SSN Histology: Spring Practice Practical
Thursday, May 19, 2005
1. The activity of this cell is NOT regulated by which of the following hormones?
a. parathyroid hormone
b. insulin
c. calcitonin
d. Vitamin D
2. All of the following are characteristics of the trachea (or tissue at the pointer)
EXCEPT:
a. a pseudostratified columnar epithelium
b. cartilage rings
c. goblet cells
d. a primarily microvillus border
e. a, b, c and d are all characteristics of the trachea
3. The cells surrounding the cell at the pointer are known as _________ and
one of their functions is ___________.
a. schwann cells, electrical insulation
b. satellite cells, electrical insulation
c. satellite cell, myelin production
d. oligodendrocytes, electrical insulation
4. What is secreted by the cell located at the pointer?
a. intrinsic factor
b. hydrochloric acid
c. pepsinogen
d. both a and b
e. all of the above
5. Which of the following is/are true about the cells at the pointer?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Store hormone precursors
Conduct impulses through the heart
Are hypertrophied cardiac muscle fibers
all of the above
both b & c
6. The pointer is designating the __________. During contraction it will __________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
A-band; shorten
A-band; not change in length
Z-band; shorten
Z-band; not change in length
7. Which of the following is NOT true about the structure at the pointer?
a. It receives nutrients via diffusion from synovial fluid.
b. It is covered by perichondrium.
c. Its staining properties are due, in part, to the presence of GAGs.
d. The collagen II it contains causes the slightly eosinophilic appearance of the tissue at
the pointer
8. The duct at the pointer is specialized to
a.
b.
c.
d.
absorb sodium
secrete bicarbonate
secrete cholecystokinin
secrete at the pyloric sphincter
9. Which of the following is true about the structure at the pointer?
a. It synthesizes and secretes androgens.
b. It synthesizes thryoid hormone.
c. It produces the enzyme aromatase.
d. It is a secondary follicle
10. Which of the following is a correct pairing of the structure at the pointer and its
secretory product?
a. mucous cells: mucins (glycosylated proteins)
b. serous gland: glycoproteins, bacteriostatic proteins
c. intercalated duct: bicarbonate fluid.
d. centroacinar cell: glycoproteins.
11. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the cell at the pointer?
a. It is filled with granules containing epinephrine
b. It has the enzyme PMNT (phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase)
c. It is found in the adrenal medulla
d. It is found in the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex
12. The cell at the pointer does which of the following?
a. Release histaminase
b. Release Slow-Reacting Substance
c. Engulf antigen-antibody complexes
d. A and C
e. All of the above
13. Name 2 structures that account for differences between fluid here and the blood of the
systemic circulation.
a. podocytes, macula densa
b. podocytes, glomerular basement membrane
c. juxtaglomerular cells, macula densa
d. juxtaglomerular cells, glomerular basement membrane
14. All of the following are true of the cell at the pointer EXCEPT:
a. It is multinucleated.
b. It is non-mitotic.
c. It may be destroyed in the lung.
d. It is derived from a cell type that is almost completely absent at
the stage represented.
15. What cell type is this and what is its function?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Clara cell, secretes surface-active agent
smooth muscle cell, structural support
type I pneumocyte, lines the alveolus
type II pneumocyte, secretes surfactant
16. Which of these hormones is secreted by the cell at the pointer?
a.
b.
c.
d.
testosterone
FSH
oxytocin
androgen-binding protein
17. Which is NOT true of the cell at the pointer?
a. exhibits endochondral ossification
b. is undergoing mitosis
c. is participating in interstitial growth
d. is developing directly on membrane
e. has not yet undergone hypertrophy
18. Which of the following statements (is) are TRUE?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The organ in this field is the posterior pituitary
The cell at the pointer is a basophil
The cell at the pointer secretes growth hormone or prolactin
The cell at the pointer secretes ACTH, TSH, LH or FSH
Both b and d are TRUE
19. Which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. Pointer is on juxtaglomerular cells
b. Pointer is on macula densa cells
c. the secretory product released by the indicated cells converts angiotensinogen to
angiotensin
d. The indicated cells are associated with afferent arterioles
20. The structure at the pointer is a(n) __________, it's located in the __________ layer,
and its ducts terminate in the __________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
sebaceous gland, hypodermis, stratum granulosum
eccrine sweat gland, dermis, stratum granulosum
eccrine sweat gland, dermis, stratum corneum
sebaceous gland, hypodermis, stratum corneum
21.What do cells in this part of the organ produce?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Epinephrine
Glucocorticoids
ACTH
Mineralocorticoids
22.What is NOT a function or special modification of this epithelium?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Impenetrable barrier to H20
Thicker plasma membrane than most other cells
Modified tubular or vesicular mitochondria
Distendable while maintaining an intact surface structure
23. Which of the following structures are contained within the layer at the pointer?
a. chief cells
b. Brunner's glands
c. tubuloalveolar glands
d. none of the above
24. The following differences exist across the juncture shown on the slide EXCEPT:
a. continuous lining of mucous cells in the epithelium –vs- individual goblet cells in the
epithelium
b. pit glands –vs- villi
c. von Ebner’s glands –vs- Brunner’s glands
d. enteroendocrine cells are present in the organs on both sides of this juncture
25. Which of the following are modifications that structure A makes to the fluid flowing
through it?
I. reabsorption of glucose
II. secretion of organic anions
III. secretion of Na+
IV. reabsorption of H2O
a. I and IV
b. I, III and IV
c. I, II and IV
d. II and III
26. The lumen to the right of the pointer is what structure?
a.respiratory bronchiole
b.primary bronchus
c.alveolus
d.exocrine duct
27. Which of the following statements does NOT pertain to the structure at the pointer:
a.
b.
c.
d.
It receives no innervation and is avascular.
It is suspended by zonular fibers.
It is suspended by ciliary bodies.
Its cells lose their nuclei during differentiation.
28. Which of the following is NOT secreted by this organ?
a.
b.
c.
d.
lipase
bicarbonate
secretin
trypsinogen
29. All of the following is true of the tissue in the region of the pointer EXCEPT:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
functions in strong, quick, involuntary movement.
the tissue is striated
the tissue contains intercalated discs but is not organized into sarcomeres
contains cells with central nucleii
contains cells that are electrically coupled
30. The cell at the pointer:
a. is stimulated by prolactin.
b. is stimulated by oxytocin.
c. is stimulated by estrogen and progesterone to secrete colostrum.
d. secretes IgA.
31. What stain is being used in this slide and what does it stain?
a.
b.
c.
d.
PAS and carbohydrates
PAS and nucleic acids
H&E and nucleic acids
H&E and carbohydrates
32. The cell at the pointer:
a. Is a stage in the formation of granulocytes
b. Owes its acidophilia to the presence of granules
c. Is the last stage of mitosis for the erythrocyte series
d. A and B
33. One of the principle functions of the tissue at the pointer is:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Testosterone production
Sperm storage
Seminal fluid production
Sperm production
34. All of the following can be found in the tissue at the pointer EXCEPT:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Endothelial Cells
Pituicytes
Collagen
Herring Bodies
Non-myelinated axons
35. The main function of the structure at the pointer is to
a.
b.
c.
d.
transport nutrients and oxygen to epithelial cells.
increase surface area for nutrient reabsorption.
allow for sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.
transport absorbed dietary lipid and protein to larger lymphatic vessels.
36. Functionally (not structurally), the item at the pointer is most similar to
a. goblet cells.
b. the parotid gland.
c. Kupffer cells.
d. the thoracic duct.
37. The part of the lymph node at the pointer contains mostly:
a. Macrophages
b. B cells/plasmablasts
c. T Cells
d. Basophils
38. The product of this cell:
a.
b.
c.
d.
stimulates protein synthesis
causes the liver to break down glycogen
stimulates glycolysis
lowers blood sugar
39. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of this tissue at this phase?
a.
b.
c.
d.
tissue edema
active glandular epithelium
regulation primarily by estrogens
none of the above
40. What is the function of the structure at the pointer?
a.
b.
c.
d.
senses light touch
pain and temperature sensation
deep pressure and vibration sense
increases rate of neuronal transmission
41. Which of the following is true of this structure?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
It is necessary for maintenance of pregnancy for the first 6-8 weeks
It contains mitochondria with tubulo-vesicular cristae
It is the primary ovarian source of Progesterone
both a and c
all of the above
42. This tissue does NOT contain:
a. epithelial-reticular cells
b. macrophages
c. blood vessels
d. afferent lymph vessels
e. efferent lymph vessels
43. The product of this cell
a. is stimulated by TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone).
b. is secreted in response to high calcium levels.
c. is iodinated.
d. is secreted in response to low calcium levels.
44. Examples of the following are visible in this field of view, EXCEPT
a.
b.
c.
d.
neurilemmal sheath
connective tissue
oligodendrocyte
myelin
45. This tissue functions in:
a. education of T cells.
b. blood filtration.
c. immune responses against blood-borne pathogens.
d. both b and c.
e. bile production.
46. In the space at the pointer, there are all of the following EXCEPT:
a.
b.
c.
d.
adipose cells that stores Vitamin A
red blood cells
irregular microvillous processes
secreted proteins and lipoproteins from hepatocyte
47. The cell at the pointer:
a.
b.
c.
d.
secretes a hormone that inhibits bone resorption of calcium
is an oxyphil cell
secretes a hormone that increases phosphate levels in urine
synthesizes thyroglobulin
48. The region surrounding the pointer:
a.
b.
c.
d.
has a prominent muscularis
functions to expel fluid
is a site of spermatozoa storage
a and b
49. The appearance of these mucosal folds are characteristic of:
a.
b.
c.
d.
a full bladder
pregnancy
mid-menstrual cycle
celiac disease
50. The epithelium at the pointer is significant because it:
a. secretes hormones at the basolateral surface
b. allows transcytosis of immunoglobulins
c. contains blood vessels
d. transduces angular acceleration
ANSWER KEY
1. B - (EM #44 of osteoclast from bone lab, online atlas) Parathyroid hormone and
1,25(OH)2D induce osteoblasts to produce an osteoclast differentiating factor, cytokines
and hormones that affect osteoclast activity. Calcitonin is a potent inhibitor of bone
reabsorption by osteoclasts via its inhibition of parathyroid hormone.
2. D - (slide 88 – trachea/esophagus, pointer on epithelium) The trachea is characterized
by: c-shaped cartilage rings, pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with goblet cells, and
glands in the submucosa. (d) NOTE: the trachea has cilia and microvilli.
3. B - (slide 83 – thoracic sympathetic ganglion, pointer on nerve cell body) One
Schwann cell forms the myelin sheath of one neuron in the PNS. One oligodendocyte
forms the myelin sheath of multiple cells in the CNS. Myelin sheaths are lipid wrappings
that facilitate conduction. Satellite cells are similar to Schwann cells, except they don't
make myelin. They surround the cell bodies of ganglia in the ANS and are responsible
for maintaining a stable chemical microenvironment around the neuron. They provide
electrical insulation as well as a pathway for metabolic exchanges.
4. D - (slide 34 - stomach, pointer on parietal cell)
5. E - (slide 19 - pointer on Purkinje fibers) Purkinje fibers are hypertrophied cardiac
muscle fibers that are specialized for conduction rather than contraction. They branch
from the AV bundle of His to innervate the ventricles. Located in the endocardium,
Purkinje fibers stain pale pink due to the presence of glycogen in their sarcoplasm.
6. B - (EM, #2 from muscle lab, online atlas. pointer delimiting A-band) Common bands
seen in striated muscle include:
* A-band: total myosin; mostly partial overlap of actin and myosin (appears as dark band)
* H-band: myosin not overlapping actin (appears as a light zone bisecting A band)
* I-band: actin not overlapping myosin (appears as light band)
* Z-band: in center of I-band from which actin extends (appears as a dark line bisecting Iband)
With contraction, actin and myosin interdigitation increases. The A-band remains the
same length but the H and I bands will both decrease in length.
7. B - (slide 95 - pointer on articular cartilage, at distal edge which contains a lot of
eosinophilic collagen II) This is a diarthrodial joint:
* Although perichondrium covers the lateral edges of the cartilage, no perichondrium
surrounds the articular surfaces of the joint.
* A synovial membrane attaches to the lateral perichondrium and nourishes the articular
cartilage.
* Hyaline cartilage ground substance contains high concentrations of
glycosaminoglycans, the sulfate groups of which give the matrix its characteristic
basophilia.
* The especially high collagen II content of the articular surfaces gives the distal edge of
the cartilage an eosinophilic appearance.
References: Lab Manual p. 37; Ross 132-135, 151-152.
8. B - (slide 40 – salivary gland, pointer on intercalated duct)
9. C - (slide 61 – ovary, granulosa layer of the Late Primary Follicle) Granulosa cells of
a late primary follicle contain the active enzyme aromatase which converts the androgens
secreted by surrounding theca cells to estrogens. The follicle is not a secondary follicle
yet because the liquor folliculi has not accumulated in its granulosa layer. The ovary may
be differentiated from the thyroid by its central oocyte and the presence of follicles at
different stages of development. The follicles of the thyroid store colloid and are
relatively uniform.
10. B - (slide 5 – trachea, serous gland) The slide shows a serous gland of the trachea.
The trachea does also have mucous glands. (c) Intercalated ducts could be found in the
pancreas, parotid gland, and sublingual gland. (d) Centroacinar cells (duct cells located
inside acinus) are diagnostic of the pancreas.
11. D – (slide 72 – adrenal gland, medulla, pointer at epinephrine cell) Cells in the
adrenal medulla are arranged in clumps surrounded by fenestrated medullary sinusoids.
Fixation with chromate salts in the chromaffin reaction results in differential staining of
two populations of catecholamine-secreting cells—cells that contain epinephrine granules
stain more lightly and are more numerous than the darker-staining norepinephrine cells.
Epinephrine cells contain the enzyme PNMT, which converts norepinephrine to
epinephrine. References: Ross p. 662-3, Costanzo p. 27 & Fig 1-17
12. D – (slide 12 – peripheral blood smear, pointer on eosinophil) The cell at the pointer
is an eosinophil which is characterized by its bilobed nucleus and highly acidophilic
cytoplasm (contains pink granules containing major basic protein). Eosinophils can
engulf antigen-antibody complexes, and they containin histaminase (which neutralizes
action of histamine), and aryl sulfatase (which neutralizes slow reacting substance). (b)
Slow Reacting Substance is released by basophils.
13. B - (slide 50 - Kidney, 100x, pointer on urinary space) The pointer is on the urinary
space—the space between the visceral and parietal layers of Bowman’s capsule. The
urinary space is the receptacle for the plasma filtrate produced by the filtration apparatus
of the renal corpuscle. B is correct. Podocytes are the cells of the visceral layer.
Between their interdigitating foot processes are filtration slits that allow the filtrate from
the blood to enter the urinary space. The Glomerular Basement Membrane acts as a
physical barrier and an ion-selective filter. The macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells
are part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus, which regulates blood pressure and does not
participate in filtration. Therefore, a, c, and d are false.
14. D - (slide 99 of placenta at 4 months, syncytiotrophoblast) Syncytiotrophoblasts
form an outer layer of fused, non-mitotic cells derived from the cytotrophoblasts still
visible central to the syncytiotrophoblasts.
15. D - (slide 105 - Lung, 100x, pointer on type II pneumocyte) Type II pneumocytes are
secretory cells that produce surfactant. Surfactant prevents alveolar collapse by reducing
surface tension. These cells tend to concentrate at septal junctions and “bulge” into the
alveolar lumen. They have apical granules resolved on TEM or in oil referred to as
lamellar bodies. Clara cells are located in the transition from terminal bronchiole to
respiratory bronchiole. They secrete surface-active agent, which helps prevent lumenal
collapse. Smooth muscle cells are located in the bronchioles (from large to respiratory)
and are involved in structural support. Type I pneumocytes are thin, squamous cells that
line most of the surface of the alveoli. These cells are joined to each other and other
alveolar epithelium via gap junctions.
16. D - (slide 56 – Testis, 100x, pointer on Sertoli cell)
* Sertoli cells produce both exocrine and endocrine secretions. Their exocrine function
involves secretion of fluid and androgen-binding protein, a product that concentrates
testosterone in the lumen of the seminiferous tubule. Sertoli cells also secrete the
endocrine hormone inhibin, involved in an FSH feedback loop.
* Testosterone and FSH stimulate Sertoli cells, but are not made within them.
Testosterone is secreted by Leydig cells; FSH by the gonadotropes of the anterior
pituitary.
* Oxytocin is made within the posterior pituitary.
References: Lab Manual pp. 98-99; Ross pp. 598-601 (Pituitary), 639-640, 647-654.
17. D – (slide 8, pointer on cell in zone of proliferation)
* The sample on this slide demonstrates endochondral ossification, focusing in particular
on the epiphyseal plate. During this process (which is characteristic of long bones), a
cartilage model undergoes interstitial growth and is then replaced by bone.
* The zone of proliferation can be identified as a “stacking” of chondrocytes into
prominent rows. The cells in this zone are actively undergoing mitosis, as well as
producing more matrix. The latter of these effects enhances the basophilia of the matrix.
* Bone development directly within/on a mesenchymal membrane is characteristic of
intramembranous ossification, not endochondral. (The name is a clue.  )
References: Lab Manual pp. 39-40; Ross pp. 163-165.
18. C - (slide 73 - Pituitary, H&E – pointer on acidophil) Cells in the anterior pituitary
stain differently based on the content of their secretory granules (see chart below). The
posterior pituitary is composed of unmyelinated axons from hypothalamic neurosecretory
cells that produce ADH and oxytocin. It appears grayish and vacuolated.
Ant. Pit. Staining
Acidophilic (red)
Cell
Somatotroph
lactotroph
Basophilic (blue)
corticotroph
thyrotroph
gonadotroph
References: Ross p. 648-9 (Table 20.2, Fig 20.6)
Hormone
GH
Prl
ACTH
TSH
LH, FSH
19. B - (slide 50 – 100 X – kidney, pointer on juxtaglomerular cells) The pointer is on
juxtaglomerular cells, which are modified smooth muscle cells of the adjacent afferent
arteriole. Therefore, a and d are true and b is false. Juxtaglomerular cells contain
secretory granules that store renin. Renin catalyzes the hydrolysis of circulating
angiotensinogen to produce angiotensin I. Therefore, c is true.
20. C - (slide 4 - skin, volar surface, pointer at eccrine sweat gland) Eccrine sweat glands
are distributed over the entire body. They are simple, coiled glands that regulate body
temperature. They are NOT associated with the hair follicle. Their secretory segment is
located in the deep dermis or in the upper hypodermis. The duct leads to the epidermal
surface, i.e. the stratum corneum. The duct cells are smaller and appear darker than the
cells of the secretory portion of the gland. The gland produces a sweat that is similar in
composition to an ultrafiltrate of blood. Resorption of sodium and water in the duct
system results in the release of hypotonic sweat at the skin surface. Sebaceous glands
secrete sebum that coats the hair and skin surface. Sebum is an oily product of holocrine
secretion. Sebaceous glands are associated with hair follicles.
21. B - (slide 72 - adrenal cortex, zona fasciculata) The zona fasciculata of the adrenal
cortex is composed of large polyhedral cells arranged in columns. In contrast, cells of the
z glomerulosa and z reticularis are smaller, more deeply staining, and arranged in loops
(glomerulosa) or clumps (reticularis).
Adrenal zone
zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis
medulla
Histological features
smaller cells arranged in loops
and arcades 1-2 cells thick
large polyhedral cells arranged in
columns, pale due to lost lipids
smaller, more deeply staining
cells arranged in clumps
clumps of large, vacuolated cells
Hormone product
mineralcortiods (eg.
aldosterone)
glucocorticoids (eg. cortisol)
weak androgens (eg. DHEA)
epinephrine and norepinephrine
22. C - (slide 53 – 40X - ureter, transitional epithelium) The pointer is on transitional
epithelium, which lines all the excretory passages. This special epithelium is essentially
impermeable to salts and water and has the ability to become thinner and flatter, allowing
the distensibility of the lining of the excretory passages. The plasma membrane of these
cells appear thickened because of the presence of plaques on the luminal surface which
fold in when the epithelium is not distended. Therefore a, b, d are true and c is false.
References: Ross p. 665-666.
23. C – (slide 59 prostate, low power, pointer on fibromuscular stroma)
* The fibroelastic stroma of the prostate gland is interspersed with numerous bundles of
smooth muscle (hence the term fibromuscular). 30-50 tubuloalveolar glands, secreting
acid phosphatase, fibrinolysin, and citric acid, are embedded within the stroma.
* Brunner’s glands appear in the submucosa of the small intestine.
* Chief cells are located within the bases of gastric pits in the stomach.
References: Lab Manual p. 100; Ross, pp. 662-664.
24. C – (slide 35 - juncture between stomach and duodenum) A) Stomach epithelial
lining is covered by surface mucous cells, but in the small intestine there are interspersed
goblet cells that increase in number from proximal to distal: lowest number in duodenum
to highest concentration in terminal ileum. B) The stomach has pit glands where parietal
and chief cells are found; the SI has villi which are finger-like extensions of mucosa into
the lumen. C) The duodenum has Brunner’s glands in its submucosal layer. There are
zymogen and mucous secreting cells in these glands, and the secretion is alkaline. Von
Ebner’s glands are entirely serous glands in the tongue. D) Enteroendocrine cells, which
secrete CCK, secretin, and GIP in both stomach and SI. These three hormones increase
pancreatic and gallbladder activity and inhibit gastric secretory function
25. C - (EM of loop of Henle, #10 from urinary system lab, online atlas, proximal tubule
= A, descending thin limb = B, distal tubule = C) Structure “A” is the proximal tubule.
This is the site where approximately 2/3 (67 percent) of water is reabsorbed and 100
percent of glucose is reabsorbed. The proximal tubule also secretes many organic
cations and ions. The proximal tubule absorbs 2/3 of Na+ and therefore all but III are
true.
26. A - (slide 105 – bat lung, pointer on smooth muscle in a respiratory bronchiole)
Respiratory bronchioles are the first part of the bronchial tree that allows gas exchange to
occur. They constitute a transitional zone between air conduction and gas exchange. They
have a narrow diameter and are lined by cuboidal epithelium. Clara cells predominate.
Alveoli extend from their lumen. Support is provided by smooth muscle.
27. C - (pointer at lens of the eye) The pointer is on the lens, which is a transparent
crystalline biconcave structure suspended from the inner surface of the ciliary body by a
ring of radially oriented fibers, the zonular fibers. The lens is avascular, non-innervated
epithelial tissue. Therefore c is wrong.
28. C - (slide 43 - exocrine pancreas) The exocrine pancreas is a serous gland that
secretes enzymes and proenzymes for digestion. The pancreas secretes the proenzymes
trypsinogen, pepsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase as well as amylase, lipase, and
deoxyribonuclease and ribonucleases. Centroacinar cells are at the beginning of
intercalated ducts which secrete fluid rich in bicarbonate and absorb Cl. Secretin is a
regulator of the exocrine pancreas that is secreted by the enteroendocrine cells of the
duodenum.
References: Ross p. 552-555, Fig 17.20a.
29. C - (slide 17, pointer on cardiac muscle) The slide shows cardiac muscle which is
characterized by (a) strong, quick, involuntary movement, (b) striations, (d) cells with
central nuclei, and (e) cells that are electrically coupled. (d) is incorrect because while
cardiac muscle DOES contain intercalated discs (sites of attachment of adjacent cardiac
muscle cells), it also IS organized into sarcomeres. Sarcomeres are the basic contractile
unit of striated muscle (so both skeletal and cardiac are arranged into sarcomeres; smooth
muscle, however, is organized with diffuse contractile elements in the cytoplasm).
30. B – (slide 70 of breast, myoepithelial cell) The myoepithelial cells at the pointer are
stimulated by oxytocin to contract and eject milk from the alveoli and ducts.
31. A - (slide 103 - kidney, PAS, 40X) The periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction stains
carbohydrates and carbohydrate-rich macromolecules. The basement membranes are
PAS positive, as evidenced by deep pink staining of these sites. The kidney tubules are
sharply delineated by the stained surrounding basement membrane. The glomerular
capillaries and the epithelium of Bowman’s Capsule also show PAS-positive basement
membranes. Therefore A is correct.
32. C – (slide 14 – bone marrow section, pointer on polychromatic erythroblast) The
slide shows a polychromatic erythroblast which is (c) the last stage of mitosis for the
erythrocyte series. Polychromatic erythroblasts are characterized by a highly
heterochromatic nucleus. They also have purple/lilac cytoplasm because the cell contains
a combination of hemoglobin (acidophilic) and ribosomes (basophilic).
33. B - (slide 56 - Pointer on epididymis)
* Especially at high power, the epididymis can be identified by pseudostratified columnar
epithelium with stereocilia facing the sperm-filled lumen. The epididymis stores sperm,
drains the testis via the efferent ducts, and then drains into the vas deferens.
* Fructose-rich seminal fluid is produced & secreted by the seminal vesicles.
* Leydig cells within the testis synthesize & secrete testosterone.
* Sperm begin development in the seminiferous tubules.
References: Lab Manual pp. 98-99; Ross 639-641, 655-662.
34. C - (slide 74 - Pointer on posterior pituitary) The posterior pituitary is composed of
unmyelinated axons from hypothalamic neurosecretory cells that produce ADH and
oxytocin. Herring bodies are large swellings along the axon which are sites of storage and
degredation of neurotransmitters. Nuclei visible in the posterior pituitary belong to
pituicytes (glial cells) and endothelia. The posterior pituitary is an extension of the CNS.
Collagen is not found in the CNS, but it is present in the PNS.
References: Ross p. 650-1.
35. D – (slide 102 – small intestine, pointer on lacteal) A lacteal is a central blind-ending
lymphatic capillary in the lamina propria of the villus of the small intestine.
36. A – (slide 55 – penile urethra, pointer on glands of Littre) The glands of Littre
secrete mucus and appear as recesses in the lumen of the penile urethra. The parotid
gland is purely serous; it does not secrete mucus. Kupffer cells are macrophages within
the hepatic sinusoids, and the thoracic duct conveys lymph from most of the body toward
veins on the left side.
References: Lab Manual p. 100; Ross p. 583.
37. B – (slide 23 – lymph node – pointer on secondary germinal center) A secondary
germinal center appears after an antigen is encountered and it is an area where B cells are
undergoing proliferation. The lighter staining area of the germinal center contains
plasmablasts.
38. B - (slide 43 – pancreas, pointer on red alpha cell in islet of langerhans) The
cytoplasm of cells in the pancreatic Islets of Langerhans stain differently based on their
secretory product.
Islet Staining Hormone Hormone effect
Stimulation
cell
Α
Red
glucagon raises blood sugar (stimulates
low glucose levels,
glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, sympathetic, and
stimulates lipolysis and ketogenesis) parasympathetic
stimulation
Β
Blue
insulin
lowers blood sugar (stimulates
high glucose levels and
glucose oxidation, stimulates amino parasympathetic
acid uptake and protein synthesis,
stimulation
inhibits gluconeogenesis, inhibits
lipolysis)
39. C - (slide 66 – uterus, secretory stage) In the secretory stage the uterus exhibits tissue
edema and active glandular secretion. Most mitoses occur in the proliferative phase
distinguishable from the secretory phase by the absence of conspicuous glands in the
stratum functionale. The secretory stage is primarily regulated by progesterone while the
proliferative phase is primarily regulated by estrogens.
40. C - (slide 4 – skin, volar surface, pointer at Pacinian corpuscle) Pacinian corpuscles
are deep pressure receptors for Mechanical and Vibratory Pressure. They are large ovoid
structures found in the deeper dermis and hypodermis. They are composed of a
myelinated nerve ending surrounded by a capsule structure (onion appearance).
41. E - (slide 64 – ovary, corpus luteum of pregnancy) The corpus luteum of pregnancy
maintains the pregnancy by suppressing menses with estrogen and progesterone
secretion. As in any steroid producing cell, the mitochondria have tubulo-vesicular
cristae.
42. D - (slide 26 – thymus, child or rabbit – free to move pointer) The thymus contains
epithelial-reticular cells (non-phagocytic cells involved in T-cell education),
macrophages, and efferent lymph vessels (a,b, and e). However, the thymus has NO
lymph nodes, NO reticular fibers, and NO afferent lymph vessels (d). Also remember
that blood vessels in the thymus are surrounded by a blood-thymic barrier.
43. B - (slide 106 – thyroid, pointer at parafollicular cell) Parafollicular cells of the
thyroid contain dark staining granules of calcitonin, which inhibits osteoclasts and is
secreted in response to high blood calcium. Follicular cells are adjacent to the follicles
and are stimulated by TSH to secrete T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (thiiodothyronin). These
hormones are formed by the coupling of iodinated tyrosine residues.
44. C - (slide 80 – cross sectional view of peripheral nerve, medium power) This view is
of a peripheral nerve. Oligodendrocytes form the myelin sheath in the CNS and so cannot
be viewed in this field. The neurilemmal sheath is a layer of Schwann (PNS) cytoplasm.
Connective tissue in the PNS provides stability to nerve. Axons in this section are
surrounded by lipid-rich myelin.
45. D - (slide 76 – spleen) (a) is incorrect because it is a function of the Thymus. (e) is
incorrect because it is a function of the Liver.
46. B – (slide 47 – liver, pointer on space of Disse) The space of Disse is the
perisinusoidal space between the basal surface of the hepatocytes and the basal surface of
endothelial cells and Kupffer cells that line the sinusoids (Kupffer cells are monocytederived and may be involved in breakdown of damaged or old red blood cells).
Microvillous processes from hepatocytes in the space increase the surface area available
for exchange between plasma and liver cell. No significant barrier exists between liver
cell and plasma, so endocrine secretions of liver pass through this space. There are also
Ito cells (type of adipose cell) that store vitamin A in the space of Disse.
47. C – (slide 79 – parathyroid, pointer on chief cell) The pointer is on a chief
(principal) cell which synthesizes and secretes parathormone (PTH) into fenestrated
capillaries. The net effect of PTH is to increase calcium and decrease phosphate levels in
the plasma. Plasma phosphate levels are decreased by increasing urine phosphate
excretion. Calcitonin (aka thyrocalcitonin) is secreted by the C (parafollicular) cells of
the thyroid gland. This hormone has a reciprocal effect with PTH and decreases calcium
plasma levels by stimulating bone absorption of calcium and inhibiting bone resorption.
Oxyphil cells are larger and very acidophilic due to the large number of unusually shaped
mitochondria. These cells have no known secretory function. Thyroglobulin is an
inactive storage form of thyroid hormones which is synthesized in follicular epithelial
cells and secreted into the follicle lumen.
References: Ross p. 656-660 (Table 20.8.)
48. D – (slide 60 – seminal vesicle) The pointer is on the lumen of the seminal vesicle.
The seminal vesicle secretes a fructose-rich fluid into the ejaculatory duct. It is
embryologically derived from the ductus deferens and has a prominent muscularis which
provides for the expulsion of seminal vesicle fluid during ejaculation. Contrary to the
implications of the its name, it is not a site of spermatozoa storage.
49. B - (slide 68 – uterine tube) This is a section through the ampulla of a Fallopian tube
during pregnancy. This is the longest segment of the oviduct and is the site of
fertilization. This area appears highly fimbriated at midcycle and is much less fimbriated
during pregnancy.
50. C – (Ear slide, high power, stria vascularis) This section contains the stria vascularis,
a stratified epithelia that produces endolymph and contains blood vessels.
Question 1
Question 6
-19
19 -
Question 25
-20
20 -