9, 729-749.
Tom, A., & Herbert, C. P. (2002). The “near miss”: A story of relationship. Qualitative Inquiry,
8, 591-607.
Tomm, K. (1988). Inventive interviewing: Part 3. Intending to ask lineal, circular, strategic, or
reflexive questions. Family Process, 27, 1-13.
Tonkin, J. E. A. (1971). The use of ethnography. Journal of the Anthropological Society of
Oxford, 2, 134-136.
Tordes, L. (1998). The qualitative dimension of human experience. Qualitative Health Research,
8, 121-127.
Torode, R. (1998). Narrative analysis using code-a-text. Qualitative Health Research, 8, 414-432.
Torronen, J. (2002). Semiotic theory on qualitative interviewing using stimulus texts. Qualitative
Research, 2, 343-362.
Townsend, E. A. (1996). Institutional ethnography: A method for analyzing practice.
Occupational Therapy Journal of Research, 16, 179-199.
Treloar, C., & Graham, I. D. (2003). Multidisciplinary cross-national studies: A commentary on
issues of collaboration, methodology, analysis, and publication. Qualitative Health
Research, 13, 924-932.
Trend, M. G. (1978). On the reconciliation of qualitative and quantitative analyses: A case study.
Human Organization, 37, 345-354.
Trice, H. M. (1956). The outsider’s role in field study. Sociology and Social Research, 41, 27-32.
Trujillo, N. (1999). Teaching ethnography in the twenty-first century using collaborative
learning. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 28, 705-719.
Tsoukas, H. (1989). The validity of idiographic research explanations. Academy of Management
Review, 14, 551-561.
Turner, B. A. (1981). Some practical aspects of qualitative data analysis. Quality and Quantity,
15, 225-247.
Turner, V. (with Turner, E.). (1982). Performing ethnography. The Drama Review, 26, 33-50.
Tyson, C. (1998). A response to “Coloring epistemologies: Are our qualitative research
epistemologies racially biased?” Educational Researcher, 27(9), 21-22.
Ulichny, P. (1997). When critical ethnography and action collide. Qualitative Inquiry, 3, 139168.
Vail, D. A. (2001). Researching from afar: Distance, ethnography, and testing the edge. Journal
of Contemporary Ethnography, 30, 704-725.
Valentine, K. B., & Matsumoto, G. (2001). Cultural performance analysis spheres: An integrated
ethnographic methodology. Field Methods, 13, 68-87.
van Dijk, T. A. (1993). Principles of critical discourse analysis. Discourse and Society, 4, 249283.
Van Maanen, J. (1979a). The fact of fiction in organizational ethnography. Administrative
Science Quarterly, 24, 539-550.
Van Maanen, J. (1979b). Reclaiming qualitative methods for organizational research.
Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 520-526.
Van Maanen, J. (1990). Great moments in ethnography. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography,
19, 3-7.
van Manen, M. (1984). Practicing phenomenological writing. Phenomenology + Pedagogy, 2,
36-69.
van Manen, M. (1989). Pedagogical text as method: Phenomenological research as writing.
Saybrook Review, 7(2), 23-45.
van Manen, M. (1997). From meaning to method. Qualitative Health Research, 7, 345-369.
Vickers, M. H. (2002). Researchers as storytellers: Writing on the edge—and without a safety
net. Qualitative Inquiry, 8, 608-621.
Vidich, A. J. (1955). Participant observation and the collection and interpretation of data.
American Journal of Sociology, 60, 354-360.
Vidich, A. J., & Bensman, J. (1954). The validity of field data. Human Organization, 13, 20-27.
Vidich, A. J., & Shapiro, G. 91955). A comparison of participant observation and survey data.
American Sociological Review, 20, 28-33.
Villenas, S. (1996). The colonizer/colonized Chicano ethnographer: Identity, marginalization,
and co-optation in the field. Harvard Educational Review, 66, 711-731.
Visweswaran, K. (1988). Defining feminist ethnography. Inscriptions, 3/4, 26-44.
Voegelin, C. F. (1959). Guide for transcribing unwritten languages in field work.
Anthropological Linguistics, 1(6), 1-28.
Wagner, D. A. (1983). Ethno-graphies: An introduction. International Journal of the Sociology
of Language, 42, 5-8.
Waitzkin, H. (1990). On studying the discourse of medical encounters: A critique of quantitative
and qualitative methods and a proposal for reasonable compromise. Medical Care, 28, 473488.
Wall, E. (1995). The problem with NUDISTs. Society/Societe, 19(1), 13-14.
Walsh, R. A. (1995). The approach of the human science researcher: Implications for the practice
of qualitative research. Humanistic Psychologist, 23, 333-344.
Walsh, R. A. (1996). The problem of unconsciousness in qualitative research. British Journal of
Guidance & Counselling, 24, 377-384.
Warmington, A. (1980). Action research: Its methods and its implications. Journal of Applied
Systems Analysis, 7, 23-29.
Warren, C. A. B. (1977). Fieldwork in the gay world: Issues in phenomenological method.
Journal of Social Issues, 33(4), 93-107.
Warren, C. A. B , & Rasmussen, P. (1977). Sex and gender in fieldwork research. Urban Life, 6,
359-369.
Warren, J. T., & Fassett, D. L. (2002). (Re)constituting ethnographic identities. Qualitative
Inquiry, 8, 575-590.
Wasser, J. D., & Bresler, L. (1996). Working in the interpretive zone: Conceptualizing the
collaboration in qualitative research teams. Educational Research, 25(5), 5-15.
Watson, D. R. (1992). Ethnomethodology, conversation analysis and education: An overview.
International Review of Education, 38, 227-274.
Watson, G. (1987). Make me reflexive—but not yet: Strategies for managing essential reflexivity
in ethnographic discourse. Journal of Anthropological Research, 43, 29-41.
Watson, G., & Goulet, J-G. (1998). What can ethnomethodology say about power? Qualitative
Inquiry, 4, 96-113.
Watson, L. C. (1976). Understanding the life history as a subject document: Hermeneutical and
phenomenological perspectives. Ethnos, 4, 95-131.
Watson, L., Irwin, J., & Michalske, S. (1991). Researcher as friend: Methods of the interviewer
in a longitudinal study. Qualitative Health Research, 1, 497-514.
Watson, T. J. (1995). Shaping the story: Rhetoric, persuasion, and creative writing in
organizational ethnography. Studies in Cultures, Organizations and Societies, 1, 301-311.
Wax, M. L. (1977). On fieldworkers and those exposed to fieldwork: Federal regulations and
moral issues. Human Organization, 36, 321-328.
Wax, M. L. (1980). Paradoxes of “consent” in the practice of fieldwork. Social Problems, 27,
265-272.
Wax, M., & Shapiro, J. (1956). Repeated interviewing. American Journal of Sociology, 62, 215217.
Wax, R. (1957). Twelve years later: An analysis of field experience. American Journal of
Sociology, 63, 133-142.
Wax, R. H. (1979). Gender and age in fieldwork and fieldwork education: No good thing is done
by any man alone. Social Problems, 26, 509-522.
Waxler-Morrison, N., Doll, R., & Hislop, T. G. (1995). The use of qualitative methods to
strengthen psychosocial research on cancer. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 13, 177-191.
Webb, C. (1984). Feminist methodology in nursing research. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 9,
249-256.
Webb, E., & Weick, K. (1979). Unobtrusive measures in organizational theory: A reminded.
Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 650-659.
Webster, S. (1982). Dialogue and fiction in ethnography. Dialectical Anthropology, 7(2), 91-114.
Weil, M. (1989). Research on vulnerable populations. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science,
25, 419-437
Weinholtz, D., Kacer, B., & Rocklin, T. (1995). Salvaging quantitative research with qualitative
data. Qualitative Health Research, 5, 388-397.
Weiss, M. S. (1977). The research experience in a Chinese-American community. Journal of
Social Issues, 33(4), 120-132.
Weitz, R. (1987. The interview as legacy: A social scientist confronts AIDS. Hastings Center
Report, 17(3), 21-23.
Werener, O. (1969). The basic assumptions of ethnoscience. Semiotica, 1, 32-38.
Werner, O., & Bernard, H. R. (1994). Ethnographic sampling. Cultural Anthropology Methods,
62, 7-9.
Werener, O., & Kuznar, L. A. (2001). Ethnographic mapmaking: Part 2—practical concerns and
triangulation. Field Methods, 13, 291-296.
West, B. A. (1992). Women’s diaries as ethnographic resources. Journal of Narrative and Life
History, 2, 333-354.
West, C. (1996). Ethnography and orthography: A (modest) methodological proposal. Journal of
Contemporary Ethnography, 25, 327-352.
West, J., & Oldfather, P. (1995). Pooled case comparison: An innovation for cross-case study.
Qualitative Inquiry, 1, 452-464.
West, P. (1990). The status and validity of accounts obtained at interview: A contrast between
two studies of families with a disabled child. Social Science and Medicine, 30, 1229-1239.
Westkott, M. (1979). Feminist criticism of the social sciences. Harvard Educational Review, 49,
422-430.
Wheatley, E. (1994). How can we engender ethnography with a feminist imagination? A
rejoinder to Judith Stacey. Women’s Studies International Forum, 17, 403-416.
When researcher becomes participant: Scholars note the risks and rewards. (1983, November 2).
Chronicle of Higher Education, p. 1.
White, H. (1980). The value of narrativity in the representation of reality. Critical Inquiry, 7, 527.
Whittemore, R., Chase, S. K., & Mandle, C. L. (2001). Validity in qualitative research.
Qualitative Health Research, 11, 522-537.
Whyte, W. F, (1956). On asking indirect questions. Human Organizations, 15(4), 21-23.
Whyte, W. F. (1979). On making the most of participant observation. American Sociologist, 14,
56-66.
Whyte, W. F. (Ed.). (1980). Special issue: Action research for the twenty-first century:
Participation, reflection, and practice. American Behavioral Scientist, 32(5).
Whyte, W. F. (1989). Introduction to action research for the twenty-first century: Participation,
reflection, and practice. American Behavioral Scientist, 32, 502-512.
Whyte, W. F. (1992). In defense of street corner society. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography,
21, 52-68.
Whyte, W. F. (1996). Qualitative sociology and deconstructionism. Qualitative Inquiry, 2, 220226.
Whyte, W., Greenwood, D., & Lazes, P. (1989). Participatory action research. American
Behavioral Scientist, 32, 513-551.
Wiley, J. (1987). The “shock of unrecognition” as a problem in participant-observation.
Qualitative Sociology, 10, 78-83.
Williams A. (1993). Diversity and agreement in feminist ethnography. Sociology, 27, 575-589.
Williams, C., & Heikes, E. (1993). The importance of researcher’s gender in the in-depth
interview: Evidence from two case studies of male nurses. Gender and Society, 7, 280-291.
Williams, T., Dunlap, E., Johnson, B. D., & Hamid, A. (1992). Personal safety in dangerous
places. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 21, 343-374.
Willis, P., & Trondman, M. (2002). Manifesto for ethnography. Cultural Studies<->Critical
Methodologies, 2, 394-402.
Wilson, H. S., & Hutchinson, S. A. (1991). Triangulation of qualitative methods: Heideggarian
hermeneutics and grounded theory. Qualitative Health Research, 1, 263-276.
Wilson, H. S., & Hutchinson, S. A. (1996). Methodologic mistakes in grounded theory. Nursing
Research, 45, 122-124.
Wilson, S. (1977). The use of ethnographic techniques in educational research. Review of
Educational Research, 47, 245-265.
Wilson, T. P. (1981). A case study in qualitative research? Social Science Information Studies, 1,
241-246.
Winer, L. R., & Carriere, M. (1991). A qualitative information system for data management.
Qualitative Sociology, 14, 245-262.
Wiseman, J. P. (1987). The development of generic concepts of qualitative research through
cumulative application. Qualitative Sociology, 10, 318-338.
Wolcott, H. F. (1975). Criteria for an ethnographic approach to research in schools. Human
Organization, 34, 111-127.
Wolcott, H. F. (1980). How to look like an anthropologist without really being one. Practicing
Anthropology, 2(2), 56-59.
Wolcott, H. F. (1982). Differing styles of on-site research, or, “If it isn’t ethnography, what is
it?” Review of Philosophy and Social Sciences, 7, 154-169.
Wolcott, H. F. (1985). On ethnographic intent. Educational Administrative Quarterly, 3, 187203.
Wolcott, H. F. (1990). Making a study “more ethnographic.” Journal of Contemporary
Ethnography, 19, 44-72.
Wolcott, H. F. (2002). Writing up qualitative research . . . better. Qualitative Health Research,
12, 91-103.
Wolfinger, N. H. (2002). On writing fieldnotes: Collection strategies and background
expectancies. Qualitative Research, 2, 85-96.
Wong, L. M. (1998). The ethics of rapport: Institutional safeguards, resistance, and betrayal.
Qualitative Inquiry, 4, 178-199.
Woods, P. (1985). Ethnography at the crossroads: A reply to Hammersley. British Educational
Research Journal, 13, 297-307.
Worsley, P. (1982, December). Barriers to ethnographic fieldwork [Letter]. RAIN (Roual
Anthropological Institute News), 53, p. 12.
Wuest, J. (1994). A feminist approach to concept analysis. Western Journal of Nursing Research,
16, 577-586.
Wuest, J. (1995). Feminist grounded theory: An exploration of the congruency between two
traditions in knowledge discovery. Qualitative Health Research, 5, 125-137.
Yach, D. (1992). The use and value of qualitative methods in health research in developing
countries. Social Sciences & Medicine, 35, 603-612.
Yin, R. K. (1981a). The case study as a serious research strategy. Knowledge: Creation,
Diffusion, Utilization, 3, 97-114.
Yin, R. K. (1981b). The case study crisis: Some answers. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26,
58-65.
Young, K. (1991). Perspectives on embodiment: The uses of narrativity in ethnographic writing.
Journal of Narrative & Life History, 1, 213-243.
Zelditch, M. (1962). Some methodological problems of field studies. American Journal of
Sociology, 67, 556-576.
Zigarmi, D., & Zigarmi, P. (1998). The psychological stresses of ethnographic research.
Education and Urban Society, 12, 291-322.
Zimmerman, D. H. (1978). Ethnomethodology. The American Sociologist, 13, 6-14.
Zimmerman, D. H., & Wieder, D. L. (1977). The diary: Diary-interview method. Urban Life, 5,
479-498.
Zinn, M. B. (1979). Field research in minority communities: Ethical, methodological, and
political considerations by an insider. Social Problems, 7, 209-219.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF QUALITATIVE COMMUNICATION METHODS
A. Books
Arneson, P., & Weber, D. (n.d.). Qualitative research methods in speech communication: A
bibliography through 1987. Annandale, VA: Speech Communication Association.
Berger, A. A. (2000). Media and communication research methods: An introduction to
qualitative and quantitative research approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Bochner, A. P., & Ellis, C. (1996). Talking over ethnography. Composing ethnography:
Alternative forms of qualitative writing. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira.
Bochner, A. P., & Ellis, C. (2002). Ethnographically speaking: Autoethnography, literature, and
aesthetics. Walnut Creek, CA: AlaMira.
Boje, D. M. (2001). Narrative methods for organizational and communication research.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Carter, K., & Presnell, M. (Eds.). Interpretive approaches to validity in interpersonal
communication research. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Carter, K., & Spitzack, C. (Eds.). (1989). Doing research on feminist communication. Norwood,
NJ: Albex.
Ellis, C., & Bochner, A. P. (Eds.). (1996). Composing ethnography: Alternative forms of
qualitative writing. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira.
Herndon, S. L. & Kreps, G. L. (Eds.). (1993). Qualitative research: Applications in
organizational communication. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Jensen, K. B., & Jankowski, K. W. (Eds.). (1991). A handbook of qualitative methodologies for
mass communication research. London: Routledge.
Lindlof, T. R. (Ed.). (1987). Natural audiences: Qualitative research of media uses and effects.
Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Lindlof, T. R., & Taylor, B. C. (2002). Qualitative communication research methods (2nd ed.).
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Mann, C.,& Stewart, F. (2000). Internet communication and qualitative research: A handbook
for researching online. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Potter, W. J. (1996). An analysis of thinking and research about qualitative methods. Mahwah,
NJ: Erlbaum.
Putnam, L. L., & Pacanowsky, M. E. (Eds.). (1983). Communication and organizations: An
interpretive approach. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
B. Book Chapters
Adelman, M. B., & Frey, L. R. (2001). Untold tales from the field: Living the autoethnographic
life in an AIDS residence. In S. L. Herndon & G. L. Kreps (Eds.), Qualitative research:
Applications in organizational communication (pp. 205-226). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Anderson, J. A., & Goodall, H. L., Jr. (1994). Probing the body ethnographic: From an anatomy
of inquiry to a poetics of expression. In F. L. Casmir (Ed.). Building communication
theories: A socio/cultural approach (pp. 87-129). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Arneson, P. (1993). Situating three contemporary qualitative methods in applied organizational
communication research: Historical documentation techniques, the case study method, and
the critical approach to organizational analysis. In S. L. Herndon & G. L. Kreps (Eds.).
(1993). Qualitative research: Applications in organizational communication (pp. 159-174).
Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Arneson, P. (2001). The place of literature in the space of qualitative organizational
communication research. In S. L. Herndon & G. L. Kreps (Eds.), Qualitative research:
Applications in organizational life (2nd ed., pp. 11-36). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Bantz, C. R. (1983). Naturalistic research traditions. In L. L. Putnam & M. E. Pacanowsky
(Eds.), Communication and organizations: An interpretive approach (pp. 55-72). Beverly
Hills, CA: Sage.
Bantz, C. R. (2001). Ethnographic analysis of organizational cultures. In S. L. Herndon & G. L.
Kreps (Eds.). Qualitative research: Applications in organizational communication (2nd ed.,
pp. 171-184). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Brown, M. H., & Kreps, G. L. (2001). Narrative analysis and organizational development. In S.
L. Herndon & G. L. Kreps (Eds.). Qualitative research: Applications in organizational
communication (2nd ed., pp. 73-90). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Deetz, S., & Kersten, A. (1983). Critical models of interpretive research. In L. L. Putnam & M.
E. Pacanowsky (Eds.), Communication and organizations: An interpretive approach (pp.
147-171). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Dollar, N. J., & Merrigan, G. (2002). Ethnographic practices in group communication research.
In L. R. Frey (Ed.), New directions in group communication (pp. 59-78). Thousand Oaks,
CA: Sage.
Eastland, L. S. (2001). The dialectical nature of ethnography: Liminality, reflexivity, and
understanding. In S. L. Herndon & G. L. Kreps (Eds.), Qualitative research: Applications in
organizational communication (2nd ed., pp. 185-204). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Farah, I. (1997). Ethnography of communication. In N. H. Hornberger & D. Corson (Eds.),
Research methods in language and education (pp. 125-134). Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Garland, M. (2001). On the use of ethnomethodology for critical interpretive organizational
research. . In S. L. Herndon & G. L. Kreps (Eds.). Qualitative research: Applications in
organizational communication (2nd ed., pp. 227-250). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Geist, P., & Drewyer, J. (1993). Juxtapositioning accounts: Different versions of different stories
in the health care context. In S. L. Herndon & G. L. Kreps (Eds.). Qualitative research:
Applications in organizational communication (pp. 79-106). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Hopper, R., Koch, S., & Mandelbaum, J. (1986). Conversation analysis methods. In D. G. Ellis
& W. A. Donohue (Eds.), Contemporary issues in language and discourse processes (pp.
169-186). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Hymes, D. (1962). The ethnography of speaking. In T. Gladwin & W. Sturtevant (Eds.),
Anthropology and human behavior (pp. 15-53). Washington, DC: Anthropological Society
of Washington.
Jacobs, S. (1988). Evidence and inference in conversation analysis. In J. A. Anderson (Ed.),
Communication yearbook 11 (pp. 433-443). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Jensen, K. B. (1989). Discourses of interviewing: Validating qualitative research findings
through textual analysis. In S. Kvale (Ed.), Issues of validity in qualitative research (pp. 93108). Lund: Studentlitteratur.
Keating, E. (2001). The ethnography of communication. In P. Atkinson, A. Coffey, S. Delamont,
J. Lofland, & L. Lofland (Eds.), Handbook of ethnography (pp. 285-301). Thousand Oaks,
CA: Sage.
Kreps, G. L. (1985). Using focused group discussions to promote organizational reflexivity: Two
applied communication field studies. In L. R. Frey (Ed.), Innovations in group facilitation:
Applications in natural settings (pp. 177-199). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Kreps, G. L. (1990). Narrative research and organizational development: Stories as repositories
of organizational intelligence. In J. A. Anderson (Ed.), Communication yearbook 13 (pp.
191-202). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Mason, S. A. (2001). Communication processes in the field research interview setting. In S. L.
Herndon & G. L. Kreps (Eds.), Qualitative research: Applications in organizational life
(2nd ed., pp. 47-62). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Meyer, T. P., Traudt, P. J., & Anderson, J. A. (1980). Non-traditional mass communication
research methods: Observational case studies of media use in natural settings. In D. Nimmo
(Ed.), Communication yearbook 4 (pp. 261-275). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
Michal-Johnson, P. (2001). Self-consciousness and the qualitative researcher: Understanding
qualitative methods and organizational ecology. In S. L. Herndon & G. L. Kreps (Eds.).
Qualitative research: Applications in organizational communication (2nd ed., pp. 269-280).
Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Muto, J. (2001). “Who’s that in my bed?”: The strange bedfellows made by the politics of
applied qualitative research. In S. L. Herndon & G. L. Kreps (Eds.), Qualitative research:
Applications in organizational life (2nd ed., pp. 37-46). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Query, J. L., Jr., Kreps, G. L., Arneson, P., & Caso, N. S. (2001). Toward helping organizations
manage interaction: The theoretic and pragmatic merits of the critical incident technique. In
S. L. Herndon & G. L. Kreps (Eds.), Qualitative research: Applications in organizational
communication (2nd ed., pp. 151-170). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Sigman, S. J. (1987). Application of ethnographic methods to communications research: A case
study with discussion. In S. Thomas (Ed.), Culture and communication: Studies in
communication: Vol. 3. Methodology, behavior, artifacts, and institutions (pp. 50-64).
Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Stewart, J. (1994). An interpretive approach to validity in interpersonal communication research.
In K. Carter & M. Presnell (Eds.), Interpretive approaches to validity in interpersonal
communication research (pp. 45-81). Albany: State University of New York Press.
Stewart, J., & Philipsen, G. (1984). Communication as situated accomplishment: The cases of
hermeneutics and ethnography. In B. Dervin & M. J. Voigt (Eds.), Progress in
communication sciences (Vol. 5, pp. 179-217). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Strine, M. S. (1988). Constructing “texts” and making inferences: Some reflections on textual
reality in human communication research. In J. A. Anderson (Ed.), Communication
yearbook 11 (pp. 494-501). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Strine, M. S., Long, B., & HopKins, M. F. (1990). Research in interpretation and performance
studies. In G. M. Phillips & J. T. Wood (Eds.), Speech communication: Essays to
commemorate the seventy-fifth anniversary of the Speech Communication Association (pp.
181-204). Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
Trujillo, N. (1987). Implications of interpretive approaches for organizational communication
research and practice. In L. Thayer (Ed.), Organizational communication II: Emerging
perspectives (pp. 46-65). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Trujillo, N., & Taylor, B. (2000). Qualitative research methods. In F. M. Jablin & L. L. Putnam
(Eds.), The new handbook of organizational communication: Advances in theory, research,
and methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Zimmerman, D. (1988). On conversation: The conversation analytic perspective. In J. A.
Anderson (Ed.), Communication yearbook 11 (pp. 406-432). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
C. Journal Articles
Alexander, B. K. (2003). (Re)Visioning the ethnographic site: Interpretive ethnography as a
method of pedagogical reflexivity and scholarly production. Qualitative Inquiry, 9, 416-441.
Anderson, J. A. (1992). On the ethics of research in a socially constructed reality. Journal of
Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 36, 353-357.
Beach, W. A. (1982). Everyday interaction and its practical accomplishment: Progressive
developments in ethnomethodological research. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 68, 314-327.
Beach, W. A. (1994). Relevance and consequentiality. Western Journal of Communication, 58,
51-57.
Benson, T. (Ed.). (1977). Naturalistic study of communication: A symposium. Communication
Quarterly, 25(3).
Bird, S. E. (1992). Travels in nowhere land: Ethnography and the “impossible” audience. Critical
Studies in Mass Communication, 9, 250-260.
Bochner, A. (2001). Narrative’s virtues. Qualitative Inquiry, 7, 131-157.
Bochner, A. P., & Ellis, C. (1992). Personal narrative as a social approach to interpersonal
communication. Communication Theory, 2, 165-172.
Buttny, R. (1985). Accounts as a reconstruction of an event’s context. Communication
Monographs, 52, 57-77.
Cappella, J. N. (1990). The method of proof by example in interaction analysis. Communication
Monographs, 57, 236-242.
Caragee, K. M. (1990). Interpretive media study and interpretive social science. Critical Studies
in Mass Communication, 7, 81-96.
Carbaugh, D. (1989/1990). The critical voice in ethnography of communication research.
Research on Language and Social Interaction, 23, 261-282.
Carbaugh, D. (1991). Communication and cultural interpretation. Quarterly Journal of Speech,
77, 336-342.
Carbaugh, D., & Hastings, S. O. (1992). A role for communication theory in ethnography and
cultural analysis. Communication Theory, 2, 156-164.
Conquergood, D. (1985). Performing as a moral act: Ethical dimensions of the ethnography of
performance. Literature in Review, 5, 1-13.
Conquergood, D. (1989). Poetics, play, process, and power: The performative turn in
anthropology. Text and Performance Quarterly, 9, 82-88.
Conquergood, D. (1991). Rethinking ethnography: Towards a critical cultural politics.
Communication Monographs, 58, 179-194.
Conquergood, D. (1992). Ethnography, rhetoric, and performance. Quarterly Journal of Speech,
78, 80-97.
Costello, B. A., & Roberts, F. 92001). Medical recommendations as joint social practice. Health
Communication, 13, 241-260.
Crawford, L. (1996). Personal ethnography. Communication Monographs, 63, 158-170.
Crow, B. (1988). Conversational performance and the performance of conversation. The Drama
Review, 32, 23-54.
Cushman, D. P. (1989/1990). The role of critique in the ethnographic study of human
communication practice. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 23, 243-250.
Deetz, S. A. (1977). Critical interpretive research in communication: A hermeneutic foundation.
Journal of Communication Inquiry, 3(1), 53-67.
Deetz, S. A. (1982). Critical interpretive research in organizational communication. Western
Journal of Speech, 46, 131-149.
Drotner, K. (1994). Ethnographic enigmas: The “everyday” in recent media studies. Cultural
Studies, 8, 341-357.
Ellis, D. G. (1980). Ethnographic considerations in initial interaction. Western Journal of Speech,
44, 104-107.
Evans, W. A. (1990). The interpretive turn in media research: Innovation, iteration, or illusion?
Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 7, 147-168.
Farrell, T. B. (1985). Narrative in natural discourse: On conversation and rhetoric. Journal of
Communication, 35(4), 109-127.
Fish, S. L., & Dorris, J. M. (1975). Phenomenology and communication research. Journal of
Applied Communication Research, 3, 9-26.
Fish, S. L. (1990). Interpreting research: A new way of viewing organizational communication.
Public Administrative Quarterly, 14, 9-26.
Fiske, J. (1991). Writing ethnographies: Contribution to a dialogue. Quarterly Journal of Speech,
77, 330-335.
Fitch, K. L. (1994). Criteria for evidence in qualitative research. Western Journal of
Communication, 58, 32-38.
Foss, K. A., & Foss, S. K. (1994). Personal experience as evidence in feminist scholarship.
Western Journal of Communication, 58, 39-43.
Frey, L. R. (1994). The naturalistic paradigm: Studying small groups in the postmodern era.
Small Group Research, 25, 551-577.
Frey, L. R., Pearce, W. B., Pollock, M. A., Artz, L., & Murphy, B. A. O. (1996). Looking for
justice in all the wrong places: On a communication approach to social justice.
Communication Studies, 47, 110-127.
Goodall, H. L., Jr. (1991). Turning within the interpretive turn: Radical empiricism and a case
for post-ethnography. Text and Performance Quarterly, 11, 153-157.
Gronbeck, B. E. (1981). Qualitative communication theory and rhetorical studies in the 1980s.
Central States Speech Journal, 32, 243-253.
Hamera, J. (1990). On reading, writing, and speaking the politics of (self) re-presentation. Text
and Performance Quarterly, 10, 235-247.
Hawes, L. C. (1977). Toward a hermeneutic phenomenology of communication. Communication
Quarterly, 25(3), 30-41.
Hawes, L. C. (1978). The reflexivity of communication research. Western Journal of Speech, 42,
12-20.
Hawes, L. C. (1994). Revising reflexivity. Western Journal of Communication, 58, 5-10.
Hendrix, K. G. (2001). “Mama told me . . .”: Exploring childhood lessons that laid a foundation
for my “endarkened” epistemology. Qualitative Inquiry, 7, 559-577.
Hickson, M., III. (1983). Ethnomethodology: The promise of applied communication research?
Southern Speech Communication Journal, 48, 183-195.
Holt, E. (1996). Reporting on talk: The use of direct reported speech in conversation. Research
on Language and Social Interaction, 29, 219-245.
Hopper, R. (1981). The taken for granted. Human Communication Research, 7, 195-211.
Hopper, R. (Ed.). (1991). Ethnography and conversation analysis after Talking Culture [Special
Section]. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 24, 161-387.
Jacobson, T. L. (1993). A pragmatist account of participatory communication research for
national development. Communication Theory, 3, 214-230.
Jackson, S. (1993). Ethnography and the audition: Performance as ideological critique. Text and
Performance Quarterly, 13, 21-43.
Jacobs, S. (1990). On the especially nice fit between qualitative analysis and the known
properties of conversation. Communication Monographs, 57, 243-249.
Jensen, K. B. (1987). Qualitative audience research: Toward an integrative approach to
reception. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 4, 21-36.
Jorgenson, J. (1992). Communication, rapport, and the interview: A social perspective.
Communication Theory, 2, 148-156.
Kaufmann, B. J. (1992). Feminist facts: Interview strategies and political subjects in
ethnography. Communication Theory, 2, 187-206.
Kerssen-Griep, J. (2001). Teacher communication activities relevant to student motivation:
Classroom facework and instructional communication competence. Communication
Education, 50, 256-273.
Langellier, K. M. (1983). A phenomenological approach to audience. Literature in Performance,
3, 34-39.
Langellier, K. M. (1989). Personal narratives: Perspectives on theory and research. Text and
Performance Quarterly, 9, 243-276.
Lanigan, R. L. (1994). Capta versus data: Method and evidence in communicology. Human
Studies, 17, 109-130.
Lederman, L. C. (1990). Assessing educational effectiveness: The focus group interview as a
technique for data collection. Communication Education, 39, 117-127.
Lederman, L. C., Stewart, L. P., & Golubow, M. (with Goodhart, F. W., Powell, R. L., Laitman,
L., & Cattafesta, J. (2001). Using debriefing interviews to collect qualitative data on
dangerous drinking: A case study. Qualitative Research Reports in Communication, 2, 7380.
Leeds-Hurwitz, W. (1984). On the relationship of the “ethnography of speaking” to the
“ethnography of communication.” Papers in Linguistics, 17, 7-32.
Lemish, P. S., & Lemish, D. (1982). A guide to the literature of qualitative research. Journal of
Broadcasting, 26, 839-846.
Lindlof, T. R. (1991). The qualitative study of media audiences. Journal of Broadcasting &
Electronic Media, 35, 23-42.
Lindlof, T. R., & Grodin, D. (1990). When media can’t be observed: Some problems and tactics
of collaborative audience research. Journal of Communication, 40(4), 8-28.
Lindlof, T. R., & Shatzer, M. J. (1998). Media ethnography in virtual space: Strategies, limits,
and possibilities. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 42, 170-189.
Liska, J., & Cronkhite, G. (1994). On the death, dismemberment, or disestablishment of the
dominant paradigms. Western Journal of Communication, 58, 58-65.
Lotz, A. D. (2000). Assessing qualitative television audience research: Incorporating feminist
and anthropological theoretical innovation. Communication Theory, 10, 447-467.
Lowry, J. (1981). Theorising “Observation.” Communication and Cognition, 14(1), 7-23.
Litton-Hawes, E. M. (1977). A foundations for the study of everyday talk. Communication
Quarterly, 25(3), 2-11.
Lunt, P., & Livingstone, S. M. (1996). Rethinking the focus group in media and communication
research. Journal of Communication, 46(2), 79-98.
Miller, G. R. (1975). Humanistic and scientific approaches to speech communication inquiry:
Rivalry, redundancy, or rapprochement. Western Speech Communication Journal, 39, 230239.
Murphy, P. D., & Kraidy, M. M. (2003). International communication, ethnography, and the
challenge of globalization. Communication Theory, 13, 304-323.
Nelson, C. K. (1994). Ethnomethodological positions on the use of ethnographic data in
conversation analytic research. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 23, 307-329.
Nelson, S. (1998). Intersections of eros and ethnography. Text and Performance Quarterly, 18, 121.
Nightingale, V. (1989). What’s ethnographic about ethnographic audience research? Australian
Journal of Communication, 16, 50-63
Nofsinger, R. E., Jr. (1977). A peek at conversation analysis. Communication Quarterly, 25(3),
12-20.
Pauly, J. J. (1991). A beginner’s guide to doing qualitative research in mass communication.
Journalism Monographs, 125.
Pearce, W. B. (1977). Naturalistic study of communication: Its function and form.
Communication Quarterly, 25(3), 51-56.
Peterson, E. E., & Langellier, K. M. (1997). The politics of personal narrative methodology. Text
and Performance Quarterly, 17, 135-152.
Philipsen, G. (1977). Linearity of research design in ethnographic studies of speaking.
Communication Quarterly, 25(3), 42-50.
Philipsen, G. (1982). The qualitative case study as a strategy in communication inquiry.
Communicator, 12, 4-12.
Philipsen, G. (1989/1990). Some initial thoughts on the perils of “critique” in ethnography.
Research on Language and Social Interaction, 23, 251-260.
Philipsen, G. (1991). Two issues in the evaluation of ethnographic studies of communicative
practices. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 77, 327-329.
Philipsen, G., & Carbaugh, D. (1986). A bibliography of fieldwork in the ethnography of
communication. Language in Society, 15, 387-397.
Petronio, S. (Ed.). (1994). The dialogue of evidence: A topic revisited [Special issue]. Western
Journal of Communication, 58(1), 1-71.
Pomerantz, A. (1990). Conversation analytic claims. Communication Monographs, 57, 231-235.
Potter, W. J., Cooper, R., & Dupagne. The three paradigms of mass media research in
mainstream communication journals. Communication Theory, 3, 317-335.
Putnam, L. L., Bantz, C., Deetz, S., Mumby, D., & Van Maanen, J. (1993). Ethnography versus
critical theory: Debating organizational research. Journal of Management Inquiry, 2, 221235.
Rees, N. S., & Gerber, S. (1992). Ethnography and communication: Social-role relations. Topics
in Language Disorders, 12(3), 15-27.
Rushing, J. H. (1984). Combining qualitative research with the teaching of interpersonal
communication. Communication Education, 33, 361-370.
Schoening, G. T., & Anderson, J. A. (1995). Social action media studies: Foundational
arguments and common premises. Communication Theory, 5, 93-116.
Shields, D. C. (2000). Symbolic convergence and special communication theories: Sensing and
examining dis/enchantment with the theoretical robustness of critical autoethnography.
Communication Monographs, 67, 392-421.
Sigman, S. J. (1984). Communication ethnography and communication theory: Some technical
notes. Papers in Linguistics, 17, 33-42.
Slack, J. D., & Allor, M. (1983). The political and epistemological constituents of critical
communication research. Journal of Communication, 33, 208-218.
Strine, M. S. (1992). Understanding “how things work”: Sexual harassment and academic
culture. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 20, 391-400.
Strine, M. S., & Pacanowsky, M. E. (1985). How to read interpretive accounts of organizational
life: Narrative bases of textual authority. Southern Speech Communication Journal, 50, 283297.
Supriya, K. E. (2001). Evocation of and enactment in Apna Gah: Performing ethnographic selfreflexivity. Text and Performance Quarterly, 21, 225-246.
Tompkins, P. K. (1994). Principles of rigor for assessing evidence in “qualitative”
communication research. Western Journal of Communication, 58, 44-50.
Tracy, K. (1995). Action-imperative discourse analysis. Journal of Language and Social
Psychology, 14, 195-215.
Waitzkin, H. (1993). Interpretive analysis of spoken discourse: Dealing with the limitations of
quantitative and qualitative methods. Southern Communication Journal, 58, 128-146.
Warren, C. A. B. (1984). Toward a cooptive model of qualitative research. Communication
Quarterly, 32, 104-112.
West, J. (1993). Ethnography and ideology: The politics of cultural representation. Western
Journal of Communication, 57, 209-220.
Wood, J. T. (1992). Telling our stories: Narratives as a basis for theorizing sexual harassment.
Journal of Applied Communication Research, 20, 349-362.
Zelizer, B. (1993). Journalists as interpretive communities. Critical Studies in Mass
Communication, 10, 291-237.