ВОПРОСЫ К ЭКЗАМЕНУ
1. Concept of Linguistic Change. Causes of Language Evolution.
2. Modern Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic and East Germanic groups.
3. North Germanic and West Germanic groups.
4. Linguistic Features of Germanic Languages (Word Stress. Changes of Vowels and Consonants
(Consonant Shift). Grammar (Form-Building Means. Strong and Weak Verbs). Vocabulary).
5. Old English. Historical Background (Pre-Germanic Britain. Beginning of English. Old English
Dialects).
6. Old English Written Records, Alphabet and Pronunciation.
7. Old English Phonetics. Changes of Vowels (Independent Changes. Bi-Phonemic Sequences.
Breaking. Diphthongisation. Palatal Mutation).
8. Old English Phonetics. Changes of Consonants (Hardening. Rhotacism. Voicing and Devoicing.
Gemination. Palatalisation and Splitting of Velar Consonants. Loss of Consonants).
9. The Noun in Old English.
10. The Pronoun in Old English.
11. The Adjective in Old English.
12. The Verb in Old English. Grammatical Categories of the Verbals.
13. Morphological Classification of Old English Verbs. Minor groups of Verbs.
14. Old English Syntax (The Phrase. The Simple Sentence. The Composite Sentence. Word Order).
15. Old English Vocabulary (Native Words. Borrowings).
16. Ways of Word Formation in Old English.
17. Historical Background from the 11th to 15th Centuries. Early Middle English Dialects.
18. Development of the National Literary English (Introduction of Printing. Establishment of the
Written Standard. Normalizing Tendencies. Growth of the Spoken Standard).
19. Spelling Changes in Middle English. Rules of Reading.
20. Quantitative and Qualitative Vowel Changes in Early Middle English.
21. Development of Diphthongs in Middle English. The Great Vowel Shift.
22. Evolution of Consonants in Middle English (Growth of Sibilants and Affricates. Treatment of
Fricatives. Voicing. Loss of Consonants).
23. Development of New Grammatical Categories of the Verb in Middle English (Passive Forms.
Category of Voice, Time-Correlation, Category of Aspect).
24. The Noun in Middle English.
25. The Pronoun in Middle English.
26.The Adjective in Middle English.
27. The Verb in Middle English. Simplifying changes in the Verb Conjugation.
28. The Verbals in Middle English.
29. Changes in the Morphological Classes of Verbs in Middle English (Strong and Weak Verbs).
30. Minor Groups of Verbs in Middle English.
31. Development of New Grammatical Forms of the Verb in Middle English (The Future Tense.
The Subjunctive Mood. Interrogative and Negative Forms).
32. Late Middle English Dialects. The London Dialect. Written Records in Late Middle English.
33. Word Stress in Middle and Early New English. Changes of Stressed and Unstressed Vowels.
34. Ways of Word-Formation in Middle and Early New English.
35. The Syntactic System in Middle and Early New English (The Phrase. The Simple Sentence.
Word Order. Predicative Constructions. The Composite Sentence).
36. Borrowings in Middle English from Classical Languages and in New English from
Contemporary Languages.
37. Development of the English Vocabulary from the 12th to 19th Centuries. Types and Sources of
Changes.
38. Ways of Word-Formation in Middle and Early New English.