National Journal of Chemistry,2007, Volume 27,483-490
‫المجلد السابع والعشرون‬-7002-‫المجلة القطرية للكيمياء‬
Improved Mechanical Properties of New Melamine
Prepared Resins
Saja S. Jabbar Al-Taweel
Haider A. Jamel
Laith S. Jassim
College of Science
College of Education
College of Education
University of Al – Qadissia
(NJC)
(Receivedon 3/12/2006) (Accepted for publication on 10/7 /2007)
Abstract
The melamine resin has a good chemical properties against alcoholic and water
solutions but it has a very long time of reaction and curing. The period of reaction by
could be rapid the reaction between urea – melamine to improve the functionality and
adhesion then improve the mechanical property of melamine resin only .
Five mass ratios of urea to melamine (U:M) and melamine to formaldehyde
(M:F) were prepared as (2:50,4:50,6:50,8:50,10:50) (1:9,2:8,3:7,4:6,5:5) gm/gm at
different operation conditions of temperature (20-110oC ), mass ratio (1-10) , and time
of reaction ( 1-3 hrs). by using a design reaction system of nitrogen and reflux. The
drying system was applied to the prepared adhesives and then check the optimum
conditions of preparation on the testing properties .
The results indicated that optimum mass ratio which gave an optimum
mechanical properties is 6:50 (U:M) , and 3:7 (M:F). The impact load is 9 J/cm for
(U:M) and 12 J/cm (M:F), compression load is 0.5 kN/Cm (M:U), 0.8 kN/Cm (M:F),
tensile load 42 dyne /cm (M:U) and 97 dyne /cm (M:F),and bending load of 2.3 mm
and 2.2 mm for (M:U) and respectively (M:F).
483
National Journal of Chemistry,2007, Volume 27,483-490
‫المجلد السابع والعشرون‬-7002-‫المجلة القطرية للكيمياء‬
‫الخالصة‬
‫إن الصق الميالمين يمتلك خواص كيمياوية جيدد ددد الملاليدل الكلوليدة والرطوبدة لكدن يمتلدك‬
‫زمدن إضددداو طويددل لمددن الممكددن تلدديرل وتدددبين التوابددل لددين اليوريددا والميالمدين مددن اجددل تلسددين الددر‬
.‫وااللتصاق وليما بعد تلسين الخواص الميكاضيكية لالصق الميالمين‬
) U:M ‫وزضيد د د م د ددن اليوري د ددا إلد د د الميالم د ددين‬
‫وزضيد ددة مد ددن الميالمد ددين ال د د الوورمالدي ايد ددد‬
‫خلط د ددا‬
‫خلطد ددا‬
‫تطلي د ددق خمد د د‬
‫ت د ددن لد د د لد د د ا البلد د د‬
‫ ) وخم د د‬10:50 ،8:50 ،6:50 ،4:50 ، 2:50
)110oC ‫( بضددد وددروغ تشددميلية مختلوددة للتلدددير محددل درجددة الل درار‬1:9,2:8,3:7,4:6,5:5)(M:F)
‫ تدن تطليددق ضودان تجويد‬. ‫) و لددك باسدتخدان مضوومددة توابدل مصدممة ل د ا المدر‬3 -1hr ‫وزمدن توابدل‬
‫خاص ل ل اللواصق الملدر حن يتبع لك التأكد من محالية الوروغ المسدتخدمة بلد الخدواص الملسدضة‬
‫( تمتلددك خ دواص‬M:F)(3:7)‫( و‬U:M) ) 6:50 ‫الضتدداال إن الخ دواص الميكاضيكيددة للخلطددة‬
‫ خد د د د د د د د د د دواص االضد د د د د د د د د د ددما‬،
‫بحلت د‬
‫لي د‬
(12J/cm)(M:F)‫متتالي د د د د د د د د د ددة لخد د د د د د د د د د دواص الص د د د د د د د د د دددمة‬
(M:U)(42dyne/Cm) ‫ خد د د د د د د د د دواص الش د د د د د د د د ددد‬،(M:F)(0.8kN/cm)،(M:U)(0.5kN/cm)‫بض د د د د د د د د ددد‬
.(M:F) ‫( لد‬2.2mm) ‫( و‬M:U) ‫( لد‬2.3mm) ‫( ومعامل اضلضاء بضد‬97dyne/cm)(M:F)‫و‬
Introduction
Industrial adhesive containing
producible
melamine–formaldehyde
steps of hydroxymethyllation, low PH
(MF)
water
soluble
resin
of
melamine–formaldehyde through four
and
urea -formaldehyde (UF) cross linking
condensation
have been used for over fifty years
rearrangement reaction (7) Mark was
where this types of adhesive are
improved the adhesion between the
provided in liquid or and are composed
fibers (whether they are wet or dry) by
of monomeric and oligomeric species
using the excess of formaldehyde to
containing
functionality
melamine with about 3 mole F/1 mole
including amino , methylol , and alkoxy
M where 2 mole bound into colloid and
species , to form a three dimensional
1 mole free .On the other hand pick
polymer adhesive films (1-4). Vaughn
Study the application of both urea and
and co-workers (5) have evaluated a
formaldehyde with melamine in molded
new commercially MF and verified its
structure.
enhanced
reactive
reactivity
high
PH
lower
The properties of urea-melamine
temperture cure response, other workers
of thermoset structure give unique
(6) try to design a reaction mixture of
combination
melamine and additive to give rapid low
which are un matched by any other
temperture cross linking by the using
plastic raw material in the same price
alcoholic
,
range making it ideal for wide range of
ethanol , and butanol (6). Developed
application practically in domestic field
such
as
and
and
methanol
484
of
molded
properties
National Journal of Chemistry,2007, Volume 27,483-490
‫المجلد السابع والعشرون‬-7002-‫المجلة القطرية للكيمياء‬
(1-3) .A new development melamine
melamine
resin to resistance water by the addition
properties (5) .The reaction between
of urea resin (4) others are used urea to
melamine and urea is (6) :
improve
the
flexural
strength
and
other
mechanical
of
H 2C
H 2N
N
CH2
N
NH 2
N
N
CH 2
H 2C
+
N
HCHO
N
N
N
NH 2
N
CH2
H 2C
Figure: A
The Aim of Present Work:
The aim of this to improve the
Procedure:
chemical and mechanical properties of
melamine resin by the use of Urea,
The raw materials are applied to
formaldehyde and other very cheep
a design section system of (1L) three
additive material.
neck end with reflux and under inert
ambient by nitrogen flow rate where the
Experimental Part:
basis of adhesive such as urea and
Materials:
melamine was reacted as the reaction
1. Melamine of white standard
indicated in theoretical section (fig A).
grade general powder
Five mass ratio of mixing
supplied by BDH Company.
applied
2. Flower (commercially).
to
the
reaction
system
continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR)
3. Urea (Industrial).
until the temperature of reaction reach
4. Formaldehyde liquid (37%)
(110ºC) let stay for
concentration.
(1: 5) half
hours then applied the very cheep
5. Wood available (cut pieces) at
additive hardener of flower and other
a specified dimensions.
material
485
to
quick
solidified
the
National Journal of Chemistry,2007, Volume 27,483-490
‫المجلد السابع والعشرون‬-7002-‫المجلة القطرية للكيمياء‬
produced adhesive film between two
cured the crosslink adhesives by heat ,
sheets of wood , then this film joints
where table (1) indicate the experiments
cured at (150ºC) for (1 hr) in order to
mixtures applied to the plywood joints.
Table (1): Experimental mixtures used in this work
No. of
Exp.
Melamine (g)
Formaldehyde(g)
Urea(g)
2
2
1
50:9
50:8
50:7
50:6
50:5
1
2
3
4
5
2
4
6
8
10
1
1
2
3
4
5
Ratio
F/M
Ratio U/M
1:9
2:8
3:7
4:6
5:5
2:50
4:50
6:50
8:50
10:50
Properties:
1.
3. Procedure:
It could notice the below term:
Impact,
Mechanical properties :
The mechanical properties of
Bending,
Compression
were
Tensile
applied
A. use clean wood sheet in order
and
to
to
the
adjust
the
functionality
occurred.
prepared specimen according to the
B. Good stirring for reaction
procedure of ASTM :
mixture in order to homogenate
(i). Impact Test:
the reaction.
By charpy impact tester
C. enough time for reaction and
according to (ISo-179).
crosslinking of structure.
(ii). Bending Test:
By applied three points
Results and Discussion:
bending test, due to (ASTM-D790).
Mechanical - adhesion properties:
(iii). Tensile Test:
A. Impact Test (J/cm):
By Zweigle tester due to
Figure (1) show the effect of
(D-560) ASTM.
urea resin on the impact load of new
(iv). Compression Test:
melamine prepared film, the impact load
By Hydraulic piston type
resistance increased with increasing the
due to slandered (ASTM-D695).
amount of urea used and the melamine
2. Chemical Properties:
To check the chemical resistance
of above adhesive, the resistance to
moisture and chemical solutions were
applied (8, 9).
bonding reason (M:U). This may be
attributed to the reason indicated by the
reason indicated by Skeist (10).
486
‫المجلد السابع والعشرون‬-7002-‫المجلة القطرية للكيمياء‬
National Journal of Chemistry,2007, Volume 27,483-490
Figure (2) indicates that the
bonding resin and resistance to distortion
resistance to impact load is increased
load , where the resistance to distortion
with increasing the additive of melamine
is increased with increasing of melamine
bonding resin until reach optimum
bonding resin until reach the optimum
mixing value at 3:7 (M:F) (12 J/cm) the
value (97 dyne/cm) at 3:7 (M:F) this
continuous addition of melamine bound
may be
into collide adhesive film, increase the
indicated (8).
functionality
D. Compression Test KN/cm:
between
adhesive
and
wood sheets (8).
attributed
to
the
reasons
Figure (7) shows the effect of
melamine
B. Bending Test (mm):
Figure (3) shows the relation
bonding
resin
on
the
compressed load applied, the resistance
between resistance to distortion load and
is
amount of melamine bonding resin and
melamine bonding resin until reach
this relation stated that the distortion is
optimum value at 0.5 KN/cm. This
increased with increasing amount of the
relation is increased due to the reason
melamine bonding resin until reach 6:50
above (10).
(2.3mm) (M:U) then it failur due to
increased
with
increasing
the
Figure (8) stated the relation
reason stated by Skeist (10).
between melamine bonding resin and the
Figure (4) indicated that the
compressed load,
the
resistance
is
resistance to distortion is increased with
increased with increasing melamine
increasing additive of melamine bonding
bonding resin until reach the optimum
resin until reach optimum value at 3:7
value (0.8kN/cm) at 3:7 (M:F) then
(M:F) (2.2mm) and this agreement with
continuous to increase with increasing
the result obtained (8).
additive ratio, this may be due to reason
indicated (8).
C. Tensile Test dyne/cm:
Figure (5) stated the effect of
melamine bonding resin on the distortion
Conclusion:
load of tensile , the resistance is
1. The adhesive film 6:50 (M:U)
decreased with increasing melamine
have optimum mechanical
bonding resin until reach the value of 42
properties.
dyne/cm then it increased this may be
2. The Newer adhesives are cheep
sharply due to reason indicated by Skiest
and have a good mechanical
(10).
properties.
Figure (6) shows the relation
between weight ratio of melamine
487
‫المجلد السابع والعشرون‬-7002-‫المجلة القطرية للكيمياء‬
National Journal of Chemistry,2007, Volume 27,483-490
3.5
3.5
3
2.5
2.5
Impact
(KN)
Impact
(J/cm)
Impact (KN)
3
2
2
1.5
1.5
1
1
0.5
0.52
4
2
6
4
8
6
8
10
10
12
12
weight of additives(gm)
weight of additives(gm)
Figure (1): Additive of (M:U)
16
16
Impact (KN)
Impact (J/cm)
(KN)
Impact
14
14
12
12
10
10
8
6
8
6
1
1
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
weight of additives (g)
weight of additives (g)
6
6
Figure (2): Additive of (M:F)
3.5
3.5
Bending Load (mm)
Bending Load (mm)
3
3
2.5
2.5
2
2
1.5
1.5
1
1
0.5
0.5
2
2
4
4
6
8
10
6
8
10
w eight of additive (gm)
w eight of additive (gm)
Figure (3): Additive of (M:U)
488
12
12
National Journal of Chemistry,2007, Volume 27,483-490
‫المجلد السابع والعشرون‬-7002-‫المجلة القطرية للكيمياء‬
2.8
2.8
Bending load (mm)
Bending load (mm)
2.5
2.5
2.2
2.2
1.9
1.9
1.6
1.6
1.3
1.3
1
1
1
2
1
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
additive of weights (g)
additive of weights (g)
6
6
Figure (4): Additive of (M:F)
125
125
tensile load (dyne)
Tensile
(dyne/cm)
Load
tensile
load
(dyne)
110
110
95
95
80
80
65
65
50
50
35
35
20
20
2
4
2
4
6
8
10
6
8
10
w eight of additives (gm )
w eight of additives (gm )
12
12
Figure (5): Additive of (M:U)
Tensile
load (dyne)
Tensile
Load
Tensile
load(dyne/cm)
(dyne)
135
135
120
120
105
105
90
90
75
75
60
60
1
1
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
weight of additives (g)
weight ofFi
additives (g)
gure (6): Additive of (M:F)
489
6
6
‫المجلد السابع والعشرون‬-7002-‫المجلة القطرية للكيمياء‬
National Journal of Chemistry,2007, Volume 27,483-490
compression
(KN)
Compression
(kN/cm)
compression
(KN)
1.1
1.1
0.9
0.9
0.7
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.3
0.1
0.1
2
4
2
4
6
6
8
10
10
8
12
12
weight
of additives (gm)
weight of additives (gm)
Figure (7): Additive of (M:U)
Compression (KN)
Compression (kN/cm)
Compression
(KN)
1.1
1.1
0.9
0.9
0.7
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.3
0.1
0.1
1
1
2
2
3
4
5
3
4
5
weight
of
additives
(g)
weight of additives (g)
6
6
Figure (8): Additive of (M:F)
7.
H.A. Gardener, Paint Testing
Manual, 13th Ed, ASTM press
Philadelphian, 1972.
8. San Dicge , Plastics , Inc ,
CA, 2004.
9. Manufacturing
and
rehabilitation of guard–rall
posts using composites for
superior performance, thesis
by Rakeshk, 2000.
10. A.A.Skiest, Technology of
wood bonding, New York,
chapter 3-6, 1993.
490
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2. W.H.G.Schoea. Belg.Pat.BE,
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