AP EURO: LECTURE OUTLINE pp. 552-557
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND ITS IMPACT ON EUROPEAN SOCIETY:
French Rev. - alters the political structure of France
Napoleon - spread the principles of the Fr. Rev. throughout Europe
The Industrial Revolution 1. Begins in the late 18th/early 19th century
2. Transforms the economic and social structure of Europe
3. Causes a dramatic leap in industrial production
4. New sources of energy and power - coal and steam
5. New ways of organizing human labor
6. Long term major shift of pop from rural life to city life
7. Search for raw materials/resources and markets spread European power globally
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN GREAT BRITAIN - ORIGINS:
1. The Industrial Revolution begins in Britain sometime after 1750
2. By 1850 Britain was the wealthiest country in the world
3. The I.R. spreads to the continent and the United States
4. By the 20th century the United States and Germany surpass Britain in industrial production
Reasons why the I.R. begins in Britain I. The Agricultural Revolution
1. Major increase in food production
2. Britain could feed more people at lower prices with less labor
3. Lower food prices = money available to buy manufactured goods
4. Population growth = workers available to work in the new factories
II. Surplus Capital/Available money and resources
1. Profits from trade and the cottage industry were available for new investment in industry
2. Britain had an effective central bank and effective credit facilities
3. Use of paper to do business = money, bonds, certificates, letters of credit
4. British tradition of entrepreneurship = economic/business innovation
III. Natural Advantages
1. Mineral resources - coal and iron deposits
2. Geography - small country/easy transportation
3. Access to the ocean/rivers
IV. Investment in roads, bridges, and canals
V. The British Government
1. Stable government
2. Laws that protected private property
3. Laissez-faire economic policies = govt hands off the econ
VI. Markets for goods
1. Colonial empire provided a market for British manufactured goods
THE COTTON INDUSTRY:
Britain was the leader in the manufacture of cotton textiles using the “domestic” system/cottage industry
The flying shuttle = faster way to weave on a loom
Weavers could work faster than spinners - this meant a shortage of yarn
Spinning Jenny = faster way of spinning developed by James Hargreaves in 1768
The Water Frame = a water frame spinning machine developed by Richard Arkwright
Crompton’s Mule = combined the water frame and the spinning jenny - greater output of yarn
Edmund Cartwright’s Power Loom = mechanized method of weaving yarn
All of the above inventions and developments lead to the creation of the first factories
1. Bring all the machines together in one building
2. Locate the factories on river/streams to provide water power
3. Bring workers all together in one building
4. Workers move closer to the factories = growth and expansion of towns
Demand for cottons goods pushed people to create new and more complicated technology to produce it
THE STEAM ENGINE:
Steam engines first used to pump water out of coal mines
Coal was used to replace depleted wood as a source of energy
Coal was used to smelt iron ore to make pig iron
More coal mining meant deeper mines which meant digging below the water line
Digging below the water table meant you needed a way to pump out water
Mechanical pumps were used to pump out water
Steam driven pumps were dev to solve this problem
Thomas Newcomen - invented the first steam pumps/but it was inefficient
James Watt - made improvements on the steam engine in the 1760’s/created the first efficient steam
engines
1782 Watt developed a steam engine with a rotary engine = turn shafts and drive machinery
By 1850 - 7/8’s of power for cotton manufacturing was from steam
Steam power was applied to spinning and weaving = cotton mills
Factories no longer had to be located near rivers
British imports of raw cotton =
1760 - 2.5 million pounds
1787 - 22 million pounds
1840 - 366 million pounds
Much of the raw cotton came from the American South = plantation ag. + slave labor
Price on yarn drops to 1/20th of what it had been = cheaper cloth = cheaper clothing
Greater steam power = greater demand for coal = development of the iron industry
THE IRON INDUSRTY:
New method to produce iron = iron ore + coke (byproduct of burning coal) = cast iron
Henry Cort = developed a new system called puddling for producing iron
1740 - 17,000 tons of iron
1780’s - 70 tons of iron
1840’s - 2 million tons
1852 - almost 3 million tons
Demand for more machines = demand for more iron
A REVOLUTION IN TRANSPORTATION:
Turnpike trusts
Canals
Railroads
George Stephenson’s Rocket 1. First modern railway line
2. Liverpool to Manchester
3. Traveled 16 mph
1840 - 2,000 miles of railways in Britain
1860 - 6,000 miles of railways in Britain
Effects of the railroads 1. Growth of the coal and iron industries
2. Supremacy in civil and mechanical engineering
3. New joint-stock companies - new middle class investors
4. Increased employment
5. Lower prices = increased sales = increased production = increased employment = increased sales
Greater economic growth meant greater investment capital which meant greater growth