Outline of Unit 3: The Northeast
Chapter 5
Environment of the Northeast
I.
Environment of the Northeast
A. The Northeast is the smallest region of our country.
B. The growing season is shorter than in some regions.
C. The first Europeans in the Northeast depended on waterways for travel and trade
to move from place to place.
II.
Along the Atlantic Coast
A. Ships bring goods into harbors
B. Harbors are sheltered places along a coast where ships can dock.
III
Atlantic Coastal Plain
A. New England states are Maine Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and
Connecticut.
B. Middle Atlantic subregions are New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and
Maryland
C. Atlantic Coastal Plain is one of the land forms the Northeast shares with the Southeast.
D. Harbors and flat land on this area has helped to make it an important trading area.
E. Bays or parts of an ocean or lake that cuts deeply into the land are found on the Atlantic coast.
III.
Mountain Ranges
A. Appalachian Mountains are a chain of mountains that run through the Northeast
and Southeast.
B. They are made up of several smaller groups of mountains.
C. They are one of the oldest mountain ranges in the world, formed about 250
million years ago.
D. They were formed when the Earth’s thick crust moved, causing parts of it to sag
and bend. This movement pushed some of the land high above the surface.
E. Wind, water, and ice have worn them down through weathering.
F. Northeast was once covered with glaciers or huge sheets of ice that slowly move
across the land.
G. Glaciers moved over some of the Appalachian Mountains and carried rock and
social away from the land.
IV.
Appalachian Trail
A. Longest marked footpath in the world
B. Covers more than 2,000 miles.
V.
Fall Line
A. Where the plateau meets the Atlantic Coastal Plain.
B. Where the hard rock of the mountains and low plateau meet the softer rock of the
Atlantic Coastal Plain.
C. Water wears away the soft rock faster than the hard rock which creates a drop.
VI.
Trees and Forests
A. Two types of trees in the Northeast-broadleaf and needleleaf.
B. Broadleaf has fairly wide leaves and change colors in the autumn.
C. Needleleaf trees have long and think, like needles and do not change color in the
autumn.
Outline of Unit 3: The Northeast
Chapter 5
A Colorful Environment
I.
Four Seasons of the Northeast
A. The Northeast has four seasons because the Earth spins on a tilt as it circles
the sun.
B. In the autumn and winter, storms such as “northeasters” may hit the region.
C. Fall foliage or leaves are a tourist attraction when leaves change their colors due
to the stopping of the green pigment.
II.
Natural Resources
A. Best soil is found in the Middle Atlantic States where crops as lettuce, sweet
corn, onions, cabbages and tomatoes are grown.
B. Soil in the New England states is thinner and rockier, making farming difficult.
C. Trees are an important resource for paper, pencils and other products.
D. Water is an important resource because of freshwater lakes and underground
springs for drinking
E. Vermont and New Hampshire have large deposits of rock such as granite which
are mined from quarries where stone is cut or blasted out.
Outline of Unit 3: The Northeast
Chapter 5
Seaways and Cities
I. Seaways and Cities
F. St. Lawrence Seaway was competed in 1959, making it possible or ships to
travel from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes.
G. The cost of the St. Lawrence Seaway was shared by the U.S. and Canada.
H. The Seaway is a system of canals that were built along the St. Lawrence
River. Locks helped ships to move from one level to another.
1. A canal is a waterway dug across land.
2. A lock is a part of a canal that is closed off by gates and the water in the
lock can be raise door lowered.
II. New Cities Rise in the Northeast
A. Great changes in the Northeast was the creation of large cities.
B. Suburbs, communities that are located just outside a city, have been
built around the cities.
C. Cities, or urban areas, became crowded in the 1920s and people
began to move to the suburbs.
D. The Northeast has more metropolitan areas (urban areas and its
suburbs) than any other region.
E. Subways, railroad, cars are forms of commuting for workers.
F. It is important to conserve our natural resources as metropolitan area
increase.
Chapter 6
History and Economy of the Northeast
The Iroquois Confederacy
I.
The Iroquois Confederacy
A. The natural resources of the Northeast were supported by many Native American groups who lived
off the land.
B. One of the most powerful groups of Native Americans lived mostly in the state of New York and
was known at the Iroquois.
C. As regions became more crowded, groups disagreed over land and natural resources.
D. In the late 1500s, Deganawida, a Huron Native American, tried to persuade people to stop
fighting but they wouldn’t listen.
E. He joined with a Mohawk leader named Hiawatha and convinced them to form the Iroquois
Confederacy.
F. A confederacy is a union of people who join together for a common goal.
G. They wanted the Native Americans to agree to work together for their own welfare, peace and
protection and to end fighting between different groups over land and resources.
II.
Life Among the Iroquois
A. Villages were usually built near a river or lake with about 100 people in them.
B. Each village was made up of longhouse which was rectangular building made form wood and the
bark of elm trees.
C. The Iroquois called themselves the Hodenosaunee or “people of the longhouse”.
D. Dozens of families lived in each longhouse with each family having its own living space along the
sides of the longhouse.
E. Women had a great deal of power in the villages and were the leaders of the clans.
1. A clan is a group of families who share the same ancestor.
2. Women owned the longhouses, everything in them, and the land.
3. No important decision was made without their support.
4. Women chose which of the men would lead the villages.
F. Deganawida (Peace maker) and Hiawatha helped to organize the Iroquois Confederacy around
1570 which had to agree on a way to govern the large group of Native Americans
1. Leaders outlined their new government in the Great Law of Peace in which council member
promised that “their hearts shall be full of peace and good will, and their minds filled with a
yearning for the welfare of the people.”
2. A Great council of 50 men ruled the Iroquois Confederacy and each group had a set number of
council members or sachems which where chosen by the powerful women of each group.
3. The capital of the Iroquois Confederacy was Onondaga in New York State.
4. Each Iroquois group made its own decisions, but decisions made by the Grand Council affected all
Iroquois member.
G. Iroquois Today
A. Most Iroquois live in the Northeast but their way of life has changed.
B. Longhouse are just used for special ceremonies
C. The Grand Council still meets yearly to discuss issues that affect the Iroquois.
D. Part of their culture is shared in the game of lacrosse.
H. The Iroquois Confederacy, by bringing together six different Native American groups, may have
been the model for our country’s government.
Chapter 6
History and Economy of the Northeast
American Revolution
I. American Revolution began. Settlers were unhappy in the Massachusetts colony of the North east.
A. Pilgrims left England to start the colony at Plymouth in 1620 to practice their
own religion.
B. Boston’s location made it a center for trade and colonies imported goods such as
tea and cloth from England as well as exporting (sending out raw materials as
lumber) to Britain.
C. Britain sent soldiers after the colonists began to protest the colony’s taxes.
D. Colonists, known as Patriots, protested and boycotted goods such as tea and
wool.
E. In March of 1770, colonists gathered at the Boston Custom House and charged at
British soldiers. Solders fired on the crowd and five men were killed including
Crispus Attucks, a back seaman in Boston who escaped slavery. (Boston
Massacre)
F. In 1773, colonists, dressed as Native Americans, boarded a British ship and threw
thousands of pounds of tea into the harbor. (Boston Tea Party)
G. Patriots began to gather weapons outside of Boston and trained to fight, known as
Minutemen because they were ready to fight at a minute’s notice
H. Minutemen stored weapons in concord and on April 18, 1775, the British army
decided to take the weapons away from the colonists.
I. Paul Revere and William Dawes knew of the plan and rode to Lexington to alert
the Minutemen.
J. The Minutemen fought against the British at Lexington.
K. By the time they arrived at Concord, supplies were hidden, they were prepared.
This started the American Revolution.
L. In 1775, George Washington was asked to lead the army of colonists, who were
mainly farmers, craft workers, and merchants.
M. In 1781, Washington’s army won an important victory over the British in
Yorktown, Virginia. The British were forced to surrender.
N. In 1783, a meting in Paris, France, Britain agreed to recognize the United States
as an independent country.
O. In 1787, state delegates met to discuss a new Constitution which became a law.
P. The country elected Washington as its president and each state elected
representatives to Congress.
I. Biography of John Adams
A. He was born in Massachusetts Bay colony and took up unpopular cases because
he thought everyone deserved a just trial.
B. After the Boston Massacre, British soldiers were arrested and brought to trial. No
other lawyers wanted the case, but he agreed to represent them.
C. He served in the Continental Congress.
D. During the revolution, he went to other countries to ask for help.
E. He was the second President of the United States.
Chapter 6
History and Economy of the Northeast
The Industrial Revolution
I.
The United States gained independence and a new nation grew out of the American
Revolution—a nation that wanted our country to grow quickly.
A. In the middle 1700s most Americans lived and worked on farms but a hundred
years later, many lived in towns and cities.
B. The Industrial Revolution changed the way people lived and worked.
C. New power driven machines replaced hand tools and goods were produced
faster and in greater numbers.
D. Coal was used instead of wood as a source of energy and steam engines
powered boats and railroads.
E. Samuel Slater, the “Father of the American Industrial Revolution”, settled
in Rhode Island and built the first successful textile mill in 1793.
F. His wife, Hannah, created a new way to spin thread, cotton sewing thread, made
it easier to sew cloth.
G. Waterfalls were used to power the machines and the growing textile industry
helped the United States remain independent from Great Britain.
H. Robert Stevens brought back the first steam locomotive, the John Bull.
I. Factories became as important as farms.
J. The telegraph was invented by Samuel Morse and allowed people to
communicate over long distances.
II.
Immigration
A. Immigrants looked for opportunities for many reasons.
B. Those who sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to New York City landed in Ellis
Island. They were forced to live in tenements, poorly built apartment buildings.
C. Many immigrants sold goods from carts or worked in the garment industry.
D. New York City became the center of the country’s garment industry in the late
1800s and early 1900s.
E. Clothing factories became known as sweatshops which had horrible conditions.
F. The immigration experience continues.
Chapter 6
History and Economy of the Northeast
City of Mumbai-the world around us
I. Mumbai was founded as trading post by Portuguese traders in the 1530s, originally called Bombay.
A. In 1995, the city’s name was officially changed to Mumbai after the Hindu goddess,
Mumba, since Hinduism is the main religion of India.
B. Mumbai has been a major shipping and trading centre.
C. People migrated or moved to the city in hopes of finding a job at the mills.
D. Mumbai was the largest cotton market n India. Part of the reason was that during the
American Civil war, the Union prevented the Confederacy from selling their cotton
crops to other countries and they became the main supplier of cotton to the rest of the
world.
III.
Mumbai today
A. Today cotton is still important but other major industries in the city include automobile
manufacturing, engineering, publishing and food processing.
B. It is the centre of India’s technologic industry
C. Electronic chips for computers are made there.
D. Mumbai produces the highest number of films in the world after the Untied States
(Hollywood of India)
E. It is the sixth largest city in the world
F. It is home to people of all religions and regions of the world
G. Half of the population is Hindu but there are also Muslims Christians, Sikhs, Christian,
and Buddhists.
H. The main language is Marathi.