Dan Lindley and Ryan Schildkraut1
Technical Appendix for:
“Is War Rational?
The Extent of Miscalculation and Misperception
as Causes of War”
1
Contact information: Dan Lindley Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, 448 Decio Hall,
University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556. Phone: 574-631-3226; Fax: 574-631-8209; Email: dlindley@nd.edu;
Webpage: http://www.nd.edu/~dlindley/; Ryan Schildkraut, Student, University of Minnesota Law School, Walter F.
Mondale Hall, 229 19th Avenue South, Minneapolis, MN 55455, (612)702-4907, schil131@umn.edu . Dan Lindley is the
author to use for correspondence regarding this article. Comments welcome. All data and technical appendix
available on request or via the dlindley webpage above. Key methodological points are summarized in the text, and
for the purpose of journal review, this technical appendix is included. The appendix is not necessary for
understanding the article.
Our thanks to David Campbell, Emma Cohen de Lara, Katherine Jeter, Lauren Kimaid, Garrick Merlo, Adam
Shanko, Mariana Sousa, James Thompson, Paul Vasquez, Jennifer Wiemer as well as to numerous panel discussants and
other commenters at conferences. The University of Notre Dame Laboratory for Social Research and the Office of
Faculty Research also supported this project.
IWR TECHNICAL APPENDIX
I. IWR DATABASE SCHEMA
The IWR database consists of four tables (worksheets) in the “Master Data” Microsoft
Excel workbook: IWR Wars, IWR States, IWR WarYears, and IWR StateWarYears.
These are calculated from as necessary in the Excel Workbook: IWR Tables Graphs
Calculations to produce the data in this article. These workbooks are available on request
from author Dan Lindley at dlindley@nd.edu or 574-631-3226, or at the website:
<<http://www.nd.edu/~dlindley/>>. All data are from the following databases: the
Correlates of War (COW) version 3.0, Militarized Interstate Disputes (MID) version 3.2,
and National Material Capabilities (NMC) version 3.0 (all available online via: <<
http://cow2.la.psu.edu/>>. These are referred to hereafter as COW, MID, and NMC.
The content of each table and the relationships between tables are depicted on the next
page in an extended entity-relationship model for the IWR database. Each rectangle
represents an entity (table) and a diamond represents a relationship between entities. All
relationships are one-to-many, meaning that exactly one record on the parent side (the
“one” side) has many related records on the child side (the “many” side). There are
symbols on the lines that connect each entity to a relation. These indicate the cardinality of
the relationship. A single dash indicates the “one” side, while a Crawford symbol (similar
to a horizontal “V”) indicates the many side. When two symbols are present, the symbol
closest to the entity indicates the maximum cardinality, while the symbol closest to the
relation indicates minimum cardinality. For example, IWR Wars and IWR WarYears have
a one-to-many (1:N) relationship. One IWR War has many WarYears (minimum one)
associated with it. Conversely, one IWR WarYear has exactly one (no maximum or
minimum) War associated with it.
1
Extended Entity-Relationship Model Depicting the Four Main IWR Tables (Excel Worksheets)
2
IWR Wars includes all variables dependent on the primary key War#. In other
words, variables that are only associated with a specific war, and not the states
involved in that war, are stored here. For example, the beginning and ending years of
the war are in IWR Wars, not the beginning and ending dates of participation for
each state involved.
IWR States includes data on each state involved in a war. The data for state
fatalities and duration are here.
IWR StateWarYears includes the capability level of each state for each year they
are involved in a war. This table is the key feature of the IWR database. Here is
where we integrated data from the COW, MID, and NMC databases For example,
COW and MID will show the USA as a participant in the Mexican-American War
from 1846-1848, but includes no measurement for its capability index during those
years. The NMC provides the USA capability score for 1846-1848, but does not
indicate that these are war years. In this table, we pull this data together. The
capabilities numbers stored here are used to calculate Cap(I) and Cap(T) in IWR
WarYears. This table also shows the role of each state for each year (i.e. initiator,
target, joiner, etc).
IWR WarYears includes data for each year of every war. In this table are the
aggregate capabilities of the initiating side and target side for each year of the war.
Because IWR accounts for all possible variable dependencies, no additional tables
need to be created to insert new data. As these tables are already keyed by war, by
states in the war, by state for each war year, and by years of every war, the IWR
schema allows for seamless integration of new data.
II. IWR VARIABLES
This section explains the coding of each IWR variable. For the methodologies used
to arrive at the coding, please see section III of this appendix.
IWR Wars
War#: Identification number for each war. COW data.
War Name: Name of each war. COW data.
YrBeg: Beginning year of each war. COW data.
YrEnd: Ending year of each war. COW data.
RelCap(I) - Day One: The relative capabilities of initiator(s) to target(s) on the
first day of the war. RelCap(I) = Cap(I)/[Cap(I)+Cap(T)] . Calculated from
NMC 3.0.
3
COW Outcome: War outcome as coded by COW.
MID Outcome: War outcome as coded by MID.
Dyadic: Is this war a one-on-one fight? (No = 0, Yes = 1).
Joiners: Are joiners involved in the war? (No = 0; Offensive joiners = 3;
Defensive joiners = 4; Joiners on both sides = 5). Calculated per decision rules
described below.
Coalitions: Is there more than one state on the either side on day one of the
war? (Initiator coalition = 1; Target coalition = 2; Both = 5). Calculated per
decision rules described below.
War Duration: Duration, in days, of the war. Calculated using COW data.
Fatalities(I): Total fatalities suffered by the initiating side and its joiners over
the course of the war. Calculated using COW data.
Fatalities(T): Total fatalities suffered by the target side and its joiners over the
course of the war. Calculated using COW data.
Cap(I) - Day One: Aggregate capability of the initiating side on the first day of
the war. Calculated using NMC CINC data.
Cap(T) - Day One: Aggregate capability of the target side on the first day of the
war. Calculated using NMC CINC data.
RelCap(I) – Day End: The relative capabilities of the initiating side to the
target side on the final day of the war. Calculated from NMC.
Cap(I) – Day End: The aggregate capabilities of the initiating side on the final
day of the war. Calculated from NMC.
Cap(T) – Day End: The aggregate capabilities of the target side on the final day
of the war. Calculated from NMC.
RelMilCap(I) – Day One: The relative military capabilities of initiator(s) to
target(s) on the first day of the war. RelMilCap(I) =
MilCap(I)/[MilCap(I)+MilCap(T)]. Calculated from NMC. See discussion
below on how MilCap figures are derived.
MilCap(I) – Day One: The aggregate military capabilities of the initiating side
on the first day of the war. Calculated from NMC.
4
MilCap(T) – Day One: The aggregate military capabilities of the target side on
the first day of the war. Calculated from NMC.
RelE/S(I) – Day One: The relative ratio of expenditures per soldier for iniator(s)
to target(s) on the first day of the war. ‘RelE/S(I)’ =
‘E/S(I)’/[‘E/S(I)’+’E/S(T)’] Calculated from NMC. See discussion below on
how E/S figures are derived.
E/S(I) – Day One: The expenditures per soldier ratio for initiator (s)on the first
day of the war. Calculated from NMC.
E/S(T) – Day One: The expenditures per soldier ratio for target(s)on the first
day of the war. Calculated from NMC.
MilEx(I) – Day One: The aggregate military expenditures of initiator(s) as of
the first day of the war. Calculated from NMC.
MilEx(T) – Day One: The aggregate military expenditures of target(s) as of the
first day of the war. Calculated from NMC.
MilPer(I) – Day One: The aggregate military personnel of initiator(s) as of the
first day of the war. Calculated from NMC.
MilPer(T) – Day One: The aggregate military personnel of target(s) as of the
first day of the war. Calculated from NMC.
IWR States
War#: Identification number for each war. COW data.
StAbb: State abbreviation. COW data.
Fatalities: Number of fatalities suffered by this state in this war. COW data.
State Duration: Duration, in days, of this state’s involvement in this war. COW
data.
IWR StateWarYears
War#: Identification number for each war. COW data.
StAbb: State abbreviation. COW data.
Year: Specific year of this state’s involvement. COW data.
5
Role: The role of this state in the war.1 Initiator = 1; Target = 2; Offensive
joiner = 3, Defensive joiner = 4. Coded per decision rules listed below.
Cap: A measure of a state’s capabilities. We use the CINC (Composite Index of
National Capabilities) score from NMC. See the NMC documentation for notes
on how the CINC score is derived.
MilCap: The state’s military capabilities for this year. Calculated with data
from NMC as explained below.
E/S: This state’s ratio of expenditures per soldier for this year. Calculated using
NMC
MilEx: This state’s military expenditures for this year. NMC data.
MilPer: This state’s military personnel for this year. NMC data.
IWR WarYears
War#: Identification number for each war. COW data.
Year: Specific year of this war. COW data.
RelCap(I) - Day One: The relative capabilities of initiator(s) and their joiners
to target(s) and their joiners for this year of the war. Calculated from Cap (see
below, and NMC documentation).
Cap(I) - Day One: Aggregate capability of the initiating side for this year of
the war. Calculated using NMC data.
Cap(T) - Day One: Aggregate capability of the target side for this year of the
war. Calculated using NMC data.
RelMilCap(I): The relative military capabilities of initiator(s) and their joiners
to target(s) and their joiners for this year of the war. Calculated from NMC.
See discussion below on how MilCap figures are derived.
MilCap(I): The aggregate military capabilities for initiator(s) and their joiners
for this year of the war. Calculated from NMC. See discussion below on how
MilCap figures are derived.
1
Note that a very small number of states actually change roles over the course of the war. For example, in
World War II (War# 139), there are two entries for France – offensive joiner and defensive joiner. France
was quickly conquered by Nazi Germany, then liberated by the allied forces. Technically, they served both
sides during different periods of the war.
6
MilCap(T): The aggregate military capabilities for target(s) and their joiners
for this year of the war. Calculated from NMC. See discussion below on how
MilCap figures are derived.
RelE/S(I): The relative ratio of expenditures per soldier for iniator(s) and their
joiners to target(s) and their joiners for this year of the war. Calculated from
NMC. See discussion below on how MilCap figures are derived.
E/S(I): The expenditures per soldier ratio for initiator(s) and their joiners for
this year of the war.
E/S(T): The expenditures per soldier ratio for targets(s) and their joiners for
this year of the war.
MilEx(I): The aggregate military expenditures of initiator(s) and their joiners
for this year of the war. Calculated from NMC.
MilEx(T): The aggregate military expenditures of targets(s) and their joiners
for this year of the war. Calculated from NMC.
MilPer(I): The aggregate military personnel of initiator(s) and their joiners for
this year of the war. Calculated from NMC.
MilPer(T): The aggregate military personnel of targets(s) and their joiners for
this year of the war. Calculated from NMC.
III. METHODOLOGIES AND DECISION RULES
Wars:
The IWR database includes all wars from the COW dataset.
The latest version of MID (3.02, released in 2003) includes wars through
2001. However, the current version of COW (released in 1997) only includes
wars through 1991 (the Gulf War). Because our coding relies on a
combination of data from COW and MID, data on a war must exist in each
dataset. Therefore, we are unable to include those wars in MID that do not
exist in COW (N = 3).
Participants:
7
IWR includes data for all COW participants for each war. If a state is part of
MID, but not COW, it is not included in IWR.
Roles: Initiators, Targets, Joiners
Initiators:
There were three possible sources to code IWR Initiators: COW Initiator,
MID Initiator, and MID Revisionist. COW defines the initiator as the side
that “made the first attack in strength” (Singer and Small 1972, 366). For
MID, the initiator (Side A + Originator = attacking originator in MID) is “the
state that takes the first militarized action.” The MID Revisionist coding
signifies “the state or states that sought to overturn the status quo ante.”
(Jones, Bremer, Singer 1996, 178; see also Bennett and Stam 2003, 49-51).
We primarily used the MID Revisionist state coding to determine initiators.
We do not use MID or COW Initiator to code IWR Initiators because they
only indicate which state moved in force or took the first militarized action,
which is not necessarily the same thing as wanting to start a war. For our
purposes, MID Revisionist is a better indicator of IWR Initiator because it
indicates the state that actively pursues war and/or heightens tensions
between the sides. Revisionists are more likely to be the true aggressors in
the conflict.
In some cases, however, both sides of the dispute are coded as revisionists
(ie. each has the goal of changing the status quo). In these cases, we used the
COW Initiator to break the tie and choose the IWR Initiator. COW’s coding
of the initiator using force “in strength” is a more persuasive way to break the
tie than MID’s “first militarized action.” By coding closer to who fired the
first shot rather than who moved in strength, MID Initiator makes Poland
appear to start World War II, and Ethiopia start a war against Italy in 1935.
Section IV details how many times the databases disagree about which state
started a war, and shows which war MID codes both sides as Revisionist. For
example, in the 79 wars in IWR database, COW and MID disagree 22 times
about which state initiated a war.
All states which fought on the side of the IWR Initiators on day one of the
conflict are also considered initiators within a coalition, not joiners. Any
state joining after day one of the conflict is considered a joiner (see below).
Dates are from COW. For our purposes, we seek to determine how the
actions by non-day one states affect the outcomes of wars.
For sides, we used the MID Side(A) variable to determine shows the states on
each side. All states listed as Side(A) are members of the attacking side (per
8
MID definitions). Those states not listed as Side(A) are part of the defending
side.
In sum, our decision rules for coding initiators are:
1.) MID Revisionist = IWR Initiator
2.) If both sides are revisionist, or if neither side is revisionist in MID, then
COW Initiator = IWR Initiator
3.) A non-revisionist state that allies with the IWR Initiator on Day One of
conflict is also an IWR Initiator (within a coalition).
Please consult the end of the technical appendix for a discussion of why
coding rules are needed for initiators.
Targets:
In a dyadic war, the target is the state that is not the IWR Initiator. To
determine the targets in coalition and joiner wars, we first must find out
which states are on which side. To do this, we use the MID Side A variable
which codes as 0 for not Side A and 1 for Side A (Side A is the side that
“takes the first militarized action,” Jones, Bremer, Singer 1996, 178). After
we determine the IWR Initiator (above), all states that share the IWR
Initiator’s Side A code are on the initiator’s side. All states that do not share
the code are on the defender’s side. As IWR Initiators are primarily MID
Revisionists and are not necessarily MID Initiators, IWR Initiators may or
may not be on Side A.
All states which fight on the side of the IWR targets on day one of the
conflict are also considered targets within a coalition, not joiners. Dates are
from COW.
Joiners:
Joiners are all states who enter the conflict after day one of the conflict.
Offensive joiners are on the side of the IWR Initiators. Defensive joiners are
on the side of the targets. Sides are determined as specified under the above
section on Targets. Dates are from COW.
In World War II (#139), four states switch sides during the conflict. The IWR
coding only allows a state to have one role for a given year. Therefore, we
use the following decision rule:
1.) A state must switch sides prior to June 1 for its role to change for that
year. For example, if state X is an offensive joiner who is conquered by the
target side on June 2, state X is listed as an offensive joiner for that year.
9
Outcome:
The IWR data includes both COW and MID outcomes, and we give results as
coded by each database. Therefore, we do not need to choose between COW
and MID when their outcome coding varies. For example, COW codes
winners in 48 of the 79 wars, while MID has 39.
If a war’s outcome in MID is coded as “Yield by Side A”, we consider this a
clear loss for initiators because they have capitulated to their targets and have
failed to achieve pre-war goals. “Yield by Side A” outcomes are treated
differently from Stalemate, Compromise, and Unclear outcomes in MID
because they involve a clear submission by the initiators. We code the
Stalemate, Compromise, and Unclear in MID as “Other” in the relevant
tables, and consider them comparable to the TIE coding in COW. The wars
in which we have coded MID outcomes “Yield by Side A” as Losses are:
#83: Sino-Russian War; #199: Iran-Iraq War; #202: Falklands War.
MilCap and E/S:
To find a state’s MilCap for a given year, we calculate each state’s
proportion of all states’ military expenditures for that year average and each
state’s proportion of all states’ military personnel for that year. We then
average the two proportions to yield MilCap. Comparing one state’s average
proportions to another state’s average proportions yields their relative
MilCaps. We use the NMC variables MilEx and MilPer for expenditures
and personnel. Expenditure per Soldier (E/S) divides Mil/Ec by MilPer. If
data for military expenditure or personnel does not exist, we cannot perform
MilCap analysis. Out of 79 wars, MilEx and MilPer data for either the
initiators or targets do not exist for 32 wars. These instances are coded as -9
in the data.
To calculate the E/S per side per year, we divide the aggregate MilEx for all
states on that side for that year by the aggregate MilPer for all state’s on that
side for that year.
IV. WHY CODING RULES ARE NEEDED FOR INITIATORS
Coding Rules are needed because the COW and MID databases disagree so often
on who initiated wars. They also disagree on outcomes, but since we report both
COW and MID outcomes, we do not need coding rules for outcomes. As the
following tables show, if we did not have coding rules for initiators and had to
report on win rates for four different codings of initiators instead of one, we
would need eight tables instead of two.
10
Current Table
System
IWR Initiator
Table 1: COW
Outcomes
Table 2: MID
Outcomes
Table System Needed with no Coding Rules for Initiators
IWR Initiator
MID Revisionist
MID Initiator
COW Initiator
Table 1: COW
Table 3: COW
Table 5: COW
Table 7: COW
Outcomes
Outcomes
Outcomes
Outcomes
Table 2: MID
Table 4: MID
Table 6: MID
Table 8: MID
Outcomes
Outcomes
Outcomes
Outcomes
The following table from sheet T3 of the Tables, Graphs, and Calculations
Excel Workbook shows the extent of disagreement between the databases on
initiators.
*There are 22 wars where COW Initiator and MID Initiator do not match: 10,
16, 22, 55, 67, 85, 91, 100, 112, 118, 127, 136, 139, 157, 160, 166, 169, 172,
178, 202, 205, and 208 (COW War #s).
*There are 17 wars where there is no overlap between the MID Revisionist
and the COW Initiator: (ie. no MID Revisionist is a COW Initiator): 19, 22,
28, 49, 58, 85, 91, 97, 103, 118, 147, 157, 163, 166, 169, 175, and 205.
*The IWR Initiator differs from the COW Initiator in 16 wars: 16, 19, 28, 49,
58, 85, 97, 103, 130, 147, 157, 163, 166, 169, 175, and 205.
*The IWR Initiator differs from the MID Initiator in 23 wars: 10, 19, 28, 49,
58, 67, 91, 97, 103, 112, 118, 127, 130, 136, 139, 147, 160, 163, 172, 175,
178, 202, and 208. The ten bolded wars indicate where IWR disagrees with
both COW and MID Initiator coding.
Although there are good reasons for these situations, some additional
confusion may result from the fact that:
*There are 9 wars in which both sides of the conflict are deemed Revisionist
by MID: 64, 88, 109, 124, 125, 133, 136, 151, and 160.
*There are 18 wars where the MID Revisionist is not the MID Initiator: 10,
19, 28, 49, 55, 58, 67, 97, 103, 127, 139, 147, 163, 172, 175, 178, 202, and
208.
11
COW MID War Name
COW init
MID init
IWR init
FRN
USR
USA
ITA
GMY
FRN
FRN
USR
USA
AUH
GMY
AUH
FRN
USR
USA
ITA
GMY
AUH, SIC
19 1528 La Plata
22
57 Crimean
FRN
USR
USA
ITA
GMY
AUH, FRN,
SIC
1851 ARG
1853 USR
IWR
Target
SPN
TUR
MEX
AUH
DEN
PAP
BRA
TUR
BRA
USR
ARG
USR
BRA
TUR
25
8 Anglo-Persian
28 115 Italian Unification
31 1580 Spanish-Moroccan
34 112 Italo-Roman
37 113 Italo-Sicilian
40 135 Franco-Mexican
1856
1859
1859
1860
1860
1862
UKG
AUH
SPN
ITA
ITA
FRN
UKG
ITA
SPN
ITA
ITA
FRN
IRN
AUH
MOR
PAP
SIC
MEX
43 1519 Ecuadorian-Columbian
46 194 Second Schleswig-Holstein
49 1590 Lopez
52 1482 Spanish-Chilean
55 261 Seven Weeks
1863
1864
1864
1865
1866
COL
GMY
PAR
SPN
GMY
UKG
AUH
SPN
ITA
ITA
FRN, SPN,
UKG
COL
GMY
PAR
SPN
AUH
58
1870 GMY
FRN
FRN
1876 GUA
1877 USR
1879 BOL, CHL,
PER
1882 FRN, UKG
1884 FRN
1885 GUA
1893 FRN
1894 JPN
1897 GRC
1898 USA
1900 JPN, UKG,
USR
GUA
USR
CHL
GUA
USR
CHL
GUA
USR
CHL
SAL
TUR
BOL
UKG
FRN
GUA
FRN
JPN
GRC
USA
FRN, JPN,
UKG,
USA, USR
FRN, UKG
CHN
GUA
FRN
JPN
GRC
USA
AUH, FRN,
GMY, ITA,
JPN, UKG,
USA, USR
USR
USR
GUA
HON
SPN
ITA
BUL
UKG
FRN
GUA
FRN
JPN
GRC
USA
FRN, JPN,
UKG, USA,
USR
EGY
CHN
SAL
THI
CHN
TUR
SPN
CHN
CHN
JPN
HON, SAL
HON, SAL
MOR
ITA
TUR
BUL
USR
USR
GUA
NIC
SPN
TUR
BUL, GRC,
YUG
GRC, YUG
BUL
RUM, TUR
AUH
AUH
YUG
BUL, GMY, BEL, FRN,
TUR
GRC, ITA,
JPN, JPN,
POR, RUM,
UKG, USA,
USR
1
89 Franco-Spanish
4 189 Russo-Turkish
7 1552 Mexican-American
10
19 Austro-Sardinian
13 375 First Schleswig-Holstein
16 175 Roman Republic
88 Franco-Prussian
60 1533 First Central American
61 187 Russo-Turkish
64 1518 Pacific
65
67
70
72
73
76
79
82
3725
202
1535
196
1490
1569
1557
31
Anglo-Egyptian
Sino-French
Second Central American
Franco-Thai
Sino-Japanese
Greco-Turkish
Spanish-American
Boxer Rebellion
83
85
88
91
94
97
100
3250
180
1205
1202
1086
114
1250
Sino-Russian
Russo-Japanese
Third Central American
Fourth Central American
Spanish-Moroccan
Italo-Turkish
First Balkan
103 1251 Second Balkan
106
257 World War I
109 1219 Russo-Polish
112 1265 Hungarian-Allies
115
116
117
118
121
124
125
127
130
1270
3134
1272
41
129
1027
1129
111
157
Greco-Turkish
Franco-Turkish
Lithuanian-Polish
Sino-Soviet
Manchurian
Chaco
Saudi-Yemeni
Italo-Ethiopian
Sino-Japanese
YrBeg MID rev
1823
1828
1846
1848
1848
1849
1900
1904
1906
1907
1909
1911
1912
UKG
ITA
SPN
ITA
ITA
FRN, SPN,
UKG
COL
GMY
ARG, BRA
SPN
GMY
USR
USR
GUA, SAL
USR
JPN
GUA
NIC
SPN
SPN
TUR
ITA
BUL, GRC, YUG
YUG
1913 GRC, RUM, BUL
TUR, YUG
1919 POL, USR
1919 CZE, FRN,
RUM, UKG,
YUG
1919 GRC
1919 FRN
1920 POL
1929
1931 JPN
1932 BOL, PAR
1934 SAU, YAR
1935 ITA
1937 JPN
USR
USR
CZE, RUM FRN, ITA,
UKG
USR
POL
CZE, RUM HUN
GRC
FRN
POL
USR
JPN
PAR
SAU
ITA
JPN
GRC
FRN
POL
USR
JPN
PAR
SAU
ITA
JPN
12
FRN
FRN, ITA,
UKG
FRN
ECU
DEN
PAR
ARG
CHL
AUH, BAD, ITA
BAV, HAN,
HSE, HSG,
SAX, WRT
BAD, BAV, FRN
GMY, WRT
AUH
TUR
TUR
LIT
CHN
CHN
BOL
YAR
ETH
CHN
IWR Def.
Joiners
MOD, TUS
COL
AUH, GMY
BRA
SPN
GMY, MEC
1914 AUH
GRC
FRN
POL
CHN
JPN
PAR
SAU
ETH
JPN
IWR Off.
Joiners
PER
PER
133
136
184 Changkufeng
183 Nomonhan
139
258 World War II
142 179 Russo-Finnish
145 613 Franco-Thai
147 1238 First Kashmir
148 1793 Palestine
151
154
157
160
163
51 Korean
606
200
199
611
Russo-Hungarian
Sinai
Assam
Vietnamese
166 1312 Second Kashmir
169 1035 Six Day
1938 JPN, USR USR
1939 JPN, MON, JPN
USR
1939 GMY, ITA, GMY
JPN
USR
MON
USR
JPN
JPN
MON, USR
POL
GMY
POL
1939
1940
1948
1948
FIN
FRN
IND
ISR
USR
THI
PAK
EGY, IRQ,
JOR, LEB,
SYR
1950 PRK, ROK
USR
THI
IND
EGY, IRQ,
JOR, LEB,
SYR
PRK
USR
THI
IND
EGY, IRQ,
JOR, LEB,
SYR
PRK
USR
THI
PAK
EGY, IRQ,
JOR, LEB,
SYR
PRK
1956
1956
1962
1965
USR
ISR
CHN
USA
USR
EGY
IND
USA
USR
EGY
CHN
DRV
IND
ISR
PAK
SYR
EGY
SAL
IND
EGY, SYR
ISR
SAL
PAK
SYR
TUR
DRV
SOM
UGA
CHN
IRQ
ARG
ISR
CHN
IRQ
TUR
DRV
SOM
UGA
CHN
IRQ
UKG
SYR
DRV
IRQ
USR
EGY
CHN, IND
DRV
172
175
178
181
1480
1206
1447
1046
Israeli-Egyptian
Football
Bangladesh
Yom Kippur
1965 PAK
1967 EGY, JOR,
SYR
1969 EGY
1969 HON
1971 IND
1973 EGY, SYR
184
187
189
190
193
199
202
205
208
211
1293
1435
2069
2141
3007
2115
3077
3442
3638
3957
Turco-Cypriot
Vietnamese-Cambodian
Ethiopian-Somalian
Ugandan-Tanzanian
Sino-Vietnamese
Iran-Iraq
Falklands
Israel-Syria (Lebanon)
Sino-Vietnamese
Gulf War
1974
1975
1977
1978
1979
1980
1982
1982
1987
1990
TUR
DRV
SOM
UGA
CHN
IRQ
ARG
SYR
CHN
IRQ
13
ROK
BUL, FIN,
FRN, HUN,
ITA, JPN,
RUM
AUL, BEL,
BRA, BUL,
CAN, CHN,
ETH, FRN,
GRC, ITA,
MON,
NEW, NOR,
NTH, RUM,
SAF, UKG,
USA, USR,
YUG
CHN
AUL, BEL,
CAN, COL,
ETH, FRN,
GRC, NTH,
PHI, THI,
TUR, UKG,
USA
HUN
ISR
IND
AUL, RVN,
USA
PAK
IND
EGY, JOR, ISR
SYR
EGY
ISR
HON
SAL
IND
PAK
EGY, IRQ, ISR
JOR, SAU
SYR
TUR
CYP
DRV
CAM
SOM
CUB, ETH
LIB, UGA TAZ
CHN
DRV
IRQ
IRN
ARG
UKG
SYR
ISR
CHN
DRV
IRQ
KUW
FRN, UKG
CAM, PHI,
ROK, THI
CAN, EGY,
FRN, ITA,
MOR