ANNEXURE –XA
BUFFALO
1
Anatomy and Histology
2
Animal Nutrition - Rumen
3
Biochemistry
4
Animal By-products
5
Biotechnology
6
Breeding
7
Economics
8
Epidemiology
9
10
Extension
Genetics, cytogenetics, molecular biology
11
Gynecology- obstetrics
12
13
Immunology
Management
14
Meat and meat products
15
Medicine
16
17
Microbiology
Milk and milk products
18
Animal Nutrition
19
Parasitology
20
Pathology
21
Pharmacology
22
Physiology
23
Reproduction
24
Reproduction- Embryo technology
25
Reproduction Male
26
Skin
27
28
29
Surgery
Toxity
Bio-products
657
1. ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: A study on the Scanning Electron Microscopy of the buffalo
mammary gland.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2001; 14(1): 101103 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Dang,A.K; Ludri,R.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Scanning electron microscopy of twelve lactating buffalo mammary glands
was done. The lactating mammary glands showed alveolus, arrangement of
blood vessels and myoepithelial cells on the alveoli, and the formation of
lobules and interlobular connective tissue. From the exposed alveolar lumen,
fat globule formation can be seen which is still attached to the alveolar surface
by microvilli. This technique should further be extended to study the alveolar
structure in detail during different stages of mammary gland development in
buffaloes.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Effect of freezing and thawing on the histology and ultrastructure
of buffalo muscle.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004; 17(9):
1291-1295 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sen,A.R; Sharma,N
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Histology and transmission electron microscopy studies were carried out on
buffalo muscles that were subjected to repeated freeze-thaw cycles at -10 and 18 degrees C. In the first freeze-thaw cycle (-10 degrees C), structures of
muscle showed slight changes and closely resembled normal muscle. There
were frequent gaps halfway across the muscle fibres and some cracks in
individual fibres were also noticed in the second freeze-thaw cycle. In muscle
frozen at -18 degrees C, more pronounced shrinkage with extensive damage of
muscle fibres with tearing was observed. The interfibrillar gaps were wider,
and shrinkage and tearing of the fibres were more distinct after the second
freeze-thaw cycle. After the second cycle, the interior portion showed large
scale degradation of the ultrastructure. Our studies of buffalo muscle show
that under the proper conditions, little structural damage takes place in the
meat histology and ultrastructure under repeated freeze-thaw conditions. This
study adds continued weight to the evidence that limited freeze-thaw cycles
will not deteriorate the quality of buffalo meat.
658
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: The endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal mucosa of Indian
buffalo: I. Histomorphological character and histochemical behaviour
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 1999; 15(3): 313-320 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Mishra,U.K; Das, R.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The histomorphology and histochemistry of the gut endocrine cells were
studied in 5 Indian buffaloes. Depending on the arrangement of secretion
granules within the cell and degree of argent-affinity, 9 cell-types were
identified: basally granulated cells (type-I), peripherally granulated cells (typeII), densely granulated cells (type-III), diffusely granulated cells (type-IV),
small dense elongated cells (type-V), pyramidal cells (type-VI), light stained
granular cells (type-VII), large oblong argent-affinity cells (type-VIII) and
oval non-argent-affine-chromaffine cells (type-IX). Histomorphologically
each cell-type was different from the rest and appeared to share certain
histochemical properties with other types.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Age correlated histomorphological changes in tunica mucosa of
small intestine in buffalo.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2000; 16(3): 341-347 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Neelam Bansal; Khatra,G.S; Saigal,R.P
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The histomorphological studies on small intestine of buffalo revealed longer
and narrower villi in the duodenum and jejunum of day old calves, which
became short and broad with advancing age. The crypts were much extensive
and compactly arranged in duodenum, and their number and size decreased
towards ileum. The main cell types seen at different locations of intestine were
Paneth and enterochromaffin cells in crypts, goblet cells in ileum and the clear
cells in duodenum.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: The endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal mucosa of Indian
buffalo : II. Frequency and distribution.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2000; 16(3): 323-330 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Mishra,U.K; Das,R.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Twenty selective regions of the gastrointestinal tract of adult Indian buffalo
were screened histochemically to document the distribution and relative
659
frequency of occurrence of unicellular endocrine glands in the surface
epithelium, glands, ducts and lamina propria of the gut wall. The cells were
numerous in duodenum, stomach and colo-rectum, moderate in jejunum and
ileum, and were few in bile duct, pancreatic duct, gall bladder and caecum.
Histomorphologically 9 different cell kinds viz., cell-types I, II, III, IV, V, VI,
VII, VIII and IX were distributed characteristically throughout the gut wall
with regional variations. Cells of type III were highest in frequency followed
by cells of type V while the type IX cells were distributed sparsely in the
buffalo gut.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Age-related changes in the cortical bone characteristics of Surti
buffalo and Kankrej ox.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2000; 16(2): 175-179 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Dubal,S.C; Vyas, K.N; Vyas, Y.L
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The material properties of cortical bones of forelimbs and hindlimbs of six
male, young and adult, Surti buffalo and Kankrej oxen were each determined
and compared at the Gujarat Agricultural University, Gujarat, India [date not
given]. The mean +or- S.E. of the elastic modulus of calves and adults were
11.60+or-0.10 and 16.30+or-0.10 GN/m2, respectively. Values for strength
economy were 33.88+or-0.010 and 54.89+or-0.03 km2/second2, for calves
and adults, respectively. Stiffness economy mean values for the calves and
adults were at 4.90+or-0.05 and 6.22+or-0.01 Mm2/second2, respectively. The
adult animals had significantly (P<0.01) higher mean values with both
biometrical and biomechanical characteristics of cortical bones, than the
young animals in both species studied. However, the effect of species or limbs
on cortical bone characteristics was not significant (P>0.05). It was concluded
that cortical bone behaves as a pseudo-ductile material during loading.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Distribution pattern of differently sized secretory granules in
pars distalis adenohypophyseal cells of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2000; 16(2): 181-191 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Massarat Khan; Saigal,R.P; Sethi,R.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Various types of pars distalis adenohypophyseal cells of buffalo, Bubalus
bubalis, were classified based on the size and distribution pattern of secretory
granules. Hypophyses cerebri of one male buffalo, 2 adult female cyclic
buffaloes and one adult buffalo in early pregnancy were collected and
subjected to electron microscopy. Semi-thin sections and electron
photomicographs of the pars distalis adenohypophysis of all buffaloes showed
that parenchyma of the lobe appeared mostly in form of groups of cells
660
separated by connective tissue and was more prominent in adults. Most of the
cells observed were of various shapes and sizes and granulated. Cells were
tentatively categorized as shown in a table, based on the mean diameter of the
granules and distribution pattern of different-sized granules. Seven different
types of cells were described in the adenohypophysis pars distalis of male
buffalo calf and 6 each for the adult cyclic buffalo and pregnant buffalo. The
secretory granules of the male buffalo were the largest, followed by the cyclic
buffaloes and the pregnant buffalo. Data obtained in buffalo were compared
with that in bovine. The buffalo cell types C1, A1 and P1 were comparable to
bovine GH cells, C2, A2 and P2 with PRL cells, C3, A3 and P3 with ACTH
cells, C4, A4 and P4 with LH cells, C5, A5 and P5 with FSH cells and C6, A6
and P6 with TSH cells.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Gross anatomical studies of the Superior Sesamoidean Ligament
in relation to biomechanics in buffalo in comparison with cattle.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2001; 17(3): 371-382 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Gaikwad,S.A; Dhande,P.L; Shankhapal,V.D
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Gross anatomical studies of the Superior Sesamoidean Ligament (SSL) of all 4
limbs from 6 adult males each of Murrah buffalo and cattle (Khillar breed)
were conducted. Fine dissection of SSL was carried out immediately after
slaughter. The origin, insertion, gross anatomical structure, and biometrical
observations of various divisions were recorded. The various divisions of the
SSL were designated as main, postero-medial and lateral, antero-medial axial
and abaxial, antero-lateral axial and abaxial and central strand. The average
length of main, postero-medial and lateral and central strands was significantly
higher in cattle and significantly higher in hindlimb. The average width of
various divisions of SSL was significantly higher in buffalo. The length-width
ratios of various divisions of SSL showed significant difference between the
species, as well as between the limbs. The average length of all divisions of
SSL was greater in cattle compared to buffalo. However, the width of various
divisions of SSL was greater in buffalo compared to cattle.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: AH-hist Age correlated histomorphological and histoenzymic
studies on the distribution of neuronal elements in the pancreas of Indian
buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2001; 17(3): 383-389 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Anu Prashar; Roy,K.S; Malhi,P.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Histomorphological and histoenzymic studies on the neuronal elements in the
pancreas of neonatal (n=6), prepubertal (n=6), and pubertal (n=6) Murrah
661
buffaloes, were conducted. Neuronal elements were comprised of ganglion
cells, and myelinated and amyelinated nerve fibres which were present in all
age groups. However, their frequency was less in pubertal animals compared
in prepubertal and neonatal calves. Pacinian corpuscles were only seen in the
stromal tissue of prepubertal and pubertal buffaloes. In semithin sections, the
nerve terminals were seen close to the base of acinar cells. The activities of
phosphatases were not observed in neuronal elements except a weak adenosine
triphosphatase (ATPase) activity in pubertal animals. The activity of
acetylcholinesterase (AchEase) was uniformly strong in neuronal elements in
all age groups, indicating the existence of cholinergic neurotransmission.
Activities of non-specific esterases (NSE), monoamine oxidase (MAO), and
cytochrome-c oxidase (CYO) progressively increased with the progression of
age. The levels of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), lactate dehydrogenase
(LDH), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) were consistently
low in all age groups, whereas those of NADH and NADPH were relatively
high.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Histoenzymic distribution of oxidoreductases in the adrenal
gland of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2001; 17(3): 391-395 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Malhi, P.S; Opinder Singh; Jaswant Singh
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The distribution of oxidoreductases in the cortex and medulla of 8 male
buffalo calves was studied. Activities of succinate dehydrogenase, lactate
dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 17- beta -hydroxysteroid
dehydrogenase, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase, and
cytochrome oxidase [cytochrome-c oxidase] were observed in all cortical
zones. Activities of these enzymes were stronger in the zona glomerulosa and
zona fasciculata compared to zona reticularis. The adrenal medulla showed a
weak activity for most of these dehydrogenases. The results are suggestive
that zona glomerulosa is the most metabolically active layer. Furthermore, the
differences in enzymatic activities might also be reflective of different
requirements for production of different metabolic products.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Assessment of hoof volume of surti buffalo.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2003; 19(1): 127-131 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Dubal,S.C; Vyas,K.N; Vyas,Y.L
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The limbs of six male Surti buffaloes were collected, and the hoof volume was
determined using 3 different methods: in the first method, the hoof volume
(Vw) was obtained by water displacement; in the second method, the limbs
662
were macerated and from the separated hoof corium, the hoof volume (Vc)
was obtained; and in the third method, hoof volume (Vf) was calculated based
on measurements of hoof length, hoof width and width of the interdigital
space. The hoof volume of the foreleg foot, obtained by the 3 methods, was
significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of the hindleg foot. The ratio of hoof
volume of the fore:hind foot was 58:42. The hoof volume measured by hoof
corium (Vc) and by calculation (Vf) were significantly (P<0.05) lower than
that obtained by water displacement (Vw) in both feet. Vc did not differ
significantly (P>0.05) from Vf in both feet (R2=0.92). The measured volume
of the IDS (Vsm) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the calculated
volume (Vsf) in both feet.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Prenatal development of mammary gland in buffalo (Bubalus
bubalis)
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2003; 19(1): 19-25 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Narinder Singh; Roy,K.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A histological study of the mammary gland of 12 Murrah buffalo fetuses
ranging in age from 90 to 254 days was undertaken. The age was estimated by
measuring CR length. The fetuses were divided into 4 age groups viz. 90-109
(group 1), 120-146 (group 2), 152-182 (group 3) and 251-254 (group 4) days.
The group 1 buffalo fetuses showed 4 mammary anlage on the ventral
abdominal wall, caudal to the umbilicus between the hind limbs which
comprised a centrally located primary sprout embedded into mesenchymal
tissue covered externally by the epidermis. The underlying mesenchymal
tissue differentiated into connective tissue whorls in close vicinity of the
primary sprout. At 120-146 days of age, the primary sprout formed canals and
gave rise to secondary sprouts. The mammary anlage at 152-182 days showed
primary and secondary sprouts with canals, differentiating into the streak
canal, teat sinus and primitive gland sinus. The ectodermal covering of the
adjoining area showed differentiation of skin adnexa. The group 4 fetuses
showed fully differentiated and 'canalized' streak canal lined by cuboidal
epithelium and gland sinus differentiating into a duct system of mammary
gland. The adjoining skin showed fully differentiated skin adnexa.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Histometric study on different fibre types in muscles of forelimb
of the buffalo.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2003; 19(1): 41-48 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Dubal, S.C; Vyas,K.N; Vyas,Y.L
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The distribution of fibre types and their diameters, and fibre density were
663
determined through the succinic dehydrogenase [succinate dehydrogenase]
activity in forelimb muscles of apparently healthy male Surti buffalo (n=6).
The percent population of red, intermediate and white fibres did not differ
significantly (P>0.05) between the age groups. The fibre diameter was
significantly (P<0.05) more in adults than in calves. Furthermore, fibre density
was significantly (P<0.01) lower in adults than in calves. Within the muscle,
the white fibres were significantly (P<0.05) wider than the intermediate and
red fibres. The muscles of the proximal part of the limb had significantly more
red fibres and higher fibre density than the distal part. It was concluded that
the muscle profile of the forelimbs is more closely dependent upon the
workload than the age of the animal and the buffalo was more suitable for
heavy load bearing at a slow speed.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Histomorphological study on postnatal development of the
mammary gland in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2003; 19(1): 61-70 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Narinder Singh; Roy, K.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
An age-correlated histomorphological study was done on the mammary gland
of neonates (day one to 1 month), prepubertal (2 to 3 years) and adult
(lactating and non-lactating) buffaloes. Each group comprised six animals. At
birth, the mammary gland consisted of a small teat with a streak canal,
Furstenberg's rosette, teat cistern, gland cistern and extensive duct system.
During the prepubertal period, it showed an extensive duct system with
clumps of glandular tissue at the terminal ends of the duct system. The stromal
tissue was more organized and mature. Adipose connective tissue was highly
developed around the glandular tissue. The percentage of glandular and nonglandular tissue in the lactating mammary gland was 64.1+or-3.6 and
35.90+or-3.6, whereas it was 21.11+or-4.41 and 78.90+or-4.41 in the nonlactating mammary gland. In the lactating mammary gland, alveoli were
highly developed and lined by simple cuboidal epithelium. In the non-lactating
mammary gland, the alveoli were shrunken and their epithelium became
simple low cuboidal. The corpora amylacea was frequently encountered in the
alveoli of the non-lactating mammary gland.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Histopathological and histochemical studies of experimental
chronic selenosis in buffalo calves.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2003; 19(2): 209-218 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Gill,G.P.S; Roy,K.S; Varinder Uppal
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Histopathological and histochemical studies of experimentally induced
664
chronic selenosis were conducted using nine male buffalo calves. The toxicity
was produced by oral administration of selenourea (0.23 mg/kg body weight)
for 75 days. The study revealed venous congestion, haemorrhage and necrotic
changes in the kidneys, liver, heart, lungs, duodenum, skin and cerebrum.
Subscapular lymph node appeared normal. The distribution pattern of neutral
and acid mucopolysaccharides, basic proteins, sudanophilic lipids,
phospholipids, ferric ions and calcium ions observed in different organs are
discussed.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Histochemistry of extraocular muscles in buffalo (Bubalus
bubalis).
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2005; 21(1): 67-74 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Shree,K.Y.L; Prasad, R.V; Jamuna,K.V; Krishna Kakade;
Dhoolappa, M
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The histochemical findings and the morphological features were important for
characterizing the extraocular muscles (EOMs) of buffalo as slow and fast
muscles. The existence of three types of muscle fibres in highly organized
striated muscles was clearly distinguished by the difference in their
histochemical activity. Histochemical studies on buffalo EOMs was carried
out on lipids, glycogen, myoglobin content and enzymes like succinic
dehydrogenase and phosphorylase. Lipid content showed strong reactions in
narrow fibres, moderate in intermediate and weak reaction in broad fibres.
Glycogen was moderate in broad fibres and almost negative in narrow fibres.
Myoglobin concentration was more in narrow fibres compared to broad fibres.
Succinic dehydrogenase activity (SDH) was higher in narrow fibres, lower in
broad fibres and showed intermediate reaction in intermediate fibres where as
phosphorylase activity was very strong in broad fibres, strong in intermediate
and moderate in narrow fibres.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Scanning electron microscopic studies of the tracheobronchial
tree & lung parenchyma of buffalo calves.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Haryana-Veterinarian. 2002; 41: 28-30 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Attar Singh; Gurdial Singh; Nagpal,S.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Scanning electron microscopy showed that the cilia formed a ciliary carpet in
the trachea of buffalo calves. The height and the number of cilia reduced
gradually towards the distal bronchi, however, few ciliated cells were also
seen in the bronchioles, which were mainly lined with secretary cells. The
parenchyma of the lung had large number of alveoli lined with two types of
cells; type I cells were flat while the type II cells were dome shaped.
665
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Vascularization of the teat in pregnant and non pregnant
buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Haryana-Veterinarian. 2002; 41: 31-37 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Jain, R.K; Gupta,A.N; Goyal,R.L
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The arterial blood supply to the udder in buffalo was mainly derived from the
external pudendal artery. The external pudendal artery divided in to two
primary branches, viz. cranial and caudal mammary arteries. The cranial
mammary artery gave off about 5-7 secondary branches, viz. cranial lateral
sinus arteries. These arteries again divided into numerous fine branches as
tertiary branches to supply the parenchyma of fore quarter. One or two of
these tertiary branches coursed to the cranial teat as papillary artery. The
caudal mammary artery gave off about 4-8 secondary branches, viz. caudal
lateral sinus arteries. These arteries also divided in a similar manner to supply
the mammary parenchyma of hind quarter and caudal teat. The arterio-arterial
anastomoses between the vessels of the same side were evident but the arterial
anastomoses between the two halves were not observed. The mammary
arteries of the left side were slightly thicker than the right side. The
histological study revealed that the teats of early pregnant buffalo resembled
to that of the non-pregnant (heifer). The number of blood vessels and the
network of veins were almost the same in the intermediate layer. During mid
pregnancy there was increase in the number of blood capillaries and
proliferation of the endothelial cells. The teat vascularity was maximum
during the third stage (last stage) of pregnancy. A few arterio-venous
anastomoses have been demonstrated which might be responsible for venous
return.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Histological and bio-metrical study on epidermis of
nondescriptive buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian-Journal-of-Animal-Health. 2003; 42(2): 151-155 2003 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Bhattacharjya, M.K; Banerjee,R; Singh,K.S; Guha,R.K;
Ghosh,R.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Ten buffaloes of different breeds, ages, sexes and body weights were
subjected to skin analysis. 1" x 1" sections of skin samples from the head,
neck and leg regions were used for preparation of slides and stained by
haematoxylin and eosine. It was shown that the epidermis consisted of
stratified squamous epithelium and was found to be deep, black and dense in
appearance in stained slides. The total thickness of epidermis ranged from
187-244 micro units. The stratum corneum, the outermost layer, consisted of
666
dead cells without having any cellular architecture, had a thickness of 20-33
micro units and was thicker in the neck region. The stratum granulosum
containing several layers of flattened cells was present only in the neck region
and was 6.37+or-15 micro units thick. The stratum lucidum was absent in all
the regions but a faint line was detected in the skin of the neck region. The
stratum basale consisted of tall and columnar cells. In the stratum spinosum,
irregular polyhedral and hexagonal cells were found. The average thickness of
the stratum germinativum was 166-203 micro units and was thicker in the
neck region. Club shaped, dark coloured papillary processes measuring 87-156
micro units were also found to be thicker in the neck region.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Histoenzymic studies on phosphatases and esterases in the corpus
luteum of Indian buffalo.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 1999; 69(2): 100-102 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Opinder Singh; Roy, K.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The localization of phosphatases and acetylcholinesterase in corpora lutea of
22 cyclic and 10 pregnant buffaloes was investigated. The capsule and stroma
were negative. Luteal cells were positive for alkaline phosphatase, acid
phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase and
acetylcholinesterase. The activities were better demonstrable in developed
corpora lutea and that of pregnancy, an indication of a better secretory activity
at these stages.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: The relative distribution (percentage) proportions of various
hormone producing cells in different regions of pars distalis
adenohypophysis from buffalo of different phases of reproductive cycle.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 1999; 69(5): 298-300 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Massarat Khan; Saigal, R.P; Sethi, R.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The distribution of different hormone producing cells were studied in the
paraffin sections of pars distalis adenohypophysis cerebri of 52 male and
female buffaloes aged 1 week to adult. The sections were stained to
demonstrate GH, PRL, TSH, FSH and LH/ICSH cells with differential
staining of the chromophils which comprised 40.32+or-2.29%, 22.20+or1.61%, 17.09%+or-0.82%, 12.02+or-1.19% and 8.36%+or-0.64% of
population, respectively. Whereas distribution of GH cells was maximum in
zona tuberalis and rostral region, the PRL and LH were maximum in the
ventral region, TSH in the caudal region and FSH cells in the central region of
pars distalis. In adults, males had higher proportions of GH (45.38%) and LH
(12.76%) cells and lower proportions (14.08%) of PRL cells than than females
667
in the follicular phase (38.31%, 8.03% and 24.97%, respectively). The LH cell
proportions were higher (10.88%) during the luteal phase. During pregnancy
the GH cell proportions were maximum (48.25%) in early stages and PRL and
FSH cells were maximum (27.60% and 18.41%, respectively) after 3 months
of pregnancy. The proportions of TSH and LH cells were maximum (23.32%
and 28.06%, respectively) at 3 months of pregnancy and then decreased. With
the advancement of pregnancy, the proportions of FSH and LH cells continued
to decrease and increase, respectively, up to 3 months of pregnancy but
thereafter FSH cells increased and LH cells decreased.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Age correlated histomorphological changes in the cervix of
buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences (India). (Aug 2000). v. 70(8) p.
801-803. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Uppal,V.; Roy K.S.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Age correlated histomorphological changes in the cervix of buffalo revealed
that the lamina epithelialis was simple cuboidal in neonatal calves which
transformed into mucinogenic simple columnar in adult buffaloes. The
epithelial height was more at the base of cervical folds than at its apex in all
age groups. Tunica muscularis was made up of inner circular and outer
longitudinally oriented smooth muscle fibres, which became 3 layered in
prepubertal and adult animals. Collagen, reticular and elastic fibres were few
and fine in neonates becames coarser and denser with progression of age.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Histochemical alterations in Lantana toxicity.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences (India). (Aug 2000). v. 70(8) p.
847-849. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Mandial, R.K.; Randhawa,S.N.S.; Roy,K.S.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Cryostat section of liver, kidneys, rumen, jejunum, spleen, heart, cerebrum,
lungs and gall bladder of buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis) experimentally
intoxicated by oral administration of dried leaf powder of Lantana camara
variety aculeata - red flower @ 6g/kg body weight were studied for
histochemical/histoenzymatic changes. Most of the tissues revealed loss of
alkaline phosphatase, succinic dehydrogenase, lactic dehydrogenase,
adenosine triphosphatase, cytochrome oxidase and xanthine oxidase activity
associated with increased acid phosphatase activity and lipid contents.
Pakistan Veterinary Journal
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
668
Subject: Muzzle measurements and characteristics of Surti and
Jaffarabadi buffalo and its applicability in predicting the age and
production performance.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2001; 71(11): 1062-1065 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Singh,N.P; Patel,A.M
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A study was conducted to determine the age and prediction of production
performance of buffaloes by a new modified muzzle print technique.
Buffaloes (n=199) of different age groups and lactating buffaloes (n=65)
belonging to Surti and Jafarabadi breeds were employed. Two types of studies
on muzzle, i.e. various muzzle measurements and various muzzle
characteristics in a 2x2 cm area of the muzzle were carried out. In Surti
buffaloes, the average basal length, upper length, central length and distance
between nostrils were 4.29+or-0.06, 4.01+or-0.10, 4.18+or-0.15 and 2.25+or0.05 cm in the 0.0- to 2.9-month age group, whereas in the >60-month age
groups, the respective values were 8.12+or-0.13, 7.65+or-0.16, 8.31+or-0.12
and 4.73+or-0.06 cm. Similarly in Jafarabadi, these values were 5.19+or-0.15,
4.78+or-0.20, 4.74+or-0.33 and 2.39+or-0.10 cm in the 0.0- to 5.9-month age
group and 9.59+or-0.14, 9.12+or-0.29, 9.21+or-0.16 and 5.33+or-0.13 cm in
the >60-month age group. The average number of beads varied from
27.11+or-1.63 to 59.33+or-1.66 in the age groups of 60 months and above and
6.0 to 11.9 months in Surti, and 22.21+or-2.53 to 63.38+or-2.86 in the >60month and 0.0- to 5.9-month age group in Jafarabadi. The total converted
beads ranged from a minimum of 45.69+or-1.38 to a maximum of 100.63+or3.95 in Surti, whereas it was 25.07+or-3.22 to 96.50+or-6.60 in Jafarabadi
buffaloes. Calves in both breeds had a higher number of total converted beads
than older animals. The correlation of age with various muzzle measurements
was significantly positive (P<0.01), which indicated the parallel increase of
the various muzzle measurements with the age of buffaloes. Correlations were
negative and significant for muzzle characteristics (P>0.01), indicative of a
declining trend with the advancement of age. The regression equation showed
the significant value of R2 to predict the age by various muzzle measurements
and various muzzle characteristics, i.e. 75.6% in Surti and 77.6% in
Jafarabadi. The association of muzzle measurements and characteristics with
production traits varied between breeds. The regression equations that had
more than 60% R2 values were Y1=(-172.48)+35.66 X and Y2 = (318.22)+68.36 X, where Y1=total milk yield in the second month of first
lactation Surti buffaloes, Y2=total milk yield in second and third months of
first lactation Surti buffaloes, and X=central length of muzzle of Surti
buffaloes.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Radiological investigations of intrahepatic arterial supply of liver
in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2002; 72(12): 1108-1109 AB:
Country of Origin: India
669
Author’s name: Anuradha; Roy,K.S; Neelam Bansal; Varinder Uppal
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Six healthy male buffalo calves were embalmed with 10% formalin. The liver
along with its blood vessels was separated from the carcass and examined. The
hepatic artery enters the liver at the hilus and bifurcates into the dorsal and
ventral interlobar arteries. The dorsal interlobar artery was the main arterial
supply to the gall bladder and dorsal lobe of the liver. The ventral interlobar
artery bifurcates into the middle and ventral interlobular arteries.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Histoenzymic and biochemical alterations in rabid buffalo calves
- an experimental study.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2002; 72(9): 739-742 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Singh, H; Singh,C.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Buffalo calves (n=9) were divided into 3 groups of 3 buffalo calves each to
study the histoenzymic and biochemical alterations after experimental
infection with street rabies virus (SRV). In group 1, buffalo calves (2) were
inoculated with 656865 MICLD50 of SRV via oral route. Normal mice brain
(5 ml) (NMB) suspension was inoculated via similar route to third buffalo calf
serving as control of this group. Group 2 buffalo calves (2) were inoculated
with 394119 MICLD50 of SRV via inter-thecal route. NMB suspension (3 ml)
was inoculated via similar route to third buffalo calf serving as control of this
group. Lastly, group 3 buffalo calves (2) were inoculated with SRV by
instilling 131373 MICLD50 SRV in both eyes. The third buffalo calf was
instilled with NMB suspension (0.5 ml) into each eye. Enzymic activities of
succinic dehydrogenase, acetylcholinesterase, adenosine triphosphatase,
alkaline phosphatase and lactic dehydrogenase were determined in cryostat
sections of nervous tissues. It was observed that the enzymatic activities were
affected by neuronal degeneration and necrosis tissues during the progression
of the disease. Biochemical studies revealed that there was progressive
decrease in the level of acetylcholinesterase during the course of the disease,
however, there was no significant change in the level of blood urea nitrogen
and cholesterol.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Marginal cell layer in the buffalo hypophysis cerebri: a
histological and immunohistochemical study.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2002; 72(11): 951-953 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Massarat Khan; Saigal, R.P; Sethi, R.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
670
The histomorphochemical study on adenohypophyses of 66 buffaloes of either
sex aged from one week to adult revealed that the marginal cell layer lining of
the hypophyseal cleft comprised simple squamous, cuboidal or columnar type
epithelium, which sometimes appeared pseudostratified. It was inconsistently
ciliated. In general, the marginal epithelium stained pale but contained
variably distributed PAS and alcian blue reactive cells. The cells positive to
phloxin-B and aldehyde fuchsin, and those immunohistochemically reactive to
FSH, LH, thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH [thyrotropin], prolactin (PRL),
and growth hormone (GH) [somatotropin] also occurred within the marginal
cell layer.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Ultrasonographic anatomy of the palmar metacarpus and fetlock
in buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences (India). (Jun 2003). v. 73(6) p.
591-593. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kumar, N.; Hoque,M.; Maiti, S.K.; Sharma, A.K.; Kumar,
N.; Gangwar,A.K.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The ultrasonographic anatomy of the palmar metacarpus and fetlock in buffalo
calves in presented. The SDFT and DDFT had an hour-glass shape from
proximal to distal on the limb. The thickest palmo-dorsal measurement of
SDFT and DDFT located int he mid metacarpal region 12 and 14 cm below
the ACB respectively. The left and right SDFT and DDFT tendon did not have
significant differences (P>0.05) in palmo-dorsal measurements. Longitudinal
ultrasonograph at the midmetacarpal showed similar echogenicity of SDFT
and DDFT.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Ultrasonographic anatomy of the palmar metacarpus and fetlock
in buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2003; 73(6): 591-593 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Naveen Kumar; Hoque, M; Maiti,-S.K; Sharma, A.K;
Kumar, N; Gangwar,A.K.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The anatomy of the palmar metacarpus and the fetlock of buffalo calves was
investigated using ultrasonography. Details and measurements of the
accessory carpal bone (ACB), superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT), deep
digital flexor tendon (DDFT) and suspensory ligament are presented.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Histomorphology and histochemistry of corpora lutea and
corpora albicantia of Gaddi goats.
671
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2003; 73(11): 1241-1242 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Shalini; Sharma, D.N
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Ovaries from 15 healthy cyclic non-pregnant Gaddi goats (2-4 years of age)
bearing corpus lutea were collected and fixed in 10% neutral formaldehyde,
Lavdowsky and Bouin's fixatives. Paraffin sections were taken at 5 micro
thickness, stained by haematoxylin and eosin for routine histomorphological
examination. Bound and free glycogen radicals, bound lipids and silver
reactive granules were demonstrated in the luteal cells. This latter feature was
considered to be a possible cause of a neuro receptive mechanism. Species
characteristic differences in histochemistry of the luteal cells of the Gaddi
goats with allied species such as sheep and buffalo were recorded.
Transformation of the corpora albicantia and the subsequent changes in the
histochemistry were also observed.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Histoenzymic studies on the mammary gland of Indian buffalo.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2003; 73(6): 594-597 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Narinder Singh; Roy, K.S.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted to investigate the various enzymes in the buffalo
mammary gland. The distribution and activities of alkaline phosphatase
(AKPase), acid phosphatase (ACPase), glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase),
adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6PD), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH),
glutamate dehydrogenase (GLD), reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-diaphorase), nonspecific esterase (NSE) and
acetylcholinesterase are presented.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Histological and immunohistochemical study of luteinizing
hormone producing cells in the adenohypophysis cerebri of buffalo.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2003; 73(1): 9-11 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Massarat Khan; Saigal, R.P; Sethi, R.S.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The hypophysis cerebri of 56 buffalo of either sex, of different age groups and
in different phases of reproduction cycle were used for the study. The paraffin
sections of 5- micro m thickness were stained with differential staining and
immunohistochemical techniques. The luteinizing hormone-producing (LH)
672
cells were round, oval and stellate shaped with processes. The estimated
average diameter of cells was 8.2+or-0.16 micro m with insignificant regional
differences. Group-wise, the LH cells diameter was minimum (5.6 micro m) in
1-week-old male calf and maximum (8.0 micro m) in adult males. In females,
the cell diameter varied from 8.6 micro m (during follicular phase) to 10.8
micro m (in pregnancy over 3 months).
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Histoenzymic studies on the mammary gland of Indian buffalo.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences (India). (Jun 2003). v. 73(6) p.
594-597. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Singh, N.; Roy, K.S.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Histoenzymic studies on mammary gland of buffalo revealed that the
epithelium of streak canal, teak sinus, alveoli and ducts were positive for
AKPase, ACPase, ATPase and G-6-Pase. The stroma was negative for all
these phosphatases except ATPase, where it showed doubtful activity. The
alveolar, ductular, teat epithelia and blood vessels were positive for SDH,
LDH, GLD, NADPH-diaphorase and G-6-PD. The stroma was also positive
for all above oxidoreductases except LDH and GLD. Non-specific esterases
(NSE)were localized in parenchyma and nerve fibre,but negative in the
stromal tissue. Acetylcholinesterase was only seen in neuronal elements of
mammary gland.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Age correlated histoenzymic distribution of acetyl cholinesterase
and non-specific esterase in the ovary of Indian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences (India). (Apr 2003). v. 73(4) p.
357-359. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Bhardwaj, R.L.; Roy,K.S.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The study was conducted on the ovaries of 46(13 neonatal, 22 cyclic, and 8
pregnant) healthy Murrah female buffaloes. The fresh unfixed ovarian tissues
were collected in the liquid nitrogen and cryostal sections of 10aem thickness
were obtained and incubated for acetylcholinesterase (AChEase) and nonspecific esterases (NSE). AChEase positive nerve fibres and its terminal and
ganglion were seen in the buffalo ovary. Fine nerve terminal seen reaching up
to basement membrance of ovarian follicles. Strong NSE activity was seen in
the ovarian follicles, luteal cells, nerve fibres and interstitial glands.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Age correlated histoenzymic distribution of reduced nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide diaphorase and reduced nicotinamide adenine
673
dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase in the ovary of Indian buffalo
(Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences (India). (Apr 2003). v. 73(4) p.
360-363. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Bhardwaj, R.L.; Roy,K.S.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The study was conducted on the ovaries of 46 (neonatal 13, prepubertal 3,
cyclic 22, and pregnant 8) normal healthy Murrah buffaloes. The fresh ovarian
tissues were collected in the liquid nitrogen for the histoenzymic
demonstration of enzymes. The unfixed frozen tissues were put to cryostat
microtome at-20oC to obtain sections at 10aem on clean glass slides and
incubated for reduced nicoltinamide adenine dinuleotide diaphorase (NADHdiaphorase) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinulectide phosphate
diaphorase (NADPH-diaphorase)activity. The enzymes showed varied activity
of NADH and NADPH-diaphorase in the different components of the buffalo
ovaries and in the graafian follicles.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Histological and histochemical studies on the oviduct of the
buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) at different reproductive stages.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences (India). (May 2003). v. 73(5) p.
484-487. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Natarajan,T.; Prasad, R.V.; Kakade, K.; Jamuna, K.V.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The tunica mucosa of infundibulum of the buffalo was highly branched with
primary, secondary and tertiary folds occupying greater part of lumen in
follicular phase. During luteral phase, cytoplasmic protrusion and nuclear
extrusion were distinct in ampulla. The lymphocytic infiltration was more in
ampulla during tuteal phase. In pregnancy the mucosal folds were less
prominent. The muscle lalyer gradually increased in size towards uterotubal
junction. No cyclic variation was oberved in epithelial cells of isthmus. The
histological features of pregnant oviduct resembled features observed during
luteal phase. The PAS-positive material revealed metachromasia and protein,
suggesting carbohydrate-protein complex nature of secretion from epithelial
cells of the oviduct.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Histological and immunohistochemical study of luteinizing
hormone producing cells in the adenohypophysis cerebri of buffalo.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences (India). (Jan 2003). v. 73(1) p.
9-11. AB:
Country of Origin: India
674
Author’s name: Khan, M.; Saigal, R.P.; Sethi, R.S.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The hypophysis cerebri of 56 buffalo of either sex, of different age groups and
in different phases of reproduction cycle were used for the study. The paraffin
sections of 5aem thickness were stained with differential staining and
immunohistochemical techniques. The luteinizing hormone-producing (LH)
cells were round, oval and stellate shaped with processes. The estimated
average diameter of cells were 8.2n0.16aem with insignificant regional
differences. Groupwise the LH cells diameter was minimum (5.6aem) in 1week-old male calf and maximum (8.0aem) in adult males. In females, the
diameter varied from 8.6aem (during follicular phase) to 10.8aem (in
pregnancy over 3 months).
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Histomorphological studies on prenatal development of reticulum
in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences (India). (May 2004). v. 74(5) p.
489-491. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Singh, O.; Roy, K.S.; Bawa,B.S.; Malhotra, V.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Histomorphological studies wee made on the reticulum of buffalo foetii with
crown rump length ranging from 5.0 cm to 62.0 cm. The lamina epithelialis
was divisible into dark basal and light superficial zones. The cells varied from
cuboidal to columnar in basal zone and were polyhedral in superficial zone.
The papillae of lamina propria were initially observed at 14.7 cm CRL. The
mucosal surface showed compartments characteristic of reticulum at 19.6 cm
CRL. The reticular papillae exhibited muscle bundles in apical portion at 60.1
cm CRL and were comparable to adult. The tunica muscularis was comprised
of inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle cells although reverse
orientation of muscle fibres was also observed.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Histochemical study of postnatal changes in the vesicular glands
of buffalo.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences (India). (Apr 2004). v. 74(4) p.
354-356. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Anurag; Saigal, R.P.; Sethi, R.S.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The postnatal changes were studied in the vesicular glands in 17 buffaloes
aged 6 months, 1 to 1.5 years,2 to 2.5 years and >5,4,4 and 4 animals in each
group respectively. The histochemical investigations revealed that glycogen
675
was found in the glandular cells only in 6 month-old buffalo calves. The
glandular cells in older animals were positive for periodic acid Schiff's and
alcian blue reactions. The cytoplasm of glandular epithelia and secretory
material in the lumina showed stronger mercuric bromophenol blue reactions
for proteins in adults. Sudanophilic lipids increased with age.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Histoenzymatic studies on the tongue of adult Indian buffalo (
Bubalus bulalis).
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences (India). (Apr 2004). v. 74(4) p.
348-350. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Singh, K.; Roy, K.S.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A histoenzymatic study was conducted on the tongue of 8 adult Indian
buffaloes for the demonstration of phosphatases, oxidoreductase and esterases.
The lingual epithelium, taste buds, muscles and seromucous glands were
positive for AKPase, ACPase, SDH, LDH, G-6-PD,NADH and 17-bitaHSD.
AchEase was only seen in nerve terminals, fibres and motor end plates.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Histomorphological observations on buffalo oesophagus during
prenatal development.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences (India). (May 2004). v. 74(5) p.
486-488.
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Bawa,B.S.; Roy,K.S.; Singh,O.; Uppal,V.; Malhotra,V.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The study was conducted on prenatal development of buffalo oesophagus in
20 foetuses ranging from 5.5 cm-60.1 cm crown rump length (CRL). Up to 7.5
cm CRL late lamina epithelialis was 2 layered, having basal layer of cuboidal
cells and superficial layer of columnar cells. Superficial cells became
polygonal and polyhedral at 11.2 cm CRL. Transformation to squamous cells
was observed at 38 cm CRL. The lamina muscularis mucosae had
mesenchymal cells up to 11.2 CRL which differentiated into collagen and
retucular fibres at 14.7 cm CRL stage. At 5.5 cm CRL stage tunica muscularis
had single layer of circularly oriented smooth muscle cells. The outer layer
appeared at 11.2 cm CRL stage. Instead of usual pattern of inner circular and
outer longitudinal orientation, the reverse pattern of muscles fibres viz. inner
longitudinal and outer circular was observed. Skeletal muscle was observed at
11.2 cm CRL at cranial end and at 20 cm CRL stage in the caudal end.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Histomorphological study of
bulbourethral gland of buffalo.
676
postnatal
changes
in
the
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences (India). (Apr 2004). v. 74(4) p.
351-353. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Anurag; Saigal, R.P.; Sethi, R.S.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The postnatal changes in the bulbouretheral gland in buffaloes (17) aged 6
months,1-15years,2-2.5 years and >3.5 years with 5,4,4 and 4 animals in each
group,respectively, were studied. The histological investigations revealed that
the bulbourethral gland in buffalo was compound tubulo-acinar type. At 6
months of age the lobulation was not distinct and the parenchyman comprised
of ducts, tubular invaginations and non-luminated solid cell masses. The
lobulation became distinct at prepubertal age. Mucous aacini appeared at
puberty. Characteristic glands with predominant mucous acini developed in
adults. Epithelium of intralobular ducts varied from cuboidal to columnar type
while main secretory ducts had transitional type epithelium even at 6 months
of age.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Histomorphological study on the ovary of neonatal indian buffalo
(Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences (India). (Feb 2004). v. 74(2) p.
156-159. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Bhardwaj, R.L.; Roy, K.S.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Histomorphological study was conducted on the ovary of 13 neonatal
buffaloes calves. The surface epithelium of the ovaries was simple cuboidal to
simple columnar which was thrown into folds at locations. It was invaginated
into ovarian cortex. The average height of epithelium was 8.07n0.46 aem and
thickness of tunica albuginea was 67.47n5.13 aem. The per cent distribution of
cortex and medulla were 77.16n1.14 and 22.84n1.14 respectively. Ovarian
stroma was fibrocellular structure. It comprised mesenchymal cells
differnetiating into fibroblasts with collagen fibres and reticular fibers. No
elastic fibres could be seen except at perivascular area. Smooth muscle cells
were also observed. The ovarian follicles at different stages of development
and atresia were observed in the ovary. Polynuclear ova were observed. The
interstital gland cells were seen at locations. The mast cells were seen in
perivascular area. The rete ovarii and mesonephric tubules were also present.
They were lined with cuboidal to low columnar epithelium. Blood vessels of
different caliber were seen in medulla.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Venography of intrahepatic portal veins of the liver in buffalo
(Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2004
677
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004; 74(10): 1024-1026 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Anuradha; Opinder Singh
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A radiological examination of the intrahepatic portal vein was conducted in
livers obtained from fixed carcasses of 6 apparently healthy buffalo calves.
The venograms and dissection revealed that the portal vein divided into the
right and left interlobar veins. The right vein was smaller and the left vein was
longer. The right interlobar vein branched into the dorsal, intermediate and
ventral interlobular veins. The dorsal vein supplied blood to the dorsal part of
the right lobe of the liver, whereas the ventral vein supplied the ventral part.
The intermediate vein supplied blood to the quadrate and caudate lobes. The
left interlobar vein had transverse and umbilical parts. The transverse part
supplied blood to the caudate lobe. The umbilical interlobar vein branched
into the dorsal, intermediate and ventral interlobular veins which supplied
blood to the dorsal and ventral part of left and quadrate lobes. Each
interlobular vein branched into 3-5 intralobular veins in the liver parenchyma.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Histomorphological study of the ovary of neonatal Indian buffalo
(Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004; 74(2): 156-159 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Bhardwaj,R-L; Roy,K-S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Histomorphological study was conducted on the ovary of 13 neonatal
buffaloes calves. The surface epithelium of the ovaries was simple cuboidal to
simple columnar which was thrown into folds at locations. It was invaginated
into the ovarian cortex. The average height of epithelium was 8.07+or-0.46
micro m and thickness of tunica albuginea was 67.47+or-5.13 micro m. The
distribution of cortex and medulla were 77.16+or-1.14 and 22.84+or-1.14%,
respectively. Ovarian stroma was fibrocellular in structure. It was comprised
of mesenchymal cells differentiating into fibroblasts with collagen fibres and
reticular fibres. No elastic fibres could be seen except at the perivascular area.
Smooth muscle cells were also observed. The ovarian follicles at different
stages of development and atresia were observed in the ovary. Polynuclear ova
were observed. The interstitial gland cells were seen at locations. The mast
cells were seen in perivascular area. The rete ovarii and mesonephric tubules
were also present and were lined with cuboidal to low columnar epithelium.
Blood vessels of different caliber were seen in medulla.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Histomorphology and histochemistry of adenomeres of middle
buccal gland in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004; 74(6): 635-636 AB:
678
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Gupta, M.K; Gupta, A.N; Jain, R,.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The following article describes ultrastructural and histochemical features of
the middle buccal gland based on results obtained from samples collected
from ten healthy buffalo calves (1-1.5 years of age) of either sex (India).
Photomicrographs of the structures are provided.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Biometrical study on oesophagus of buffalo fetus.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004; 74(8): 858-859 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Bawa,B.; Roy,K.S; Varinder Uppal; Opinder Singh; Vaneet
Malhotra
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The present study was conducted on oesophagus of 20 buffalo fetuses from
Group I (5.5-20.0 cm CRL), Group II (22.4-38.5 cm CRL) and Group III
(44.2-62.0 cm CRL). The length and diameter of the oesophagus was directly
proportional to the CRL. The correlation coefficient between size of
oesophagus and CRL was highly significant at 1% level of significance. The
micrometrical observations revealed that the thickness of epithelium was
135.25 micro m in 44.2 cm CRL fetus and then decreased slightly to 102.95
micro m at 60.1 cm CRL. The coefficient of variation showed more
consistency in thickness of various oesophageal tunics in Group II as
compared to Groups III and I. The correlation coefficient showed positive
relation between thickness of various oesophageal tunics and CRL of fetus,
which was highly significant at 1% level of significance.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Histochemical study of postnatal changes in the vesicular glands
of buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004; 74(4): 354-356 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Anurag; Saigal, R.P; Sethi, R.S.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Postnatal changes the vesicular glands were studied in 17 male Murrah
buffaloes aged 6 months, 1 to 1.5 years, 2 to 2.5 years and >3.5 years with 5,
4, 4 and 4 animals in each group, respectively. It was shown that glycogen was
present in the glandular cells only in 6-month-old buffalo calves. The
glandular cells in older animals were positive for periodic acid Schiff's and
alcian blue reactions. The cytoplasm of glandular epithelia and secretory
material in the lumina showed stronger mercuric bromophenol blue reactions
for proteins in adults. Sudanophilic lipids also increased with age.
679
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Histomorphological observations on buffalo oesophagus during
prenatal development.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004; 74(5): 486-488 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Bawa, B.S; Roy, K.S.; Opinder Singh; Varinder Uppal;
Vaneet-Malhotra
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Prenatal development of the oesophagus of 20 buffalo fetuses, ranging from
5.5 cm-60.1 cm in crown rump length (CRL), was studied. The lamina
epithelialis was double-layered, with a basal layer of cuboidal cells and
superficial layer of columnar cells, until the CRL of 7.5 cm. Superficial cells
became polygonal and polyhedral at 11.2 cm CRL. Transformation to
squamous cells was observed at 38 cm CRL. The lamina muscularis mucosae
was sheet form at 11.2 cm CRL stage. Bundle formation occurred at 28 cm
CRL. The tunica submucosa had mesenchymal cells up to 11.2 CRL which
differentiated into collagen and reticular fibres at 14.7 cm CRL stage. At 5.5
cm CRL stage, the tunica muscularis had a single layer of circularly oriented
smooth muscle cells. The outer layer appeared at 11.2 cm CRL stage. Instead
of the usual pattern of inner circular and outer longitudinal orientation, the
reverse pattern of muscles fibres viz. inner longitudinal and outer circular was
observed. Skeletal muscle was observed at 11.2 cm CRL at cranial end and at
20 cm CRL stage in the caudal end.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Histomorphological studies on prenatal development of reticulum
in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004; 74(5): 489-491 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Opinder Singh; Roy, K.S.; Bawa, B.S.; Vaneet Malhotra
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Histomorphological studies were made on the reticulum of buffalo fetuses
with crown rump length ranging from 5.0 cm to 62.0 cm. The lamina
epithelialis was composed of dark basal and light superficial zones. The cells
varied from cuboidal to columnar in the basal zone and were polyhedral in the
superficial zone. The papillae of the lamina propria were initially observed at
14.7 cm CRL. The mucosal surface showed compartments characteristic of the
reticulum at 19.6 cm CRL. The typical honeycomb appearance was observed
at 38 cm CRL. The reticular papillae exhibited muscle bundles in the apical
portion at 60.1 cm CRL and were comparable to that of the adult. The tunica
muscularis was comprised of inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth
muscle cells, although a reverse orientation of the muscle fibres was observed.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
680
Subject: Histomorphological study of postnatal changes in the
bulbourethral gland of buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004; 74(4): 351-353 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Anurag; Saigal, R.P; Sethi, R.S.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The postnatal changes in the bulbo-uretheral gland in 17 male Murrah
buffaloes aged 6 months, 1-1.5 years, 2-2.5 years and >3.5 years with 5, 4, 4
and 4 animals in each group, respectively, were studied. It was shown that the
bulbo-urethral gland was a compound, tubulo-acinar type. At 6 months of age,
the lobulation was not distinct and the parenchyma was comprised of ducts,
tubular invaginations and non-luminated solid cell masses. The lobulation
became distinct at prepuberty. Mucous acini appeared at puberty.
Characteristic glands with predominant mucous acini developed in adults.
Epithelium of intralobular ducts varied from cuboidal to columnar types, while
the main secretory ducts had transitional type epithelium even at 6 months of
age.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Histoenzymic distribution of phosphatases in liver due to
experimental lead toxicosis in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2005; 75(7): 782-784 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Anuradha; Neelam Bansal; Varinder Uppal
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted to determine the histoenzymic distribution of
phosphatases in the liver of buffaloes subjected to experimental lead toxicosis.
Six crossbred buffalo calves were administered lead acetate at 25 mg/kg body
weight per os for 7 days. All the calves showed symptoms of lead toxicity and
died within 6-8 days of the experiment. The tissue samples from the liver were
collected and stored in liquid nitrogen. Cryostate sections of 10 micro m
thickness were obtained and incubated for phosphatases. The study revealed
moderate acid phosphatase (ACPase) and adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase)
and total loss of glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) activities in hepatocytes,
whereas strong ACPase and alkaline phosphatase (AKPase) activities were
observed in Von Kupffer cells.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Blood and nerve supply to hip joint in buffalo calves.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy. 1999; 11(1): 51 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rao, T.S.C.S; Makkena Sreenu; Naidu, K.S.
Institution:
Organization:
681
Content :
20 buffalo calves of between 1 and 2 years of age were dissected. The hip joint
was supplied by anterior femoral, deep femoral and posterior gluteal arteries
while femoral, oburator and sciatic nerves provided the nerve supply.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Histogenesis of skin and its adenexa of Surti buffalo.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy. 1999; 11(2): 158-160 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Panchal, K.M.; Vyas, K.N.; Vyas,Y.L.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The pre-natal histological development of the skin and its adenexa (hair
follicle, sweat gland, sebaceous gland and pilomotor muscle) of the mammary
gland was studied in 55 female and 22 male Surti buffalo fetuses. The number
of cell layers of the epidermis increased with age of fetus. The hair follicle,
sweat gland, pilomotor muscle and sebaceous gland developed at 102, 139,
142 and 158 days of age, respectively, in the mammary gland of the female
fetus.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Histomorphological observations on the medulla of prenatal
thymus of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy. 1999; 11(1): 19-23 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Ajay Prakash; Chandra, G
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Thymus glands were collected from 10 buffalo fetuses of between 23.2 and
58.0 cm crown-to-rump length (CRL). At 23.2 cm CRL the parenchyma of
thymus was not divisible into cortex and medulla. At 31.5 cm CRL foetal
stage some lobules of the thymus showed the formation of medulla while in
others the parenchyma was well differentiated into cortex and medulla. A well
developed medullary zone was observed in most lobules by 44.5 cm CRL
which appeared lighter than the cortex. Numerous epithelial reticular cells
with relatively less number of thymocytes were observed in the parenchyma of
medulla. Up to 44.5 cm CRL, the reticular fibres were confined to the
peripheral zone of the medulla while these were observed in the entire
medullary zone in the later stages. The width of the medulla showed wide
variation and was maximum at 52.0 cm CRL. At 23.2 cm CRL, the thymus
was generally devoid of Hassall's corpuscles. At 31.5 cm CRL, some
corpuscles were in the developing stage whereas others were fully formed.
The number of reticular cells increased with the development of corpuscles.
Corpuscles were highly developed at 36.1 cm CRL foetus where the number
as well as the size of the corpuscles was maximum.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
682
Subject: Some observations on coronary arterial pattern in buffalo calves.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy. 1999; 11(1): 52-53 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rao,T.S.C.S.; Prasad, R.V.; Vijayaragavan, C.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
An additional branch from the right coronary artery was observed in dissected
hearts from 20 buffalo calves aged between one and two years. Immediately
after its origin, the right coronary artery gave a large septal branch from its
ventral surface. This branch passed down through the crista supraventricularis
and divided into three branches. One branch passed through the papillary
muscle, then through the right moderator band to reach the right ventricular
wall. Of the other two branches, one ended in interventricular septum, the
third branch passed upward and divided into two branches and passed to right
and left divisions of the atrioventricular bundle.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Histoarchitectural and certain histochemical observations on the
connective tissue framework of prenatal thymus of buffalo (Bubalus
bubalis).
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy. 1999; 11(1): 15-18 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Ajay Prakash; Chandra, G.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
10 buffalo fetuses were examined ranging from between 23.2 and 58.0 cm
crown-to-rump length (CRL). Distinct trabeculae and septae were not found at
23.2 cm CRL stage but extensions from the capsule dipped in the gyrations of
the undulated parenchymal surface of the thymus which represented early
trabecular formation. In later stages trabeculae septa became pronounced and
divided the parenchyma of thymus into lobes and lobules of different sizes.
These were composed of fine collagenous and reticular fibres which gradually
became coarser, elastic fibres were not present. Lymphocytes, mesenchymal
cells, epithelial reticular cells, occasionally fibroblasts, and erythrocytes were
seen in the trabecular area. Perivascular cellular infiltration of lymphocytes
and some mononuclear cells, which, it is suggested, may be a stage in the
migration and sensitization of lymphocytes by the thymus were often present.
Capsule trabeculae and septae showed positive reaction for PAS and acid
mucopolysaccharides.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Coccygeal artery of buffalo calves.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2000; 77(4): 346 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Gadre, K.M
Institution:
683
Organization:
Content :
The medial coccygeal artery was dissected out of 7 embalmed buffalo calves,
aged 1 to 1.5 years. The artery originated as the continuation of the medial
sacral artery at the level of the first coccygeal vertebra, where it was 0.12-0.21
cm in diameter. It ran through the arches of the vertebrae, first at the ventral
surface, then cranioventrally, and then, from the fifth or sixth vertebra
onwards, at the cranial surface for the entire length of the tail.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Comparative gross anatomical and biometrical study of the
abomasum of cattle and buffalo.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2001; 78(3): 231-233 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Shankhapal,V.D; Dhande,P.L; Gaikwad, S.A.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Normal abomasum were collected immediately after slaughter from 24 adult
cattle and buffaloes. In both species, the abomasum was an elongated sac
situated on the abdominal floor, and had 12 spiral grooves extending from the
sides of the abomasal groove towards the pyloric part. Biometrical
measurements of the greater and lesser curvature, volume and weight of the
abomasum from buffaloes were significantly greater than those for cattle.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Craniometrical studies on the skull of a wild swamp buffalo.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. (India). (Feb 2003). v. 80(2) p.156-157.
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sarma, K.; Zama, M.M.S.; Devi, J.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The present study was conducted on the skull of one adult swamp wild
buffalo. The cranial cavity was capacious with its height (31.5 cm) more than
both length (22.7 cm) and width (20.2 cm). The foramen magnum was round.
The orbital depth was recorded more than that of its domestic cattle and
buffaloes. The orbital rim was rounded with its index of 95.58 per cent.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Muzzle dermatoglyphics pattern of Surti and Jaffarabadi buffalo
and its applicability in predicting the age and production performance.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: JNKVV Research Journal. 2003; 37(2): 64-67 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Singh, N.P; Patel,A.M
Institution:
Organization:
684
Content :
This study was conducted to determine the age and predict the production
performance of buffaloes using an new modified muzzle print technique.
Buffaloes (n=199) of different age groups and lactating buffaloes (n=65)
belonging to the Surti and Jaffarabadi breeds were used in the study. The
dermatoglyphics pattern (muzzle characteristic) in 20% area of the total
muzzle area were studied, while the total converted beads were calculated.
The average number of beads varied from 29.67+or-2.79 to 62.33+or-4.28 in
the age group 0.0-2.9 months and 18.0-23.9 months in Surti and 46.38+or-6.15
to 55.67+or-3.49 in the age group of 24.0-35.9 and 12.0-23.9 months in
Jaffarabadi calves. The total converted beads ranged from a minimum of
59.88+or-3.30 to a maximum of 95.77+or-3.82 in Surti, while it was
68.00+or-8.70 to 92.58+or-2.38 in Jaffarabadi buffaloes. Calves had lesser
number of total converted beads than older ones in both breeds. The
correlation of age with muzzle characteristics which indicated an increasing
trend of the total converted beads with advancement of age. The association of
muzzle characteristics with production traits varied from breed to breed. The
regression equations which had >80% R2 values were prepared.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Ultrastructural aspects of buffalo submandibular glands.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Journal of Applied Animal Research (India). (Jun 2001). v. 19(2)
p. 225-232. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Mansouri, S.H.; Mehrabi,J.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Ultrastructural aspects of buffalo submandibular glands. J. Appl. Anim. Res.,
19: 225-232. Submandibular glands of five adult male buffaloes were
examined by conventional electron microscopic technique. The glands were
compound tubulo-acinar in nature and consisted of serous, mucous and
seromucous secretory units. Mucous secretory cells were predominant. Few
microvilli were seen at the luminal surface of the secretory units of the gland.
The mucous cells contained scattered mitochondria, parallel and nondilated
cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, non-developed Golgi apparatus and
a large number of the secretory granules, mostly fused. The secretory serous
cells and demilunes consisted of a large number of electron-lucent secretory
granules and a few secretory granules with electron dense matrix. In addition,
the cells contained rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes. Other
organelles were sparse. Basal striations were the main characteristics of the
submandibular striated duct cells.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Anatomical study of the median and ulnar nerves (sub-carpal
region) in Indian cow (Bos indicus) and Indian water buffalo (Bubalus
bubalis).
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Journal of Interacademicia. 2001; 5(3): 372-375 AB:
Country of Origin: India
685
Author’s name: Chatterjee,A; Roy, M.M; Ghosh, R.K; Das, P
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The distribution pattern of the median and ulnar nerves below the carpal joint
are recorded and compared on the basis of 10 forelimbs each from zebu cattle
and buffaloes (5 left and 5 right limbs). Differences in the branching patterns
of the nerves between these two species is presented.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Histoenzymic distribution of succinic and lactic dehydrogenase in
the ovary of Indian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) at different ages.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Journal of Research, Punjab Agricultural University. 2003; 40(1):
82-86 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Bhardwaj, R.L; Roy, K.S.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted to determine the distribution of succinate
dehydrogenase (SDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the buffalo ovary
of various age groups: neonatal (n=13), prepubertal (n=3), cyclic (n=22) and
pregnant (n=8). The SDH activity was negligible to weak in surface
epithelium, tunica albuginea and the ovarian stroma in the buffalo ovary of all
age groups studied. The primordial and primary follicles showed moderate
activity in neonatal ovary and weak in prepubertal onward. The activity in the
thecal cells was moderate to strong in neonatal group, negligible to weak in
prepubertal and weak to moderate in adult age group of animals in all types of
follicles. The SDH activity was weak to moderate in the interstitial gland cells
of the buffalo ovary in all age groups except in the pregnant group where a
strong activity was noted. There was negligible to moderate SDH activity in
the capillaries, neuronal elements and rete ovarii of the buffalo ovary. There
was a strong to intense SDH activity in the luteal cells of buffalo ovary. The
surface epithelium, tunica albuginea and ovarian stroma showed weak to
moderate LDH activity in the buffalo ovary. The primordial and primary
follicles showed weak to moderate activity. The theca and membrana
granulosa cells showed generally weak to moderate in the developing and
developed follicles, whereas in the atretic follicles the activity was much
reduced. The LDH activity in the interstitial gland cells was moderate. It was
highest in the cyclic and lowest in prepubertal animals. The LDH activity in
the rete ovarri was also weak to moderate in all age groups except negligible
in the prepubertal group.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Atlas of the buffalo anatomy.
Year of publication: 1997
Journal: Atlas of the buffalo anatomy. 1997; v + 148 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Singh,H.P; Roy, K.S
Institution:
686
Organization:
Content :
This book provides the veterinary students and practicing veterinarians with
colour photographs of the anatomy of the buffalo. The photographs were taken
of 2 buffalo bulls and 5 buffalo calves embalmed by routine methods. The
photographs and radiographs are labeled using both anglicized terms and
nomenclature from the Nomena Anatomica Veterinaria.
Specialization: Anatomy and histology
Subject: Histochemical observations on corpus luteum of Indian buffalo
(Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 1998
Journal: Pakistan Veterinary Journal (Pakistan). (Jan 1998). v. 18(1) p. 2124. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Singh,O.; Roy, K.S.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Histochemical observations were made on corpora lutea of 20 cyclic and 10
pregnant buffaloes. The luteal cells from fully developed corpus luteum of
cycle and that of pregnancy, were strongly positive for neutral and acidic
mucopolysaccharides (NMPS; AMPS); lipids phospholipids and basic
proteins, reflecting a better physiological secretory activity. The NMPS and
AMPS and basic proteins were comparatively low in the developing and
regressing corpus luteum. Calcium deposits were absent in the luteal cells.
687
2. ANIMAL NUTRITION – RUMEN
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Studies on blood biochemical constituents and rumen
fermentation in growing buffalo calves fed ammoniated straw-based
rations supplemented with different protein sources.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2001; 89(1/2): 119-130 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Tiwari, C.M; Chandramoni, A.S; Jadhao, S.B; Gowda, S.K;
Khan, M.Y
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
18 buffalo calves (140 kg) were divided into 3 groups of 6 calves each and
were fed on urea-ammoniated wheat straw (UAS) supplemented with a
concentrate mixture (roughage:concentrate ratio 58:42) containing 8% (or
3.5% of total ration) untreated groundnut cake (GNC) (group I), 8%
formaldehyde treated GNC (group II) and 8% fish meal (group III),
respectively, for 19 weeks. Rumen fermentation study was done on 3
fistulated growing buffalo calves using a 3 x 3 Latin square switch over
design. Blood glucose and ammonia-N did not differ significantly among the
treatments. However, blood urea-N of calves in group III was higher (P<0.05)
than in groups I and II, but the latter 2 did not differ from each other in this
respect. Total protein in group I was comparable to groups II and III which
were significantly different from each other. The rumen pH, total volatile fatty
acids, ammonia-N and total protozoal count were similar, however, total N
and TCA insoluble N in groups II and III were higher (P<0.01) than in group
I. Fish meal containing diet favoured holotrichs, whereas, protected GNC
containing diet favoured spirotrichs as indicated by significantly higher count.
It is concluded that the beneficial effects of supplementing formaldehyde
protected GNC at 8% in the concentrate mixture to the UAS-based diets were
greater than supplementation of unprotected GNC or low quality fish meal in
ration of buffalo calves growing at 400 g because of improved rumen
fermentation, absorption and metabolism of nutrients as observed in blood
biochemistry.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Effect of mathionone and lysine supplementation on dry matter
intake, nutrition utilization and growth in buffalo calves.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology (India). (Jan 2002). v.2(1)
p.39-47. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Mandal, G.P.; Kurar, C.K.; Kewalramani, Neela.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Ten Murrah Buffalo calves above 6 month of age were divided into two
groups of 5 each. All the animals were fed on a concentrate mixture
(CP=22.19%), green oats (2 kg) and wheat straw ad lib. The animals under
688
group II (G-II) received supplemental methionine (10 g/d/head) and lysine (20
g/d/head) while other group (G-I) not receiving methionine and lysine served
as control. The feeding trial continued for 100 days and a methionine trial of 7
days collection period was conducted at the mid-period of the trial. During the
experimental period the growth rate was significantly (p<0.05) digestibility of
NDF while that of DM, OM, CP, CF, ADF were similar to the corresponding
control values. The daily DM intake per 100 kg body weight (2.83 in G-II vs
2.13 in G-I) was higher (P<0.01) in G-II. The calves of G-II also consumed
(p<0.01) more protein than G-I. Feed grain and TDN: grain ratio did not differ
statistically. It was conducted that methionine and lysine supplementation had
a sinificant and positive effect on dry matter intake and body weight gain.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Effect of feeding sugarcane tops on milk yield and milk fat content of
Pandharpuri buffaloes.
Year of publication: 1996
Journal: Recent Research Developments in Buffalo Production:
proceedings of the Second Asian Buffalo Association Congress. College,
Laguna (Philippines). PSAS Foundation, Inc. 1996. 487 p. Received May
1999. p.279-282. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Patil, S.S.; Mali,S.L.; Markhede, H.Y.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
CA: 2. Asian Buffalo Association Congress. Makati City (Philippines). 9-12
Oct 1996. Momongan,-V.G.; Ducusin,-R.J.T.; Maala,-C.P.; Bondoc,-O.L.;
Del-Barrio,-A.N. (eds.). Asian Buffalo Association (Philippines); Philippine
Society of Animal Science (Philippines); Philippine Society of Animal
Nutritionists (Philippines). Recent Research Developments in Buffalo
Production: proceedings of the Second Asian Buffalo Association
Congress. College, Laguna (Philippines). PSAS Foundation, Inc. 1996.
487 p. Received May 1999. p.279-282. AB: A feeding trial was conducted to
study the effect of feeding sugarcane tops alone and in combination with
chaffed jowar straw on milk yield and milk fat content of Pandharpuri
buffaloes. Twelve Pandharpuri buffaloes were divided into three homogenous
groups in respect of age, lactation number, body weight, stage of lactation and
milk yield. Group 1 was fed ad libitum with sugarcane tops (SCT) only while
the group 2 was fed SCT and chaffed jowar straw in 50:50 proportion on DM
basis. Group 3 was given similar ration like group 2, but the concentrate
mixture of this group was supplemented with simple mineral mixture
(dicalcium phosphate + common salt). The production ration (concentrate
mixture) was given on the basis of milk yield. The feeding trial was continued
up to 90 days. It was observed that the dry matter intake of Groups 1 and 3
was almost similar (3.03; and 3.04 kg, respectively/100 kg body weight). The
dry matter intake was slightly less in Group 2 (2.90 kg). There was almost no
exchange in the body weight of the experimental animals at the end of the
trial. Slight decline in milk yield was observed in group 1 while in the case of
the other two groups, it remained almost constant. As regards milk fat
content, slight decline (-0.14 percent) was observed in Group 1, while
improvement in fat content was observed in Gr 2 and 3. Further investigations
689
are necessary to find out the long term effects of sugarcane top feeding on
milk yield and milk fat content of Pandharpuri buffaloes.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Effect of diet on enzyme profile, biochemical changes and In
sacco degradability of feeds in the rumen of buffalo.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2003; 16(3): 374379 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kamra, D.N; Sudipto Saha; Neeru Bhatt; Chaudhary, L.C;
Neeta Agarwal
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Four rumen fistulated Murrah buffaloes were used to study the effect of four
diets differing in roughage to concentrate ratio on rumen biochemical changes,
microbial enzyme profile and in sacco degradability of feed in a 4x4 Latin
Square design. The animals were fed four diets consisting of 80:20, 70:30,
60:40 and 50:50 ratios of wheat straw and concentrate mixtures, respectively.
Wheat straw and concentrate mixture were mixed with water (0.6 litre/kg
feed) and complete feed mixture was offered to the animals at 08.00 and 16.00
h in two equal parts. The variation in pH of rumen liquor (difference of
maximum and minimum during 0-8 h post feeding) increased with increasing
level of concentrate mixture in the diet. There was no effect of diet
composition on volatile fatty acids, total nitrogen and trichloro-acetic acid
precipitable nitrogen in the rumen liquor, but ammonia nitrogen increased
with increasing level of concentrate mixture in the ration. Major portions of all
fibre degrading enzymes were present in the particulate material (PM) of the
rumen contents, but protease was absent in PM fraction. The activities of
micro-crystalline cellulase, acetyl esterase and protease increased with
increase in the level of concentrate mixture, but the activities of other enzymes
(carboxymethylcellulase, filter paper degrading activity, xylanase, beta glucosidase and beta -xylosidase) were not affected. The in sacco
degradability and effective degradability of feeds increased with increasing
level of concentrate mixture in the ration.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Rumen microbial ecosystem of buffalo - a review.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Bubalus Bubalis. 2001; 7(3): 70-82 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sahu, N.P; Kamra, D.N.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The rumen microbial ecosystem of buffalo is discussed. The paper emphasize
the interrelationship of rumen microbes and their impact on ruminal
productivity.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
690
Subject: Ruminal pH as regulator of rumen metabolism in lactating
Murrah buffaloes.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin. 1999; 18(4): 92-95 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Ramesh Kumari; Akbar, M.A; Singh, N.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of pH changes on rumen
metabolism and production in lactating Murrah buffaloes. The rumen liquor
and strained rumen liquor (SLR) from 144 buffaloes suffering from primary
indigestion and 120 normal buffaloes were determined using pH strip and
meter, respectively. Total protozoal and bacterial counts and total and
individual volatile fatty acids were also analysed. The mean pH value of SLR
ranged from 6.99 to 7.3 in healthy animals and 5.5 to 8.9 in animals with
digestive disorders. Upon microscopic examination of SLR, the predominant
protozoal species were Entodenia followed by Isotricha and Dasytricha at pH
5.5 to 8.9 in healthy and anorexic animals. Entodinium bursa, Diplodinium
dentatum, Polyplastron multivesiculatum, Oscillospira guillermondii,
Entodenia simplex, Entodenia bicarinatum, Entodenia triacum and Entodenia
elongatum were also frequently seen in the healthy buffaloes but rarely in
anorexic animals. Gram negative short rod bacteria were found both in healthy
and diseased animals. Total protozoal and bacterial counts were 4.35 to
7.26x104/ml at pH 6.99 to 7.3 and 2.35 to 4.12x104/ml at pH 5.5 to 8.9; and
6.00 to 7.80x109/ml and 3.14 to 4.94x109/ml for healthy and diseased
buffaloes, respectively. Mean total volatile fatty acids were 50.58 to 75.25
m.eq/litre and 60.00 to 130 m.eq/litre for the diseased and healthy buffaloes,
respectively. It is concluded that ruminal pH is a very important factor and any
deviation in ruminal pH causes different kinds of primary indigestion which
disrupt rumen environment resulting in reduced metabolic activities and
ultimately inhibit milk production.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Dry matter requirement of growing Indian buffaloes.
Year of publication: 1990
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin International Buffalo Information Center
(Thailand). (Sep 1990). v. 9(3) p. 53-58. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Baruah, K.K.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Dry matter requirement was estimated on 24 growing Indian buffalo calves
fed concentrate and wheat straw to supply two levels (75 and 100 %) of
protein and three levels (90, 100 and 110 %) of energy as per NRC (1976) for
500 g daily gain in a 2x3 factorial design. The dry matter intake (DMI)
recorded at about 100 kg and 250 kg mean body weight was used for deriving
multiple regression using DMI (Y) an independent variable and body weight
or metabolic body weight (X1) and average daily gain (X2) as dependent
variables.
691
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Growth production and nutrient utilization by buffalo calves
offered ammoniated wheat straw and green berseem ad lib. supplemented
with available cereal energy sources.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 1999; 15(3): 261-268 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Chauhan, T.R; Gupta,R; Sikka, P; Dahiya, S.S; Punia, B.S;
Lall, D.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Twenty growing buffalo calves, about 1 year of age, were divided into four
groups. All the calves were offered ammoniated wheat straw (4% urea and
65% moisture) and green berseem ad lib. In addition to this the nutrient
requirements were met by feeding a conventional concentrate mixture in
control group, whereas in groups T1, T2 and T3, the concentrate mixture was
replaced with 1.5 kg of maize, wheat and barley grains, respectively. Animals
were given the diets for 120 days with a metabolism/digestibility trial carried
out over the last 10 days. The digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE, total CHO
were similar in all groups, while the NFE digestibility was significantly
(P<0.05) lower in the control than treated groups. The DM intake/100 kg body
weight in control, T1, T2 and T3 groups was 2.74, 2.86, 2.98 and 2.87. The
highest gain in weight (585 g/day) was in T1 group but the differences among
groups were not significant. More than 60% of the absorbed nitrogen was
retained in these animals.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Effect of feeding bentonite on rumen fermentation, enzyme
activity and protozoal population in adult buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2000; 16(1): 73-79 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Chaudhary, L.C; Kamra, D.N; Singh, R; Agarwal, N;
Pathak, N.N.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Four adult fistulated buffaloes, 328 kg body weight, were given a ration of
wheat straw ad libitum and restricted quantity of concentrate with 0 or 5%
bentonite for 21 days. The pH, different N fractions and total volatile fatty
acids were similar in both treatment groups. Activities of
carboxymethylcellulase, alpha -amylase, urease and protease were also similar
in both groups. Bentonite supplementation led to a 25% reduction in total
protozoal count.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Rumen fermentation pattern and microbial population in cattle
and buffaloes fed two different diets.
Year of publication:
692
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2001; 17(3): 317-329 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sohane, R.K; Mahendra Singh
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted to compare the rumen fermentation pattern and
microbial counts in rumen fistulated cattle and buffaloes fed with 2 different
diets. Six rumen fistulated adult males, 3 cattle and 3 buffaloes were fed with
oat hay and green sorghum fodder at maintenance level. The animals were
kept on each diet for 15 days for microbial adaptation. The rumen liquor
samples were collected for 3 consecutive days at 0 (before), 2, 4, 6, and 8 h
post-feeding. Rumen pH was significantly (P<0.01) higher in animals fed with
oat hay than in animals fed with green sorghum. The other rumen parameters
such as total volatile fatty acid (TVFA), and N metabolites were significantly
(P<0.05) higher in animals fed with green sorghum than with oat hay. The
protozoal counts were significantly (P<0.05) higher in animals fed with oat
hay, whereas total bacterial counts were significantly (P<0.05) higher in
animals fed with green sorghum diet. The peak of all parameters except pH
and microbial count was observed at 4 h post feeding. Buffalo showed
significantly (P<0.05%) higher concentrations of TVFA, N-metabolites, and
microbial counts compared to cattle when fed oat hay and green sorghum
fodder.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Comparative efficacy of niacin vs nicotinamide on rumen
fermentation in buffaloes fed straw based diets.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2003; 19(3): 249-259 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Ghosh, N.R; Neelam Kewalramani; Harjit Kaur
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
In vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to find out the effect of niacin and
nicotinamide on rumen fermentation. To test the best level of niacin and
nicotinamide on rumen fermentation, the various levels of niacin tested were
0, 50, 100 and 200 ppm whereas nicotinamide levels were 0, 50, 100, 200 and
400 ppm of the substrate which comprised of concentrate mixture and wheat
straw (40:60). Results revealed that 50 ppm of niacin and 100 ppm of the
nicotinamide were the best and enhanced TCA-ppt N and in vitro dry matter
digestibility (IVDMD) (P<0.01). In vivo studies were conducted on nine
fistulated male Murrah buffaloes divided into three groups of 3 animals each.
Group I served as control whereas group II and group III were supplemented
with 100 ppm of nicotinamide and 50 ppm of niacin mixed daily in the
concentrate mixture. Wheat straw formed the basal roughage. After an
adaptation period of 21 days, rumen liquor samples were collected and
analysed for various rumen fermentation parameters and rumen cellulolytic
enzymes. It was found that protozoal number, TCA-ppt N, total volatile fatty
acids (TVFA) concentration and propionic acid proportion in volatile fatty
acids (VFA) were enhanced by the supplementation of niacin and
693
nicotinamide. Further, it was observed that nicotinamide at 100 ppm level and
niacin at 50 ppm level were more effective in stimulating the microbial
activity which was also observed by the enhanced rumen cellulolytic enzymes
viz. CMcase, beta -glucosidase and cellobiohydrolase as compared to niacin
group.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Rumen fermentation pattern and some enzymatic profile in
growing male buffalo calves fed urea-ammoniated and hydrochloric acidtreated urea-ammoniated wheat straw.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2004; 20(2): 125-138 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Naik, P.K; Sahu,D.S; Mehra, U.R; Dass, R.S; Verma, A.K.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
An experiment was conducted to study the impact of feeding ureaammoniated wheat straw treated with HCl on rumen fermentation pattern and
some enzymatic profile in growing male buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves.
Three rumen fistulated growing male buffalo calves (one year of age,
97.67+or-2.33 kg body weight) were assigned in a 3x3 Latin square design
with a feeding interval of 30 days and were fed on concentrate mixture along
with wheat straw (Group I), urea-ammoniated wheat straw (4% urea at 50%
moisture level) (Group II) and HCl-treated urea-ammoniated wheat straw (4%
urea at 50% moisture level and HCl added to trap 30% of the ammonia
evolved) (Group III), as per Kearl (1982) for body weight gain of 500 g/day.
All three diets were iso-nitrogenous and concentrate:roughage ratio was fixed
at 50:50. Rumen liquor samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h postfeeding for three consecutive days to estimate the pH, total volatile fatty acids
(TVFA), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), total nitrogen (TN), TCA-solublenitrogen or non protein nitrogen (NPN) and TCA-precipitable nitrogen or
microbial nitrogen. Samples of rumen digesta were collected at 0, 2 and 4 h
post feeding for three consecutive days to estimate the activities of carboxy
methyl cellulase (CMC), protease and urease enzymes. The CP content of
wheat straw increased from 2.90 to 6.96% due to urea ammoniation and
addition of HCl along with the urea further increased the CP content to
10.09%. The cumulative period mean pH value in group III (6.22) was
significantly (P<0.001) lower than group I (6.29) and II (6.76), which might
be due to the addition of HCl. The cumulative period mean TVFA
concentration (mg/dl SRL) in groups II (11.44) and III (10.97) was similar and
significantly (P<0.001) higher than group I (9.75), which might be due to the
impact of AWS and HCl-AWS leading to an easy breakdown of structural
carbohydrate (cellulose) by rumen microbes. The cumulative period mean
NH3-N (mg/dl SRL) value in group III (17.13) was significantly (P<0.001)
lower than group II (18.47) but higher than group I (15.67), which might be
due to the effect of HCl in trapping free ammonia of AWS leading to slow
proteolysis and deamination of protein inside the rumen, thus causing less
wastage of proteins. The cumulative period mean values of total nitrogen
(mg/dl SRL) in groups II (71.47) and III (67.40) were significantly (P<0.001)
higher than group I (62.55). The cumulative period mean NPN (mg/dl SRL) in
694
groups I (24.89) and III (25.43) were similar and were significantly (P<0.001)
lower than group II (29.78), which might be due to the impact of HCl leading
to the slow release of nitrogen in the rumen from HCl treated AWS. The
cumulative period mean TCA-ppt-N values (mg/dl SRL) in groups II (41.69)
and III (41.96) were similar and were significantly (P<0.001) higher than
group I (37.70), indicating similar proliferation of rumen microbes in groups II
and III, which were better than group I. Among the treated groups, animals in
group III (23.50) showed significantly (P<0.001) lower cumulative period
mean CMC activity (units/min/100 g digesta) compared to group II (24.96),
however, both were higher than group I (19.70). The cumulative period mean
protease activity (units/min/100 g digesta) in groups II (3.77) and III (3.94)
was comparable and were significantly (P<0.001) lower than group I (4.55).
The cumulative period mean urease activity (units/min/100 g digesta) in group
III (12.31) was significantly (P<0.001) lower than group II (12.90) and both
were higher than group I (9.12). From the above study, it can be concluded
that feeding ammoniated wheat straw treated with hydrochloric acid had no
adverse impact on rumen fermentation pattern and various rumen enzyme
activities in growing male buffalo calves.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Effect of ammonia concentration on cellulase and transaminases
activity in the rumen of buffalo calves.
Year of publication: 1998
Journal: Haryana Veterinarian. 1998; 37: 15-19 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Meenakshi Gupta; Nangia, O.P.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Three healthy fistulated male buffalo calves, 1.5 to 2 years of age, were
employed to determine the effect of varying rumen ammonia concentrations
on the activity of cellulase and transaminases (alanine aminotransferase, GPT;
and aspartate aminotransferase, GOT) by intraruminal infusion of 50, 100 and
150 g ammonium bicarbonate, respectively. Ruminal ammonia nitrogen
[ammonium nitrogen] concentration was found to reflect infusion levels of
ammonium bicarbonate, being 5.64, 6.24, 14.40 and 18.84 mg/100 ml in
control and treatment I, II and III calves, respectively. The corresponding
overall cellulase activity levels were 1.59, 1.66, 2.05 and 2.53. A concomitant
increase in cellulase activity in treatment groups was observed as ammonium
bicarbonate infusion levels increased, but the increase was only significant in
calves that received 100 and 150 g ammonium bicarbonate. Ruminal GOT and
GPT enzyme activity increased with increasing concentrations of ruminal
ammonia nitrogen and peak activity for both transaminases were recorded
with infusion of 150 g ammonium bicarbonate. Peak values for GPT and GOT
were observed 6 h after feeding. The findings demonstrate the existence of a
transaminase reaction for ammonia nitrogen utilization. High ammonia
concentration coupled with higher microbial transaminase activity may
suggest a higher rate of ammonia nitrogen usage by rumen microbes.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Effect of defaunation on rumen fermentative pattern in buffaloes
695
maintained on high concentrate diet.
Year of publication: 1998
Journal: Haryana Veterinarian. 1998; 37: 53-54 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sonia Sindhu; Garg, S.L.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Three healthy fistulated male buffalo calves (~2 years of age) were fed twice a
day a ration of concentrate mixture and chopped wheat straw at a ratio of
60:40 and had free access to clean drinking water. The animals were
defaunated by intraruminal infusion of sodium dioctyl-sulphosuccinate
[docusate sodium]. Total volatile fatty acids in the rumen at various
postfeeding intervals ranged from 71.65+or-2.54 to 129.42+or-2.93 and from
62.72+or-2.10 to 130.74+or-3.40 mEq/litre in ciliated and defaunated buffalo
calves, respectively. There was no significant difference between the ciliated
and defaunated groups in terms of rumen TVFA concentration. However,
postprandial trend in rumen TVFA concentration indicated that peak levels
were attained earlier at 2 h postfeeding in defaunated animals, compared with
peak concentrations observed at 4 h postfeeding in normal ciliated animals.
The mean rumen concentrations of acetate, propionate and butyrate were
69.30+or-8.75, 21.29+or-0.91 and 4.92+or-0.35, and 71.14+or-8.40, 23.75+or0.85 and 3.06+or-0.48 mEq/litre, in ciliated and defaunated buffalo calves,
respectively. As a consequence of removal of rumen protozoa, it was observed
that concentrations of propionate increased significantly, that of butyrate
decreased significantly, and that of acetate was not affected.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Effect of readily fermentable carbohydrate sources on rumen
protozoal population and in-sacco dry matter disappearance.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Haryana Veterinarian. 1999; 38: 35-38 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Meenakshi Gupta; Nangia, O.P; Sindhu, S; Garg, S.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Three healthy fistulated male buffalo calves (1.5-2 years old) were fed a basal
ration composed of 35 concentrate:65 wheat straw for 3 weeks. Rumen fluid
was collected before (0 h) and at 2, 4 and 6 h post-feeding for 2 days. The
animals were then fed rations consisting of basal diet+300 g starch (T1), basal
diet+300 g gur (T2) and basal diet+300 g sucrose (T3) for 3 weeks. Rumen
samples were collected for determination of protozoal numbers. Results
showed that rumen pH did not differ significantly among the treatments and
remained within normal ranges. Total protozoal populations in the rumen fluid
was marginally lower in animals fed the sugar-based diet but was significantly
increased (P<0.05) in the starch-fed animals (T1). The proportions of
Entodinium and Holotrichia (Protozoa) did not differ significantly between
controls and T1 whereas Entodinium decreased and Holotrichia increased
significantly in T2 and T3, respectively. In sacco dry matter disappearance of
chopped wheat straw did not differ between control and starch-fed (T1) groups
696
but was significantly higher (P<0.05) in animals fed sucrose (T2, 38.06%) or
gur (T3, 40,08%). It is suggested that diet composition influences the total
protozoa counts as well as the type of protozoal population in the buffalo
rumen and that this affects dry matter digestibility.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Characterization of anaerobic fungi in the rumen of riverine
buffalo.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition. 1999; 16(4): 275-278 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Samanta, A.K; Walli, T.K; Batish, V.K; Grover, S;
Rajput,Y.S; Mohanty, A.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Total anaerobic fungal population in the rumen of riverine buffalo was
determined by roll tube technique. Three riverine rumen fistulated male
buffaloes were maintained on three dietary regimes which were wheat
straw:concentrate 50:50 (T1), oat fodder:concentrate 50:50 (T2) and wheat
straw:oat fodder 50:50 (T3). Average fungal population was a maximum (3.17
x 10superscript 3/ml) on completely roughage diet (T3), followed by T2 (1.60
x 10superscript 3/ml) and T1 (1.47 x 10superscript 3/ml) diets. The peak
concentration of fungal population was noticed at 1 h after feeding on all the
diets. Out of the nine isolates, six were mono-centric and three were polycentric in nature. These fungal isolates did not produce propionate but acetate
was detected in their growth media. Among these only B5 and B9 isolates
secreted relatively higher level (15.509 mIU/ml) of endoglucanase.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Effect of dietary levels of butyric acid on ruminal volatile fatty
acids concentration in buffalo calves.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2000; 17(4): 328-332 2000
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Vidyarthi, V.K.; Kurar, C.K.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
18 buffalo calves divided into 3 groups of 6 were used to augment the
different dietary levels of butyric acid in preruminant buffalo on VFA level.
Group 1 was fed whole milk, skim milk, calf starter and green fodder while
groups 2 and 3 were fed similarly along with butyric acid at 24 and 12
ml/calf/day, respectively. Ruminal TVFA concentration was significantly
(P<0.05) higher in group 2 followed by group 3 and least in group 1, and
which increased significantly (P<0.05) in all 3 groups at monthly intervals
upto 120 days. The proportion of acetate (C2) decreased (P<0.05) with
increasing age in all the 3 groups, however, the proportion of propionate (C3)
remained constant in group 1, and increased (P<0.05) from day 90 onwards in
group 2 and from day 60 onwards in group 3. The proportion of butyrate (C4)
697
was constant in group 2 but increased significantly with age in groups 1 and 3.
It was observed that increasing age caused significantly higher values of
propionate and butyrate and lower acetate in groups 2 and 3 than in group 1.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Rumen papillae histology as influenced by dietary
supplementation of mixed volatile fatty acids in buffalo calves.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2001; 18(1): 49-53 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Vidyarthi, V.K.; Kurar, C.K.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Male buffalo calves (18) were distributed (Experiment 1) in 3 groups. All
groups were fed on whole milk, skim milk, calf starter and green fodder as per
schedule. However, groups 2 and 3 were supplemented with 24 ml each of
propionic acid and butyric acid per day, respectively. In the experiment 2, 18
male buffalo calves were distributed in 3 groups and fed as in experiment I.
The calves of group 2 and 3 were supplemented with 24 ml of mixture of
butyric and propionic acids and 24 ml of mixture of acetic, butyric and
propionic acid/calf/day, respectively. Three calves from each group (Exp. 1
and 2) were sacrificed at the age of 60 days and rumen tissues (2 cm2) were
sliced for measuring the papillary length and numbers and examined for
histologically. The stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the rumen papillae
aws well-developed in butyric acid supplemented group than in other groups.
The length and width of papillae, thickness of epithelium keratinization of
epithelium and connected tissues of papillae were thinner in control group (1)
than in other groups; however, these qualitative characteristics of mucosal
cells were more advanced in butyric acid group followed by groups
supplemented with mixture of butyric and propionic, propionic only and a
mixture of all the fatty acids. Basal layer, stratum spinosum and stratum
granulosum were also well developed in butyric acid group and least in
control group. The length and numbers of papillae/cm2 were also significantly
(P<0.05) higher in the same group.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Microbial and biochemical changes in the rumen of cattle and
buffalo fed oat hay-concentrate diet.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2002; 19(1): 78-80 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Shiv Kumar; Sadhana Singh; Bhatia, S.K; Sangwan, D.C
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Rumen ecosystem and intraruminal metabolism in ruminant species fed an oat
hay-concentrate diet revealed that ammonium-N levels were higher (P<0.05)
in buffaloes (21.31) than in cattle (20.21 mg%), which, evolved higher
(P<0.05) synthesis of protein-N (65.48 mg%) compared with buffaloes (61.93
mg%). This may ostensibly pinpoint induced microbial deaminases of
698
buffaloes. Postprandial influence of the test diet was maximum (P<0.05) 2 h
after feeding. Two ruminants did not differ for cellulolytic bacteria and
anaerobic fungi population; however, total protozoal (9x105) and viable
bacterial (37.5x108/ml) density was significantly higher in buffaloes than in
cattle (6.00x105, 26.50x108 g/ml). Inspite of a different rumen ambience
coupled with better (P<0.05) cellulase profile, buffaloes did not display better
digestion of fibrous components of the test diet. It may be deduced that rumen
physiological factor(s) other than microbiota prevalence influence rumen
function and metabolism.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: In vitro ruminal metabolites of cattle and buffalo as affected by
fungal degradation of cellulosics.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2002; 19(1): 73-77 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Shiv Kumar; Sangwan, D.C; Bhatia, S.K; Sadhana Singh
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
In vitro metabolic profile of cattle and buffalo fungi degrading four
nutritionally variable cellulosics was studied using 0.5 g substrate. Higher
(P<0.05) rumen protein N and TVFA contents were assayed due to
fermentative activity of cattle than buffaloes, although substrates differed
(P<0.05) for nitrogenous metabolites, TVFA and cellulase activity. Buffaloes
compared with cattle fungi evolved more ammonium nitrogen due to wheat
straw degradability and also exhibited higher cellulase activity (P<0.05) due to
all feedstuffs barring pearl millet stover, on which cattle (P<0.05) excelled
buffalo for TVFA concentration. Protein contents in the rumen, irrespective of
cellulosics, was higher (P<0.05) in cattle than in buffaloes. Rumen metabolic
profile, irrespective of habitat of fungi, may be discerned with 0.5 g substrate
size.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: The effect of chemical defaunation on rumen bacterial, protozoal
population and enzyme activities in the cattle and buffalo rumen.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2000; 70(10): 1074-1076 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sahu, D.S; Krishna Prasad; Agrawal, I.S; Verma, M.L.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The effects of sodium lauryl sulfate on rumen microbial population and
enzyme activities were examined in 4 fistulated bullocks. Rumen liquor
samples were collected for counting number of bacteria and protozoa and for
estimating enzyme activities 10 and 20 days after administration of sodium
lauryl sulpfate. The enzyme activity was determined in the rumen liquor
samples collected 4 h after feeding, whereas protozoal and bacterial
population was counted in samples collected 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h after feeding
from defaunated and faunated animals. The bacterial population was
699
significantly higher in defaunated animals and protozoa started re-appearing
on day 20 of defaunation. The bacterial and protozoal count did not differ
significantly in cattle and buffalo bullocks. Carboxymethyl cellulase activity
was higher in faunated animals, whereas, protease activity was significantly
higher in defaunated animals and amylase, xylanase and urease activity did
not differ between faunated and defaunated animals.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: The effect of chemical defaunation on rumen bacterial, protozoal
population and exzyme activities in the cattle and buffalo rumen.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences (India). (Oct 2000). v. 70(10) p.
1074-1076. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sahu, D.S.; Prasad, Krishna; Agrawal, I.S.; Veram, M.L.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The experiment was designed to study the duration of effectiveness of sodium
lauryl sulphate on rumen microbial population and enzyme activities in a 4factor RBD using 4 fistulatted bullocks, rumen liquor samples were collected
for counting number of bacteria and protozoa and for estimation of enzyme
activities on first 10th and 20th day of administration of sodium lauryl
sulphate. The enzyme activity was determined in the rumen liquor samples
collected at 4 hr post feeding, whereas the protozoal and bacterial population
was counted in sample collected at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hr post feeding from
defaunated and faunated animals. The bacterial population was significantly
higher in defaunated animals and protozoa started reappearing on 20th day of
defaunation. The bacterial and protozoal count did not differ significantly in
cattle and buffalo bullocks. The carboxymethyl cellulase activity was higher in
faunated animals, Whereas, protease activity was significantly (P<0.05) higher
in defaunated animal and amylase, xylanase and urease activity did not differ
between faunated and defaunated animals.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Methane production and energy balance in murrah buffalo
heifers fed on complete diets of different composition.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences (India). (Apr 2001). v. 71(4) p.
363-366. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Saraswat, M.L.; Tomar, S.K.; Haque, S.S.; Sengar, S.S.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Murrah buffalo heifers (12) weighing 350 kg, about 2 year old, divided into 3
groups of 4 animals each, were fed on isonitrogenous complete feeds (mash)
having similar roughage: concentrate ratio with various sources of nitrogen
(oil cakes), group 1 (wheat straw 40%, molasses 10%, rice bran 27%, deoiled
mustard-cake 20%, mineral mixture 2% and common salt 1%), and group 2
(wheat straw 40%, molasses 10%, rice bran 23%, deoiled mustard-cake 12%,
700
deoiled sunflower-cake 12%, mineral mixture 2% and common salt 1%), and
group 3 wheat straw 40%, molasses 8%, rice bran 39%, deoiled soybean-cake
10%, mineral mixture 2% and common salt 1%). Animals in all the groups
were also offered 2 kg green sorghum separately. Dry matter intake was not
statistically different in 3 groups. The digestibility of dry matter and other
nutrients was similar in all the 3 groups. The GE, DE and ME intakes were
similar in all groups. Methane energy loss as percentage of GE, DE and ME in
all the 3 groups were also similar. Methane production per kg digestible OM
was not significantly different in three groups. The energy balance was
49.7n5.93, 46.7n5.40 and 40.5n10.86 kcal/kg W0.75/d in groups 1, 2 and 3,
respectively, showing no significant difference among the groups. The animals
in all groups were in positive nitrogen balance. It is concluded that sources of
nitrogen (oilcakes) have no effect on methane production and energy balance
in buffalo in isonitrogenous diets.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Requirement and availability of feed and fodder resources for
bovine population in Himachal Pradesh.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences (India). (Apr 2001). v. 71(4) p.
367-374. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Vashist, G.D.; Pathania, M.S.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Bovine population in the state recoded an increase at 12% between 19721992. The maximum increase was observed in buffaloes (25%). Between
males and females both in cattle and buffaloes, female over 3 years of age
showed positive growth rates. Percentage growth rate in the bovine population
during different inter-census periods varied from -4.17 to 3.35. Among female
cattle and buffaloes over 3 years of age the growth rate ranged from -3.17 to
5.91 and -4.74 to 8.66% respectively. A similar inter-district variation was
observed in other categories of bovine population too. The findings of the
study has amply demonstrated that there existed an overall shortage of al types
of feed resources and the existing resources were not sufficient to meet even
the half of the requirements of bovine stock in certain districts. There is an
inter-district variation in the requirement and availability of feed resources in
the state. There was a shortage of as much as of 50% of dry fodder, 21% of
green fodder and 94% concentrate in Himachal Pradesh in 1972, whereas
corresponding estimated shortage for these feed stuffs by 2002 AD would be
to the tune of 59, 37 and 93% respectively. The gap between availability and
requirement of feed resources for bovine will continue to exist and this would
adversely affect the genetic potential particularly of crossbred cattle. In the
past too, due to the shortage of feeds and fodder the crossbred cattle and
upgrade buffalo have failed to portray their full genetic potential for higher
production when fed at low levels. Therefore, timely steps ought to be taken
on better feeding and management aspects to increase the production
efficiency of the future population.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
701
Subject: Effect of protein in complete diets on rumen metabolism in
buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2001; 71(2): 159-161 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Tomar, S.K; Sengar, S.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Two diets (D1 and D2) were fed ad libitum to 3 permanently fistulated buffalo
calves in a latin square design. D1 consisted of paddy straw (37), green fodder
(3), molasses (10), deoiled rice bran (41), deoiled mustard-cake (DMC) (6),
mineral mixture (2) and common salt (1 kg/100kg) and D2 has deoiled rice
bran (39.8), deoiled undecorticated cottonseed-cake (DUCSC) (7) and urea
(0.2 kg/100 kg) and the remaining ingredients were similar to D1. The
concentration of various ruminal nitrogen fractions were comparable for both
the diets except the non-protein nitrogen which was higher on D1 than that on
D2. Rumen liquor pH was higher in D2 diet compared to D1. TVFA and all
nitrogen fractions peaked at 4 h post-feeding. DM disappearance was higher
for D2 compared to D1, indicating the increased solubility and degradability
of diet D2.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Effect of varying levels of rumen ammonia concentration on
certain blood constituents.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2001; 71(7): 696-697 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Meenakshi Gupta; Nangia, O.P; Sonia Sindhu; Garg, S.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Three healthy fistulated 1-2 year old buffalo calves were fed a ration
comprising of concentrate and wheat straw in 35:65 ratio once daily for 3
weeks. After this adaptation period, blood samples were collected before
feeding (0 h) and at 2, 4 and 6 h post feeding for 2 days (control treatment).
The same animals were then given 50, 100 and 150 g intraruminal treatments
of ammonium bicarbonate respectively at the rate of 350 ml/h set for 6 h for
10 days. Blood samples were collected at the same intervals as in the control
treatment. The mean concentrations of blood sugar were 64.23 mg/dl (control)
and 58.91, 56.76 and 42.72 mg/dl for treatments 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The
mean concentrations for blood urea nitrogen (BUN) 10.37 mg.dl (control) and
12.59, 16.87 and 18.45 mg/dl (treatments 1, 2 and 3, respectively). Total blood
protein values were 9.64 g/dl (control) and 7.08, 8.22 and 8.61 g/dl (treatments
1, 2 and 3, respectively). Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase
(aspartate aminotransferase) concentrations were 117.53 U/Litre (control) and
175.70, 175.66 and 209.5 U/Litre (treatments 1, 2 and 3, respectively) and
serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (alanine aminotransferase) were at
28.52 U/Litre (control) and 32.47, 35.61 and 40.83 U/Litre (treatments 1, 2
and 3, respectively). These results show a gradual decrease in blood sugar
concentration with increasing levels of ammonium bicarbonate. BUN
702
concentrations fall within safe limits and showed a linear increase with
increasing levels of ammonium bicarbonate infusion. Blood protein levels
were lower in the treatments compared to the control but were in agreement
with previous studies. The enzyme concentrations were significantly higher in
the treatments compared to the control. Ammonium bicarbonate infusion
affected the concentration of both enzymes, which seem to be positively
related to ruminal ammonium nitrogen concentration.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Role of different groups of microbes on fibre utilization.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2001; 71(5): 497-498 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Samanta, A.K; Walli, T.K; Singh, K.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The role of different groups of microbes on wheat straw utilization was
determined under in vitro systems through selective antibiotics. In vitro gas
production using rumen liquor (T1), rumen liquor containing fungi only (T2)
and rumen liquor containing bacteria alone (T3) were significantly different in
both buffalo and cattle. No difference was noticed between T1 and T4.
Addition of antibiotics against either bacteria or fungi caused significant
reduction in IVDMD and IVOMD in buffalo and cattle. Significant variation
was noticed in TVFA production among the treatments. Molar proportion of
acetate was significantly higher in T2 as compared to T1, T3 and T4 and no
propionate production was recorded in T2 where wheat straw was allowed to
degrade only by fungus. Use of fungal probiotic could not produce significant
effect under in vitro system. It might be due to non-establishment of probiotic
fungus under in vitro condition during the short period. Rumen fungi alone are
less active in plant biomass degradation.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Effect of osmotic agent supplementation in the diet of buffalo on
some rumen functions and blood electrolytes.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2001; 71(10): 927-931 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Puri, J.P.; Garg,S.K.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Osmotic active agents like sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride increase
the dilution rate/outflow rate, which improves animal performance. Keeping
this in view, the present studies were conducted on four rumen-fistulated
buffaloes (2 to 2.5 years). They were fed wheat straw + concentrate mixture as
per requirements, group A. Sodium chloride was added daily for one month at
a rate of 50 and 100 g/head for groups B and C, respectively. Feed intake was
not affected in group B but reduced significantly in group C. Animals
consumed more water in both treatment groups, possibly to maintain the water
electrolyte balance. Rumen water kinetics studies also showed an increase in
703
the outflow rate and rumen volume in group C only, where sodium chloride
was supplemented at 100 g/head daily. Total population of bacteria and
protozoa were not affected in group B, but their number reduced significantly
in group C, which might be due to an increase in flow rate in this group.
Holotrichs protozoa were affected more than the entodeniomorphs. These
results indicate that 50 g sodium chloride/head daily is an optimum level to
promote better feed utilization in buffaloes.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Applicability of in vitro gas monitoring technique for tropical
feeds degraded in batch and continuous cultured fungi from cattle and
buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2002; 72(2): 185-187 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Shiv Kumar; Sangwan, D.C; Bhatia, S.K; Sadhana Singh
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
In vitro simulated rumen studies were conducted using 0.5 and 1.0 g wheat
straw (crude protein 3.6%, neutral detergent fibre 76.9%) as a substrate. The
substrates were placed in glass bottles with 50 ml of anaerobic fungal media
and incubated overnight at 39 degrees C. The processed inocula from cattle
and buffaloes were then subjected to 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h fungi
culture. The contents in the bottles were vacuum filtered for determination of
dry matter (DM) loss for DM digestion for paddy straw, sorghum stover, pearl
millet stover and berseem hay. Results showed that DM digestibility and gas
volume and pressure increased (P<0.01) concomitantly with prolonged
fermentation by batch cultured fungi. DM digestion at 12 h by cattle (25.9%)
and buffalo (24.7%) fungi incubated with 0.5 g substrate increased twofold
(52.1, 50.7%) at 96 h and substantiated with increased gas volume. The
increased substrate also markedly slowed digestion in both cattle and
buffaloes. Dry matter degradation of wheat starch was higher (P<0.01) in
cattle (52.8 vs. 50.3%) and buffaloes (54.1 vs. 51.3%) for 0.5 and 1.0 g
substrate, respectively, in continuous than batch culture. Rumen gas volume
per unit of substrate fermented by fungi from cattle (214.4 ml) and buffaloes
(247.2 ml) was also much higher (P<0.01) in continuous than batch cultured
trials. The resultant (96 h) gas profile revealed maximum volume of carbon
dioxide (117.9 and 150.0 ml on wheat straw) followed by methane (54.5 and
78.0 ml on sorghum stover) and hydrogen (3.9 and 1.8 ml/0.5 g berseem hay)
in cattle and buffaloes, respectively.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: In vitro rumen fermentation characteristics of different cellulosic
feeds by Ruminococcus albus pure culture.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2002; 72(12): 1145-1150 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sadhana Singh; Shiv Kumar; Bhatia, S.K; Sangwan, D.C.
Institution:
Organization:
704
Content :
Extensive studies on in vitro rumen degradation of dry matter (DM) and
fibrous components from 9 nutritively different substrates (CP 2.1 to 20.3%,
NDF 50.3 to 77.7%) by Ruminococcus albus pure culture were discerned. The
gases generated in the rumen by bacterial fermentation and mixed anaerobic
fungi were also profiled. Highest (P<0.05) disappearance of DM (55.5%),
NDF (40.1%), ADF (35.7%), and cellulose (36.5%) was from oat hay
followed by sorghum stover (50.4, 37.3, 31.9, and 34.7%). Ruminal
degradations, irrespective of test substrates concomitantly increased (P<0.05)
with prolonging the incubation of feedstuffs, with bacterium from 12 to 96 h.
Highly lignified feedstuffs exhibited very low (P<0.05) disappearances of
DM, which ranged from 34.0% (sugarcane bagasse) to 39.4% (wheat straw),
whereas the corresponding values for NDF, ADF, and cellulose varied from
22.7, 20.6, and 21.7% (sugarcane bagasse) to 29.2, 27.1, and 27.6% (wheat
straw), respectively. Least (P<0.05) degradation of DM and cell wall
components in sugarcane bagasse pinpointed its high cellulose crystallinity to
impair ruminal cellulolysis. The DM degradation by R. albus pure culture,
which was correlated with hemicellulose to cellulose ratio in feedstuffs, was
not substantiated with rumen gas pool size. Of the fractionated ruminal gases,
CO2 (35.5 ml) and CH4 (28.1 ml/0.5 g) were maximally produced by the
fermentation of sorghum stover, whereas the volume of such gases were least
(14.1, 8.2 ml/0.5 g) due to paddy straw. Rumen CO2 and CH4 production was
in 60:40 ratio. Dry matter degradations by R. albus exceeded (P<0.05) than
those due to anaerobic fungi either from cattle or buffalo. However, the profile
on generated ruminal gases was better due to fungal than bacterial activity.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Comparative in vitro rumen fungal degradation and gas
production of cellulosic feeds in cattle and buffalo.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2002; 72(2): 174-179 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sangwan, D.C; Shiv Kumar; Bhatia, S.K; Sadhana Singh
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Ruminal degradations (in vitro) of DM and fibrous components in 9
substrates, besides gas production profile by anaerobic fungi which were
compared in cattle and buffalo were influenced (P<0.01) by cell wall
structural carbohydrates and varied between cattle and buffalo. Cattle fungi
was better (P<0.01) than buffalo fungi in fermenting DM of substrates, which
corroborated the pattern on ruminal gas production volume. The overall
neutral detergent fibre (NDF) disappearances among feedstuffs differed
(P<0.01) but remained alike owing to the source of rumen fungi. Least NDF
and acid detergent fibre (ADF) degradations from paddy straw, pearlmillet
stover and sugarcane bagasse corresponded to rumen gas production volumes.
However, fibrous moieties of hays were maximally degraded by both ruminant
fungi, though, magnitude of ADF disappearances (96 h relative to 12 h)
exceeded (P<0.01) in the buffalo, as compared with cattle, for berseem and oat
hay. The selective ruminant species (superiority of cattle than buffalo)
response in degrading (P<0.01) cellulose from only 4 substrates was evidently
705
discerned. These differential rumen fungi degradations may sequentially
pinpoint and reflect in feed dry matter consumption and rumen fill.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Diet influences the profile of rumen liquor metabolites in buffalo
calves.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2003; 73(8): 945-947 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Gill, S.S; Shashi Nayyar; Rajvir Singh
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The 4 rumen fistulated calves were sequentially kept on 4 different diets for 21
days, diet A: green fodder+wheat straw+commercial concentrate+mineral
mixture;
diet
B:
green
fodder+wheat
straw+Leuceana
leacocephala+concentrate; diet C: wheat straw treated with urea and molasses;
and diet D: exclusively wheat straw. Diets A and B produced higher ruminal
concentrations of volatile fatty acids and total nitrogen as compared to the
diets C and D. Ammonia nitrogen in rumen liquor was the lowest in diet D.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: In vitro growth pattern of rumen microbes on cellulosic feeds
using buffalo and cattle rumen liquor.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. (India). (Jun 2004). v. 74(6) p.
658-661. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sangwan, D.C.; Kumar, S.; Singh, S.; Bhatia, S.K.;
Dular,R.K.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The growth pattern of anaerobes was studied by using rumen mixed culture
from the cattle and buffalo under in vitro rumen fermentation up to 431 hr of 9
cellulosic feeds (CP 2.1 to 20.3 %, NDF 50.3 to 77.7%, ADF 38.9 to 52.3%,
cellulose 26.5 to 39.%). The competitive seprobic ability (CSA) OF rumen
microbes on such feed revealed relatively higher (P < 0.05) cellular growth, in
descending order, on sorgham stover, oat hay, wheat straw and berseem hay
than that on paddy straw, chickpea straw, lucerne hay and pearlmillet stover in
buffallo and cattle. Sorghum stover wheat straw, sugercane bagasse and hays
(oat, lucerne, berseem) proliferated more (P < 0.05) microbial growth in
buffalo than cattle. The growth of microbes in cattle surpassed than that in
buffalo due to paddy straw and perlmillet stover. A continuous lag phase of
cellular multiplication between 27 hr (wheat straw, paddy straw, sorghum
stover) to 91 hr (berseem hay) was followed by stationary and declined in
microbial growth. The rumen gas pool size which did not differ between
ruminant species was least due to the fermentation of chickpea straw ( 8.6, 9.5
ml / 0.5g ) and was recorded to be the highest ( 16.2, 16.5 ml / 0.5g for buffalo
and cattle respectively) on oat hay. Significant correlations between rumen
microbial growth and gas pool size were established.
706
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Effect of yeast culture and yeast culture plus sodium bicarbonate
supplements on ruminal microbial populations and metabolism in buffalo
calves.
Year of publication:
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004; 74(6): 630-632 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Balwinder Kaur; Umesh Kumar; Sareen, V.K; Sudarshan
Singh
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The complementary effect of NaHCO3 to yeast culture (YC) dietary
supplement on various rumen variables was examined in buffalo calves. Part
of the YC can be replaced by NaHCO3 to make YC supplement more cost
effective.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: In vitro growth pattern of rumen microbes on cellulosic feeds
using buffalo and cattle rumen liquor.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004; 74(6): 658-661 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sangwan, D.C.; Shiv Kumar; Sadhana Singh; Bhatia, S.K;
Dular, R.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The growth pattern of anaerobes was studied using rumen mixed culture from
cattle and buffalo under in vitro rumen fermentation up to 431 h of 9 cellulosic
feeds (CP 2.1-20.3%, NDF 50.3-77.7%, ADF 38.9-52.3%, cellulose 26.539.7%). The competitive seprobic ability (CSA) of rumen microbes on such
feed revealed relatively higher (P<0.05) cellular growth, in descending order,
on sorghum stover, oat hay, wheat straw and berseem hay than that on paddy
straw, chickpea straw, lucerne hay and pearl millet stover in buffalo and cattle.
Sorghum stover, wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse and hays (oat, lucerne,
berseem) proliferated more (P<0.05) microbial growth in buffalo than cattle.
The growth of microbes in cattle surpassed that in buffalo due to paddy straw
and pearl millet stover. A continuous lag phase of cellular multiplication
between 27 h (wheat straw, paddy straw, sorghum stover) to 91 h (berseem
hay) was followed by a stationary phase and decline in microbial growth. The
rumen gas pool size, which did not differ between ruminant species, was least
due to the fermentation of chickpea straw (8.6, 9.5 ml/0.5 g) and was recorded
to be highest (16.2, 16.5 ml/0.5 g for buffalo and cattle, respectively) on oat
hay. Significant correlations between rumen microbial growth and gas pool
size were established.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: In vitro degradation and metabolism of sulfur supplemented oat
hay by anaerobic fungi from buffalo and cattle.
707
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004; 74(10): 1066-1070 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Dular, R.K; Sangwan, D.C.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
An in vitro rumen simulated study was conducted by fermenting oat hay with
anaerobic fungi from buffalo and cattle under dietary sulfur levels of 0.1, 0.2,
0.3 and 0.4% (on dry matter (DM) basis) for various time intervals. Ruminal
disappearances of dry matter, gas production, rumen metabolites and cellulase
activity were influenced (P<0.05) by sulfur supplementation as compared to
control in both ruminant species and varied between cattle and buffalo.
Buffaloes (60.8%) excelled (P<0.05) cattle (59.6%) fungi in fermenting DM
of oat hay. Maximum (P<0.05) DM degradability was observed at 0.3% level
of sulfur in cattle (62.7%) and buffalo (63.0%), which corroborated the pattern
on ruminal gas production profile. Rumen nitrogen constituents (total nitrogen
and protein nitrogen), total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) and cellulase activity
were maximum (P<0.05) at 0.3% level of sulfur in cattle (115.3, 18.9 mg %,
136.4 meq/litre and 475.2 micro g sugar/mg protein, respectively) and buffalo
(118.8, 19.2 mg %, 139.0 meq/l and 465.3 micro g sugar/mg protein,
respectively) barring ammonium nitrogen, which decreased due to sulfur
supplementation and minimum (P<0.05) at 0.3% level in cattle (39.4%) and
buffalo (38.0 mg %). Of the graded levels of sulfur, 0.3% helped in
maximizing in vitro DM digestion and nitrogen metabolism by anaerobic
fungi. Rumen fungi from buffalo enhanced DM degradation and rumen
protein nitrogen constituent than cattle fungi.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Rumen fermentation pattern on complete diets with different
sources of nitrogen in buffaloes.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science (India). (Sep 1999). v. LII(5) p.
330-332. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Tomar, S.K.; Sengar,S.S.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Two complete diets containing 6% deoiled mustard cake (DMC, D1) or
7% deoiled undecorticated cotton seed cake (DUCSC, D2) plus 0.2% urea
were fed to 4 permanently rumen fistulated buffalo calves ad lib, in a
switch-over design. Rumen concentrations of all the N-fractions were
comparable for both the diets except non-protein nitrogen which was
higher (P<0.01) for D1 than D2. Peak concentrations of all N-fractions and
TVFA were ob served at 4 h post-feeding. The fermentation pattern was
found comparable for both the diets.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Calcium and magnesium ions activity in milk as influenced by
708
processing treatments.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science (India). (Sep 1999). v. LII(5) p.
315-319. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sharma,V.; Sindhu,J.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Composite milk samples of buffalo, Zebu and crossbred cattle were analysed
to determine the magnesium ions activity (Free Ca++ and Mg++ ions). The
influence
of
different
processing
treatments
(heating,
coolageing,concentration and homogenization) on the calcium and magnesium
ions activity in buffalo milk was also determined. The concentration of ionic
calcium in mM/litre was 4.19, 4.69 and 4.67 in buffalo, Zebu and crossbred
cattle milk, respectively. The ionic magnesium was higher in buffalo milk
(2.16 mM/litre) compared in Zebu (1.29) and crossbred cows (1.09). The
pasteurization and forewarming of buffalo milk caused a considerable
decrease in the ionic calcium and magnesium, while cool-ageing at 4-6 C for
24 and 48 h, concentration (2:1) and homogenization caused a considerable
increase in the activity of these ions.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Effect of supplementation on live-weight changes in ruminants.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science (India). (Sep 1999). v. LII(5)
p.289-293. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Murdia,P.C.; Sharma, V.V.; Taparia, A.L
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Sole feeding of dry grass (Apluda mutica, Themeda quadrivalvis and
heteropogan contortus) failed to maintain live-weight in cattle, buffalo, sheep
and goat. Supplementation with 7.5 g CP/Kg W0.75 through GNC resulted in
moderate weight gains in bovines and ovine on feeding long as well as
chopped grass. However, loss in body weight was noted in caprine fed either
long or chopped grass alongwith protein source. Supplementation with
concentrate mixture @ 40 or 60 g containing 7.5 of CP/kg W0.75 resulted in
moderately high weight gains in all the species. The rate of gain was lower
when animals were fed long grass as compared to chopped grass.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Effect of protein supplementation on rumen passage rate of basal
roughage in buffalo calves.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2003; 56(5): 334-335 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sanjita Sharma; Vishnu Sharma; Purohit, G.R.
Institution:
709
Organization:
Content :
Two feeding trials were conducted on four male buffalo calves to investigate
the effect of supplementation of tumba (Citrullus colocynthis) cake on passage
rate of basal roughage wheat straw (India). The stained feed technique was
employed and dye excretion was measured through a spectrophotometer.
Results showed that though tumba cake supplementation reduced the passage
rate of wheat straw, it did not exert any significant effect on 50% excretion
and mean retention time.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Some biochemical changes in cerebrospinal fluid, blood and
rumen fluid in experimental ruminal acidosis in buffalo calves.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2000; 77(11): 957-960 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Nikolov,Y
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A study was performed on 10 buffalo calves Buballus bubalis L. They were
grouped into two: experimental (n=6) and control (n=4). Acute rumen acidosis
was induced through a single oral administration of 20 ml/kg BW beetroot
molasses. The samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood and rumen fluid
(RF) were studied before the treatment (-24 and 0 h) and at 12, 24, 48, 72 and
96 n past treatment. A significant increase in the level of glucose, total protein
and leukocyte count in the CSF. A significant decrease in the levels of Ph in
CSF blood and RF was observed during the experimental ruminal acidosis.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Influence of supplementation of different carbohydrate sources
on rumen fermentation pattern in buffalo calves.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2001; 78(1): 18-22 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Meenakshi Gupta; Nangia, O.P.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Three healthy fistulated male buffalo calves of 1 1/2 to 2 years of age were fed
ration comprising of concentrate and wheat straw in 35:65 ratio, once daily for
a period of three weeks. After the adaptation period, rumen liquor samples
were collected from each individual animal before feeding (0h) and 2, 4 and
6h post feeding for two consecutive days. The same animals were then
maintained on the following experimental diet under 3 separate trials; Basal
diet + 300g arrowroot starch (Treatment I); Basal diet + 300g gur (Treatment
II); Basal diet + 300g sucrose (Treatment III). The data showed an increase in
total volatile fatty acid concentration in all animals fed supplemented diet as
compared to those maintained on basal diet alone. Total protozoa numbers
increased with starch supplemented diet and decreased with gur and sucrose
supplementation. Microbial protein synthesis in rumen decreased in animals
710
fed with carbohydrate supplements.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Studies on the dynamics of ovine rumen liquor in buffalo calves,
(Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2002; 79(5): 457-459 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rao, G.M; Choudhuri, P.C; Sundar, N.S.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This investigations was conducted to compare the utility and suitability of
sheep rumen liquor transplantation in experimentally defaunated buffalo
calves (n=4). Evaluation of rumen liquor was carried out based on physical
and microbial analysis. The average time required for the total revival of
rumen protozoal activity in untreated buffalo calves was observed to be
10.50+or-0.60 days. Following homologous (buffalo) and heterologous
(ovine) rumen liquor transplantation of defaunated buffalo calves, the normal
protozoal activity could be established on an average of 4.16+or-0.36 days
(homologous) in the former while it took an average of 5.33+or-0.45 days
(heterologous) in the later. Based on these findings, it is postulated that sheep
rumen liquor can be used for the treatment of rumen dysfunctions in buffaloes.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Diurnal variations in the activities of hydrolytic enzymes in
different fractions of rumen contents of Murrah buffalo.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Journal of Applied Animal Research. 2000; 18(1): 73-80 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Neeta Agarwal; Indu Agarwal; Kamra, D.N; Chaudhary, L.C
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Carboxymethylcellulase, alpha -amylase, xylanase, microcrystalline cellulase
and filter paper degrading activities were estimated in various fractions of
rumen contents of 2 Murrah buffaloes(18 months old, 248 kg). 80-92% of the
enzyme activities were associated with the particulate material, while only a
negligible portion (1-4%) was present in the extracellular fraction of the liquid
portion. The remaining 8-15% was associated with freely suspended microbial
cells in the liquid portion of the rumen contents. Maximum activities of
carboxymethylcellulase, alpha -amylase, xylanase and micro-crystalline
cellulase were observed at 2 h post feeding; in the case of filter paper
degrading activity, there was no difference in the activities in the first 4 h of
offering feed to the animals.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Purification and characterization of a bacteriocin-like compound
(Lichenin) produced anaerobically by Bacillus licheniformis isolated from
water buffalo.
Year of publication: 2001
711
Journal: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2001; 91(4): 636-645 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Pattnaik, P; Kaushik, J.K; Grover, S; Batish, V.K.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A study was conducted to characterize a bacteriocin-like factor from Bacillus
licheniformis 26 L-10/3RA isolated from buffalo rumen. The culture
supernatant exhibited the antibacterial activity against a number of indicator
organisms in a cut-well agar assay under anaerobic conditions. The inhibitory
component was purified by following ammonium sulphate precipitation, gel
filtration and ion exchange chromatography and confirmed to be a single
peptide. A single band on tricine-sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis confirmed that the peptide was purified to homogeneity and
having an estimated molecular mass of approximately 1400 dalton. Complete
amino acid sequence of the peptide yielded 12 amino acids from the Nterminal end (ISLEICXIFHDN). No homology with previously reported
bacteriocins was observed and has been designated as Lichenin. Lichenin was
found to be hydrophobic, sensitive to atmospheric oxygen, retained biological
activity even after boiling for 10 min and was active over a pH range of 4.09.0. The Lichenin represents the first anaerobiosis specific expression of
bacteriocin-like compound isolated from Bacillus licheniformis 26 L-10/3RA
of buffalo rumen origin. Lichenin could be a potential candidate for
manipulating the rumen function at molecular level intended for improving the
productivity of the ruminant.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Effect of adding an anaerobic fungal culture isolated from a wild
blue bull (Boselophus tragocamelus) to rumen fluid from buffaloes on in
vitro fibrolytic enzyme activity, fermentation and degradation of tannins
and tannin-containing Kachnar tree (Bauhinia variegata) leaves and
wheat straw.
Year of publication: 2006
Journal: Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2006; 86(2): 258270 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Paul, S.S.; Kamra, D.N.; Sastry, V.R.B.; Sahu,N.P.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The study investigated the effects of adding an anaerobic fungus (Piromyces
sp. FNG5; isolated from the faeces of a wild blue bull) to the rumen fluid of
buffaloes consuming a basal diet of wheat straw and concentrates on in vitro
enzyme activities, fermentation and degradation of tannins and tannin-rich tree
leaves and wheat straw. In experiment 1, strained rumen fluid was incubated
for 24 and 48 h, in quadruplicate, with or without fungal culture using
condensed tannin-rich Bauhinia variegata leaves as substrates. In experiment
2, in vitro incubation medium containing wheat straw and different
concentrations of added tannic acid (0-1.2 mg mL-1) were incubated for 48 h,
in quadruplicate, with strained buffalo rumen fluid with or without fungal
culture. In experiment 3, tolerance of the fungal isolate to tannic acid was
712
tested by estimating fungal growth in pure culture medium containing
different concentrations (0-50 g L-1) of tannic acid. In in vitro studies with
Bauhinia variegata tree leaves, addition of the fungal isolate to buffalo strained
rumen liquor resulted in significant (P<0.01) increase in neutral detergent fibre
(NDF) digestibility and activities of carboxymethyl cellulase (P<0.05) and
xylanase (P<0.05) at 24 h fermentation. There was 12.35% increase (P<0.01)
in condensed tannin (CT) degradation on addition of the fungal isolate at 48 h
fermentation. In in vitro studies with wheat straw, addition of the fungus
caused an increase in apparent digestibility (P<0.01), true digestibility
(P<0.05), NDF digestibility (P<0.05), activities of carboxymethyl cellulase
(P<0.001), beta -glucosidase (P<0.001), xylanase (P<0.001), acetyl esterase
(P<0.001) and degradation of tannic acid (P<0.05). Rumen liquor from
buffaloes which had never been exposed to tannin-containing diet had been
found to have substantial inherent tannic acid-degrading ability (degraded
55.3% of added tannic acid within 24 h of fermentation). The fungus could
tolerate tannic acid concentration up to 20 g L-1 in growth medium. The
results of this study suggest that introduction of an anaerobic fungal isolate
with superior lignocellulolytic activity isolated from the faeces of a wild
herbivore may improve fibre digestion from tannin-containing feeds and
degradation of tannins in the rumen of buffaloes.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Effect of environmental factors on production of lichenin, a
chromosomally encoded bacteriocin-like compound produced by Bacillus
licheniformis 26L-10/3RA.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Microbiological Research. 2005; 160(2): 213-218 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Priyabrata Pattnaik; Sunita Grover; Batish, V.K.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Effect of environmental factors on production of lichenin, a bacteriocin-like
compound produced by Bacillus licheniformis 26L-10/3RA isolated from
buffalo rumen was studied. Lichenin represents the first anaerobiosis-specific
expression of broad-spectrum antibacterial compound effective only under
anaerobic conditions. Production of lichenin by B. licheniformis 26L-10/3RA
was found to be very high at 39 degrees C in L-10 medium supplemented with
0.5% glucose and 20% (w/v) inert thermocol beads. Lichenin production was
highest at pH 6.8 after 72-96 h of incubation. Our study also indicated that
lichenin is not a plasmid-linked characteristic and is encoded by chromosomal
DNA. Results obtained can be used in large-scale production of lichenin for
potential application in manipulating rumen function intended for improving
productivity of the ruminants.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Fractionation and partial purification of endoglucanase and
xylanase from Piromyces sp. isolated from rumen of buffalo.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Microbiologie, Aliments, Nutrition. 1999; 17(2): 81-91 AB:
Country of Origin: India
713
Author’s name: Samanta, A.K.; Walli, T.K.; Rajput, Y.S.; Batish, V.K.;
Grover, S.; Mohanty, A.K.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Various isoenzymes of endoglucanase and xylanase were identified in an
isolate of Piromyces sp. from the rumen of a riverine buffalo, following
chromatographic and electrophoretic analyses. On SDS-PAGE, endoglucanase
gave 4 activity bands having molecular weights of 100, 66, 40 and 33 kDa.
Xylanase also gave 4 activity bands with molecular weights of 168, 80, 61 and
50 kDa. Endoglucanase activity yield was very low on hydroxyapatite and
Superose-12 column chromatography. Separation of endoglucanase on mono
Q column resulted in resolution of enzyme activity into 4 peaks with relative
abundance of 18.2, 17.1, 21.8 and 43.3% for peaks C1, C2, C3 and C4,
respectively. Purification fold was in the range 1.90-4.87. Xylanase activity
could be resolved into 2 peaks on the mono Q column. Xylanase in peaks X1
and X2 were purified to 34.4- and 4.5-fold and their relative abundance was
36.3 and 63.7%, respectively.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Pancreatic juice lipase in buffalo calves from birth to early
ruminant stage
Year of publication: 1996
Journal: Recent Research Developments in Buffalo Production:
proceedings of the Second Asian Buffalo Association Congress. College,
Laguna (Philippines). PSAS Foundation, Inc. 1996. 487 p. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Christi, K.S.; Vadodaria, V.P.; Mehta, V.M.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The present research work was performed in 12 Surti buffalo calves with
reference to pancreatic juice lipase from birth to early ruminant stage. The
pancreatic juice was collected by cannulating the pancreatic duct. The samples
were collected 30 min before feeding (BF) and 30 min after feeding (AF) both
during morning and evening hours. The results revealed non significant age
effect for early neonatal period (first 10 d) but it was found to be significant
AF during weekly comparison. Overall lipase activity was found to decline
with age but the activity was found to increase with age when expressed for
the volume (flow rate) of pancreatic juice secreted during 30 min of time.
Diurnal variations, excepting significant higher activity at evening hours at 12
wk, revealed non significant higher lipase level during evening hours (4.53
percent) as compared to morning samplings. Overall, lipase level increased
due to feeding was found to the extent of 42.73 percent (3.41 U/ml) as
compared to its basal level. Postprandial lipase level at different stages
(colostrum feeding, MRP feeding, inclusion of concentrate and hay and
inclusion of fodder) revealed significant increase except a decrease recorded
on 11 wk. The findings suggested that lipase activity is present at birth and the
ontogenic pattern may be modified at birth by the colostrum and milk
substitute intake and upon weaning due to modified at birth by the colostrum
and milk substitute intake and upon weaning due to development of
714
forestomachs and also due to increase amount of solid food intake.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Effect of anaerobic fungi on in vitro feed digestion by mixed
rumen microflora of buffalo.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Reproduction, Nutrition, Development. 2004; 44(4): 313-319 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Paul,S.S; Kamra, D.N; Sastry, V.R.B; Sahu, N.P; Neeta
Agarwal
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Five strains of anaerobic fungi isolated from the faeces of wild (hog deer,
Cervus porcinus; blackbuck, Antelope cervicapra; spotted deer, Axis axis;
nilgai, Baselophus tragocamelus) and rumen liquor of domestic (sheep, Ovies
aries) ruminants showing high fibrolytic enzyme producing ability were added
to mixed rumen microflora of buffalo to study their effect on the digestibility
of lignocellulosic feed (wheat straw and wheat bran in the ratio of 80:20),
enzyme production and fermentation end products in in vitro conditions.
Among the 5 isolates studied, FNG5 (isolated from nilgai) showed the highest
stimulating effect on apparent digestibility (35.31+or-1.61% vs. 28.61+or1.55%; P<0.05), true digestibility (43.64+or-1.73% vs. 35.37+or-1.65%;
P<0.01), neutral detergent fibre digestibility (29.30+or-2.58% vs. 18.47+or2.12; P<0.01) of feed 24 h after inoculation compared to the control group.
The production of carboxymethyl cellulase, xylanase, acetylesterase and beta glucosidase was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the FNG5 inoculated
incubation medium. There was no improvement in the digestibility and
enzyme production on the addition of the other 4 isolates. Total volatile fatty
acid levels as well as the concentration of acetate, propionate, isobutyrate and
valerate were significantly higher in the FNG5 added group as compared to
the control group. The fungal isolate FNG5 from nilgai, a wild ruminant, was
found to be superior to the other isolates tested and appears to have a potential
to be used as a feed additive for improving fibre degradation in domestic
ruminants.
Specialization: Animal Nutrition - Rumen
Subject: Influence of addition of yeast culture (YEA-SACC228) to the diet
of buffalo calves on ruminal fermentation and in sacco digestibility of
some roughages.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: SARAS Journal of Livestock and Poultry Production. 2003;
19(1/2): 38-46 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Baljit Kaur; Umesh Kumar; Sareen, V.K; Sudarshan Singh
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The influence of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) culture (YC, YEASACC228) supplement to the normal diet of buffalo calves on ruminal
fermentation and microbial populations and in sacco dry matter (DM), neutral
715
detergent fibre (NDF) and cellulose (CE) disappearance from roughages was
investigated in 6 rumen-fistulated buffalo calves divided into 2 groups (C and
YC). The animals in both groups were fed on a normal diet consisting of
wheat straw, berseem and concentrate mixture as per requirements. Each
animal in group YC was given 10 g yeast culture per day. The pH increased
and lactate concentration decreased in the rumen fluid (RF) up to 8 h
postfeeding in YC compared to C. The number of total bacteria, total viable
bacteria and cellulolytic bacteria increased by 39.1 (P<0.05), 33.0 (P<0.05)
and 47.0%, respectively, with YC supplement. The concentrations of total
volatile fatty acids (FA) and protein were increased by 6.04 (P<0.05) and
2.30%, respectively, in YC compared to C. However, the concentration of
NH3-N decreased by 7.54% (P<0.05). The in sacco disappearance of DM,
NDF and CE from wheat straw, rice straw, bajra straw, maize stalks and
berseem hay was more in YC compared to C, particularly during the early
hours of incubation.
716
3 Biochemistry
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: Validation of a sensitive enzymeimmunoassay for 13,14-dihydro15-keto-PGF2 alpha in buffalo plasma and its application for
reproductive health status monitoring.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Animal Reproduction Science. 2003; 78(1/2): 33-46 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Mishra, D.P.; Meyer,H.H.D; Prakash, B.S.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A simple, sensitive and direct enzyme immunoassay (EIA) procedure on
microtitre plates using the second antibody coating technique was
standardized and validated for the determination of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto
PGF2 alpha (PGFM) in unextracted buffalo plasma. The assay was carried out
directly in 20 micro l of buffalo plasma. PGFM standards prepared in charcoal
stripped hormone-free plasma were used. The sensitivity of the assay was 0.4
pg/well, which corresponded to 20 pg/ml plasma. Plasma volumes for the
assay ranging from 10 to 50 micro l did not influence the PGFM standard
curve; however, a slight drop in the OD450 was observed with higher plasma
volumes. Biological validation of the assay was carried out in buffalo plasma
samples obtained during physiological states of cyclicity, peri-estrus, postinsemination, reproductive tract infection and persistent corpus luteum
conditions. A pulsatile pattern of plasma PGFM release was observed prior to
oestrus when PGFM was determined in blood samples collected at hourly
intervals of time. The PGFM pulsatility was not observed when blood
sampling frequency of either 4 or 12 h was considered. The PGFM levels
stayed high in peripheral circulation of buffaloes with reproductive tractinfections and remained low throughout the sampling period in buffaloes
having persistent corpus luteum. After an initial increase post-insemination,
the plasma PGFM levels showed minor fluctuations. The assay was found to
be sufficiently reliable and specific for estimation of PGFM levels in
buffaloes. The standardization and validation of PGFM assay in buffalo opens
the prospects of using PGFM levels as an indicator for reproductive health
status monitoring in this species.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: Studies on milk allantoin and uric acid in relation to feeding
regimens and production performance in buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2001; 14(11):
1634-1637 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sikka, P.; Saxena, N.K.; Gupta, R.; Sethi, R.K.; Lall, D.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Allantoin and uric acid were estimated in milk to study the association
between the levels of these purine derivatives and milk production per day
717
under given feeding regimens. Keeping the stage of lactation, parity and initial
milk yield in view thirty lactating buffaloes were randomly selected from early
lactating group. All the animals were fed 30 kg green feed, 2 kg straw and 5
kg concentrate mixture on a per animal/day basis at basal level up to 8 litres
production. One kg concentrate mixture, soaked cotton seed and boiled cotton
seed was fed for every 2 litres milk, respectively in Group I (control), Group II
and Group III animals. Average milk allantoin and uric acid levels were
120+or-11.7 g/ml and 4.03+or-0.63 g/ml, respectively in milk. Cotton seed
feeding enhanced the milk production significantly (P<0.01) in comparison to
concentrate mixture fed control group animals. A significant difference
(P<0.01) in milk allantoin levels was found over the different feeding
managements in higher level of production group animals. The study also
revealed a significant negative correlation between the milk allantoin and
production per day r=-0.43 (P<0.05).
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: AP-Biochem
Effect of oxytocin administration on certain
minerals in the milk of buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2001; 14(11):
1523-1526 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Mahendra Singh; Anjuli Aggarwal
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The effect of oxytocin on copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn),
manganese (Mn), iron (Fe) and calcium (Ca) concentrations in milk of
buffaloes was determined. To study the secretion of trace elements during
early lactation, 12 lactating Murrah buffaloes were selected from the herd of
the institute. The buffaloes were divided into 2 groups of 6 each. Buffaloes of
group I were not injected and served as control. Buffaloes of group II received
oxytocin injection (2.5 I.U.) intramuscularly for a period of 5 days for let
down of milk. Milk samples were collected from both groups of buffaloes 5
days before, during and after the administration of oxytocin. Aliquots of milk
samples from each buffalo were composited in proportion to their milk yield
and used for analysis of trace elements in milk. In both the groups of buffaloes
Cu, Mg, Fe, Zn and Mn contents did not vary significantly between animals.
However, Ca levels varied significantly (P<0.01) between the animals.
Administration of oxytocin influenced (P<0.01) Cu, Mg, Zn, Fe and Mn
secretion in milk. However, Ca secretion was not affected by oxytocin
administration. Secretion of these elements also varied significantly during
different days of the study. Zinc content of milk in the control group also
varied significantly (P<0.01) during different days and periods of study
indicating that oxytocin had no effect on zinc concentration. The study
indicated that administration of oxytocin increases Cu and Mn content and
decreases Mg, Fe and Zn content without altering the Ca concentration of
milk.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: Effect of dexamethasone stress on concentrations of zinc in blood
718
plasma and in sub-cellular fractions of various tissues of neonatal buffalo
calves.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2002; 15(7): 10221025 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Charanbir Singh; Singha, S.P.S.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Effect of chemical stress, daily administration of glucocorticoid
(dexamethasone at 0.125 mg per calf per day) injections, on plasma zinc
levels, Zn status of body tissues and its distribution in subcellular fractions,
were studied in neonatal buffalo calves (n=10). Daily i.m. injections of
dexamethasone, starting at one week of age until 8 weeks of age, led to a
significant decline in plasma Zn concentration from the 3rd week onwards;
this persisted throughout the rest of the experimental period. In the control
group, the liver had the highest concentration of zinc, followed by the heart,
muscle, spleen, kidney and testis. In all these tissues, the cytosolic fractions
had the highest (>60%) zinc levels followed by the nuclear, mitochondrial and
microsomal fractions. In dexamethasone treated calves, there was a significant
increase in the Zn uptake by the liver and muscle tissues. This increase in zinc
concentration was observed in all the subcellular fractions of the liver and
muscle; however, about 80% of this increase was in the cytosolic fraction. It
was concluded that the glucocorticoid-induced stress caused the increase in Zn
levels in the liver and muscles, and the decrease in blood plasma zinc,
indicating a redistribution of Zn in the body.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: Therapeutic efficacy of minerals supplement in macro-minerals
deficient buffaloes and its effect on haematobiochemical profile and
production.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2002; 15(9): 12781287 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sharma, M.C.; Chinmay Joshi; Sarkar, T.K.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
To record the prevalence of macro-minerals deficiency in buffaloes, a survey
was conducted in certain parts of Northern India. The prevalence of soil Ca, P,
Mg, Na, P and K deficiency was 21.35%, 23.30%, 28.64%, 3.61% and 6.84%,
respectively while that of fodder Ca, P, Mg, Na and K deficiency was 13.88%,
16.55%, 19.72%, 3.54% and 4.86%, respectively. The overall prevalence of
serum (buffalo) Ca, P, Mg, Na and K deficiency in certain parts of northern
India was 25.48%, 24.66%, 24.36%, 4.42% and 3.28%, respectively. The
correlation coefficient of Ca, P, Mg, Na and K in soil, fodder and serum was
significant and in most of the cases the values were above 0.6. The highest
deficiency of macro-minerals i.e. Ca, P, Mg, Na and K was found in plain
regions, followed by Tarai (foot hill of Himalayas) region and finally the hilly
719
region. For therapeutic studies, three types of mineral mixture were prepared
according to deficiency obtained and fed to three groups of deficient animals.
Observations were recorded on 0, 30, 60 and 75 day. In group A animals
normal mineral mixture was provided, where as in group C and D 10% and
25% more of Ca, P, Mg were provided, respectively. There was an increase in
body weight, milk yield, haemoglobin concentration, and total erythrocyte
count. Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate amino transferase in group D
animals. There was a decrease in heart rate, respiratory rate and alkaline
phosphatase in group D animal after mineral supplement. Thus showing the
efficacy when supplements 3 provided to group D animals.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: Plasma protein profile of neonatal buffalo calves in relation to the
protein profile of colostrum/milk during first week following parturition.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2003; 16(3): 348352 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Lone, A.G.; Charanbir Singh; Singha, S.P.S.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
An investigation was made into the protein profile of colostrum/milk of ten
Murrah buffaloes and of their ten buffalo calves during their first week of
neonatal life to study the materno-neonatal transfer of immunoglobulins (Ig).
Calves were pail fed 3.5 litres of colostrum and/or milk per calf/day
exclusively from their dam. First blood sample from newborn calves was
collected before colostrum feeding on the day of birth (day zero) and the
sampling continued daily for seven days after colostrum/milk feeding.
Colostrum/milk Ig and IgG values were 4.82+or-2.60, 2.19+or-1.90, 1.12+or0.82, 0.69+or-0.44, 0.59+or-0.31, 0.47+or-0.20, 0.40+or-0.22, 0.40+or-0.25
and 3.58+or-1.90, 1.08+or-0.92, 0.52+or-0.40, 0.31+or-0.20, 0.27+or-0.14,
0.22+or-0.08, 0.18+or-0.09, 0.14+or-0.08, respectively, during 0-7 days post
partum. The concentration of total colostrum/milk proteins, Ig, IgG and
albumin were highest within 12 h post-partum. Thereafter, the concentrations
followed a declining trend which may be attributed to the reduced transfer of
proteins from the maternal blood, declining synthesis by the mammary glands
and/or depletion of stored proteins. The concentrations of plasma Ig and IgG
before colostrum feeding on day zero were 0.42+or-0.09 and 0.08+or-0.03
respectively. The levels of plasma Ig were 1.90+or-0.37, 1.80+or-0.31,
1.80+or-0.26, 1.81+or-0.28, 1.78+or-0.31, 1.79+or-0.21, 1.80+or-0.32 and of
IgG were 1.57+or-0.41, 1.30+or-0.29, 1.31+or-0.21, 1.27+or-0.18, 1.23+or0.21, 1.23+or-0.16, 1.26+or-0.21 on days 1-7 after birth after colostrum/milk
feeding. The concentrations of total plasma proteins, Ig, IgG were lowest
before colostrum feeding and increased significantly (p<0.05) after colostrum
feeding in buffalo neonates. The results suggest that the highest amounts of
colostral Ig and IgG were available on the day of parturition and thus the
calves should receive colostrum as early as possible postpartum. Colostrum Ig
and IgG concentrations were not correlated to plasma Ig and IgG
concentrations in the post-suckle buffalo calves and therefore, colostrum Ig
and IgG concentrations were probably not the principle determinants of calf
720
post-suckle plasma Ig and IgG concentrations.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: Effect of vacuum and pulsation rate on some milking
characteristics in Murrah buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Bubalus Bubalis. 2000; 6(4): 78-82 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Dogra, P.K.; Parmar, O.S.; Gupta, S.C.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Ten lactating Murrah buffaloes were milked with a milking machine using 2.8
kg weight of the cluster and 23 mm teatcup liner diameter. The effect of three
levels of vacuum (400, 420 and 450 mm Hg) and two levels of pulsation rates
(55 and 65 cycles/min) were studied on certain milking characteristics. A
highly significant (P<0.01) effect of animal and vacuum on all the milking
characteristics (except for vacuum on milk let-down time) was observed. The
milk flow rates increased with the corresponding increase in the vacuum and
pulsation rate. The overall least-squares means for let-down time, machine
milking time, stripping time, machine milk yield, stripping yield, total milk
yield and milk flow rate were 63.13+or-0.30 s, 4.05+or-0.04 min, 37.89+or0.45 s, 3.608+or-0.030 kg, 0.148+or-0.004 kg, 3.756+or-0.033 kg and
0.925+or-0.006 kg/min, respectively. The results showed that 420-mm Hg
vacuum and 65-cycles/min pulsation rate was optimum for efficient machine
milking of buffaloes.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: A comparative distribution pattern of major enzymes in buffalo
and cross-bred cows' milk during different lactation stages.
Year of publication: 1998
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin. 1998; 17(3): 67-69 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sharma, K.C; Sachdeva, V.K; Sudarshan Singh
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study presents the distribution pattern of major enzymes in buffalo and
cross-bred cow's milk during the different stages of lactation. Results showed
that lipase activity was maximum in both cow and buffalo during early
lactation (45 days after calving). However, the activity was lower in cow's
milk than in buffalo milk during mid and late lactation. The catalase activity
of cows and buffalo milk increased with advancing stage of lactation and was
observed to be maximum during late lactation (280 days after calving). The
alkaline phosphatase activity was almost invariable both in cow and buffalo
milk during the whole lactation period.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: A comparison of liver glycogen, blood and rumen fluid organic
components of buffaloes with cattle.
Year of publication: 2000
721
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin. 2000; 19(2): 39-42 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Malviya, S.K; Rakeshkumar; Sharma, I.J
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The liver pieces, blood and rumen fluid of 26 animals, including buffaloes,
buffalo bulls and bulls were collected from the local slaughter house for
estimation of liver glycogen, blood and rumen fluid content for glucose,
oxaloacetate, pyruvate, lactate, total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), free fatty
acids, ketone bodies and protein (only in plasma). It was observed that the
liver glycogen and blood glucose were higher in the buffaloes, more
particularly, liver glycogen in male buffaloes. The gluconeogenic substrate
(Oxaloacetate), lactate and TVFA were higher in buffalo bulls than buffaloes
and bulls. However, blood glucose was higher in the buffaloes in comparison
to their male counterpart as well as bulls. The normoglycaemia with low liver
glycogen content was recorded in almost all the types of the animals used
which may be the effect of catecholamines on glycogenolysis and utilization
of ketone bodies by various tissues.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: Validation of an oxytocin enzyme immunoassay in buffalo
plasma.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2001; 17(3): 343-350 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kumud, N.K; Prakash, B.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A sensitive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) procedure on microtitreplates using
the second antibody coating technique and the biotin-streptavidin
amplification system for oxytocin determination in bovine plasma was
validated for estimating the hormone in buffalo plasma. Blood was collected
from a pregnant buffalo during evening milking. The sensitivity of the assay
was 0.2 pg/well oxytocin, which corresponded to 1 pg/ml plasma. Biological
validation of the assay was carried out in buffalo plasma samples obtained
around milking and after treatment with lutalyse (25 mg; i.m) - a prostaglandin
analogue. Plasma oxytocin levels increased during milking from basal
concentrations of 1 pg/ml to around 20 pg/ml within 8 min of milking, falling
sharply thereafter to 3.5 pg/ml at the end of milking. Following lutalyse
administration in a buffalo, a steep increase in plasma oxytocin concentration
was recorded from low basal values (<2 pg/ml) to 150 pg/ml within 10 min of
lutalyse treatment, declining thereafter. The validation of oxytocin assay in
buffalo opens the prospects of exploring the role of this hormone in various
processes associated with reproduction and lactation which will provide an
insight into the possible causes limiting the productivity of this species.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: Characterization of cationic proteins and peptides from buffalo
tongue epithelium.
722
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2002; 18(2): 211-216 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Anbu, K.A; More, T; Ashok Kumar
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Endogenous antibacterial cationic proteins and peptides play a prominent role
in the protection of epithelial surface against hostile environment. Isolation
and characterization of such antibacterial proteins and peptides from the
buffalo tongue epithelium were carried out, since no such information is
available in this species. Buffalo tongue epithelial extract resolved into 3
peaks by Sephacryl S-100 HR column chromatography. The tongue epithelial
cationic peptides were also isolated using Centrisart membrane filters. The
AU-PAGE pattern of the proteins and peptides isolated from the buffalo
tongue epithelium showed that the most cationic protein band corresponded to
the reference lysozyme run simultaneously. The molecular weight of cationic
proteins and peptides based on SDS-PAGE were in the range of 11 to 66 kDa
in 15% gel. The cationic peptides were resolved into distinct bands below 20
kDa in 10-35% SDS-PAGE with increased buffer concentration. The peptides
were having absorbance maxima at 240 nm and lacked gelatinase activity. The
lower-than-5-kDa fraction isolated using Centrisart membrane filters was
found to contain antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and
Staphylococcus aureus. Further studies are warranted to elucidate their in vivo
antibacterial efficacy in terms of mucosal immunity.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: In vitro study on biomechanical characteristics of tendons of
limbs of the buffalo.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2003; 19(1): 49-59 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Dubal, S.C; Vyas, K.N; Vyas, Y.L
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The biomechanical characteristics of tendons of the distal part of the fore- and
hindlimbs of six young (6 to 10 months old) and adult (5 to 10 years old) male
Surti buffaloes were utilized to understand quantitatively the susceptibility of
the tendons for strain injuries. There were significant (P<0.01) age-related
differences among the tendons studied. The mean value of the Young's
modulus of elasticity, factor of safety and fracture toughness did not differ
(P>0.01) among the tendons studied, and hence these properties appeared to
be material properties. All other mechanical properties appeared to be
specimen properties. Tendons which act as prime movers and are subjected to
high physical stresses had higher values of tensile strength, but had lower
values of critical length of micro-damage and number of fatigue cycles,
compared to those that did not. Also, these tendons were more susceptible to
injuries.
Specialization: Biochemistry
723
Subject: Isolation and characterization of a 26 kDa glycosylated prolactin
from the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2005; 21(1): 53-65 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Ramanandam, L.K; Venkatesh, S.G; Vijay Deshpande
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Prolactin (PRL) has been isolated from buffalo pituitaries by acid acetone
extraction. Sephadex G-75 gel filtration, DEAE-cellulose chromatography and
reversed phase HPLC. The yield of the purified material, as determined by
non-competitive ELISA, ranged from 0.96-1.15 mg/g of whole pituitary for
different batches of pituitaries. The purified protein exhibited immunological
cross-reactivity against antibodies to ovine prolactin but not to anti-ovine
growth hormone. SDS-PAGE revealed a single protein band of 26 kDa.
However, immunoblotting indicated the presence of higher molecular variants
of 41 and 82 kDa. Native gel-electrophoresis of the 26 kDa protein followed
by coomassie brilliant blue and thymol sulphuric acid staining revealed
multiple bands indicating the presence of charged and glycosylated variants.
Buffalo prolactin as a glycoprotein has 5.1 and 0.27% neutral carbohydrate
and sialic acid contents respectively. N-terminal analysis of buffalo PRL
revealed threonine as the N-terminal amino acid. The amino acid composition
of buffalo prolactin was similar to that of other mammalian species. Tryptic
peptide map of buffalo PRL was similar to that of standard ovine PRL,
indicating close structural homology.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: Urea content of milk of Murrah breed of buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Buffalo Newsletter. 2001; (16): 10-12 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kavitha, P; Bector, B.S; Vivek Sharma
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted to determine the normal values of urea in the milk
and milk yield of Murrah buffaloes which were maintained under standard
feeding and management practices. Results revealed that individual Murrah
buffaloes produced 0.5-9.0 kg (3.88+or-0.18 kg average) of milk while urea
content ranged from 21.06 to 56.58 mg/100 ml (35.10+or-0.55 mg average).
The urea content of pooled buffalo milk varied from 16.83 to 33.70 mg/100
mg (28.22+or-1.11 mg average). Colostrum of buffaloes had 13.97 to 19.58
mg of urea/100 ml (16.01+or-0.80 mg average).
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: Energy yielding blood metabolites in growing female buffalo
calves during their first year of age.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Haryana Veterinarian. 1999; 38: 29-32 1999 AB:
Country of Origin: India
724
Author’s name: Rose, M.K; Garg, S.L; Saini, M.S; Singh, N; Agarwal, V.K.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Blood samples were taken from 11 female buffalo calves at 24 h after birth, on
the 15th day and at 1 month of age. Samples were also taken at monthly
intervals until 6 months of age and thereafter every 3 months until 1 year of
age. Blood glucose [blood sugar], total plasma proteins [blood proteins],
ketone bodies and total volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were determined. Results
showed high blood glucose concentrations in newborn calves followed by a
gradual decrease as age increased and attained the lowest levels at 5 months of
age which were subsequently maintained. The concentrations of plasma
proteins was lowest (P<0.01) in newborn animals and increased with age.
Ketone bodies increased significantly with age up to 4 months of age after
which no significant difference was observed. Total VFA concentrations
increased gradually with age until 6 months and thereafter the values were
stabilized.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: Quality and yield of buffalo blood and its fractions.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management. 1999;
15(1): 23-25 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Mandal, P.K; Rao, V.K; Kowale, B.N; Pal, U.K.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Blood collected by the open method from 90 adult buffaloes was defibrinated
and serum was separated. The average yield of whole blood, serum and red
blood cell (r.b.c.) concentrate was 9.44+or-0.05 litres, 62.00+or-47% and
38.00+or-0.47% of total blood yield, respectively. The total viable count in
whole blood, serum and r.b.c. concentrate were 4.55+or-0.07, 2.82+or-0.05
and 3.72+or-0.06 log/ml whereas, the coliform count was 1.32+or-0.05,
1.05+or-0.05 and 1.73+or-0.06 log/ml, respectively. The Enterobacteriaceae
and yeast and mould count in all the samples ranged between 0.84+or-0.05 to
1.25+or-0.04 and 0.80+or-0.06 to 2.34+or-0.03 log/ml, respectively. None of
the samples had Salmonella sp. and Staphylococcus aureus. Moisture, protein,
lipid and ash contents of whole blood, serum and r.b.c. concentrate were
81.36+or-0.40, 90.67+or-0.25 and 63.31+or-0.27; 17.21+or-0.10, 7.63+or0.11 and 34.60+or-0.08; 0.16+or-0.01, 0.17+or-0.01 and 0.19+or-0.01, and
0.89+or-0.03, 1.15+or-0.03 and 1.45+or-0.02%, respectively. The pH of the
whole blood, serum and r.b.c. concentrate samples were 7.27+or-0.02,
7.34+or-0.03 and 7.38+or-0.01, respectively.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: Characterization of alkaline phosphatase from post granular
fraction of buffalo and cattle polymorphonuclear leucocytes.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Research. 1999; 33(1): 63-66 AB:
Country of Origin: India
725
Author’s name: Meena Kataria
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Alkaline phosphatase (AP) in the post granular fraction of polymorphonuclear
leukocytes of buffaloes and cattle was characterized. AP of cattle was more
stable than AP of buffaloes. On the basis of heat stability at 56 and 65 degrees
C, AP isoenzymes were classified in 3 types (liver, bone and kidney types).
Inhibition studies with L-phenyl alanine revealed isoenzymes of non-placental
type (liver, bone and kidney type) and studies with urea revealed renal type
isoenzymes. AP was relatively insensitive to urea inhibition. It is concluded
that alkaline phosphatase of post-granular fraction of leukocytes is of
heterogeneous type.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: Cellular interaction in the generation of suppressor cells and
mitogen induced proliferation of intestinal mucosal leukocytes of buffalo.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 1999; 69(5): 281-283 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Subodh Kishore; Sinha, R.K; Das, S.K.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Nonspecific suppressor cell and lymphoproliferative activity was induced in
gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT): intestinal intraepithelial leukocytes
(IELs), lamina propria leukocytes (LPL) and peripheral blood leukocytes
(PBL). Depletion and reconstitution of adherent cells (macrophage/monocyte)
revealed that these cells were indispensable in both the activities. Autologous
as well as allogenic were equally potent. Addition of 2 mercaptoethanol (2
ME) to non-adherent cells could not substitute the macrophage requirement
though 2 ME potentiated these responses in the presence of adherent cells.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: Electrophoretic characterization of cationic proteins and peptides
of buffalo granulocytes.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 1999; 69(3): 153-156 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sarmah, S; More,T
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Cationic proteins were extracted from buffalo peripheral granulocytes and
characterized by acid urea PAGE (AUPAGE). Three of 11 bands with Rm
values of 0.64, 0.71 and 0.83 were peptides just preceding the lysozyme. The
band with Rm of 0.87 corresponded with reference lysozyme, that is
maximum cationicity. The remaining bands with relatively poor cationicity
represented myeloperoxidase, lactoferrin and elastase. After heat treatment the
peptides lost their definition on AUPAGE. There was no significant effect of
obtaining granules at 14, 18, 22 and 27x1000 g on AUPAGE protein pattern.
726
Age of animals had little effect. The peptides on treating with trypsin lost their
band pattern and indicated the presence of either arginine or lysine in the
peptides. The glycoprotein staining of AUPAGE of acid extracted granular
proteins detected only 2 bands of glycoprotein type. The peptides isolated by
preparative AUPAGE also contained no free-SH; carbohydrate groups and
proteinase inhibitor activity.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: Amino-transferases profile in female buffalo calves from birth to
puberty.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2002; 72(5): 393-394 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rathee, S.S; Garg, S.L; Rose, M.K; Agarwal, V.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Female buffalo calves (n=42) of various age groups were used to study for
correlating peripheral concentrations of aminotransferases with various
developmental stages from birth to puberty. The calves were evenly
distributed in 7 groups (6 in each) depending upon their age, viz. day 1-3
(neonatal calves), day 4-30 (perinatal calves), months 3-6 (young calves),
months 7-12 (growing calves), months 18-24 (prepubertal heifers), months 2530 (peripubertal heifers) and months 31-36 (pubertal heifers). The results
revealed that the various developmental stages had no effect on peripheral
concentration of aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The peripheral
concentration of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) exhibited a gradual rising
trend with advancement of age in female buffalo calves to attain peak
concentration at the age corresponding to puberty.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: Biochemical studies on suckling vs. nonsuckling buffalo calves in
relation to performance of dams.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2002; 72(6): 492-494 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sikka, P; Sethi, R.K; Tomer, A.K.S.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Twenty buffalo calves were divided into 2 groups (n=10 per group) where
Group 1 was weaned at birth and fed colostrum in a pan while Group 2 was
allowed to suckle their dams. The calves were bled at birth and on days 1, 4,
15, 60 and 90 to determine total blood immunoglobulins (Ig), proteins,
thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Their body weights were recorded
fortnightly and the data on the performance traits (calving interval, lactation
length, dry period and service period) of their dams were also obtained.
Results showed that the average serum Ig levels at 24 h after birth were not
significantly different between the 2 groups. Birth weight was highly
correlated with the basal Ig levels (n=0.68). Lower Ig levels at 24 h after birth
was well associated with lower liveweight gain at 90 days of age (27.4+or-0.9
727
and 28.1+or-1.2 kg for the suckled and nonsuckled groups, respectively).
Average blood serum proteins were higher in the suckled calves 1-15 days of
age; however, they were at low levels in the nonsuckled group for 4 days. T3
and T4 levels were slightly lower than in previous studies. Diarrhoea occurred
significantly more often in the nonsuckled (first 7 days) compared to the
suckled (25-60 days after birth) calves. The service period was reduced by 72
days in the dams of the nonsuckled calves, while calving interval was higher
in the dams of the suckled calves. The dry period was reduced in the dams of
the nonsuckled calves. There were insignificant differences in lactation yield
and length between both groups. In conclusion, the early weaning of calves
does not adversely affect their health and seems to be beneficial to their dams'
performance.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: Serum and cerebrospinal fluid biochemical alterations in
experimental hypomagnesemia in buffalo calves.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2003; 73(8): 907-908 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rana, Y.S; Kitab Singh
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted to investigate the biochemical alterations in blood
and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of buffalo calves with induced
hypomagnesaemia. Experimental hypomagnesaemia was induced in 4 buffalo
calves by intraruminal administration of potassium chloride and citric acid at
1.3 and 1.1 g/kg body weight, respectively, as 15% solutions daily until the
development of clinical signs. Serum biochemical studies showed a significant
decrease in sodium, magnesium, inorganic phosphorus, and glucose, and a
significant increase in potassium total protein, alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels of serum after induction of
hypomagnesaemia. There was a significant decrease in the level of
magnesium, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, and glucose in the CSF of
hypomagnesaemic calves. On the other hand, a significant increase in total
protein value was observed. The magnesium level did not decrease in CSF as
rapidly as in blood.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: Renal clearance of inulin, para-aminohippuric acid, endogenous
creatinine and urea in male and female buffalo calves.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2003; 73(9): 1002-1005 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rastogi, S.K; Mohsin, M; Sharma, V.K; Sharma, L.D;
Pandey, H
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Female buffalo calves (n=4, 18- to 24-month-old) and male buffalo calves
(n=4, 12- to 18-month-old) were compared for renal function parameters.
728
Urine collection was achieved through Foley's catheters in both sexes
(surgically, in the males by para-anal ischiotomy). Significant differences
were recorded in urine flow rate of female (4.61+or-0.79 ml/min) and male
(1.31+or-0.29 ml/min) calves. Means of inulin and paramino hippuric acid
(PAH) clearances were 1.83+or-0.28 and 8.89+or-1.01 ml/min/kg,
respectively, in female and 0.85+or-0.11 and 3.86+or-0.64 ml/min/kg,
respectively, in males. These differences also amounted to higher renal blood
flow in the female calves. Clearances of creatinine and urea, however, did not
differ significantly for both sexes. Fractional urea clearance stood significantly
(P>0.01) higher in male calves (0.96+or-0.09) compared to the female ones
(0.46+or-0.06). The data suggested marked physiological difference in the
renal handling of water and osmotically active substances. Comparison of
inulin and creatinine clearance values suggested a net reabsorption of
creatinine by the renal tubules, in both the sexes of buffalo species.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: Status of microminerals, hormone and vitamin profile in
buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) of Agra region of Uttar Pradesh.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2005; 75(8): 909-914 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Pankaj Kumar; Sharma, M.C; Chinmay Joshi
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The study was conducted in Agra, Aligarh, Hathras and Mathura districts of
Agra region of Uttar Pradesh, India [date not given]. Marked deficiency of
zinc; marginal deficiency of copper and cobalt was found in soil that reflected
in fodder and buffaloes of this region. The average concentration (ppm) of
copper was 1.66+or-0.20 (soil) and 11.94+or-1.05 (fodder) and that of cobalt
was 0.40+or-0.02 (soil) and 0.27+or-0.05 (fodder). The average concentration
of zinc was 1.14+or-0.05 (soil) and 28.68+or-1.73 (fodder). The average
concentration of iron was adequate in both soil and fodder, viz., 45.02+or-4.71
and 301.33+or-16.50, respectively. The buffaloes of Agra region were
marginally deficient in copper, cobalt; highly deficient in zinc and adequate in
iron. The mean values (ppm) of serum copper in pregnant, non-pregnant,
heifer and calf of Agra region were 0.667+or-0.023, 0.718+or-0.037,
0.723+or-0.022 and 0.650+or-0.028, respectively. The mean concentration
(ppm) of serum zinc in pregnant buffaloes (1.272+or-0.091) was lower than
non-pregnant (1.598+or-0.197), heifer (1.591+or-0.185) and calf (1.817+or0.174). The average concentration of serum iron (ppm) in pregnant (1.502+or0.03), non-pregnant (1.77+or-0.066), heifer (1.745+or-0.080) and calf
(2.66+or-0.144) was above the normal value. The average concentration of
serum cobalt (ppm) in Agra region was 0.031+or-0.002 (pregnant), 0.047+or0.004 (non-pregnant), 0.045+or-0.006 (heifer) and 0.020+or-0.003 (calf).
Lower concentration of serum microminerals was associated with lower
concentration of serum retinol (0.333+or-0.06 mg/ml) and alpha -tocopherol
(2.075+or-0.392 mg/ml), which may also contribute to lower fertility
associated with microminerals deficiency. The mean (+or-S.E) concentration
of serum progesterone (ng/ml) in buffaloes of Agra region was 2.85+or-0.18
(pregnant), 0.65+or-0.05 (non-pregnant), 0.32+or-0.05 (heifer) and 0.03+or729
0.02 (calf). The mean (+or-S.E) serum oestrogen levels (pg/ml) in buffaloes of
Agra region were 27.84+or-2.87 (pregnant), 12.04+or-0.85 (non-pregnant),
13.17+or-2.01 (heifer) and below 6.02 (calf). Lower values in the present
finding may be attributed to lowered steroidogenesis associated with altered
enzymatic activity due to lower serum microminerals concentration in the
buffaloes of Agra region.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: Purification and characterization of protein(s) from placental
extracts in buffalo.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2005; 75(7): 769-772 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Singh, S.K; Agarwal, S.K; Shankar, U; Gupta, L.K.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Pregnancy associated proteins in buffalo placental extracts were isolated,
purified using affinity chromatography and characterized by SDS-PAGE and
Western blot analysis. The purified fractions had lower OD values than the
non-pregnant tissue extract (NPTE), placental extract (PE) and elute fractions,
indicating presence of some specific proteins in the purified fractions which
might be associated with pregnancy. SDS-PAGE analysis of the purified
fractions showed the presence of 6 polypeptide bands of different molecular
weights (78, 67, 53, 42, 33 and 26 kDa). Out of the 6 polypeptides, only 2
were immunoreactive in the western blot analysis (67 and 53 kDa). Results
indicated the presence of certain proteins associated with pregnancy in
placental extracts. In the future, its further purification and specific hyper
immune serum would be useful in developing specific and sensitive methods
for the diagnosis of early pregnancy in buffaloes.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: Physico-chemical changes in colostrum.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy and Biosciences. 2001; 12: 69-72 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Amrita Kadain; Dabur, R.S; Kapoor, C.M.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
There were significant changes in the physical properties, composition and
mineral contents of colostrum samples from crossbred cows and murrah
buffalo cows during successive milkings. Fat content was irregular from the
1st to the 8th milking in colostrum from both cows and buffalo cows. Solids
not fat content declined sharply after the 3rd milking and continued to be
relatively constant until the 8th milking. Total solids, protein, ash and specific
gravity of the samples continued to decrease steadily in both species after the
4th milking, while lactose showed the opposite trend. pH increased from the
1st milking, while acidity decreased. Nonprotein nitrogen levels decreased
steadily during successive milkings and became constant after the 4th milking.
Calcium, phosphorus and iron concentrations were higher in colostrum than in
730
milk samples.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: A comparative profile of blood and rumen fluid organic
components of buffaloes and cattle.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2000; 53(6): 441-443 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sharma, I.J; Rakeshkumar; Malviya, S.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Glucose, oxaloacetate, pyruvate, lactate, total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), free
fatty acids and ketone bodies were estimated in the blood and rumen fluid of
buffaloes (8), buffalo bull (9) and cow bulls (9). It was observed that the blood
glucose was higher in the buffaloes than the cows. The gluconeogenic
substrates viz., oxaloacetate, lactate and TVFA were higher in buffalo bulls
than female buffaloes and cow bulls. However, blood glucose was higher in
the buffaloes in comparison to their male counterparts as well as cow bulls.
The normoglycemia was recorded in almost all the types of the animals used,
which may be the effect of catecholamines on glycogenolysis, as the samples
were collected at the time of slaughter.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: Effect of lipase on the lipids of fat globule membrane isolated
from heat treated and chilled recombined milk.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2000; 53(5): 381-383 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Janbandhu, T.J; Wasnik, P.G; Ajit Singh
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The effect of lipase on the lipids of fat globule membrane isolated from
recombined milk, prepared from buffalo skim milk powder, anhydrous milk
fat and water, that had been heat-treated and chilled is discussed. Although
lipase activity was not significantly altered by chilling, pasteurization and
sterilization reduced the effects of lipase on fat globule membrane lipids. This
suggests that pasteurization and sterilization may retard the rate of lipolysis
and consequently delay milk spoilage.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: Lipid composition of fat globule membranes isolated from the
buttermilk of buffaloes during different lactation stages.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2003; 56(4): 213-217 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sharma, K.C; Sona Bangia; Sudarshan Singh
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
731
The lipid composition of fat globule membranes (FGM) isolated from
buttermilk of buffaloes during different lactation stages was investigated. The
yield of FGM from buttermilk during the different lactation stages varied from
0.20 to 0.32 g/100 g fat, from first to fifth lactation stages and total protein
content varied from 53.89 to 56.35%. The total lipid content varied from 39.41
to 42.76%. The total lipids were constituted of neutral lipids and
phospholipids. Among neutral lipids, the TG constituted the major fraction,
followed by diacylglycerols, free fatty acids, monoacylglycerols, cholesterol
and cholesterol esters, respectively. The proportion of HMWTG was
comparatively higher than LMWTG throughout the lactation period. Among
the distribution of phospholipids, the PE, PC, SPH constituted the major
phospholipids, followed by PS, and PI. The concentration of PE varied from
4.01 to 6.00%. The contents of PC were maximum during the fourth lactation
stage. Amongst the fatty acids of total lipids, C16:0 and C18:1 were the major
fatty acids found followed by the other fatty acids, C14:0, C18:0, C12:0,
C18.2, C18:3, C20:4, C14:1 and C16:1. The proportion of C16:0 varied from
43.12 to 54.55% and that of C18:1 from 18.98 to 32.09%. The total
concentration of saturated fatty acids was also comparatively higher than
unsaturated fatty acids throughout the lactation period.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: Protein and mineral contents of buffalo colostrum as influenced
by days post calving.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2005; 58(3): 219-220 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Lal, D; Sikka, P; Saini, A.K; Chauhan, T.R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Protein and minerals were estimated in the colostrum samples of 6 buffaloes
collected for 6 consecutive days and compared to that of normal milk. The
calcium content in the colostrum samples was fairly maintained (1.66-1.88
g/kg) on all days of sampling. Phosphorus (1.69 g/kg) and magnesium (164
mg/kg) were 1.5 times more in the first day samples and reached normal levels
at 3 days after calving. Similarly, the iron content was 3 times more (18
mg/kg) on the first day and decreased gradually to a stable value of 7.8 mg/kg
on the fifth day. Zinc content was 7 times more (37 mg/kg) on the first day
and decreased to a stable value of 6.7 mg/kg on 5th day. However, copper
content (0.78 mg/kg) in the colostrum samples was fairly maintained on all
days of sampling. Protein content was also very high (18.63%) on the first day
of sampling, but decreased to about 4% on the fifth day.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: Immunoglobulin G in buffalo amniotic fluid - a pilot study.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 1999; 76(10): 875-877 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Arosh, A.J; Mohan, C.M; Balasubramanian, S; Lalitha, P.S;
Ramadass, P.
Institution:
732
Organization:
Content :
Samples of amniotic fluid were collected at slaughter from 18 buffaloes at
different stages of gestation, and examined by SDS-PAGE. Immunoglobulin
G (IgG) that was thought to have originated from the fetus, was detected in all
of the samples collected from animals at 55-60 days of gestation onwards. The
IgG concentration was not affected by the sex of the fetus, and increased
throughout pregnancy.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: Simplified buffalo lymphocyte culture method.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 1999; 76(8): 707-708 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Shrikant Joshi; Gondiah, M.G.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Consistently good growth of lymphocytes was obtained in RPMI medium (6
ml/culture bottle) enriched with methionine and tryptose phosphate broth; 1
ml whole blood was added to the medium. The pH of the medium was
adjusted with sodium hydroxide. Pokeweed mitogen or phytohaemagglutinin
was used as the mitogen. These modifications yielded cultures from 24
buffaloes with a mitotic drive of 48.20\+-\1.85% and a mitotic index of 9.7\+\0.64%.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: Comparative study on lectin binding and stimulatory activity of
buffalo (bubalus bubalis arni) gut mucosal and peripheral blood
leukocytes.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal (India). (Jun 2000). v. 78(6) p. 477-479.
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sinha, R.K.; Kishore, S.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The peanut agglutinin (PNA) binding cells in peripheral blood leukocytes,
intraepithelial, lamina propria and Peyer's patch did not differ significantly (P
> 0.01) though there were significant difference (p<0.01) in percentage of
CC42+T cells population among lymphocytes from these location. The
lymphoproliferative ability of PNA varied significantly among various T cell
population (P<0.001 - P <0.01). The PNA binding ability and the mitogenic
activity on these cell population was not proportional; involvement of certain
other factors seemed crucial.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: Comparative appraisal of blood and
biochemistry of Gir and Jafarabadi breeding bulls.
Year of publication: 2002
733
seminal
plasma
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2002; 79(4): 349-353 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Shelke, V.B; Dhami, A.J.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A comparative analysis of blood and seminal biochemical, enzymatic and
macro and micromineral profiles in Gir cattle and Jafarabadi buffaloes was
conducted. Eleven sexually mature Gir (n=6) and Jafarabadi (n=5) bulls from
the Government Regional Semen Station in Rajkot (Gujarat), India, were used
in the study. Results showed species difference in blood and seminal
biochemistry. Buffalo semen had significantly lower proteins, cholesterol,
SGPT and higher SGOT, phosphatase, phosphorus, zinc, iron and copper
levels as compared to Gir semen, although their blood status for most
components was nearly the same. These findings explain the unique secretory
activity of the accessory sex glands and the overall poor quality and
freezability of buffalo semen.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: Assessment of serum immunoglobulin (IG) level in calves by
sodium sulfite precipitation test.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2002; 79(4): 391-392 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kumar,O.R.M; Prasuna, K; Rao, T.S.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Serum immunoglobulin concentrations were determined in 52 calves (4-60
days of age) using the sodium sulfite precipitation test. The results were found
to correspond with serum Ig levels measured using the direct serum
electrophoresis method. This indicates that the sodium sulfite precipitation test
is simple, fast, reliable and accurate, making it a satisfactory aide for
veterinarians under field conditions.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: Haemoglobin monomorphism in Marathwadi buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2003; 80(7): 702-703 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Deshpande, M.R; Deshpande, A.D.; Deshpande, S.D; Gujar,
B.V
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Heparinised blood samples were collected aseptically from 100 Marathwadi
buffaloes in Maharashtra, India. Based on electrophoretic mobilities of
haemoglobin, only one band of haemoglobin was observed in the blood
samples. The gene frequency of HbA allele was 1.0 in all blood samples. It is
suggested that Marathwadi buffaloes possess monomorphic haemoglobin.
734
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: Serum mineral profile of swamp buffalo calves of Assam.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2004; 81(11): 1277-1278 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Arpana Das; Das, D; Goswami, R.N; Chakravarty, P;
Bhuyan, O; Kalita, D.J.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Information on the serum mineral profile of swamp buffalo calves of Assam is
not available. The present investigation is an attempt to generate such
information.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: Purification of an antigenic glycopeptide from buffalo colostrum
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Journal of Food Science and Technology Mysore. 2001; 38(5): 450452 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Aparna, H.S; Salimath, P.V.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A sialoglycopeptide was fractionated and purified on Sephadex G-25 and
QAE-Sephadex A-25. Its homogeneity was confirmed by reverse phase-HPLC
and electrophoresis. It consisted of NeuNAc, Fuc, Gal, Man, GlcNAc in the
ratio 1:1:2:1:1 and Asp, Glu, Ser, Thr, Pro as major amino acids. Lysine was
found to be the N-terminal amino acid residue. Antibodies raised to the
glycopeptide were immunogenic and were similar to blood group-A substance
as determined by immunodouble diffusion and haemagglutination techniques.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: Development and validation of a simple, sensitive, second
antibody format enzyme immunoassay for LH determination in plasma.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Journal of Immunological Methods. 2002; 270(2): 281-290 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Prakash, B.S; Paul, V; Anandlaxmi, N.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The objective of this study was to develop and validate a direct simple and
highly sensitive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for LH determination in buffalo
plasma on microtitre plates using the biotin-streptavidin amplification system
and the second antibody coating. Biotin was coupled to LH and used to bridge
between streptavidin-peroxidase and immobilized antiserum in competitive
assay. The EIA was carried out directly in 20 micro l buffalo plasma. The LH
standards ranging from 6.25 to 200 pg per well per 20 micro l were prepared
in hormone-free plasma collected from a buffalo on day 4 post-calving. The
sensitivity of EIA procedure was 6.25 pg per well LH, which corresponds to
735
0.31 ng/ml plasma; the 50% relative binding sensitivity was seen at 50 pg per
well per 20 micro l. Plasma volumes for the EIA, viz. 10 and 20 micro l, did
not influence the shape of standard curve even though a slight drop in the
OD450 was seen with higher plasma volumes. A parallelism was carried out
to compare the endogenous buffalo plasma LH with bovine LH standards. For
the biological validation of assay, 10 Murrah buffaloes were used. These were
administered (10 micro g im) with a synthetic analogue of gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH) and blood samples were collected at 15-min
intervals using indwelling jugular catheter, beginning just prior to GnRH
injection until 6 h, and thereafter at 2-h intervals for another 18 h. In all
animals, sharp increases in LH concentrations were recorded post-GnRH
administration, which confirms the biological validation of the EIA. To record
the LH peak during peri-oestrus in a cycling buffalo, the blood samples were
collected at 2-h intervals from onset of behavioural oestrus signs until
ovulation. The LH peak was observed after the initial behavioural oestrus
signs followed by the gradual decline in the levels towards the ovulation.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: A differential study of serum proteins' profile in camel (Camelus
dromedarius) vis-a-vis some other species.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Journal of Immunology and Immunopathology. 2000; 2(1/2): 52-55
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kataria, A.K.; Kataria, N.; Sharma, K.N.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The electrophoretic fractionation of principal serum proteins in camel, cow,
buffalo, sheep, goat, horse, rabbit and man revealed that various protein
fractions and subfractions differed in per cent concentrations. Among different
globulins r-2 subfraction was highest in camel serum. The comparison of
various species revealed a major difference indicating conspicuous absence of
prealbumin proteins in camel serum.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: Studies on polymorphism of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
(G-6-PD) enzyme in Indian buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Journal of Interacademicia. 2001; 5(4): 500-503 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Manoranjan Roy; Duttagupta, R.; Senapati, P.K.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A total of 95 blood samples were collected from buffaloes (5 adult male, 84
adult female and 6 heifers) belonging to the Haringhata Farm and some local
farmers in West Bengal, India, and were analysed for glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) phenotypes. The overall gene frequencies of normal
and deficient G-6-PD alleles were 0.742+or-0.032 and 0.258+or-0.032,
respectively. The overall frequencies for normal, heterozygous and deficient
736
phenovariants were 51, 47 and 2%, respectively. Test for Hardy-Weinberg
equilibrium revealed a significant (P<0.05) deviation from the expected
values. The high number of heterozygous buffaloes in the study implies the
adaptation of this type of buffalo to the local conditions.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: Blood glucose vis-a-vis to rumen development in buffalo calves.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: SARAS Journal of Livestock and Poultry Production.2002; 18
(1/2): 49-53 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Balwant Singh; Chaudhary, K.C.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Two experiments were conducted on a total of 40 Murrah buffalo calves (20
calves of either sex) to examine the effect of level and methods of milk
feeding (pails, nipples and suckling system) on their blood glucose profiles.
Blood samples were collected fortnightly from calves beginning at 15 d to 4
months of age. The concentration of blood glucose increased irrespective of
level and method of milk feeding from day 15 (86.37-91.87 mg%) to day 45
(96.50-100.62 mg%). This later declined sharply and reached a plateau (60.3061.83 mg%) at the end of 4 months of age; the difference was not significant
(P<0.05) among the groups. This trend was related to the gradual development
of rumen function due to the shift from milk to concentrate and roughage
feeding with advancement in age. The milk quota was reduced but the
consumption of solid feeds increased, thus leading to increased dry matter
intake that favoured rumen development in terms of its capacity and fresh
tissue weight. Papillary development was also found to be positively
correlated (r=0.59) with dry matter intake. The results are consistent with the
view that feeding good quality concentrate and roughage together with milk is
required by as early as 2 weeks of age and onwards in order to stimulate early
rumen development.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: Relationship between microscopically measured radius and
radius calculated from volume in buffalo erythrocytes.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Veterinarski Arhiv. 2005; 75(2): 159-164 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Mohan, N.H.; Dubey, L.K.; Singh, D.S.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
In the present study the relationship between microscopically measured radius,
Rm, and radius calculated from the volume (assuming that the cell is
spherical), Rc, is described. Mean Rc value was greater than the Rm value.
Application of chi-square test showed that there is no variation between these
two. The t-statistic was higher than the tabulated value. The correlation
coefficient between Rm and Rc was 0.7057. The regression equations for Rc
upon Rm and Rm upon Rc was Rc=0.849Rm+0.594 and
737
Rm=0.5866Rc+0.79865, respectively.
Specialization: Biochemistry
Subject: Demonstration of alternative and classical complement pathway
activity in colostrum from buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Veterinary Research Communications. 2003; 27(6): 445-452 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Matheswaran, K; Raj, G.D.; Nachimuthu, K.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Buffalo colostrum caused lysis of unsensitized red blood cells (RBC) from
sheep, goats, rabbits and chickens. RBC from cattle and buffalo were resistant
to lysis. That lysis was due to the presence of natural antibodies to these RBC
was ruled out since there was no reduction in haemolytic titres even after
adsorption with the respective RBC. The addition of EGTA to the diluent had
no effect on the haemolytic activity. These findings indicate the presence of
alternative complement pathway (ACP) activity in buffalo colostrum. The
haemolytic activity of buffalo complement for unsensitized rabbit RBC was
reduced to very low levels by heating at 50 degrees C for 45 min. Treatment
with zymosan also inhibited the haemolytic activity, while inulin had no
effect. The maximum activity of ACP occurred in the presence of 4 mmol/L
Mg2+ in the diluent. The range of ACP activities in colostrum from buffaloes
varied from 4.06 to 8.48 CH50 units/ml. Using a standard system for titrating
the classical complement pathway and rabbit red blood cells sensitized with
goat haemolysin, the range of complement activity in buffalo colostrum was
4.81-6.77 CH50/ml.
738
4. BY-PRODUCTS
Specialization: By-Products
Subject: Follicular growth and ovulation pattern in guinea pigs following
administration of buffalo follicular fluid.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 1999; 15(3): 321-331 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Harendra Kumar; Yadav, M.C; Meur, S.K; Parihar, N.S.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Eighteen guineapigs in three groups were given 0.2 ml charcoal-treated
buffalo follicular fluid (buFF, i.p.) at 12 h intervals for 3 days starting on day
9 of the oestrous cycle. A further 12 guineapigs in two control groups received
an equal volume of saline. Oestrus was monitored every morning and evening
by inspection of the opening of vaginal membrane and its cytology. One
experimental group was sacrificed 24 h after the onset of oestrus while another
group was sacrificed along with a control group when oestrus occurred
normally in controls. The third experimental group and a control group were
sacrificed at the 2nd metoestrus. Ovaries were dissected out, weighed and the
number of ovulation points recorded. One ovary from each animal was
processed for microscopical examination. The onset of oestrus was delayed for
a day in buFF-treated animals compared with controls. However, ovarian
weight at oestrus, metoestrus and 2nd metoestrus did not differ significantly
among the groups. Total follicle population remained unaffected but the
number of non-atretic follicles decreased following treatment. The rate of
atresia was higher in size class III (600 to <800 micro m diameter) and IV
(800 to <1000 micro m diameter) follicles following treatment. The ovulation
rate was not affected by treatment in the ensuing cycle or in the subsequent
cycle.
Specialization: By-Products
Subject: Biomethanation of plant materials and agricultural residues
using dung samples as wild population of microbes and also with isolated
methanogens.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Environmentalist . 2002; 22(2): 173-182 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Nilanjan Chakraborty; Sarkar, G.M; Lahiri, S.C.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Recycling of plant materials and agricultural residues for biomethanation was
attempted in vials. The methanogenic activities of certain sewage samples
have also been tested. Both sterilized and non-sterilized biomasses were used.
Biomethanation was carried out with dung samples (cow, goat, buffalo,
piggery wastes and poultry wash) as wild populations of microbes and in
combination with other microbial isolates (isolated in the laboratory).
Biomethanation had been observed to be good in most cases and particularly
with the sterilized biomass. Mixed inoculum (dung samples and poultry wash)
739
was found to be best for biomethanation. Of the microbe isolates, isolates
from buffalo, pig and paper mill wastes appear to be most effective. Pretreated
sawdust and rice straw were found to be good substrates for biomethanation.
Of the different plant biomass used Spirogyra (algae), Ipomea and water
hyacinth were most effective whereas Jatropa gossypifolia and Parthenium sp.
were the least effective. Biomethanation of Spirogyra was carried out both in
anoxic and oxic conditions. Though methane production decreased
enormously under oxic conditions, definite methane production continued
indicating that the biomethanation process is not exclusively anoxic. Similarly,
biomethanation of sewage samples from different sewage treatment plants
were carried out with and without isolated methanogens and methane
production was found to be moderate.
Specialization: By-Products
Subject: Yield and potency of follitropin extracted from pituitary glands
of zebu cattle (Bos indicus) and water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2000; 70(2): 139-141 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Mehmood, A; Anwar, M
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Two methods were compared for follitropin (FSH) extraction from the frozenthawed pituitary glands of zebu cattle and water buffalo. The initial extraction
was made by a gradual increase in the concentration of ammonium sulfate at
different levels of pH, followed by precipitation of follitropin activity either
by ethanol or by acetone. Follitropin yield (g/kg of tissue) differed nonsignificantly (cattle: 2.6 and 3.1; buffalo: 2.4 and 2.5) between species and
between methods of extraction. Biological potency of the follitropin-extract
also differed non-significantly and ranged at 88.2%-91.7% of standard FSH.P.
Specialization: By-Products
Subject: AP-Bioprod
Effect of buffalo follicular fluid treatment on
follicle population and ovulation rate in guinea pigs.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 1999; 37(12): 1182-1186
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Harendra Kumar; Yadav, M.C; Meur, S.K; Parihar, N.S.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The effects of charcoal-treated buffalo follicular fluid on follicular growth and
ovulation rate in guinea pigs were studied. 18 guinea pigs in 3 groups of 6
were given 0.2 ml buffalo follicular fluid at 12-h intervals for 3 days at
different stages of the oestrous cycle (early-luteal, mid-luteal or follicular
phase). A control group received equal volumes of saline. Oestrus was
monitored every morning and evening by inspection of the opening of vaginal
membrane and its cytology. All animals were killed 24 h after the onset of
oestrus. Both ovaries were removed and weighed and the number of ovulation
740
points was recorded. One ovary from each animal was processed for
histological examination to determine the population of healthy and atretic
follicles. In early luteal- and follicular phase-treated animals the onset of
oestrus was delayed (P<0.01) but ovulation rate was not affected. Oestrus
occurred as normal when treatment was initiated during the midluteal stage
and 50% of animals failed to ovulate in this group. The total follicle
population at metoestrus increased significantly in all treated animals because
of an increase in number of follicles of size class II (400 to <600 micro m
diameter). Atresia was also reduced by this treatment.
Specialization: By-Products
Subject: AP-Bioprod Effect of buffalo follicular fluid treatment on follicle
population and ovulation rate in guinea pigs.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 1999; 37(12): 1182-1186
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Harendra Kumar; Yadav, M.C; Meur, S.K; Parihar, N.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The effects of charcoal-treated buffalo follicular fluid on follicular growth and
ovulation rate in guinea pigs were studied. 18 guinea pigs in 3 groups of 6
were given 0.2 ml buffalo follicular fluid at 12-h intervals for 3 days at
different stages of the oestrous cycle (early-luteal, mid-luteal or follicular
phase). A control group received equal volumes of saline. Oestrus was
monitored every morning and evening by inspection of the opening of vaginal
membrane and its cytology. All animals were killed 24 h after the onset of
oestrus. Both ovaries were removed and weighed and the number of ovulation
points was recorded. One ovary from each animal was processed for
histological examination to determine the population of healthy and atretic
follicles. In early luteal- and follicular phase-treated animals the onset of
oestrus was delayed (P<0.01) but ovulation rate was not affected. Oestrus
occurred as normal when treatment was initiated during the midluteal stage
and 50% of animals failed to ovulate in this group. The total follicle
population at metoestrus increased significantly in all treated animals because
of an increase in number of follicles of size class II (400 to <600 micro m
diameter). Atresia was also reduced by this treatment.
Specialization: By-Products
Subject: Effect of 30 kDa and above buffalo follicular fluid protein
treatment and immunization on ovarian functions in goats (Capra
hircus).
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Theriogenology . 2005; 63(1): 179-189 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Jyotirmoy Ghosh; Yadav, M.C; Maity, S.K; Meur, S.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Information on the use of buffalo follicular fluid (buFF) in modulation of
741
ovarian functions in farm animals is scanty compared to other species. This is
an attempt to investigate the effect of direct administration and active
immunization of 30 kDa and above buFF proteins on ovarian functions in
goats. Treatment of goats (n=6) with steroid free 30 kDa and above buFF
protein fraction during late-luteal phase for 4 days (days 12 or 13 to days 15 or
16) of the natural cycle, delayed the onset of oestrus by 24 h compared to
control although the mean duration of oestrus was unaffected. A 71% increase
(P=0.06) in mean ovulation number was also observed following treatment.
However, the population of large (>=5 mm diameter) follicle was not affected.
The ovarian activity calculated as total of ovulation and large follicles
increased (1.6 times) significantly (P=0.02) in treated animals. Active
immunization of goats (n=5) against these proteins did not affect the onset and
duration of oestrus. Similarly, the ovulation rate, number of large follicles and
the ovarian activity did not differ significantly between immunized and
control groups. The study revealed that 30 kDa and above buffalo follicular
fluid contains some factor(s) that cause delay in the onset of oestrus in goats
and increase the ovulation rate. Active immunization against these proteins in
goat did not show any effect either on onset, duration of oestrus or ovulation
rate and large follicle population. Detailed study on these buffalo follicular
fluid proteins may help to use them further for modulation of ovarian function
in farm animals.
5. BIOTECH
Specialization: Biotech
Subject: Structure of buffalo lactoferrin at 2.5 A resolution using crystals
grown at 303 K shows different orientations of the N and C lobes.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Acta Crystallographica Section D, Biological Crystallography.
1999; 55(11): 1805-1813 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Subramanian Karthikeyan; Murugan Paramasivam; Savita
Yadav; Alagiri Srinivasan; Singh, T.P
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The structure of buffalo milk lactoferrin was determined at 303 K. The
crystals belong to orthorhombic space group P212121, with unit-cell
parameters a=77.5, b=91.0, c=131.5 A and Z=4. The structure has been
refined to an R factor of 0.187. The overall structure of the protein is similar to
its structure determined at 277 K in a different crystal form. However, the lobe
orientations in the 2 structures differ by 9.0 degrees , suggesting significant
inter-lobe flexibility in this family of proteins. The inter-lobe interactions are
predominantly hydrophobic and could act as a cushion for a change in
orientation under the influence of external conditions. On the other hand, the
domain arrangements are similar in 277 and 303 K crystal structures, with
orientations differing by 1.5 and 1.0 degrees in the N and C lobes,
respectively. The results of these investigations suggest that the increase in
temperature helps in the production of better quality crystals.
Specialization: Biotech
742
Subject: Cloning, characterization, and expression studies in Escherichia
coli of growth hormone cDNAs from indian zebu cattle, reverine buffalo,
and beetal goat.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Animal Biotechnology. 2002; 13(2): 179-193 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Mukhopadhyay,-U-K; Sahni,-G
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The growth hormone complementary DNAs from three different economically
important animal species of Indian origin viz., Indian zebu cattle (Bos
indicus), Indian riverine buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and Beetal goat (Capra
hircus) were isolated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR). The amplified product was then cloned into phagemid pBluescriptIIKSand the nucleotide sequence of the entire 573 base coding region for each
product was determined. The genetic sequences as well as the translated
protein sequence of these ruminant species were compared to that of closely
related species like taurine cattle (Bos taurus) and sheep (Ovis aries). A very
high degree of nucleotide sequence homology, ranging between 97-98%, was
observed. Subsequently, the buffalo and goat cDNAs were used for expression
studies in Escherichia coli. Very low levels of expression resulted when the
growth hormone cDNAs were directly placed under the strong E. coli (trc) or
phage (T7) promoters with the approximate level being less than 0.1% and 1%
of the intracellular E. coli proteins, respectively. The nearly 10-fold
enhancement of the level of expression as observed was attributable to the
nature of the untranslated leader sequence donated by the individual
expression element. High level (about 20% of soluble E. coli protein)
expression of buffalo/goat growth hormone was achieved as a fusion protein
with glutathione-s-transferase (GST) in pGEX-KT. Furthermore, although
attempts at converting the GST-GH fusion protein system to a two-cistronic
gene expression system were unsuccessful, the utilization of a short synthetic
first cistron in the two-cistronic mode of expression resulted in high levels
(approximately 30% of soluble protein cell fraction) of GH polypeptide with a
native N-terminus in E. coli for all three cDNAs. Sequence data for the GH
cDNAs of the Indian cattle, buffalo and goat have been deposited with the
EMBL/GenBank Data Libraries under Accession Numbers AF177289,
AF177288 and AF177287, respectively.
Specialization: Biotech
Subject: Application of biotechnologies to buffalo breeding in India.
Year of publication: 1997
Journal: Bubalus Bubalis. 1997; (4 Suppl.(Vol. 1)): 141-166 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Misra, A.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A discussion on the biotechnologies for breeding buffaloes in India, such as
superovulation, embryo transfer, oestrus synchonization, in vitro fertilization
and cloning is presented. The factors affecting these procedures, as well as,
743
their advantages are also discussed.
Specialization: Biotech
Subject: cDNA cloning and sequence analysis of bubaline growth
hormone.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: DNA Sequence. 1999; 10(2): 101-103 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sulekha Verma; Anuja Ghorpade; Gunjan Tiwari; Das,P;
Garg, L.C.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The cDNA for buffalo Bubalus bubalis growth hormone (GH) was cloned and
sequenced using a reverse transcription-PCR approach. The nucleotide
sequence of buffalo GH cDNA was in a single reading frame coding for a
protein of 191 residues containing a putative signal sequence of 27 amino
acids. Homology comparison of the sequence with other mammalian GH
cDNAs showed a very high degree of evolutionary conservation. The buffalo
GH sequence shared a homology of 99.5%, 99.5%, 98.6%, 87.6% and 61.9%
with that of its homologues from sheep, goat, cattle, pig and man respectively
at the amino acid level. The nucleotide sequence reported has been deposited
with the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases with the accession number
X72947.
Specialization: Biotech
Subject: Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the cDNA encoding
beta-lactoglobulin in Bubalus bubalis.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: DNA Sequence. 1999; 10(2): 105-108 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Paramananda Das; Sudhir Jain; Sumitra Nayak; Apparao,
K.B.C; Totey, S.M; Garg, L.C.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The cDNA for bubaline beta-lactoglobulin ( beta lg) has been cloned through
RT-PCR approach and sequenced. Sequence data showed a single open
reading frame coding for a protein of 180 amino acids with a signal sequence
of 18 amino acid residues. Comparison with other ruminant beta lg sequences
revealed a high homology indicating the protein to be conserved through
evolution. The degree of homology, at amino acid level, was 96.1, 95.6, 93.9
and 63.7% with goat, sheep, cow and pig respectively.
Specialization: Biotech
Subject: Molecular cloning and characterization of beta -defensin cDNA
expressed in distal ileum of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: DNA Sequence. 2005; 16(1): 16-20 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Das, D.K; Bhaskar Sharma; Abhijit Mitra; Ashok Kumar
744
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Defensins play a prominent role in protection of various epithelial surfaces. In
this study, we have cloned and characterized the mRNA from the distal ileum
of Bubalus bubalis. Total RNA after isolation from ileal epithelium was
reverse transcribed to synthesize cDNA using primers designed by taking
conserved region of cattle enteric beta -defensin (EBD) mRNA, goat beta defensin 2 (BD 2) and cattle lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP) mRNA
sequences. The PCR amplified cDNA of 254 bp was ligated to pDrive cloning
vector and transformed into XL-blue strain of E. coli. The sequence analysis
indicated 29 nucleotide substitutions with reported cattle EBD mRNA
sequence sharing 86.2% homology, 92.1% with cattle LAP, 81.6% with cattle
tracheal antimicrobial peptide and 84.6% with goat BD 2. The deduced amino
acid sequence encodes for a 64 amino acid precursor peptide. Both nucleotide
and amino acid sequence homology shows that the cloned sequence is closer
to cattle LAP.
Specialization: Biotech
Subject: Cloning strategy of repetitive DNA elements from farm animals.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Health. 2000; 39(1): 30-32 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Ghosh, S.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The genomic DNA of local (Indian) strains of livestock species, cattle,
buffalo, goat, sheep and pig were digested with different restriction
endonucleases (PstI, EcoRI, Sau3A, TaqI, etc.) to visualize the repetitive
bands on agarose gels. Species-specific and enzyme specific band(s) were
found to be 500 bp for cattle, buffalo, goat and sheep DNA digested with PstI,
820 bp for goat DNA with EcoRI, 200 bp for cattle and buffalo DNA with
TaqI and 150 bp for pig DNA with Sau3A. These repetitive DNA fragments
were eluted, purified and cloned in the respective enzyme site of M 13 mp
18/mp 19, screened with a probe prepared from an aliquot of the DNA fraction
used in this cloning strategy.
Specialization: Biotech
Subject: Somatic cell hybridization between buffalo leucocyte and mouse
cell line.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2003; 73(10): 1136-1140 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kumarasamy,P; Thangaraju, P; Kanakaraj, P; Thiagarajan,
V; Kumanan, K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Gene mapping studies in animals will help to localize the genes on their
chromosomes. Among various approaches for gene mapping, somatic cell
745
hybridization is comparatively simpler and easily adoptable approach. Somatic
cell hybridization between buffalo leucocytes and mouse cell line, LM(TK-)
was achieved, by suspension fusion technique using polyethylene glycol as
fusogen (India). Effect of duration of PEG exposure, concentration and grade
of PEG and parent cell density were evaluated to maximize the hybridization
frequency. Hybrid cell colony output was also influenced by density of PEGtreated cells during fusion. The optimum cell ratio was found to be 1:3 (mouse
cell line LM(TK-) and buffalo leucocytes). Buffalo-mouse hybrids were
selected in HAT medium and subsequently maintained in growth medium.
Both parental cells as well as hybrids colonies were analysed karyotypically to
confirm hybridization between buffalo leucocytes and mouse cell line.
Specialization: Biotech
Subject: Karyotypic characterisation of buffalo-mouse somatic cell
hybrids.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2000; 77(12): 1054-1058 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rank, D.N; Joshi, C.G; Kanakaraj, P; Nainar, A.M;
Krishnan,A.R.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Somatic cell hybrid clones of buffalo - mice were evaluated for their
chromosome composition. The hybrid clones differed among themselves very
widely in their chromosomal content, with mean chromosome number ranging
from 66 to 164. All the clones segregated chromosomes from their hybrid
complement on propagation. Chromosomes of both the species were
segregated and only few buffalo chromosome were retained.
Specialization: Biotech
Subject: Studies on multiple arbitrary amplicon profiling in cattle using a
single, virus-specific, 22-mer oligonucleotide primer.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2000; 77(11): 941-943 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Mukhopadhyaya, P.N; Mehta, H.H; Rathod,R.N
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A 22-mer oligonucleotide primer, specific for a promoter region of the
bacteriophage T7, belonging to the family Podoviridae, was used for PCR to
generate multiple amplicons in cattle. No sequence information of the
template DNA was required to demonstrate the phenomenon. The
methodology involved a primary amplification at low stringency followed by
a final amplification at a higher stringency of annealing temperature. The
generality of the technique was tested by application to non descript breeds of
buffalo, sheep and goat.
Specialization: Biotech
Subject: Development of somatic cell hybrids using buffalo leucocytes and
746
mouse cell line.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2004; 81(2): 156-159 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rank, D.N; Joshi, C.G; Thiagarajan, V; Kanakaraj, P;
Krishnan, A.R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Various factors affecting hybridization between buffalo leukocytes and mouse
cell line, RAG, were studied in an attempt to maximize the hybridization
frequency in the suspension fusion using polyethylene glycol (PEG). Exposure
of 90 seconds to 45% PEG 10% dimethyl sulfoxide to parent cells seeded at
1x105 cell/well was observed to be the optimum and yielded maximum
hybridization frequency.
Specialization: Biotech
Subject: Nucleotide sequence of the river buffalo beta -casein cDNA.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Journal of Animal Science. 2000; 78(5): 1390 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Das, P; Tiwari, G; Jain, S; Garg, L.C.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A brief report is given of work carried out into the cloning and sequencing of
buffalo beta -casein.
Specialization: Biotech
Subject: Nucleotide sequence of the river buffalo kappa -casein cDNA.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Journal of Animal Science. 2000; 78(5): 1389 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Das,P; Jain, S; Tiwari, G; Garg, L.C
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A brief report is given of work carried out into the cloning and sequencing of
buffalo kappa -casein.
Specialization: Biotech
Subject: Cloning and biological characterization of buffalo (Bubalus
bubalis) interferon- gamma.
Year of publication: 2006
Journal: Molecular Immunology. 2006; 43(6): 717-724 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Avinash Premraj; Sreekumar, E; Rasool,T.J
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Interferon- gamma, a major immunomodulatory cytokine, of Indian water
747
buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) was characterized at molecular level.
Complementary DNA and essential promoter region were cloned and
sequenced, and functional recombinant protein was expressed in bacterial
system. The cDNA has 97.8% nucleotide identity with 11-nucleotide and fouramino acid variations, and the essential promoter region has 98.4% identity
with five-nucleotide variations and a four-nucleotide deletion in comparison
with the corresponding bovine sequences. All the major promoter elements
such as NF IL-2 like motif, cyclosporin sensitive binding element and GATA
motif are strictly conserved. Recombinant buffalo-IFN- gamma expressed in
bacterial system reacted with an anti-bovine-IFN- gamma monoclonal
antibody in Western blot and showed antiviral activity against buffalo pox
virus in cultured Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells by inhibiting
virus induced cytopathic effect. The study shows high level sequence
similarity of IFN- gamma
among ruminants. In view of the
immunomodulatory and antiviral activities of IFN- gamma , this molecule will
be useful in better understanding of the immune system of water buffaloes.
6. Breeding
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Genotype profiles for the quantitative trait related to milk
composition in bulls used for artificial insemination in India.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2002; 15(3): 326329 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Mukhopadhyaya, P.N; Mehta,H.H
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A population of exotic Holstein Friesian, Jersey, their crossbreds and the
indigenous Murrah breed of buffalo bulls (n=486), used in an artificial
insemination breeding programme were screened for the allelic distribution of
the kappa -casein and beta -lactoglobulin genotypes. The preferred "B" allele
frequency was highest in Murrah buffalo bulls followed by Jersey and
Holstein Friesian. The increase in this particular allele frequency in the
Holstein Friesian crossbred bulls was more when compared to their Jersey
counterparts. Hardy-Weinberg's equilibrium was maintained albeit with some
deviations, which was higher in crossbreds than in purebreds. The feasibility
of using such large-scale molecular diagnostic tools in the field and their
significance with regards to the dairy economy is discussed.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Robustness of selection indices in Murrah buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004; 17(2): 159163 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Gandhi, R.S; Joshi, B.K
Institution:
748
Organization:
Content :
Data pertaining to first lactation records of 316 Murrah buffaloes, progeny of
47 sires, maintained at NDRI Farm for a period of 18 years were analysed to
construct selection indices and to examine their robustness by changing the
relative economic values of different economic traits. A total of 120 selection
indices were constructed for three sets of relative economic values (40 for
each set) considering different combinations of seven first lactation traits viz.
age at first calving (AFC), first lactation 305 day or less milk yield (FLMY),
first lactation length (FLL), first calving interval (FCI), milk yield per day of
first lactation length (MY/FLL), milk yield per day of first calving interval
(MY/FCI) and milk yield per day age at second calving (MY/ASC). The three
sets of relative economic values were based on economic values of different
traits, 1% standard deviation of different traits and regression of different traits
on FLMY. The optimum indices for the first two sets had five traits each
namely AFC, FLMY, FLL, FCI and MY/ASC giving improvement in
aggregate genotype of Rupees 269.11 and Rs. 174.88, respectively. The
accuracy of selection from both indices was 70.79 and 69.39%, respectively.
The best selection index from the third set of data again had five traits (AFC,
FLMY, FLL, FCI and MY/FLL) giving genetic gain of Rs.124.16 and
accuracy of selection of 71.81%. The critical levels or break-even points for
FLMY for varying levels of AFC and FCI estimated from the optimum index
suggested the need of enhancement of present production level of the herd or
reduction of AFC or FCI. It is concluded that economic values of various first
lactation traits are the most appropriate to construct selection indices as
compared to other criteria of assigning relative economic weights in Murrah
buffaloes.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Importance of secondary trait in two trait index selection in Surti
buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Bubalus Bubalis. 2001; 7(2): 78-80 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Tailor, S.P
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
First lactation record of 507 Surti buffaloes sired by 41 bulls, maintained at
Buffalo Project, Livestock Research Station, Vallabhnagar (Rajasthan) were
analysed for judging the usefulness of secondary traits in two trait selection
indexes. Milk yield per day of first calving interval (MY/FCI) as primary trait
would be most appropriate along with age at first conception (I7) and age at
first calving (I16) as secondary trait for faster genetic improvement as
compared to direct selection of buffaloes on the basis of MY/FCI alone.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Buffalo sacrifice and mortuary ritual in tribal cultures of
Monsoon Asia.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Bubalus Bubalis. 2005; 11(1): 7-8, 10, 12-13 AB:
749
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Brighenti, F
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The water buffalo is one of the animals of greatest economic and religious
value. They are used as sacrificial victim in the Indian sub-continent, southern
China and Southeast Asia. In these monsoon regions of Asia, the buffaloes are
offered as sacrifice to divinities or divine spirits by the people believing
Hinduism or Buddhism (the two great religions having originated in ancient
India), and by tribal groups adhering to shamanic religions.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Effect of month, season, year of birth and lactation number on
sex ratio in Murrah buffaloes.
Year of publication: 1998
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin. 1998; 17(2): 37-40 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Jogi, S; Lakhani, G.P; Kahlon, B.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A total of 587 calvings were recorded over a period of 25 years at the
Livestock Farm in Jabalpur (M.P.) India. The mean sex ratio was 1:1 and was
not affected by month, season, year of calving or lactation number. However,
some sires produced higher numbers of female calves.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Pandharpuri buffaloes for better persistency.
Year of publication: 1998
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin. 1998; 17(3): 65-66 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Patil, S.S; Kale, A.M; Awati, A.A
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This article reports on the achievements of a research project on Pandharpuri
buffalo which began in 1991 at Zonal agricultural Research station, NARP,
Kolhapur, with an objective of conducting research on management aspects of
Pandharpuri buffalo. The information on productive and reproductive
performance of Pandharpuri buffaloes was also presented.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Murrah buffaloes - I. Birth weight.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin. 2001; 20(2): 29-31 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Yadav, B.S; Yadav, M.C; Ashok Singh; Khan, F.H
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
750
Birth weight records pertaining to 1003 Murrah buffaloes Bubalus bubalis
maintained at six military farms were analysed by the method of least squares
to study the genetic and nongenetic factors affecting birth weight. Data cover a
period of 42 years, nine periods and two seasons. The overall mean (+or-S.E.)
was 29.62+or-0.20 kg. Period of calving significantly (P<0.01) influenced the
birth weight. Farm, season and sex had no significant effect on this trait. The
heritability estimate of birth weight was 0.46+or-0.12. The genetic correlation
of birth weight with age at first calving was negative and highly significant.
The phenotypic and genetic correlations of birth weight with calving interval
were negative and significant.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Murrah buffaloes - II. First lactation yield and first lactation
period.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin. 2002; 21(3): 51-54 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Yadav, B.S; Yadav, M.C; Khan, F.H; Ashok Singh
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
First lactation yield and lactation period records of 1003 Murrah buffaloes
maintained at six Military Farms in India were analysed by the method of least
squares to study the genetic and nongenetic factors on birth weight. Data cover
a period of 42 years, 9 periods and 2 seasons. The least square mean for first
lactation yield (+or-S.E.) was 1646.09+or-36.62 kg. Period of calving
significantly (P<0.01) influenced the first lactation milk yield. Farm and
season had no significant effect on this trait. The least square mean for first
lactation period (+or-S.E.) was 303.74+or-5.92 days. Farm and period of
calving significantly (P<0.01) influenced the first lactation period. Season had
no significant effect on this trait. The heritability estimate of first lactation
yield and lactation period were 0.40+or-0.11 and 0.94+or-0.15, respectively.
The phenotypic and genetic correlation of first lactation yield with lactation
period and dry period was highly significant and positive. The phenotypic and
genetic correlation between lactation period and persistency were positive and
significant.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Effect of age at first calving and subsequent period of breeding on
the performance of buffaloes from the College of Agriculture Pune (MS),
India.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin. 2003; 22(1): 7-11 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rakshe, P.T
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted to determine the effect of age at first calving and
subsequent period of breeding on the performance of buffaloes. This data
would be useful to the private buffalo keepers, cooperative milk producer
751
societies and private organizations engaged in production on large-scale basis.
81 Surti, 62 Murrah and 37 crossbred heifers were grouped according to age at
first calving, and the effect of this age was studied on subsequent performance
by critically investigating the records of 489, 222 and 188 calvings,
respectively. Murrah buffaloes had greater average age at first calving
compared to Surti and crossbred heifers. More than 48% of the Surti buffaloes
calved between the ages of 33 and 47 months. In the case of Murrah and
crossbred buffaloes, the percentages were 29 and 43%, respectively. Most of
the Surti buffaloes did not give maximum milk yield in the first lactation
irrespective of the age at first calving. The milk yield gradually increased from
2nd to 8th lactations. Murrah buffaloes calving at an early age (4 years)
produced more milk than those that calved after 57 months of age. Similar
observations were found in crossbred buffaloes. No effect of age at first
calving was observed on milk days, dry days and calving interval. Serving the
buffaloes in 3rd or 4th oestrus periods was better in Surti and Murrah breeds,
whereas in the case of crossbreds, no specific statement could be made.
Serving buffaloes in 2 oestrus periods after calving resulted to good
performance.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Murrah: III. Factors affecting cumulative part lactation yields in
Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin. 2003; 22(3): 51-55, 66 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Yadav, B.P; Yadav, M.C; Ashok Singh; Khan, F.H
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted to investigate the factors influencing the cumulative
part lactation yields in Murrah buffaloes. Data pertaining to 1003 Murrah
buffaloes from 6 military farms covering a period of 43 years from 1940-82
were collected. The first lactation yield of each buffalo was divided into 9
parts (first 60, 1-90, 1-120, 1-150, 1-180, 1-210, 1-240, 1-270 and 1-300 days)
and estimated from partial milk yields of the first lactation. The data were
analysed by least square analysis of variance techniques. Least squares means
of cumulative part lactation of first lactation were 407.21+or-7.85, 614.56+or11.53, 806.44+or-14.91, 948.17+or-18.16, 1146.11+or-21.15, 1349.93+or30.36, 1403.15+or-27.25, 1524.05+or-31.41 and 1628.80+or-38.93 kg,
respectively. The coefficient of variation ranged from 23.20 to 30.10%. The
farm and period effects were highly significant on all cumulative part lactation
milk yield. The heritability estimates ranged from 0.106+or-0.093 to 0.714+or0.141. The phenotypic and genetic correlations among the cumulative partial
yields were positive and highly significant.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Estimation of breeding value of murrah bulls.
Year of publication: 1988
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin International Buffalo Information
(Thailand). (Jun 1988). v. 7(2) p. 28. AB:
Country of Origin: India
752
Center
Author’s name: Tripathi,V.N; Reddy,K.M.; Chauhan, R.S.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Six Murrah bulls of N.D.R.I. progeny testing program set V were ranked on
the basis of first lactation performance of their daughters. Bull No. 1039
ranked first while animal No.393 ranked second. The index value of the top
ranking bull was 15.3 % above the herd average and this bull was recommated
in the herd for a period of two producing the future young sires.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Kalahandi buffalo breed of orissa.
Year of publication: 1988
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin International Buffalo Information Center
(Thailand) . (Jun 1988). v. 7(2) p. 35-38. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kornel,D.; Patro, N.B.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Kalahandi buffalo breed, a distinct breed found in South Orissa State in India,
has been studied. This paper describes the habitat, husbandry practices,
physical conformation and performance of the breed.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Albinoid paralakhemundi buffaloes.
Year of publication: 1989
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin International Buffalo Information Center
(Thailand). (Dec 1989). v. 8(4) p. 83, 90-91. 1 ill. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kornel,D.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The swamp buffalo is sometimes completely white, i.e., with white hair and
pink skin. This condition is rarely reported in river buffalo. This is not true
albinism since the pigment is still present in iris, horns, hoofs and bucal
mucosa. They are widely referred to as albinoid' (Kaleff, 1932). In the present
study two cases of albinoid buffaloes of the Paralakhemundi buffalo breed in
India are reported (Fig.1). The occurrence of pink skin is not uncommon but
occurrence of albinoids is very rare in the Paralakhemundi buffalo breed. The
incidence of albinoids varies in different countries. Rifle (1962) reported 10
percent albinoid buffaloes in Thailand, Singletan and Santos (1964) showed
less than 1 percent incidence in the Philippines, in Indonesia albinoidism is
common in Bali and incidence may be up to 70 percent. (Fischer, 1958).
Albinoids unknown in Egypt, Italy, Sri Lanka and Turkey.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Production and reproduction potential of Bhadawari buffalo.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2000; 16(2): 163-173 AB:
753
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Singh, R.V; Nivasarkar, A.E
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Bhadawari buffaloes are medium-sized animals and are famous for the unique
characteristics of high milk fat percentage. the present investigation was
undertaken to study the production and reproduction potential of these animals
and the factors (farm, parity, calving problem, sex of calf, season and period)
influencing various traits. Least squares analysis was carried out on 491
lactation records of 108 Bhadawari buffaloes, spread out over a period of 15
years (1976 to 1990). Animals were maintained at Chandra Shekher Azad
University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur and Dalitnagar farms. The
Least square means of birth weight (BW), age at first calving (AFC), first
lactation total milk yield (FLTMY), first lactation milk yield 300 days (FLMY
300 days), pool lactation milk yield 300 days (PLMY 300 days), pool lactation
total milk yield (PLTMY), lactation length (LL), milk yield per day of
lactation length (MY/LL), milk yield per day of calving interval (MY/CI), dry
period (DP), gestation period (GP), service period (SP), and calving interval
(CI) were 25.5+or-0.4 kg, 1540.7+or- 46.6 days, 693.2+or-63.1 kg, 678.2+or53.9 kg, 650.4+or-449 kg, 657.9+or-48.6 kg, 284.8+or-10.7 days, 2.45+or0.12 kg, 1.52+or-0.10 kg, 213.1+or-22.7 days, 308.9+or-1.8 days, 213.3+or26.7 days and 524.7+or-25.9 days, respectively. There was a significant
difference in the level of production between the two farms particularly for
PLMY 300 days, PLTMY, MY/LL and MY/CI. Parity significantly influenced
BW, LL, DP, SP and CI. Season of calving significantly influenced PLMY
300 days, PLTMY and LL, while period of calving significantly influenced all
traits under study. It was also found that AFC was neither influenced by
season nor period of birth. The sex of calf also did not influence birth weight.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Characteristics and performance of Toda buffaloes of the
Nilgiris, India: I. Habitat, morphology and morphometry.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2002; 18(3): 303-313 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Karthikeyan, M.K; Iyue, M; Kandasamy,N; Panneerselvam,
S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The Toda buffalo, a unique breed confined to the Nilgiris in India, was studied
to assess the distribution and breed characteristics. It was shown that the
distribution of Toda buffalo herds was uneven throughout the plateaux of the
Nilgiri hills, with a total population of around 3300 and an average herd size
of 22 buffaloes. The colour of the calf at birth was generally fawn which
changed to ash grey with age. Adults were ash grey and some were light
cream-coloured. Horns were typically crescent shaped. They had two chevron
markings in the neck region. The overall means for height at withers, body
length and chest girth in 6-month-old calves were 80.2+or-0.68, 77.6+or-0.94
and 92.6+or-1.22 cm, respectively. These measurements in young stock of 2
754
1/2 to 3 years of age were 113.4+or-1.03, 122.9+or-1.44 and 158.8+or-2.02
cm, respectively. In this group, sex had significant (P<0.05) effects on body
length and chest girth and highly significant (P<0.01) effects on height at
withers. The mean height at withers, body length, chest girth and horn length
in adult females were 121.8+or-0.56, 132.7+or-0.08, 180.4+or-1.14 and
61.8+or-1.31 cm, respectively. Body and horn length differed significantly
(P<0.05) among parities.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Characteristics and performance of Toda buffaloes of the
Nilgiris, India: II. Production and reproduction performance.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2002; 18(3): 315-320 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Karthikeyan, M.K; Iyue, M; Kandasamy, N; Panneerselvam,
S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A study to assess the performance of the Toda buffalo was carried out in the
Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India. A total of 578 milk recordings were carried out
from 143 animals twice daily at monthly intervals and 235 milk samples were
collected for the estimation of milk constituents. The overall mean daily milk
yield was 2.53+or-0.06 kg. The mean lactation length and estimated lactation
yield were 198.25+or-5.25 (n=68) days and 603 kg, respectively. The fat,
protein and total solids in milk were 8.28+or-0.12, 4.29+or-0.05 and 16.06+or0.14% respectively. The average ages at first calving and calving interval were
46.92+or-0.36 (n=169) and 14.26+or-0.36 (n=103) months respectively. There
was a marked seasonality in calving with a peak in August. The distinguishing
features of the Toda buffaloes are high milk fat content, regularity in
reproduction and longevity of buffalo cows.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Evolving multi-trait selection criteria in Murrah buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2002; 18(2): 183-192 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Gandhi, R.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A total of 316 first lactation records were used to estimate genetic and
phenotypic variances and covariances among 7 first lactation traits namely age
at first calving (AFC), first lactation 305 days or less milk yield (FLMY), first
lactation length (FLL), first calving interval (FCI), MY/FLL, MY/FCI and
MY/ASC in Murrah buffaloes. The data were obtained from buffaloes
maintained at the National Dairy Research Institute farm in Haryana, India, on
December 1997. These variances and covariances were utilized to construct
selection indices and to derive synthetic variates or standardized principal
components scores (PCSs) by principal components analysis. Out of the 40
selection indices, the selection index having AFC, FLMY, FLL, FCI and
755
FLMY/ASC was considered to be optimum, giving aggregate genetic gain of
Rs. 288.75 and accuracy of selection of 75.90%; this was used to compare its
effectiveness with other criteria of selection. Four more selection indices based
on variance explained by principal components of the population were
constructed. The rank correlation of FLMY with optimum selection index (I5)
was moderate and highly significant (0.4889). On the contrary, its coefficients
of correlation with the indices derived from principal components (I1, I2 and
I3) were very high (>0.9) except for I4 (0.4064). Similarly, the rank
correlations of FLMY with synthetic variates derived from 1st principal
component from both genetic as well as phenotypic variances and covariances
were near to unity. The rank correlations of optimum selection index with
indices derived from principal components ranged from 0.5404 (I1) to 0.1562
(I4). These findings indicated that principal components or indices constructed
from these principal components derived from multiple traits seems to be more
effective criteria of selection of Murrah buffaloes.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Future breeding strategies for buffalo populations in South East
Asia: potential cooperation between Asia and Europe.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Buffalo Newsletter. 2001; (16): 15-20 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: McGuirk, B.J; Revell, S.G
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The need for cooperation and technical support especially in areas of semen
processing and evaluation; karyotyping; and milk testing, collection,
processing and product development from Pakistan, India and European
countries to improve the population and breeding strategies of the buffaloes in
South East Asian countries are discussed.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Study on species variation and influence of genetic group on calf
mortality in cattle and buffalo.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Cheiron. 2001; 30(1/2): 31-32 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kumar, C.R; Moorthy, P.R.S; Rao, K.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A total of 3217 records of calves belonging to different genetic groups viz.
Ongole (n=1219, O), Jersey (n=462, J), 1/2 J x 1/2 O (n=495), 3/4 J x 1/4 O
(n=245) and Murrah (n=796) were examined for breed/genetic and species
(cattle vs. buffalo) differences in terms of calf mortality [date not given]. The
animals were maintained at different livestock farms in Andhra Pradesh, India.
Among the different breeds/genetic groups, mortality rate was highest in 3/4 J
x 1/4 O (8.16%) and lowest in Ongole (3.12%). Significantly (p<0.01) higher
mortality in 3/4 J x 1/4 O compared to Ongole and Jersey calves was observed.
The mortality rate among purebred Ongole and Jersey calves was more or less
756
the same, but it was lower than crossbreds. Buffalo calves recorded higher
(p<0.01) mortality (13.82%) compared to cattle (4.13%).
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Certain factors influencing the birth weight and mortality of
Surti and Surti graded buffalo calves.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Cheiron. 2003; 32(1/2): 27-29 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Thanga Thamilvanan; Ramesh, V; Muralidharan, M.R;
Sivakumar, T
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was undertaken to determine the factors affecting the birth weight
and mortality of Surti and Surti graded buffalo calves. Records of birth weight
and mortality details on 132 Surti and 127 Surti-graded buffalo calves from an
organized farm near Chennai (Tamil Nadu in India) during the period of 19901998 were collected to study the effect of sex and season on the birth weight
and age-specific mortality. The birth weight means of Surti and Surti-graded
buffalo calves were 23.52+or-1.64 and 21.46+or-1.95 kg, respectively. The
birth weight means of Surti and Surti-graded male calves were 24.00+or-1.84
and 22.12+or-2.11 kg, respectively. Values in females were 23.04+or-1.43 and
20.80+or-1.43 kg, respectively. The differences in birth weight between sexes
were 0.96 and 1.32 kg in Surti and Surti-graded calves, respectively. The
heaviest Surti male and female calves were born during the Northeast
monsoon, particularly in November, whereas the heaviest male and female
Suti-graded calves were born during the cold season, particularly in January.
The mortality percentage was higher in Surti female calves (49.09%) than in
males (46.75%). Mortality percentage was higher in male Surti-graded calves
(41.54%) than in females (37.09%). The mortality rate was higher in both
Surti and Surti-graded calves during the cold season. Overall mortality rates in
both Surti and Surti-graded calves were higher up to 4 months of age.
However, it decreased with the advancement of age.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Performance of Surti buffaloes in Assam.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Cheiron. 2003; 32(5/6): 120-122 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Gogoi, P.K; Das, D; Nahardeka, N; Goswami, R.N.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Lactation records of Surti buffaloes, maintained over a period of twelve years,
were collected from the Government Livestock Farm, Silanijan, Assam. The
traits studied were lactation milk yield (LMY), lactation length (LL), peak
yield (PY) and days to attain peak yield (DAPY). Data were classified
according to the period of calving, season of calving and order of lactation (16). The periods were 1981-84 (P1), 1985-88 (P2) and 1989-92 (P3). The
seasons of calving were the peak season from August to January (S1) and the
757
least calving season from February to July (S2). In order to study the effect of
various factors, like period and season of calving and the order of lactation,
data were analysed by the least-squares technique of Harvey. For significant
effects, pair-wise comparisons of means were made by Duncan's Multiple
Range Test (DMRT) as modified by Kramer. Analysis of records showed that
the mean LMY, LL, PY and DAPY were 847+or-19.7 kg, 300+or-6.4 days,
4.5+or-0.1 kg and 56.8+or-1.6 days. The results of the present investigation
showed that the lactation performance of Surti buffaloes in Assam was
marginally better than the swamp type indigenous buffaloes.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Studies on some factors affecting birth weight in buffalo calves.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Cheiron. 2004; 33(1/2): 51-53 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kumaravel, N; Sivakumar, T; Nisha, P.R; Gopi, H
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Data from Murrah, Surti and Surti x local graded buffaloes maintained at the
Livestock Research Station in Kattupakkam, Tamil Nadu, India, obtained
between 1993 and 2002 were analysed. It was shown that the majority of
buffalo calves were born during the northeast monsoon (SeptemberNovember) followed by the cold season. There were more males in Murrah
and Surti buffaloes and more females for Surti x 50 and 75% local graded
buffaloes. There were significant differences in birth weight between Murrah
and Surti buffalo calves, and those born during the monsoon season were
heavier compared to calves born in other seasons.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Breeding plans for conservation of cattle and buffalo genetic
resources
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Dairyman. 2002; 54(9): 57-63 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Avtar Singh; Vij, P.K; Tantia, M.S; Sadana, D.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This article discusses a breeding programme for the conservation of cattle and
buffalo breeds from India, which involves the development of in situ and ex
situ conservation models with optimum population size of breeding male and
female animals. The conservation programme takes into account the genetic
variability, inbreeding levels over the generations and random genetic drift in
the conserved population.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Breeding strategies for improvement of cattle and buffalo
productivity.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Dairyman. 2002; 54(4): 31-34 AB:
758
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Joshi, B.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This article discusses breeding strategies for improvement of cattle and buffalo
productivity (India). Topics include the following: improvement of nondescript cows by grading up; improvement of non-descript zebu cows by
crossbreeding; improvement of indigenous zebu cattle breeds by selective
breeding; improvement of buffalo breeds by selective breeding; improvement
of non-descript buffaloes by grading up; and performance evaluation and
selection of animals.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Breeding strategies for improvement of cattle and buffalo
productivity in Uttaranchal.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Dairyman. 2004; 56(11): 45-46 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Anil Kumar; Singh, S.K; Kumar, D
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This paper gives an overview of the different breeding strategies employed in
Uttaranchal, India, for improving cattle and buffalo production. Moreover,
several considerations before designing the breeding strategies are presented.
Selective breeding and crossbreeding are given emphasis in the discussion.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: The Todas of the Nilgiris: an interesting dairy tribe.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Dairyman. 2004; 56(12): 53-59 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Ramesh, T; Dhaka, J.P; Smita Sirohi
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Todas, the aboriginals of the Nilgiris, live in the higher plateau region of the
Nilgiris district of the Tamil Nadu, India, for centuries. This article discusses
the Todas, their buffaloes, temple dairies, cultural association of buffaloes,
ceremonies associated with buffaloes and the present status of Toda dairying.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Development of performance comparison index for evaluation of
crossbred dairy cows.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Health. 2002; 41(1): 35-40 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Jana, D.N; Mishra, R.R
Institution:
Organization:
759
Content :
Evaluation indices called the performance comparison index (PCI) was
developed to assess the performance of crossbred cows. A total of 3,330
lactations from 741 crossbred cows was used in this study. The indices was
estimated on the basis of first lactation milk yield (FLY), first lactation period
(LTP-1), and fifth or lifetime lactation period (LTP-5). Milk production from
seven different crossbred cows comprising three halfbreds (Holstein Friesian
(HF), Brown Swiss (BH), and Jersey (JH)) as well as their crosses with 75%
traits of their purebreds. Results showed that the performance of FH and JH
excelled all the other groups. Results also showed that the first performance
comparison index (PCI-1) which considers all important traits along with the
reproductive component was reliable in assessing performance of crossbred
cows.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Factors affecting persistency index of first four lactations in
Murrah buffaloes.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management. 1999;
15(1): 11-13 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Gajbhiye, P.U; Tripathi, V.N
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Using 790 lactation records of 367 Murrah buffaloes of 1-4 parities, lactation
persistency was estimated by 9 different methods. A: Ratio of descending
yield to ascending yield (week's total yield); B: Rate of increase (kg/week); C:
Rate of decrease (kg/week); D: Mahadevan's (1951) method; E: Ratio of 2nd
14-week yield to 1st 14-week yield; F: Ratio of 3rd 14-week yield to 1st 14week yield; G & H: Ludwick and Peterson method; I: Ratio of rate of decrease
to rate of increase. Effect of such non-genetic factors as season of calving,
calving interval, parity and effect of lactation duration on persistency were
studied. The estimate of persistency as a ratio of descending yield to ascending
yield (A) was 4.007+or-0.184, suggesting that descending yield was four times
higher than ascending yield. Average rate of increase (B) up to peak yield was
5.487+or-0.202 kg per week and average rate of decline (C) during descending
phase was 0.985+or-0.039 kg per week. Season of calving had a significant
effect on persistency by A, B, C, D, E, G, H, and I. Variation due to calving
interval was significant in estimate by B, F, G and I. Persistency by all the
methods except 'I' was found to differ from estimate of first parity, differences
among 2nd, 3rd and 4th being non-significant. A significant effect of lactation
duration on persistency by A, D, E, F, G, and H indicated that animals
producing for a longer duration are more persistent.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Repeatability estimates of some production and reproduction
traits of Surti buffaloes.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management. 1999;
15(2): 80-81 AB:
760
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Patel, A.K; Tripathi, V.N
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Data, collected between 1973 and 1988 on 441 and 282 Surti buffaloes
maintained at Central Cattle Breeding Farm, Dhamrod (Gujarat, India) and
Livestock Research Station, Vallabhnagar (Rajasthan, India) were used to
estimate the repeatability of various economic traits. The repeatability
estimates of lactation milk yield, 305-days lactation milk yield, peak yield,
lactation length, milk yield per day of lactation, milk yield per day of calving
interval, dry period, service period and calving interval were 0.281+or-0.055,
0.279+or-0.35, 0.205+or-0.043, 0.044+or-0.031, 0.289+or-0.035, 0.179+or0.042, 0.123+or-0.041, 0.131+or-0.041 and 0.118+or-0.041 respectively for
Dhamrod farm; for Valabhnaggar farm, these values were 0.345+or-0.039,
0.328+or-0.039, -0.065+or-0.064, 0.270+or-0.039, 0.224+or-0.038, 0.257+or0.045, 0.107+or-0.041, 0.119+or-0.041 and 0.125+or-0.042 respectively.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Factors affecting some economic traits in Murrah buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Research. 2000; 34(1): 43-45 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Gopal Dass; Sadana, D.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
1176 first three lactation records of Murrah buffaloes maintained at National
Dairy Research Institute, Karnal and Punjab Agricultural University,
Ludhiana, spread over a period of 11 years were analysed to assess the
influence of farm, season and period of calving and parity on peak yield, 305
days yield, complete lactation yield, lactation duration, dry period and calving
interval. The least squares means were 12.04+or-0.14 kg, 1934.77+or-19.81
kg, 2067.74+or-23.86 kg, 313.19+or-2.77 days, 172.84+or-5.52 days and
492.38+or-5.82 days, respectively for the traits under study. Farm, period of
calving, season of calving and parity had influence (P<0.01) on all the traits
except non-significant effect of farm on peak yield and complete lactation
yield and period of calving on dry period. Significant (P<0.05) effect of period
of calving on complete lactation yield and dry period and season of calving on
peak yield and dry period and parity on dry period was also observed.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Effect of season and period of calving on predicted milk yields in
Murrah buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Research. 2000; 34(1): 68-70 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Gopal Dass; Sharma, R.C
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
761
Daily milk yields of 404 Murrah buffaloes in their first lactation over a period
of 15 years (1975-89) at the National Dairy Research Institute, India, were
utilized for predicting 305-day lactation yield using 2 sampling (systematic
and stratified random) methods at 3 (fortnightly, monthly and bimonthly)
sampling intervals. All sampling schemes and intervals overestimated the
actual 305-day yield. The effects of season (5% level of probability) and
period (1% level of probability) on predicted yields in systematic and stratified
random schemes of 3 samplings were significant. The regression of milk yield
on age at first calving had no significant effect.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Udder characterization of milk animals in Ambajogai tahsil.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Research. 2002; 36(1): 55-57 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sonwane, J.S; Karanjkar, P.L; Karanjkar, L.M
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The udder characterization (shape of udder, size of fore and rear udders, shape
and tip of teats) of milk cows (n=200) and buffaloes (n=200) were studied by
interviewing 400 dairy farmers randomly selected from 10 villages in
Maharashtra, India [date not given]. Bowl, round and pendulous shaped udders
were common in Marathwadi, Nagpuri, and Jaffrabadi and Murrah buffaloes,
respectively. Bowl shaped udders were mainly observed in local cows and Red
Kandhari while pendulous shaped udders were common in crossbred cows.
Medium sized fore udders and large sized rear udders were common in all
cows and buffaloes except the Murrah buffalo. Small sized fore udder were
mainly found in local cows while Red Kandhari and crossbred had medium
sized fore udder. Medium sized rear udder was generally observed in all cow
breeds. Cylindrical teat shapes and rounded teat tips were common in all the
breeds studied.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Study in swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Research. 2003; 37(1): 77-78 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kalita, A; Sarma, M; Talukdar, M; Saikia, M; Goswami,R.N
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Five skulls of adult swamp buffalo was used for craniometrical study. The
shape of the skull was longer. The skull width had an affect on skull length.
The cranial length was significant (P<0.05) with skull length. The orbital
depth was highly significant (P<0.01) with skull width and significant
(P<0.05) on skull length.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Correlated response in first lactation milk yield using partial milk
yields as selection criteria in Surti buffaloes.
762
Year of publication: 1998
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 1998; 68(3): 261-262 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Tailor, S.P; Banerjee, A.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This article presents an alternative to progeny testing programme by selecting
traits for milk production based on partial lactation yield. This method will
also reduce the generation interval and accelerate the genetic gain per unit
time.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Effect of non-genetic factors on economic traits of Surti buffalo.
Year of publication: 1998
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 1998; 68(6): 566-569 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Patel, A.K; Tripathi, V.N.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted to assess the effect of non-genetic factors, such as
season of calving, period of calving, and parity on the productive and
reproductive performance of Surti buffaloes. The animals were maintained at
the Central Cattle Breeding Farm (CCBF), Dhamrod (Gujarat), India. Analysis
of 1099 lactation records of 398 Surti buffaloes showed that season of calving
significantly influenced the lactation yield (LY), 305-days or less lactation
yield (305-LY), lactation length (LL), dry period (DP), service period (SP) and
calving interval (CI). Buffaloes commencing lactation in winter and summer
(November to June) produced significantly higher LY, 305-LY and had a
longer LL, whereas, buffaloes calving during rainy and autumn seasons (July
to October) showed better reproductive performance (DP, SP and CI). Period
of calving significantly influenced all the aforementioned traits. Higher
productive and reproductive performances were obtained during the third
period (1985-87). Buffaloes in different parities differed significantly with
respect to LY, 305-LY, DP, SP and CI. Surti buffaloes continuously improved
their production performance up to the fifth lactation and reproductive
performance up to sixth lactation.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Breeding value evaluation for milk production in Murrah
buffaloes: combined information on individual and its female relatives.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 1999; 69(2): 124-128 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Mintu Nath; Sharma, R.C
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Information on 305-day (or less) milk yield records of 832 Murrah buffaloes
maintained at the National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (India), during
763
1970-95, were analysed to predict the breeding value of female based on its
own information in combination with its other female relatives. The prediction
of breeding value based only on individuals first lactation and average of first
2 lactations had the accuracy of 0.5991 and 0.7621 respectively. The accuracy
of prediction increased as first lactation of dam and average of 2 paternal halfsisters' first lactation records were combined with individuals information. The
accuracy of prediction of breeding value was 0.6340 and 0.7995 for combined
relatives' information along with first lactation and average of first 2 lactation
records of individual respectively. It was concluded that only individuals own
information was ideal for evaluation of breeding value in Murrah females.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Comparison of different methods of sire evaluation in Murrah
buffaloes.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 1999; 69(12): 1067-1069 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Pandey, A.K; Harpal Singh
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The present investigation was undertaken to compare the efficiency of
different sire index methods for the evaluation of Murrah bulls. Records of
481 daughter-dam pairs of Murrah buffaloes in 6 Military Dairy Farms in
different parts of Uttar Pradesh (India), during 1954-73, were used to index 52
Murrah bulls. The sire index values and ranking order of the sires computed
by simple daughter average index (I1), equiparent index (I2), corrected
daughter average index (I3), contemporary daughter average index (I4) and
corrected contemporary daughter average index (I5) differed according to the
method of indexing the sire. The 5 indices according to their superiority, based
on their respective variances, were ranked as I5>I4>I3>I1>I2, indicating that
the breeding value of sires was over or under estimated with simple daughter
average index, equiparent index and corrected daughter average index
methods. The highest rank correlation between simple daughter average index
(I1) and corrected daughter average index (I3) indicated that index-1 and
index-3 ranked the sires in more or less the same order. The least rank
correlations between corrected contemporary daughter average index (I5) and
all other indices except I4, indicated the comparatively higher independence of
index 5. It was concluded that the buffalo bulls can be evaluated by corrected
contemporary average index (I5), with better precision than the other indices
studied.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Comparison of different methods of sire evaluation.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2000; 70(1): 73-74 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Tailor, S.P; Banerjee, A.K; Yadav, S.B.S.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
764
Data, collected between 1977 and 1992, on 1st lactation 305-days milk yield
of 507 Surti buffaloes, sired by 41 bulls and maintained at the Buffalo Project
of the Livestock Research Station Vallabhnagar (Rajasthan, India) were used
to estimate breeding values for this trait by 5 sire evaluation methods. The
methods used were herd-mate comparison, contemporary comparison,
ordinary least-squares, regressed least-squares and best linear unbiased
predictor (BLUP). All the sires included in this study had at least 4 daughters.
Each year was divided into 3 seasons, summer (March-June), rainy (JulyOctober) and winter (November-February). Sires were divided into 2 genetic
groups on the basis of the yield of their dams. The least-squares and BLUP
methods incorporated fixed effects of year-season of calving and sire genetic
groups and random effect of sire within genetic group. The accuracy of sire
evaluation was judged by the correlation between the actual progeny average
for each sire and the estimates of sire breeding value and by rank correlation
and coefficients of skewness and kurtosis. The 2 comparison methods had
high and significant rank correlations; their correlations with the least-squares
and BLUP methods were moderate. The rank correlations for the 2 leastsquares methods with true sire effects were close to 1, that for BLUP was
lower but better than those for the 2 comparison methods. BLUP had a lower
standard error than the other methods. The least squares and BLUP methods
had near perfect normal distribution. The accuracy of ordinary least-squares,
regressed least-squares, BLUP, contemporary comparison and herd-mate
comparison were 0.99, 0.97, 0.63, 0.52 and 0.45 respectively. Whilst the
ordinary least-squares method was the most accurate, when the computational
cost and ease were taken into account it is concluded that BLUP is the
recommended method.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Direct and correlated responses to selection in first lactation and
lifetime traits in Murrah buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2000; 70(11): 1163-1164 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kuralkar, S.V; Raheja, K.L
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Data, collected between 1961 and 1988, on age at first calving, first lactation
milk yield, first lactation duration, first calving interval, first dry period, milk
yield per day of first lactation, milk yield per day of first calving interval, milk
yield over the first 3 lactations, lifetime milk yield, herd life, number of
lactations, total days open, total days dry, and number of services per
conception for 2107 Murrah buffaloes (7838 records) kept on 4 military dairy
farms (Ambala, Ferozpur, Lucknow and Meerut) and 3 Uttar Pradesh state
government farms (Babugarh, District Dairy Farms (Mathura) and
Maduraikund (Mathura)) in India were analysed. Sire and residual covariances
were estimated using Henderson method 3 with a model containing, farm,
year, and season of calving as fixed effects, sire within farm as a random
effect and weight at first calving as a covariate. Direct and correlated selection
responses were estimated. Correlated responses were lower than direct
responses for all the first-lactation traits. Selection for reduced age at first
765
calving, first calving interval and first dry period reduced first lactation
duration and hence first lactation milk yield. It was estimated that selection on
the basis of first lactation milk yield would give correlated responses for milk
yield during the first 3 lactations, lifetime milk yield and milk yield per day of
herd life of 100.62, 102.89 and 0.035 kg respectively; these responses
compared favourably with those for direct selection on the traits (103.57,
80.58 and 0.017 kg respectively). It is concluded that selection of first
lactation milk yield would be useful for improving lifetime production traits.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Genetic improvement through complete restricted selection
indices in Surti buffalo.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2000; 70(6): 613-615 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Tailor, S.P; Pathodiya, O.P; Bachchu Singh
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
First lactation records (16 years of data) of 507 Surti buffaloes, sired by 41
bulls, maintained at the Livestock Research Station, Vallabhnagar, Rajasthan,
were utilized to develop multi-trait selection indices. 10 complete restricted
selection indices (RI1 to RI10) were developed by imposing single or 2 trait
restrictions on age at first calving (AFC), first service period (FSP), first
lactation length and first calving interval (FCI). The index coefficients (bi),
expected genetic gain in each trait (Gi), correlation between index and
breeding value (RIH) and aggregate genetic gain ( Delta H) were compared.
The complete restriction on FCI was the most appropriate for genetic
improvement. This produced a desirable genetic change in first lactation milk
yield (5.5686 kg), AFC (-31.0264 days), first dry period (-0.0651 days), first
lactation peak yield (0.0325 kg) and FSP (-0.2024 days).
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Relationship between sires estimated breeding values for first
lactation and lifetime traits in Murrah buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2000; 70(1): 89-90 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Triveni Dutt; Taneja, V.K.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Performance records of 561 female Murrah buffaloes, the progeny of 37 sires,
from the Military Dairy Farm, Jabalpur (India), collected between 1943 and
1972 were analysed. The traits examined were age at first calving, lactation
milk yield, lactation length, dry period, calving interval, number of lactations
completed, herd life (difference between date of first calving and date of
leaving the herd) and lifetime milk yield. All the sires included in the study
had at least 5 daughters. Estimated breeding values were obtained by best
linear unbiased prediction with season and year of calving and sire group as
fixed effects and sires as a random effect. There was a large variation in
766
estimated breeding values of sires and a low correlation between sires
estimated breeding values and their dams first lactation or best lactation milk
yield. It is concluded that buffalo bulls should be selected for breeding on the
basis of their daughters traits and not on the basis of their dams traits.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Comparison of four methods of variance components estimation
for heritability of economic traits in Murrah buffalo.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2001; 71(2): 146-149 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Raheja, K.L; Vinayak, A.K; Sunil Kalra
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
First lactation records on 2107 Murrah buffaloes, maintained at 4 military
dairy farms (Ambala, Ferozpur, Lucknow and Meerut) and 3 Uttar Pradesh
State Government Farms in India (Babugarh, Mathura and Madurikund)
during 1961-88 were used to compare 4 methods of variance components
estimation viz., Henderson method-3 (HM-3), maximum likelihood (ML),
restricted maximum likelihood (REML) and minimum variance quadratic
unbiased estimation (MIVQUE). Traits included in the study were age at first
calving, first lactation milk yield, first lactation length and first calving
interval. Sire and residual variance components were estimated from a model
containing season, and year of calving and farm as fixed effects and sires
within farms as random effect. Sire variance components obtained from HM-3
and MIVQUE for all traits except first lactation milk yield were significantly
(P<0.05) different from sire variance components obtained from likelihood
procedures. ML estimates of sire and error variance components were smaller
than obtained from other procedures. Estimates of sire components of variance
for first lactation length and first calving interval obtained from HM-3 and
MIVQUE were negative. Likelihood estimation (REML and ML) procedures
estimates confined to the parameter space. Heritability estimate for age at first
calving obtained from HM-3 and MIVQUE procedures was moderate. The
heritability estimate for first lactation milk yield obtained from HM-3 was
highest (0.25+or-0.08). ML estimates of heritability for first lactation milk
yield was lowest (0.21+or-0.07). The estimates of heritability for first lactation
length obtained from ML and REML were almost of similar magnitude. Result
revealed that likelihood methods always yield positive estimates of heritability
and therefore should be the methods of choice over the fitting constants
procedure (HM-3) for unbalanced data in mixed models.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Influence of inbreeding and effective population size on
performance traits in closed herd of buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2001; 71(8): 807-809 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Patel, A.N; Ali, S.Z; Kuralkar, S.V
Institution:
Organization:
767
Content :
Pedigree and performance records of 225 buffaloes maintained at the
Livestock Breeding Farm, Akola, Maharashtra from 1981 to 1999 were
analysed for intensity of inbreeding in the herd and its effect on economic
traits. The average inbreeding coefficient in buffalo herd was 0.135+or-0.011.
The effect of inbreeding was significant on birth weight. The regression of
lactation milk yield on inbreeding was significant indicating that for an
increase in inbreeding by 1% the decrease in lactation milk yield is expected to
be -6.03 kg. The average effective population size was 7.515+or-0.688 (range
from 3.71 to 11) during the year 1981-82 to 1997-98.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Effect of non-genetic factors on productive herd life and longevity
in Surti buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2003; 73(11): 1260-1262 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Meena, S.M; Mathur, M.C; Jain, L.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The data on calving records of 510 Surti buffaloes spread over 25 years (197397) were collected from a farm in Rajasthan, India. Least-squares means and
their standard errors of productive herd life and longevity were estimated in
relation to period, season, age at first calving (AFC) and first lactation milk
yield (FLMY). The overall means and their standard errors of productive herd
life and longevity were estimated in relation to period, season, AFC and
FLMY. The overall means for productive herd life and longevity from each
buffalo were 1522.20+or-102.68 days and 3274.34+or-138.74 days,
respectively. The least-squares analysis of variance indicated that season did
not affect significantly the productive herd life and longevity. The effect of
period, AFC and FLMY were significant on productive herd life and
longevity.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Effect of some non-genetic factors on selective value of Surti
buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences (India). (Jun 2004). v. 74(6) p.
644-646. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Meena, S.M.; Mathur, M.C.; Jain, L.S.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The data on calving records of 510 Sruti buffaloes spread over a period of 25
years 1973-1997 were collected from LRS Vallabhanagar, RAU, Bikaner
least-squares means and their standard error of TCB and TFCRMH were
estimated in relation to period, season, AFC and FLMY. The overall means
and their standard error of TCB and TFCRMH were estimated in relation to
period, seasons, AFC and FLMY. The overall means for TCB and TFCRMH
768
from each buffalo were 3.55 +- 0.16 and 0.68 +- 0.07 respectively. The leastsquares analysis of variance indicated that season did not effect significantly
the TCB and TFCRMH. The effect of period AFC and FLMY were significant
on TCB and TFCRMH.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Effect of some non-genetic factors on selective value of Surti
buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004; 74(6): 644-646 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Meena, S.M; Mathur, M.C; Jain, L.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The data on calving records of 510 Surti buffaloes spread over a period of 25
years 1973-97 were collected from LRS Vallabhnagar, RAU. Bikaner leastsquares means and their standard error of TCB and TFCRMH were estimated
in relation to period, season, AFC and FLMY. The overall means and their
standard error of TCB and TFCRMH were estimated in relation to period,
seasons, AFC and FLMY. The overall means for TCB and TFCRMH from
each buffalo were 3.55+or-0.16 and 0.68+or-0.07, respectively. The leastsquares analysis of variance indicated that season did not significantly affect
TCB and TFCRMH. The effect of period AFC and FLMY were significant on
TCB and TFCRMH.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Production and reproduction performance of light breed of
buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004; 74(5): 527-529 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Bharat, N.K; Thapan, P.C; Gahlot, G.C
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The performance of light breed of buffaloes (Surti and Mehsana) was
evaluated in terms of production and reproduction parameters from the data
collected from 2 farms located in Bangalore and Udaipur. About 2534
lactations of 898 Surti, Mehsana and crossbred buffaloes from 1965 to 1984
were studied for significant effect of breed, farm, period and season of calving
and lactation order. The analysis revealed that Mehsana and Mehsana x Surti
buffaloes were significantly superior to Surti breed for full lactation yield,
lactation yield and lactation length, while for milk yield/lactation length, milk
yield/calving interval and peak yield, Mehsana had higher yield than Surti and
Surti x Mehsana. Significant differences were also observed among farms,
periods, seasons and parities for most of the traits. The least-squares means
were 1201.00+or-32.43 and 1350.35+or-35.39 kg for full lactation yield,
1350.35+or-35.39 and 1264.52+or-27.12 kg for lactation yield, 294.44+or6.66 and 309.57+or-7.22 days for lactation length, 4.09+or-0.06 and 4.37+or0.07 kg for MY/LL, 2.50+or-0.08 and 2.71+or-0.08 kg for MY/CI, 7.16+or769
0.11 and 7.71+or-0.12 kg for peak yield, 31.28+or-2.06 and 34.00+or-2.17
days for days to attain peak, 215.46+or-13.94 and 215.46+or-13.94 days for
dry period, 517.12+or-20.44 and 521.12+or-21.20 days for calving interval for
Surti and Mehsana buffaloes, respectively.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Improvement of buffalo for milk, meat and draught: a review.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2005; 75(3): 327-334 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sethi, R.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Buffalo improvement programme undertaken through progeny testing at
individual and small herds produced low response to selection in almost all the
herds primarily due to large generation interval, low intensity of selection and
less accuracy of the progeny test. Associated progeny testing for Murrah breed
by associating all the herds, increased the population size, increased intensity
of selection of candidate bulls and enabled to select the bulls on large number
of progeny. Crossbreeding of nondescript and swamp buffaloes with Murrah
and Nili Ravi has significantly improved the milk production potential of the
local stock in all states and in the southeast asian countries. Crossbreeding also
resulted into higher body weight at birth and subsequent weight at maturity in
F1 and triple crossbred animals than the local stock that could produce higher
quantity of meat. Riverine breeds exhibited higher draught potential as
compared to nondescript and swamp buffaloes. Open nucleus breeding system
with and without MOET has been initiated to enhance the rate of genetic
improvement while marker assisted selection has been emphasized to facilitate
early selection of individuals of desired characteristics to improve the
productivity of buffaloes for desired traits.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Prediction of 305 day milk yield from test day values in Murrah
buffaloes.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 1999; 52(6): 358-362 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Gopal Dass; Sadana, D.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
415 daily milk yield records of Murrah buffaloes from the National Dairy
Institute, Karnal, were used to predict 1st, 2nd and 3rd lactation milk yield
(305-day) from monthly stratified random samples using 3 methods (ratio
method, regression method and regression with additional traits). All methods
gave >85% accuracy (Rsuperscript 2 values) from 3 test day yields in the
prediction. The accuracy in the prediction increased substantially only up to 3
test day yields, thereafter it increased negligibly. The accuracy in the
prediction of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd lactation of 305-day yield was 85.9, 90.4 and
90.3% using the 1st method; 85.4, 86.7 and 85.3% using the 2nd method; and
770
90.4, 92.2 and 93.7% using the third method. Lactation duration along with the
2nd, 5th and 8th month test day yield for the 1st and 2nd lactation and 2nd, 4th
and 7th month test day yield for the 3rd lactation gave the highest accuracy
(90.8, 92.2 and 93.7%) in the prediction of 305-day lactation yield in Murrah
buffaloes. It is concluded that the use of 3 test day yields together with other
available information may be adequate to predict 305-day yield with >90%
Rsuperscript 2 value.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: First lactation weekly milk yield as an aid to selection in Surti
buffaloes.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 1999; 52(4): 243-245 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Pathodiya, O.P; Jain, L.S; Tailor, S.P
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
First lactation records of 374 Surti buffaloes, sired by 43 bulls maintained at
buffalo project, Livestock Research Station, Vallabhnagar (Udaipur) were
studied. Weekly milk yields (WY) were calculated by combining morning and
evening yields for 7 consecutive days for the first 10 weeks of lactation (WY1WY10). The heritability estimates for WY1 to WY5 and first lactation milk
yield (FLMY) were moderate. The relative efficiency of selection based on
weekly milk yield for WY1 to WY10 over FLMY were 0.55, 0.87, 1.30, 0.67,
1.04, 0.00, 0.64, 0.47, 0.61 and 0.66 respectively. The genetic and phenotypic
correlations of WY with FLMY were positive, high and significant. The
environmental correlation ranged from 0.090 (WY3) to 0.465 (WY9). The
predicted correlated responses in FLMY when indirect selection was made on
the basis of WY from WY1 to WY10 were 11.61, 18.52, 27.62, 14.18, 21.98,
0.00, 13.64, 9.97, 12.99 and 14.09 kg respectively.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Path analysis of 305-days milk yield in Murrah buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2002; 55(6): 346-349 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Banik, S; Tomar, S.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The path analysis for 305-days milk yield of 524 buffaloes was performed for
individual lactation up to fifth lactation and for over all lactations. Result
indicated that maximum variability (32%) was revealed by the variation in
lactation length, followed by service period (3.9%) and birth weight of calf
born of respective lactation (3.1%). However, the age at first calving had no
contribution to the total variation for overall lactations. Regarding the total
effect of lactation length (32.6%), the maximum (31.6%) was due to the direct
effect, whereas the service period had no direct effect but it had an indirect
effect on lactation length. The model explained nearly 36% of variation for all
lactations. For considering the different lactations separately, it was shown
771
that maximum variability (48.2-58.3%) was explained by lactation length
except for third lactation (16.0%). The service period revealed 2.9 to 5.90%
and the birth weight of calf born of respective lactation revealed 4.0 to 8.5%
variation in different individual lactations except the third lactation (0.6%).
Maximum total effect of lactation length was due to its direct effect. The effect
of age at first calving remained negligible. The model explained nearly 60%
variation based on the data of different lactations except the third lactation,
where it was 18% only.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Phenotypic characteristics of Pandharpuri buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2002; 55(1): 58-59 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Patil, V.P; Ulmek, B.R.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Data were recorded on the orientation and length of horn, colour of switch of
tail, tail length and body colour in 164 Pandharpuri buffaloes from Kolhapur
city (India). During the investigation, black, brown (bhura), black with white
patches (panchaguni) and brown (bhura) with white patches (panchaguni)
colour patterns were observed in Pandharpuri breed of buffalo. The colour
pattern of switch of tail comprised of white (75.6%) and black (24.4%). Horn
length averaged 81.90+or-1.36 cm. and tail length 85.21+or-1.10 cm. Four
types of orientation of horns were observed viz. upward pointing tips (Toki),
lateral pointing tips (Bharkand), downward pointing tips (Meti), one upward
and another downward pointing tips (Ekshingi meti) in Pandharpuri buffaloes.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: A note on lifetime production of Surti buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2003; 56(4): 253-254 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Pathodiya, O.P
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Lactation records of 261 Surti buffaloes sired by 35 bulls were used for the
study. The effect of season on first calving was found to be significant on
lifetime production (LTP) traits. The LTP was affected by period of calving
while unproductive life (UPL) was affected by the sire. The heritability
estimates for lifetime production up to third lactation was low, which indicated
the presence of low additive genetic variability in the herd. The phenotypic
correlation of LTP was positive and significant with herd life (HL) and
productive life (PL), while negative and insignificant with UPL. The genetic
correlation among lifetime productivity traits were inconclusive.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: A note on replacement rate in a herd of Surti buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2003
772
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2003; 56(6): 405-407 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kulkarni, V.S; Tomar, S.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted to document the replacement rate in Surti buffaloes.
The loss of replacement daughters out of 2405 total calvings due to abnormal
births, male births, death and culling of female calves from birth to age at first
calving averaged 4.7, 46.8, 20.4 and 9.5%, respectively. Only 18.6% of the
total calves born turned into replacement stock. Thus, about 5 to 6 pregnancies
were required to produce one replacement heifer. Out of the female calves
born, 42.1% died, 19.5% were culled and 38% reached to the milking herd.
Period and dam's generation had a significant effect on the replacement rate
based on both the total pregnancies and female calf born, whereas parity of
dam significantly affected only the replacement rate based on female calf
born. Season of birth had no effect on the trait. The sire of the calf had a
highly significant effect on both the total calves and female calf, with
heritability estimates of 0.281+or-0.068 and 0.740+or-0.147, respectively.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Effect of some non-genetic factors on selective value of Surti
buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2003; 56(5): 323-326 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Meena, S.M; Jat, R.P
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Calving records of 510 Surti buffaloes spread over a period of 25 years (19731997) were collected from LRS Vallabhnagar, RAU, Bikaner, India. Least
squares means and their standard error of total calves born and female calves
reaching milking herd were estimated in relation to period, season, age at first
calving (AFC) and first lactation milk yield (FLMY). The overall means for
total calves born to each buffalo and total female calves reaching milking herd
from each buffalo were 3.55+or-0.16 and 0.68+or-0.07, respectively. The least
squares analysis of variance indicated that the effect of period, AFC and
FLMY was significant on total calves born and total female calves reaching
milking herd whereas season had no effect on either trait.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Studies on first lactation ratio traits in Surti buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2004; 57(6): 429-431 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Pathodiya, O.P; Jain, L.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of various genetic and non773
genetic factors on ratio traits and to estimate the genetic and phenotypic
correlation of these traits with reproductive and production traits. The first
lactation records of 374 Surti buffaloes sired by 43 bulls were used in this
study. The effect of period of calving was highly significant on both the traits,
whereas the season of calving did not affect MY/FLL (milk yield per day of
first lactation length) and MY/FCI (milk yield per day of first calving interval)
significantly. The estimate of heritability was low for MY/FLL and high for
MY/FCI. The phenotypic correlations of AFC with MY/FLL and MY/FCI
were positive and significant. The FSP and FCI had a negative and significant
phenotypic association with MY/FCI, but a negative and insignificant
association with MY/FLL. The genetic correlation among production traits
and ratio traits were positive. The environmental correlations ranged from low
to moderate.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Effect of some non-genetic factors on selective value of Surti
buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2005; 58(2): 119-122 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Meena, S.M; Jat, R.P
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The data on calving records of 510 Surti buffaloes over a period of 25 years
(1973-1997) were collected from LRS, Vallabhnagar, Rajasthan Agricultural
University, Bikaner, India. Least squares means and their standard error of
total calves born and female calves reaching the milking herd were estimated
in relation to period, season, age at first calving (AFC) and first lactation milk
yield (FLMY). The overall means for total calves born to each buffalo and
total female calves reaching the milking herd from each buffalo were 3.55+or0.16 and 0.68+or-0.07, respectively. The least squares analysis of variance
indicated that the effects of period, AFC and FLMY were significant on the
total calves born and total female calves reaching the milking herd, whereas
season had no effect on either trait. In conclusion, calving period, age at first
calving and first lactation milk yield influence the selection value of Surti
buffaloes.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Estimation of genetic and phenotypic trends for first dry period
and milk efficiency traits in Murrah buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Journal of Veterinary Research. 2001; 10(1): 7-13 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kuralkar, S.V; Raheja, K.L
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) was used to obtain estimate of
transmitting abilities of 107 sires of 2107 Murrah buffaloes from 4 military
dairy farms and 3 Uttar Pradesh State Government farms collected over 28
774
years (1961-88). Genetic trends were estimated from regression of weighted
averages of sires transmitting abilities of each year on the year. The genetic
trends of -0.14+or-0.06 days/year and phenotypic trends of -2.57+or-0.99
days/year for first dry period (FDP) at the military dairy farm in Lucknow was
desirable and significantly different from zero. The phenotypic trends in milk
yield per day of first lactation length (MYFLL) and milk yield per day of first
calving interval (MYFCI) at the government livestock farm in Babugarh and
the district dairy demonstration farm in Mathura were significant but
undesirable. The annual phenotypic trends in FDP (-1.63+or-0.65 days) was
desirable and the MYFLL (-0.0210+or-0.0096 kg) was undesirable at the
military dairy farm in Ferozpur. The genetic trends (-0.0073+or-0.0003
kg/year) for MYFLL was unfavourable at the military dairy farm in Meerut.
Genetic trends for FDP, MYFLL and MYFCI in most of the farms were not
significantly different from zero. The estimates of genetics and phenotypic
trends in these traits revealed no improvement in most of the farms over time.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Productive and reproductive genetics traits of Surti buffaloes in
Maharashtra state.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Indian Journal of Veterinary Research. 2005; 14(1): 25-28 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Warade, S.D; Patil, S.L; Ali, S.Z; Kularlkar, S.V
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted to determine the productive and reproductive traits
of Surti buffaloes in Maharashtra, India. 287 productive and reproductive
records of 90 Surti buffaloes sired by 7 bulls maintained at Buffalo Breeding
Farm, Hingoli (MS) were analysed. It was observed that the overall lactation
milk yield of Surti buffalo was 1273.17+15.38 kg. The heritability estimates
for lactation length, dry period, peak milk yield, age at first calving, calving
interval, service period and breeding efficiencies (two values) were 0.42+0.18,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02+0.40, and 0.033+0.04 and 0.21+0.04, respectively. On the
other hand, the repeatability estimates for lactation milk yield, dry period,
lactation length, peak milk yield, calving interval and service period were
0.23+0.07, 0.05+0.07, negative, negative, 0, and 0.04+0.06, respectively.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Age at first calving and its correlation with economic traits in
Surti buffaloes.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 1999; 76(10): 902-905 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Pathodiya, O.P; Jain, L.S; Tailor, S.P
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Data on age at first calving (AFC) were collected on 374 Surti buffaloes over
an 18-year period (1977-1994) and assessed in six 3-year periods, subdivided
into 3 seasons. The average AFC was 1683.48+or-34.86 days; the effects of
775
period and sire were highly significant. Correlations of AFC with first service
period (FSP) and first calving interval (FCI) were negative and moderate,
while correlations with first lactation milk yield, 305-day first lactation yield
and first peak yield were positive and low to moderate; correlations of AFC
with milk yield/FLL and /FCI were positive and low. Environmental effects of
AFC were correlated moderately and negatively with FSP and FCI, and
negatively with production efficiency traits. It is concluded that higher AFC
would increase milk production because of greater physiological maturity.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Studies on age at first calving in Murrah and Surti buffaloes
maintained in Assam.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2002; 79(8): 854-855 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Gogoi, P.K; Das, D; Goswami, R.N; Nahardeka, N; Das, G.C
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The effects of non-genetic factors on the age at first calving (AFC) of Murrah
and Surti buffaloes and their heritability estimates were studied. Records
pertaining to 314 Murrah from 6 government farms (Napaam, Khanapara,
Ghungoor, Khanikar, Barhampur and Kaliapani) and 116 Surti buffaloes from
one government farm in Assam were used. The non-genetic factors analysed
were farm, season of birth (most birth season: August-January, S1; and least
birth season: February-July, S2) and period of birth (first period: 1981-84,
Pd1; second period: 1985-88, Pd2: and third period: 1989-92, Pd3). The least
square mean of AFC of Murrah buffaloes was significantly higher than Surti
buffaloes (53.88+or-0.48 vs. 51.51+or-1.18 months, P<0.01). Farm had a
significant effect on the AFC of Murrah buffaloes. The effect of season and
period of birth on AFC was not significant for any of the breeds. AFC of
Murrah buffaloes was found to be highly heritable with a heritability estimate
of 0.88+or-0.44. It is concluded that the AFC of Murrah and Surti buffaloes
under the agroclimatic conditions of Assam is satisfactory, although
considerable farm variation exists due to the differences in the availability of
feeds and fodder, health management practices and possible variation in
climatic conditions among farms.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Correlation of biochemical polymorphism and sex chromatin
with production and reproduction traits in buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2004; 81(11): 1224-1228 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Duddalwar, S.M; Ali, S.Z; Kuralkar, S.V; Ali, S.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The data on production and reproduction traits of 22 Murrah and 27 Berari
buffaloes maintained at LIF., Akola were used. Blood samples were collected
for the estimation of sex chromatin, haemoglobin typing and transferrin
776
typing. Average sex chromatin frequency was found to be 1.45+or-0.20 and
1.74+or-0.21 for 200 neutrophils in Murrah and Berari buffaloes, respectively.
The average pooled distance of migration for haemoglobin type was 4.17+or0.16 cm and for transferrin type, it was 54.32+or-2.07 mm. The buffaloes were
grouped as per sex chromatin and were found to be statistically insignificant.
The correlation coefficient among all the cytogenetics and biochemical traits
with reproductive and productive traits for Murrah and Berari buffaloes were
found to be insignificant except for distance of migration of transferrin and
milk yield in Murrah. The reproductive characters, i.e. age at first calving,
intercalving period, breeding efficiency and dry period were significantly
correlated with each other.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Studies on some productive and reproductive traits of
Marathwada buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2004; 81(1): 86-87 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Patange, D.D; Rajguru, D.N; Kulkarni, A.N; Kalyankar, S.D
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The productive and reproductive traits of 210 lactating Marathwada [Nagpuri]
buffaloes from 15 villages in the Parabhani, Jalna and Beed districts of
Maharashtra, India were recorded based on surveys and personal observations
between 1999 and 2000. It was shown that the average lactation yield,
lactation length, dry period, service period, intercalving period and gestation
period were 1141.710+or-9.016 kg, 317.00+or-1.885, 174.17+or-5.77,
179.281+or-6.00, 496.251+or-5.936 and 310.124+or-192 days, respectively.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Productive performance of Purnathadi buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2005; 82(1): 83-84 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Baglane, B.B; Ambulkar, D.R; Ali, S.Z; Gote, N.R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was undertaken to determine the breeding pattern of Purnathadi
buffaloes in order to exploit its full production potential. Data on 410 lactation
records of Purnathadi buffaloes maintained at the Livestock Instructional Farm
from June 1977 to May 1996 were analysed. Performance of the buffaloes in
terms of productive traits such as lactation length, milk yield and dry period
was studied. The average lactation length ranged between 261 to 355 days,
with an average of 299.55+or-1.03 days. The average milk yield was
930.26+or-7.25 kg. The average dry period was 189.54+or-2.09 days. The
wide range of fry period suggested that the dry period and intercalving period
could be minimized by improving management practices and off-season
breeding.
777
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Inheritance of peak yield in Surti buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: International Journal of Animal Sciences. 2000; 15(2): 141-143
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Paliwal, P.C; Jain, L.S; Yadav, M.C; Tailor, S.P
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Twelve years' (1977-88) data on 680 Surti buffaloes, sired by 38 bulls,
maintained under net-work project on buffaloes, Livestock Research Station,
Vallabhnagar (Rajasthan) and Central Cattle Breeding Farm, Dhamrod
(Gujarat) were utilized. The peak yield ranged between 6.89+or-0.08 kg in
first lactation to 8.96+or-0.22 kg in sixth lactation with an overall average of
8.37+or-0.08 kg. The effects of parity, year of calving and farms were
significant on peak yield. However, the effect of season of calving was nonsignificant. The heritability of peak yield was high at 0.784+or-0.164. The
peak yield had positive and significant phenotypic and genetic associations
with 305 days milk yield, total milk yield and lactation length. The
coefficients of phenotypic correlations of peak yield with MPE and DMPE
were positive and high at 0.553 and 0.623, respectively, but genetic
correlations between these traits were positive and low. The phenotypic and
genetic relationships between peak yield and dry period were low at 0.011 and
0.069+or-0.321, respectively.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Calving pattern during different months and seasons in an
organised herd of crossbred cows.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Journal of Interacademicia. 2002; 6(1): 81-84 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sil,B.K; Jana, D.N; Samanta, R; Dhara, K.C; Mondal,M
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Data on total of 2165 normal calvings occurring during 1972 to 1991 from 3
different genetic groups, 1/2 Friesian x 1/2 Hariana (FH), 1/2 Brown Swiss x
1/2 Hariana (BH,) and 1/2 Jersey x 1/2 Hariana (JH), maintained at Livestock
Production Research (Cattle and Buffalo, Indian Veterinary Research Institute,
Izatnagar, India) were utilized for estimating the incidence of calving during
various months and seasons. Both months and seasons had significant effects
on the incidence of calving. Maximum and minimum calvings occurred during
December and June, respectively. The highest and lowest incidence of calving
occurred during winter season and rainy season, respectively. The calving
trend observed in this study may be due to better conception of cows in the
spring season which leads to increased calving in winter months.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Effect of calving pattern on standard lactational yield of
crossbred cow.
778
Year of publication:
Journal: Journal of Interacademicia. 2002; 6(2): 196-201 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sil, B K; Jana, D N; Samanta, R; Dhara, K C; Ghosh, N
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The data between 1972 and 1991 which comprised of 2165 calving of 408
crossbred cows belonging to 3 different genetic groups, 1/2 Friesian x 1/2
Hariana (FH), 1/2 Brown Swiss x 1/2 Hariana (BH) and 1/2 Jersey x 1/2
Hariana (JH), were taken from the records of the dairy farm at the Livestock
Production Research (Cattle and Buffalo), Indian Veterinary Research
Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India for determining the effect of the
month of calving and season of calving on standard lactation milk yield. The
maximum standard lactational milk yield (SLMY) was observed in spring
calvers (2123.814+or-38.073 kg) and the minimum was in the case of rain
calvers (1971.469+or-349.50 kg). The standard lactation yield (SLY) of the
animal on the basis of season and month of calving were statistically
significant (P<0.01). The maximum milk yield (2174.050+or-47.943 kg) was
observed in animals that calved in January and minimum (1939.085+or-57.911
kg) in July which may be due to climate.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Effect of calving pattern on peak yield of crossbred cow.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Journal of Interacademicia. 2002; 6(3): 324-327 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sil, B.K; Jana, D.N; Samanta,R; Chowdhury,J
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Data comprising 2165 calvings of 408 crossbred cows belonging to three
different genetic groups (1/2 Friesian x 1/2 Hariana (FH), 1/2 Brown-swiss x
1/2 Hariana (BH) and 1/2 Jersey x 1/2 Hariana (JH)) from the dairy farm of
the Livestock Production Research (cattle and buffalo), Indian Veterinary
Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India, were analysed. The data
were recorded for a period of 20 years (1972-1991). Results showed that the
month and season of calving had significant effects on the peak yield. The
maximum peak yield was observed in spring calvers (14.351+or-0.177 kg) and
minimum in rainy calvers (12.782+or-0.162 kg). The maximum peak yield
(14.562+or-0.247 kg) was observed in the cows that calved in February,
followed by January, April and March. The minimum peak yield was observed
in animals that calved in the month of October.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Estimation of body weight from body measurements in
Pandharpuri buffalo.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural Universities. 2004; 29(2):
208-209 AB:
Country of Origin: India
779
Author’s name: Patil, V.P; Ulmek,B.R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The body weight of buffaloes was estimated based on body measurements
such as body length and heart girth. Data on heart girth and body length of 164
lactating Pandharpuri buffaloes in different lactations were recorded. Body
weight was estimated by Shaeffer's formula: body weight (kg)= LG2/660. The
overall body length was 124.03+or-0.27 cm, whereas the average heart girth
was 184.64 cm. The estimated body weight was 391.20+or-1.77 kg. A
progressive and increasing trend in heart girth, body length and estimated
body weight were recorded until the 5th lactation. The correlation between
body length and estimated body weight were positive and significant
(P<0.001). Analysis of variance showed that lactation order significantly
(P<0.001) influenced the estimated body weight in Pandharpuri buffalo.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: A study on the milk yield per day of lactation length and calving
interval in buffaloes of un-organised herds.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Journal of Research, Birsa Agricultural University. 1999; 11(2):
247-250 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Shrivastava, A.K; Singh,C.S.P; Verma, S.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The effects of various non-genetic factors were studied on the milk yield/day
of lactation length (MY/day LL) and per day of calving interval (MY/day CI)
in 161 buffaloes of unorganized herds. The least squares means for MY/day
LL and MY/day CI were 5.71+or-0.01 and 3.23+or-0.01 kg, respectively. The
effects of zone, holding size and lactation sequence were significant on both
traits. The buffaloes belonging to urban areas had significantly higher MY/day
LL and MY/day CI followed by industrial and suburban areas. The smaller
holding sizes (3-5 and 6-8 buffaloes) were more suitable than the larger ones
consisting of <more or =>9 buffaloes for unorganized herds. There was an
increasing trend for both traits from the first to third lactation and thereafter a
decreasing trend was observed. The effect of season of calving was nonsignificant.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Dynamic changes in the bovine population of Andhra Pradesh
during the last five decades.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Journal of Research ANGRAU. 2002; 30(3): 16-21 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Reddy, R.M
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Secondary data based on the livestock census done by the Government of
780
Andhra Pradesh (India), from 1952 to 1999, were used. Results showed that
the bovine population in the state remained constant, around 20 M during the
last 4 decades (1961 to 1999). However, its structure has undergone significant
changes. Male bovine population declined by 1.16 M due to the decline in
male buffaloes. The population of male cattle remained more or less constant,
indicating that agriculture is still dependent on animal power. The decline in
the male buffalo population is compensated by the increase in the female
bovine population, by about 0.9 M. However, this increase in female bovines
is primarily due to buffaloes, which increased by 2.0 M. On the other hand,
cow population declined by one million. Thus, there is a shift from cow to
buffalo as dairy animal in the state, indicating a preference for buffalo milk.
The size of work animals showed no influence on the size of dairy animals,
indicating that dairying is emerging as an independent sector in the state.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Body measurements of she buffaloes at field conditions.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: PKV Research Journal. 2001 publ 2003; 25(1): 52-53 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Varade, P.K; Ali, S.Z
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A total of 100 Surti buffaloes were studied (India). Coefficients of variation
indicated that face length and face width measurements were more variable
than other measurement traits. There is positive correlation among face length
with body length and height at wither, face width with height at wither and
face length. Hip width with face length is non-significant.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Development strategies for genetic evaluation for beef production
in developing countries.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Proceedings of an International Workshop held in Khon Kaen
Province, Thailand, 23-28 July 2001.
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Allen, J; Na-Chiangmai,A
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Development strategies for genetic evaluation for beef production in
developing countries Proceedings- of- an- International- Workshop- held- inKhon- Kaen-Province, -Thailand, -23-28-July-2001. 2002; 180 AB: This
issue contains 37 articles. Topics covered are: international workshop on
development strategies for genetic evaluation for beef production in
developing countries; country report: Australia; cattle and buffalo breeding in
Bangladesh; current situation and development trend of beef industry in
China; beef production in India; development strategies for genetic evaluation
of beef production in Indonesia; country report: Lao PDR; breeding for beef
production in Malaysia; development strategies for genetic evaluation of cattle
and buffalo in Pakistan; development strategies for genetic evaluation of beef
781
production in Pakistan; genetic evaluation of beef production in the
Philippines; cattle and buffalo production and breeding in Sri Lanka; cattle and
buffalo breeding in Sri Lanka; current situation and development trends of
beef production in Thailand; cattle breeding in Vietnam; an overview of
Breedplan; beef cattle and buffalo data system; buffalo development in
Thailand; Thai indigenous cattle breeding improvement project; beef cattle
development in Thailand; Breedplan: a further approach to cattle and buffalo
on-farm trials in Thailand; design of breeding programmes; sustainable
management of beef cattle and buffalo genetic resources in Asia; beef cattle
genetic and breeding projects in Vietnam and the future direction; influence of
Brahman genetics in the Australian cattle industry; L13 alliance - meeting the
future challenges of livestock production; international livestock register (the
world's leading livestock recording scheme).
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Production and reproduction status of halfbred and backcross
animals (Paralakhemundi x Murrah) compared to the indigenous
buffaloes in the Paralakhemundi Region of Orissa.
Year of publication: 1996
Journal: Recent Research Developments in Buffalo Production:
proceedings of the Second Asian Buffalo Association Congress. College,
Laguna (Philippines). PSAS Foundation, Inc. 1996. 487 p. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Mishra, K.P.; Patro, B.N.; Mishra, S.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Paralakhemundi breed of buffaloes found in Southern part of Orissa possesses
potentiality for milk production and draught power. Cytogenetic studies have
revealed that Paralakhemundi buffaloes have 2n=48 chromosomes whereas
Murrah possesses 2n=50 chromosomes. A study of the production and
reproduction traits of 88 halfbreds F1 and 78 backcross (Paralakhemundi x
Murrah) animals and 180 Paralakhemundi buffaloes was made for nine
important traits. The three genetic groups differed significantly (P<0.01) from
each other with respect to seven economic traits except number of services per
conception. There was no significant difference in lactational milk yield
between halfbreds and backcross buffaloes. D square analysis was computed
to study the difference among three genetic groups of buffaloes with respect to
eight important traits taken together. The D square values were highly
significant (P<0.01) between Paralakhemundi and F1 and Paralakhemundi and
backcross. The values between F1 and backcross were found to be
nonsignificant (P>0.05).
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Repeatability of economic traits in Murrah buffaloes.
Year of publication: 1996
Journal: Recent Research Developments in Buffalo Production:
proceedings of the Second Asian Buffalo Association Congress. College,
Laguna (Philippines). PSAS Foundation, Inc. 1996. 487 p. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Khatkar, M.S.; Sethi, R.K.; Tripathi, V.N.
782
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Data on 5098 lactation records of 1200 animals from CIRB from 1965 to 1996
were utilized for estimation of repeatability of various economic traits. The
repeatability estimates were: 0.338 plus or minus 0.015 for total lactation milk;
0.309 plus or minus 0.015 for 301 days or less lactation milk yield; 0.311 plus
or minus 0.015 for peak yield; 0.266 plus or minus 0.014 for milk yield per
day of lactation length, and 0.216 plus or minus 0.016 for milk yield per day
of calving interval. The repeatability for lactation length, dry period and
calving interval was 0.160 plus or minus 0.015, 0.251 plus or minus 0.015 and
0.160 plus or minus 0.015, respectively.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Some indications about the productive and reproductive
performance of Pandharpuri buffaloes.
Year of publication: 1996
Journal: Recent Research Developments in Buffalo Production:
proceedings of the Second Asian Buffalo Association Congress. College,
Laguna (Philippines). PSAS Foundation, Inc. 1996. 487 p. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Patil, S.S.; Mali, S.L.; Kalke, S.D.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The performance of Pandharpuri buffaloes which calved during 1992-95 was
studied utilizing 38 lactation records of 15 animals. These buffaloes produced
an average of 1551.02 plus or minus 78.02 litres of milk in an average
lactation period of 335 days. The per day wet average of 5.0 litres was almost
maintained up to 305 days. The average service period, dry period and
intercalving period were found to be 156.0, 142.27 plus or minus 10.57 and
463.0 plus or minus 17.75 days, respectively. The average birth weight of
male and female calves in this farm was 27.97 (plus or minus 0.91) and 25.58
(plus or minus 0.74) kg, respectively. The average age at first conception was
found to be 945.0 plus or minus 60.33 days in case of Pandharpuri heifers.
Maximum calvings were observed during winter months (October-January) of
the year.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Strategies for gene preservation and multiplication for high
yielding buffaloes under field conditions using infrastructure created
under operation flood programme of India.
Year of publication: 1996
Journal: Recent Research Developments in Buffalo Production:
proceedings of the Second Asian Buffalo Association Congress. College,
Laguna (Philippines). PSAS Foundation, Inc. 1996. 487 p. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Gill, R.S.; Misra, A.K.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
783
Water buffalo is mainly an Asian animal, constituting an integral part of the
predominantly agrarian life in the region. India houses about 60 percent of the
world's total buffalo population and is the home tract of some of the best
breeds in the world. In a total population of some 75 million, around 35
million are breedable buffaloes, of which only around 35000 produce more
than 3500 litres of milk in a lactation. It is the need of the hour to multiply this
elite stock. For rapid genetic gain two techniques viz., artificial insemination
(AI) from the male side and embryo transfer (ET) from female side have
proved their worth. To apply these techniques on the elite stock, which is
scattered in villages, it becomes essential to identify them. A total of 21 milk
unions in the states of Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh have been selected
covering nearly 8600 villages for identification of the elite stock through milk
recording. In a phased manner a total of 5000 buffaloes would be recorded.
Out of the top ten percent of the identified buffaloes, initially some 50
buffaloes will be utilized as embryo donors and the rest contract mated with
the best available semen. The males produced from these buffaloes would go
to semen production centres/programmes for natural service. The National
Dairy Development Board (NDDB) has done extensive work in these fields
including some pioneering embryo transfer work through its main ET
laboratory at Sabarmati Ashram Gaushala (SAG) and Regional ET Laboratory
at Buffalo. Breeding Centre (BBC). The SAG also has country's one of the
most modern and well equipped semen production laboratories maintaining 44
elite murrah bulls among others. Each year, one set of ten bulls undergo
progeny testing programme wherein milk yield of around 100 daughters
become available for each bull. By possessing the world's best buffalo
germplasm, the country and especially the NDDB has taken an initiative in
identifying top quality buffaloes in their breeding tracts and at the same time
making available all the necessary inputs required in the form of semen,
embryos and training to upgrade this future dairy animal.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Test day yield for prediction of lactation yield in buffaloes.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Recent Research Developments in Buffalo Production:
proceedings of the Second Asian Buffalo Association Congress. College,
Laguna (Philippines). PSAS Foundation, Inc. 1996. 487 p. Received May
1999. p. 331-333. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sethi, R.K.; Khatkar, M.S.; Kaushik, S.N.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Test day milk yield on day 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and peak yield when
regressed individually, yield on day 60 gave maximum accuracy (R square =
0.555) for prediction of 10 months lactation milk yield. Stepwise regression
included test day yield on day 15, 60, 75 and 90 to give the highest R square
value of 0.628. Prediction equation has been recommended to save the cost of
recording under field conditions and the reduced generation interval for
achieving maximum gain in selection programme.
Specialization: Breeding
784
Subject: Age at first calving in Murrah buffaloes.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Recent Research Developments in Buffalo Production:
proceedings of the Second Asian Buffalo Association Congress. College,
Laguna (Philippines). PSAS Foundation, Inc. 1996. 487 p. Received May
1999. p. 392-395. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sethi, R.K.; Khatkar, M.S.; Tripathi, V.N.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
CA: 2. Asian Buffalo Association Congress. Makati City (Philippines). 9-12
Oct 1996. Momongan,-V.G.; Ducusin,-R.J.T.; Maala,-C.P.; Bondoc,-O.L.;
Del-Barrio,-A.N. (eds.). Asian Buffalo Association (Philippines); Philipine
Society of Animal Science (Philippines); Philippine Society of Animal
Nutritionists (Philippines). Data on 615 Murrah buffaloes from 1971 to 1994
revealed least squares mean for age at first calving as 52.9 plus or minus 0.41
months. Differences due to periods were statistically significant (P<0.05)
while differences due to season at birth were not significant. Heritability for
age at first calving was estimated as 0.175 plus or minus 0.084. Differences
due to 5 groups of age at first calving in service period, lactation milk yield,
301 day yield, lactation length, peak yield, wet average, dry period, calving
interval and milk yield per day of first calving interval were nonsignificant.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Production and reproduction status of halfbred and backcross
animals (Paralakhemundi x Murrah) compared to the indigenous
buffaloes in the Paralakhemundi Region of Orissa.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Recent Research Developments in Buffalo Production:
proceedings of the Second Asian Buffalo Association Congress. College,
Laguna (Philippines). PSAS Foundation, Inc. 1996. 487 p. Received May
1999. p. 387-391. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Mishra, K.P.; Patro, B.N.; Mishra,S.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
CA: 2. Asian Buffalo Association Congress. Makati City (Philippines). 9-12
Oct 1996. Momongan,-V.G.; Ducusin,-R.J.T.; Maala,-C.P.; Bondoc,-O.L.;
Del-Barrio,-A.N. (eds.). Asian Buffalo Association (Philippines); Philipine
Society of Animal Science (Philippines); Philippine Society of Animal
Nutritionists (Philippines). Paralakhemundi breed of buffaloes found in
Southern part of Orissa possesses potentiality for milk production and draught
power. Cytogenetic studies have revealed that Paralakhemundi buffaloes have
2n=48 chromosomes whereas Murrah possesses 2n=50 chromosomes. A study
of the production and reproduction traits of 88 halfbreds F1 and 78 backcross
(Paralakhemundi x Murrah) animals and 180 Paralakhemundi buffaloes was
made for nine important traits. The three genetic groups differed significantly
(P<0.01) from each other with respect to seven economic traits except number
of services per conception. There was no significant difference in lactational
785
milk yield between halfbreds and backcross buffaloes. D square analysis was
computed to study the difference among three genetic groups of buffaloes with
respect to eight important traits taken together. The D square values were
highly significant (P<0.01) between Paralakhemundi and F1 and
Paralakhemundi and backcross. The values between F1 and backcross were
found to be nonsignificant (P>0.05).
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Management of Pandharpuri buffaloes in their breeding tract.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Recent Research Developments in Buffalo Production:
proceedings of the Second Asian Buffalo Association Congress. College,
Laguna (Philippines). PSAS Foundation, Inc. 1996. 487 p. Received May
1999. p. 417-421. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Patil, S.S.; Patil, P.A.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
CA: 2. Asian Buffalo Association Congress. Makati City (Philippines). 9-12
Oct 1996.
Momongan,-V.G.; Ducusin,-R.J.T.; Maala,-C.P.; Bondoc,-O.L.;
Del-Barrio,-A.N. (eds.). Asian Buffalo Association (Philippines); Philipine
Society of Animal Science (Philippines); Philippine Society of Animal
Nutritionists (Philippines). A survey work on feeding and management of
Pandharpuri buffaloes was undertaken at Kolhapur and Solapur cities and at
10 adjoining villages. The primary data required for this study were collected
from 100 buffalo owners randomly selected from this area. The information in
respect of Pandharpuri buffalo types, body measurements, milk production,
feeding, breeding, milking and housing management were recorded. On the
basis of shape of horn, three types of Pandharpuri buffaloes were identified. It
was also observed that the Pandharpuri buffaloes are medium sized animals
and they produced an average of 1,599 litres of milk in a lactation period of
285 days. The average dry period of these animals was found to be 105 days
which was comparatively less than the established buffalo breeds. In Kolhapur
region, these animals were mainly fed with paddy straw, sorghum straw,
dry/green grasses, sugarcane tops and sugarcane leaves, while Maldandi jowar
straw (sorghum straw) was mainly used in Solapur area. The feeding of
animals in urban places was concentrate-based while in rural areas, roughagebased. Breeding of Pandharpuri buffaloes was through natural service. The
female calves were well cared but not the male calves. Deworming of calves
and feeding of mineral supplements were not practiced. Milking of buffaloes
was practiced with thumb-in method. Milk marketing at the road side (Katta
Milking) was the traditional activity of groups of people called `Gavoli' in
Kolhapur city. As regards housing management, the open yard housing system
was observed in Solapur area while conventional sheds/barns were mainly
used in Kolhapur area. Overall improvement in housing conditions is essential,
particularly in Solapur region.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Breed-ABAC-1996 Repeatability of economic traits in Murrah
buffaloes.
786
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Recent Research Developments in Buffalo Production:
proceedings of the Second Asian Buffalo Association Congress. College,
Laguna (Philippines). PSAS Foundation, Inc. 1996. 487 p. Received May
1999. p. 346-348. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Khatkar, M.S.; Sethi, R.K.; Tripathi, V.N.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
CA: 2. Asian Buffalo Association Congress. Makati City (Philippines). 9-12
Oct 1996. Momongan,-V.G.; Ducusin,-R.J.T.; Maala,-C.P.; Bondoc,-O.L.;
Del-Barrio,-A.N. (eds.). Asian Buffalo Association (Philippines); Philippine
Society of Animal Science (Philippines); Philippine Society of Animal
Nutritionists (Philippines). Data on 5098 lactation records of 1200 animals
from CIRB from 1965 to 1996 were utilized for estimation of repeatability of
various economic traits. The repeatability estimates were: 0.338 plus or minus
0.015 for total lactation milk; 0.309 plus or minus 0.015 for 301 days or less
lactation milk yield; 0.311 plus or minus 0.015 for peak yield; 0.266 plus or
minus 0.014 for milk yield per day of lactation length, and 0.216 plus or minus
0.016 for milk yield per day of calving interval. The repeatability for lactation
length, dry period and calving interval was 0.160 plus or minus 0.015, 0.251
plus or minus 0.015 and 0.160 plus or minus 0.015, respectively.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Age at first calving in Murrah buffaloes.
Year of publication: 1996
Journal: Recent Research Developments in Buffalo Production:
proceedings of the Second Asian Buffalo Association Congress. College,
Laguna (Philippines). PSAS Foundation, Inc. 1996. 487 p. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sethi, R.K.; Khatkar, M.S.; Tripathi, V.N.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Data on 615 Murrah buffaloes from 1971 to 1994 revealed least squares mean
for age at first calving as 52.9 plus or minus 0.41 months. Differences due to
periods were statistically significant (P<0.05) while differences due to season
at birth were not significant. Heritability for age at first calving was estimated
as 0.175 plus or minus 0.084. Differences due to 5 groups of age at first
calving in service period, lactation milk yield, 301 day yield, lactation length,
peak yield, wet average, dry period, calving interval and milk yield per day of
first calving interval were nonsignificant.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Assessment of performance variabilities and their impact on
growth in buffalo calves.
Year of publication: 1996
Journal: Recent Research Developments in Buffalo Production: proceedings
of the Second Asian Buffalo Association Congress. College, Laguna
(Philippines). PSAS Foundation, Inc. 1996. 487 p. AB:
787
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sikka, P.; Sethi, R.K.; Tripathi, V.N.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Study on passively transferred Immunoglobulins (Ig) from dams to young
ones in 85 Murrah calves revealed enormous variation in degree of Ig
absorption, ranging from 10 to 81 mg percent in calves. This was directly
associated with gain in body weight resulting in variation from 46.92 plus or
minus 1.44 to 65.35 plus or minus 0.61 kg in body weight attained at three
months of age. It indicates that the scope of improvement in growth lies in
improving the absorption of immune bodies in young calves within 24 hours
of birth.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Prediction of body weights from body measurements in buffaloes.
Year of publication: 1996
Journal: Recent Research Developments in Buffalo Production: proceedings
of the Second Asian Buffalo Association Congress. College, Laguna
(Philippines). PSAS Foundation, Inc. 1996. 487 p. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sethi, R.K.; Khatkar, M.S.; Kala, S.N.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Body measurements on 556 animals analyzed through stepwise regression
analysis revealed that in buffaloes up to 24 months of age, body height was the
most significant variable for predicting body weight. In heifers above 24
months of age and in adult buffaloes, heart girth was the most significant
variable. Addition of body length and height in the basic equation slightly
increased the R sub 2 value. All the measurement variables and weight were
positively and highly correlated with each other.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Biochem-ABAC-1996 Ontogenic pattern of the pacreatic juice
amylase in buffalo calves from birth to early ruminant state.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Recent Research Developments in Buffalo Production: proceedings
of the Second Asian Buffalo Association Congress. College, Laguna
(Philippines). PSAS Foundation, Inc. 1996. 487 p. Received May 1999. p.
430-441. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Christi, K.S.; Vadodaria,V.P.; Mehta, V.M.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
CA: 2. Asian Buffalo Association Congress. Makati City (Philippines). 9-12
Oct 1996. Momongan,-V.G.; Ducusin,-R.J.T.; Maala,-C.P.; Bondoc,-O.L.;
Del-Barrio,-A.N. (eds.). Asian Buffalo Association (Philippines); Philipine
Society of Animal Science (Philippines); Philippine Society of Animal
Nutritionists (Philippines). The ontogenic development of pancreatic juice
788
amylase was studied in 12 Surti buffalo calves from birth to early ruminant
stage (15 wk). The pancreatic juice was collected by cannulating the
pancreatic duct. The samples were obtained 30 min before feeding (BF) and
30 min after feeding (AF) both during morning and evening hours. The results
revealed significant age effect on amylase, except BF at morning hours. The
activity was found to gradually increase with age up to 15 wk. The pattern
remained the same when activity was expressed in volume of pancreatic juice
secreted. Overall diurnal variations were not significant, however, it was found
to significantly increase on 0 d, 3 wk (P<0.05) and decrease on 14 wk
(P<0.05) at evening hours. Overall postprandial levels were found to increase
due to feeding up to the extent of 66.17 percent (+47.34 SU/dl) as compared to
fasting values (71.54 plus or minus 2.31 SU/dl). Average amylase level
(SU/dl) gradually increased from colostrum feeding (32.72 plus or minus 2.64)
to MRP (55.70 plus or minus 3.61) and then at inclusion of concentrate and
hay (109.41 plus or minus 7.33) and at feeding dry and green fodder (132.43
plus or minus 7.51). The results suggested that amylase level at the time of
liquid diet feeding was lower and found to increase with the inclusion of solids
in the diets.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Biochem-ABAC-1996 Pancreatic juice lipase in buffalo calves
from birth to early ruminant stage.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Recent Research Developments in Buffalo Production: proceedings
of the Second Asian Buffalo Association Congress. College, Laguna
(Philippines). PSAS Foundation, Inc. 1996. 487 p. Received May 1999. p.
451-462. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Christi,K.S.; Vadodaria,V.P.; Mehta,V.M.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
CA: 2. Asian Buffalo Association Congress. Makati City (Philippines). 9-12
Oct 1996. Momongan,-V.G.; Ducusin,-R.J.T.; Maala,-C.P.; Bondoc,-O.L.;
Del-Barrio,-A.N. (eds.). Asian Buffalo Association (Philippines); Philipine
Society of Animal Science (Philippines); Philippine Society of Animal
Nutritionists (Philippines). The present research work was performed in 12
Surti buffalo calves with reference to pancreatic juice lipase from birth to early
ruminant stage. The pancreatic juice was collected by cannulating the
pancreatic duct. The samples were collected 30 min before feeding (BF) and
30 min after feeding (AF) both during morning and evening hours. The results
revealed non significant age effect for early neonatal period (first 10 d) but it
was found to be significant AF during weekly comparison. Overall lipase
activity was found to decline with age but the activity was found to increase
with age when expressed for the volume (flow rate) of pancreatic juice
secreted during 30 min of time. Diurnal variations, excepting significant
higher activity at evening hours at 12 wk, revealed non significant higher
lipase level during evening hours (4.53 percent) as compared to morning
samplings. Overall, lipase level increased due to feeding was found to the
extent of 42.73 percent (3.41 U/ml) as compared to its basal level.
Postprandial lipase level at different stages (colostrum feeding, MRP feeding,
789
inclusion of concentrate and hay and inclusion of fodder) revealed significant
increase except a decrease recorded on 11 wk. The findings suggested that
lipase activity is present at birth and the ontogenic pattern may be modified at
birth by the colostrum and milk substitute intake and upon weaning due to
modified at birth by the colostrum and milk substitute intake and upon
weaning due to development of forestomachs and also due to increase amount
of solid food intake.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Assessment of performance variabilities and their impact on
growth in buffalo calves.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Recent Research Developments in Buffalo Production: proceedings
of the Second Asian Buffalo Association Congress. College, Laguna
(Philippines). PSAS Foundation, Inc. 1996. 487 p. Received May 1999. p.
328-330. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sikka,P.; Sethi,R.K.; Tripathi, V.N.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
CA: 2. Asian Buffalo Association Congress. Makati City (Philippines). 9-12
Oct 1996. Momongan,-V.G.; Ducusin,-R.J.T.; Maala,-C.P.; Bondoc,-O.L.;
Del-Barrio,-A.N. (eds.). Asian Buffalo Association (Philippines); Philippine
Society of Animal Science (Philippines); Philippine Society of Animal
Nutritionists (Philippines). Study on passively transferred Immunoglobulins
(Ig) from dams to young ones in 85 Murrah calves revealed enormous
variation in degree of Ig absorption, ranging from 10 to 81 mg percent in
calves. This was directly associated with gain in body weight resulting in
variation from 46.92 plus or minus 1.44 to 65.35 plus or minus 0.61 kg in
body weight attained at three months of age. It indicates that the scope of
improvement in growth lies in improving the absorption of immune bodies in
young calves within 24 hours of birth.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Prediction of body weights from body measurements in buffaloes.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Recent Research Developments in Buffalo Production: proceedings
of the Second Asian Buffalo Association Congress. College, Laguna
(Philippines). PSAS Foundation, Inc. 1996. 487 p. Received May 1999. p.
243-247. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sethi,R.K.; Khatkar,M.S.; Kala,S.N.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
CA: 2. Asian Buffalo Association Congress. Makati City (Philippines). 9-12
Oct 1996. Momongan,-V.G.; Ducusin,-R.J.T.; Maala,-C.P.; Bondoc,-O.L.;
Del-Barrio,-A.N. (eds.). Asian Buffalo Association (Philippines); Philippine
Society of Animal Science (Philippines); Philippine Society of Animal
Nutritionists (Philippines). Body measurements on 556 animals analyzed
790
through stepwise regression analysis revealed that in buffaloes up to 24
months of age, body height was the most significant variable for predicting
body weight. In heifers above 24 months of age and in adult buffaloes, heart
girth was the most significant variable. Addition of body length and height in
the basic equation slightly increased the R sub 2 value. All the measurement
variables and weight were positively and highly correlated with each other.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Performance status of Murrah buffaloes for first lactation traits a review.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Genetics Applied to
Livestock Production, Montpellier, France, August, 2002-Session-7. 2002; 03 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rana, Z.S; Dalal, D.S; Sangwan, M.L; Malik,C.P
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This review includes reports of the performance and pattern of inheritance of
first lactation traits of Murrah Buffalo from 1971 to 2000; the buffaloes were
maintained in government farms in Hisar, India. The performance was
weighted by the number of observations. The weighted average from age at
first calving h2 (AFC), first lactation milk yield (FLMY), first lactation length
(FLL), first peak yield (FPY), first service period (FSP), first dry period (FDP)
and first calving interval (FCI) were 1 387+or-21.70 days, 1 701+or-26.40 kg,
313+or-3.19 days, 9.47+or-0.19 kg, 196+or-7.25 days, 190+or-5.73 days and
522+or-9.73 days, respectively. AFC, and FPY were found to moderately
heritable by most of the workers, and other traits were found to be lowly
heritable.
Specialization: Breeding
Subject: Studies on Indian wild buffalo (Bubalus bubalis L.) in Udanti
Wildlife Sanctuary, India.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Tigerpaper. 2003; 30(2): 7-11 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kotwal,P.C; Mishra, R.P
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Results are presented of studies conducted during 1998-2001 on the present
distribution and population of Indian wild buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in
different national parks and wildlife sanctuaries in India, and the seasonal and
diurnal activities of wild buffalo in Udanti Wildlife Sanctuary in central India.
791
7. Economics
Specialization: Economics
Subject: Economics of buffalo milk production in west godavari district of
Andhra Pradesh - A case study.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Andhra Agricultural Journal (India). (Jan 2003). v. 50(1&2) p.
141-143. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Hymajyothi, S.; Reddy, S.U.; Raju, V.T.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
An investigation was undertaken in small, (1-2 she buffaloes), medium (3-4
she buffaloes) and large herd size (5 and above she buffaloes) milk producers
in West Godawari District of Andhra Pradesh to examine the economics of
buffalo milk production. Expenditure on fodder and concentrations formed the
major share in the total cost of milk production in all the categories of milk
producers. The average cost of buffalo milk production was Rs. 7.95 per liter
for small herd size mild producer , R.7.92 per litre for medium herd size milk
producer and Rs. 7.86 for large herd size milk producer. However, net returns
per litre of buffalo milk were found to be highest in small herd size milk
producers followed by medium and large herd size milk producers.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: Economics of buffalo milk production around Delhi.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin. 1999; 18(1): 11-13 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Mahender Kumar; Prasad, R.B; Sunil Kumar
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A survey of 6 very small (1-5 buffaloes), 10 small (6-10 buffaloes), 6 medium
(11-15 buffaloes) and 3 large (16 or more buffaloes) dairy farms from the
eastern part of Delhi, India was done in 1991. The average milk production
per buffalo during I, II, III and IV lactation from 185, 156, 81 and 30 buffaloes
were 1885.74, 2285.64, 2076.11 and 1734.50 litres, respectively. The
proportion of fixed cost, recurring cost on feeding, labour and health coverage
and electricity charges were 12.80 (Rs. 17 620.74), 74.67 (Rs. 102 762.80),
11.16 (Rs. 15 358.91) and 1.57% (Rs. 2162.35) of the total expenditure (Rs.
137 613.30) of every dairy farmer. The amount of income through sale of
milk, calves and dung were 93.04 (Rs. 138 319.80), 1.67 (Rs. 2490.00) and
5.27% (Rs. 7843.17), respectively. Thus, a net profit per dairy farmer was Rs.
11 039.67 (8.02% of total expenditure) in the area. The average cost of
production of one litre milk was Rs. 7.77, 8.30, 8.36 and 7.26 and the average
sale price was Rs. 8.60, 8.36, 8.46 and 7.50 thus, resulting in 11.54, 0.72, 0.95
and 3.30% profit over cost of milk production by very small, small, medium
and large dairy farmers, respectively, in the eastern part of Delhi.
792
Specialization: Economics
Subject: Resurrection of Indian buffalo to the centre stage of importance.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin. 2000; 19(1): 3-6 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rao, Y.A; Srikanth,Y
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The economic aspects of the performance traits of various breeds of buffaloes
in India, such as Murrah, Nili-Ravi, Surti, Bhadawari, Mehasana, Jafarabadi,
Nagpuri, Marathwada and Berari, are reviewed. Data on age at first calving,
yield and length of lactation, dry period and inter-calving interval, spanning 27
years (1956-83), are included.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: Livestock farming structure in Tamil Nadu state.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Cheiron. 1999; 28(4): 96-101 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Arunachalam, S; Thiagarajan, M
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
For the purpose of determining the status of livestock farming in Tamil Nadu,
India, the state was divided into five regions (north, south, west, high rainfall,
and cauvery delta areas) and 60 farmers from each region were interviewed.
Farmers were divided into three categories (small, medium, and large) based
on their livestock holding size and the mean land size was 2.08+or-0.24,
5.6+or-31.43 and 10.09+or-0.57 acres respectively in the three groups. Land
holding size had a significant (P<less or =>0.01) and positive relationship with
livestock numbers. Cow, buffalo, work bullock, sheep, goat, pig and poultry
were the seven species/classes of animals maintained, and they were found
either as single species, or in various combinations, totalling 52 farming
structures. The association of land holding size with species of livestock
maintained was also significant (P<less or =>0.05).
Specialization: Economics
Subject: Factors determining mastitis losses - the results from a regression
analysis.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Cheiron. 2000; 29(5/6): 131-133 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Thirunavukkarasu, M; Prabaharan, R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The data collected from 301 dairy cattle belonging to 5
Government/University farms and 25 private dairy farms in India, over a
period of 2 years (1993-94 and 1994-95), were used to analyze the factors
793
determining economic losses due to mastitis in dairy farms. A mastitic cow
was found to lose Rs.536.25 per affected lactation, while a mastitic buffalo
was found to lose less (Rs.404.74). Of the total loss in an affected animal,
67.36 and 72.00% was due to production losses alone, in cows and buffaloes,
respectively. The linear regression analysis implied that 85% of the variation
in economic losses per mastitic lactation could be explained by the chosen
independent variables. The estimated regression coefficients of all the
variables included were found to be significant (P<0.01). Number of quarters
affected appeared to be the best predictor of the economic losses in mastitis
among the variables included.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: Pattern and factors affecting livestock population in arid zone of
Rajasthan.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Current Agriculture. 2003; 27(1/2): 27-33 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Gajja, B.L
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
In this paper, an attempt has been made to document the pattern and factors
affecting the livestock population in arid zone of Rajasthan, India. The
secondary data of livestock population pertaining to 1962, 1966, 1972, 1977,
1982, 1988, 1992 and 1997 were collected. For estimation of availability of
fodders, crop production, fallow land, culturable waste, forest area etc., were
collected for the year 1996-97. The fodder requirement and nutrient cake were
also estimated. Results showed that buffalo population has increased in terms
of percent and absolute term. The percent contribution of cattle population has
decreased sharply. The major deficiency of fodder availability was seen in
ovine livestock population. The factors responsible for increase in buffalo
population was cropping intensity and rural population density while same
factors were responsible for decrease in cattle and ovine population.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: Virtual water trade in dairy economy - irrigation water
productivity in Gujarat.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Economic and Political Weekly. 2004; 39(31): 3492-3497 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Singh, O.P; Amrita Sharma; Rahul Singh; Tushaar Shah
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This paper quantifies the total irrigation water used for crop and dairy
production in different regions of Gujarat, India, and disaggregates water use
in dairy production for buffalo, crossbred cows and indigenous cows. It also
estimates the irrigation water productivity of crop and dairy production both in
agronomic and economic terms. Finally, it quantifies the "virtual water trade"
through trading of milk in different regions of Gujarat. The estimates show
that north Gujarat, which is 'absolute water scarce', is exporting a net volume
794
of about 2116.05 mcm of virtual water annually through the dairy business.
The virtual water import in the form of feed and fodder is one of the options to
reduce the pressure on irrigation water in water-scarce north Gujarat and the
Saurashtra region.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: Income and employment potential of different farming systems.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Haryana Agricultural University Journal of Research. 1999;
29(3/4): 143-145 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rajender Singh; Narinder Singh; Phogat, S.B; Sharma, U.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A study was conducted on 240 farmers in the Rohtak, Hisar and Bhiwani
districts in Haryana, India [date not given] which represented zones of
different crop rotations (wheat-sugarcane, wheat-cotton and gram-bajra,
respectively). The expenditure and income averages from a lactating buffalo
and crops for one year were calculated. Employment potentials of each zone
were computed based on the averages of man-days, bullock -days and tractorhours required for crop production and on the average man-days for rearing a
lactating buffalo, under different farming systems. Maximum returns of Rs 12
593, Rs 6746 and Rs 2317 were obtained from one hectare with a buffalo in
Rohtak, Hisar and Bhiwani, respectively. The highest net return from Rohtak
was attributed to the existence of a better soil fertility type and of irrigation
facilities, coupled with better management of feeding, breeding, housing
practices and disease control measures compared to that of Hisar and Bhiwani
zones. In terms of total man-days, Rohtak also had the highest employment
potential, followed by Hisar and Bhiwani. The employment potential, under
conditions of mixed farming, was predominantly from livestock rather than
crop production.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: A case study of buffalo recording systems under the Dairy Cooperative organisations in India.
Year of publication: 1998
Journal: ICAR Technical Series. 1998; (1): 27-41 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Trivedi, K.R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This paper describes (1) the institutional structural through which the
programme of 'Dairy Herd Improvement Programme Actions' (DIPA), being
carried out by the five District Co-operative Milk Producers' Unions in the
state of Gujarat and (2) delineates the main components of the DIPA
programme including the procedures followed for registration of animals,
distribution and use of semen doses of tested bulls, milk recording,
supervision of milk recordings, and collection and analysis of data. The paper
also gives a brief account of the progress made by these institutions in
795
implementing the DIPA programme in their districts. While describing the
future directions, the paper emphasises the need to bring together institutions
carrying out animal recording and genetic evaluation of animals in the country
and establish uniform standards and procedures for animal recording and
genetic evaluation of animals.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: Seasonwise and sizewise cost structure of common breeds of
Milch buffaloes in Ranga Reddy District of Andhra Pradesh.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Cooperative Review. 2001; 39(2): 114-127 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Prasad, D.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Season-wise, size-wise, and breed-wise (local, graded and Murrah breeds)
variations in cost components of buffalo milk production in Ranga Reddy
district, Andhra Pradesh, India, are discussed, based on data from a
questionnaire survey of 240 buffalo milk producers in the district.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: Buffalo milk production functions for the semi-arid tract (Ranga
Reddy District) of Andhra Pradesh.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Cooperative Review. 2003; 40(3): 166-184 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Prasad, D.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The objectives of this study were: to estimate the resource use efficiency of
three popular breeds of milch buffaloes (murrah, graded and local breeds)
according to herd size; to assess the productive efficiency of milch buffaloes
in terms of nutritive values (DCP and TDN); and to measure the gains in milk
production and efficiency of graded and murrah buffaloes over the local
buffaloes using a dummy variable technique. Data were obtained from 240
buffalo milk producers in Ranga Reddy District, Andhra Pradesh, India. The
estimated milk production function incorporating breed dummies for the
overall situation suggested that the lactation number, quantities of green
fodder and dry fodder as well as labour used should be kept at a higher level
than that of the local buffalo if milk yield of graded and murrah buffaloes are
to be increased.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: Think globally, act locally.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Dairyman. 2000; 52(12): 141-142 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Misra, A.K
Institution:
796
Organization:
Content :
The paper presents the potential of the Indian dairy industry in providing
consumers, especially the domestic market with globally competent milk and
milk products. A brief account of milk production in the local scenario is
given. The re-evaluation and re-engineering of dairy production by producers
are needed to control the domestic market and to sell Indian dairy products in
the global market. The Indian dairy industry's strengths, weaknesses and
opportunities are discussed. Indigenous dairy producers need not clamour for
exports. To compete with international players on the domestic turf, producers
have to build their brands and keep innovating to cater to the changing tastes
of consumers.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: Compatibility of Indian Dairy Industry with global market.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Dairyman. 2000; 52(12): 125-126 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Vyas, B.M
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The SWOT analysis of the Indian dairy sector is presented in the paper. Its
competitiveness with the global market is evaluated. The biggest strength of
the Indian industry lies in its spread since India has the largest cattle
population in the world. Its weakness on the other hand, is the quality of milk
and milk products it produces. The biggest opprtunity for the Indian industry
sector lies in its large and growing domestic market and its geographical
proximity to growing markets like the Gulf and Far East. However, India must
face the potential threats arising out of the continued subsidy to milk
producers and exporters in the developed countries and the irrational and
inconsistent Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures. The preparation of Amul or
buffalo milk made in India, for the global market as well as the way to growth
of the Indian dairy sector are discussed. To be an effective global player,
Indian dairying has to develop competitive international brands.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: Research and product development needs of dairy sector.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Dairyman. 2003; 55(3): 56-62 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Patil, G.R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This article presents the areas that needs research for the development of the
dairy sector in India. The following topics are discussed: improvement in
quality of milk and milk products, increased processing efficiency with a
reduction of environmental impact, development of new value added products,
exploiting advantages associated with processing of buffalo milk, research
support on food law upgrades, and biotechnological applications in food
797
processing.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: Dairy research for achieving excellence in product manufacture
and marketing.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Dairyman. 2004; 56(10): 102-105 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rajorhia, G.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The status of milk production in India is discussed in terms of cattle and
buffalo numbers, product innovation, milk composition and quality, dairy
research, job opportunities in the dairy industry, modernization of indigenous
products, product development, production of nutraceutical and milk products,
herbs and spices in dairy products, technology development for a longer
product shelf life, addition of preservatives and contamination and detection of
pathogens in dairy products.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: Milk production functions for buffaloes in Udham Singh Nagar
District of Uttaranchal.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Indian Dairyman. 2005; 57(3): 49-53 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Bardhan, D; Dabas,Y.P.S; Avadhesh Kumar; Srivastava,
R.S.L
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study examined the input-output relationship and efficiency of resource
use in buffalo milk production in Udham Singh Nagar district of the newly
created State Uttaranchal in India [date not given]. Specific production
functions, which denote technical and mathematical relationships between
inputs and outputs, i.e. how the level of output would vary in response to
changes in the level of inputs used for the study were linear, Cobb-Douglas
and quadratic. Cobb-Douglas production function was found to be the best fit
and hence was used for analysis and interpretation of results. It was shown
that digestible crude protein (DCP) had a positive and significant influence on
milk yield in the winter, summer and rainy seasons. Hygiene index and
veterinary charges also exerted positive and significant impacts on milk
production in the summer and rainy seasons. However, total digestible nutrient
(TDN) and labour charges had negative impacts on milk yield in the rainy and
winter seasons, respectively. Comparison of marginal value product (MVP)
with facto prices revealed underutilization of DCP in the summer and rainy
seasons. On the other hand, TDN was overutilized in the rainy season.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: Problems of buffalo keepers in Etah District of Uttar Pradesh.
Year of publication: 2005
798
Journal: Indian Dairyman. 2005; 57(10): 25-28 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Singh, S.P; Malkhan Singh
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted to determine the breeding, feeding and management
and health problems of buffalo household milk producers in Etah, Uttar
Pradesh, India. A total of 150 milk producers in 10 villages were surveyed in
1995-1996. It was shown that the main breeding problems were a longer
calving interval, lack of knowledge on proper artificial insemination, nonavailability of improved bulls for breeding, lack of pregnancy diagnosis
facilities and high costs of breeding. Feeding problems included lack of
awareness and knowledge on urea treatment of rice and wheat straw and
feeding balanced diets, non-feeding of mineral mixtures and availability of
green fodder. Health and management issues included problems in clean milk
production, calving difficulties, insurance, helminthoses and deworming,
proper treatment of diseases, housing and the lack of veterinarians. The
incidence of these problems was higher in non-members compared to
members of the Brooke Bond Lipton India Ltd. (BBLIL) Dairy Federation,
indicating the positive impact of the Village Dairy Cooperatives (VDC) in the
Etah district.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: Intensification of livestock production in India: patterns, trends
and determinants.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics. 2004; 59(3): 555-565
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Birthal, P.S; Rao, P.P
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This paper studies the patterns and process of intensification of livestock
production in India and examines the role of agro-ecological, demographic,
socio-economic and infrastructural factors in the intensification process. The
study has used district-level time series data on livestock population, land use,
cropping pattern, socio-economic conditions and infrastructure for 16 major
states of India, collected from the database maintained by ICRISAT,
Hyderabad. A multivariate regression analysis was carried out to understand
the role of the factors in the species-specific intensification. The results
showed striking differences in species-specific intensification, being more in
favour of buffalo and goat. It is argued that to keep the process of
intensification going, smallholder livestock production needs policy support in
terms of credit, insurance, technology, extension, markets, etc. There is a need
to check the deterioration of common property resources through policy, legal
and institutional means. Finally, India has a huge livestock population, and
increasing intensification may strain the carrying capacity of the natural
resources. Thus, the future growth in livestock production has to come from
productivity increases rather than through increase in numbers.
799
Specialization: Economics
Subject: An appraisal of buffalo husbandry in central Himalayan region.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2000; 70(3): 327-328 2000
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Mahesh Chander; Dey, A; Sanjay Kumar; Harbola, P.C
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Between 1997 and 1999 questionnaires were sent to farmers in the 11 hill
districts of Uttar Pradesh (India) and in Himachal Pradesh (India). Among
livestock species buffalo were the most preferred species, followed by goats,
local cattle and crossbred cattle. The factors cited for the preference for
buffalo were hardiness, high levels of milk fat, high yields of manure, good
performance in stall-fed systems and absence of a taboo regarding slaughter.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: Smallholder dairy farms in the mixed mountain farming systems:
a case of the Uttaranchal Hills.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2001; 71(10): 975-984 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Vir Singh; Tulachan, P.M; Tej Partap
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This paper attempts to characterize the smallholder dairy farms in typical
crop-livestock mixed mountain farming systems in the hills of Uttaranchal. An
inventory from smallholders in 12 villages selected using the criteria of
location (altitude) and dairy organization (whether Village Dairy Cooperative
or not) in four different Community Development Blocks in the two milk
sheds of Almora and Nainital brings to the fore a clear picture of the dairy
farms. Almost all the smallholder dairy farms practice sedentary management,
in which livestock supplemented with daytime grazing are kept in a village
throughout the year. Dairy-manure with buffalo and dairy-manure-draught
power with cattle are the two main types of dairy farms, with an
overwhelming presence of mixed farms, i.e., involving cattle and buffaloes
throughout the study area. Among cattle, 93% are indigenous. Fresh whole
milk is the most common unprocessed dairy product sold by farmers. Most of
the inputs in smallholder dairy farms are internally mobilized. Common
property resources and cropland are the two sources of livestock feed in the
area. In contrast, most market-oriented dairy farms in the Village Dairy
Cooperatives (VDCs) purchase feed for their dairy animals. An overwhelming
majority of smallholder dairy farms operate under small- and medium-scale
production (45 and 57%, respectively). Only 8% of farms in the sample
villages witnessed a large production scale. Percentage of smallholders
managing medium- and large-scale dairy production is higher in the VDCs
and in the villages located near urban areas, suggesting a little more scope of
higher income through the sale of milk. Many of the specific characteristics of
800
a dairy farm depend upon the location. The fact that the requirement in each
village is far more than the actual availability of fodder reflects the dismal
state of livestock feeding in the area. Average shortage of green fodder is 26%
and that of dry fodder reaches as high as 77%. This situation apparently results
in the poor performance of livestock in the region. Dairying is one of the most
important dimensions of diversified mountain agriculture to reduce risks and
to derive more economic benefits from the limited resource base. Owing to the
CRPs regime in the region, dairying ought to be one of the most potential and
attractive economic activities for the majority of smallholders in the
mountains.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: Dynamics of dairy production in Uttaranchal hills.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2001; 71(11): 1054-1057 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Vir Singh; Tulachan, P.M; Tej Partap
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Analysis of temporal changes in ruminant populations in Uttaranchal Hills
between 1961 and 1999 showed an overall increase of about 15% in total
ruminant population. The most noticeable change over a period of about four
decades was an overwhelming increase in the population of buffaloes (55%)
and goats (50%). A considerable decline in the population of cattle (5%) and
sheep (14%) was another noteworthy change. With the gradual focus on the
dairy sector, milk production in Uttaranchal hills has increased from a mere
419 thousand MT in 1979-80 to about 715 thousand MT in 1999-2000,
recording an impressive rise of 71% over this period. Whereas milk
production from cows increased by only 19%, buffalo milk production
increased by 111% over this period. The milk production increase in
Uttaranchal hills, thus, is largely attributed to the contribution of buffaloes.
Presently, the buffalo population contributes more than 60% to the total milk
production in the region. Milk productivity per animal has increased over a
period of two decades. In the case of cows, it has increased from an average of
1.33 kg/day in 1979-80 to 2.30 kg/day in 1999-2000. An average increase in
milk yield from 2.55 to 3.71 kg/day over the same period was recorded for
buffaloes. Lactation yield increase per cow (73%) was much greater than per
buffalo (45%), and is attributable to the institutional policies and programmes
that focus on cows and not on buffaloes.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: Cost of milk production in the milk shed area of Tamil Nadu.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences (India). (Aug 2003). v. 73(8) p.
920-923. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kumar, B.G.; Pandian, A.S.S.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
801
A study on cost of milk production in the milk shed area of Tamil Nadu was
carried out during 2000. The total cost per indigenous cow per day was Rs.
33.03, total fixed cost and total variable cost accounting for 3.81 and 96.18%
of total cost respectively. A category-wise analysis of farmers revealed that the
total cost decreased with increase in farm size. The total cost per buffalo per
day was Rs. 53.72 and total fixed cost and total variable cost accounted for
4.67 and 95.33% respectively, the total cost per crossbred cow per day was
Rs.72.86,total fixed cost and total variable cost accounted for 7.69 and 92.31%
of total cost respectively. No specific trend was observed as far as the
relationship between the total cost and category of farmers was concerned for
both buffaloes and crossbred cows. The cost of milk production was lower in
crossbred cows followed by buffaloes and indigenous cows.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: Cost of milk production in the milk shed area of Tamil Nadu.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2003; 73(8): 920-923 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kumar, B.G; Pandian, A.S.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A study on cost of milk production in the milk shed area of Tamil Nadu, India
was carried out during 2000. Villapuram district had the highest number of
cattle (n=411 344) and the Salem district had the highest number of buffaloes
(n=284 448). The total cost per indigenous cow per day was Rs 33.03. The
total fixed cost and total variable cost accounted for 3.81 and 96.18% of the
total cost, respectively. A category-wise analysis of farmers revealed that the
total cost decreased with the increase in farm size. The total cost per buffalo
per day was Rs 53.72. The total fixed cost and total variable cost accounted
for 4.67 and 95.33%, respectively. The total cost per crossbred cow per day
was Rs 72.8. The total fixed cost and total variable cost accounted for 7.69 and
92.31% of the total cost, respectively. No specific trend was observed as far as
the relationship between the total cost and category of farmers was concerned
for both buffaloes and crossbred cows. The cost of milk production was lower
in crossbred cows followed by buffaloes and indigenous cows.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: Factors influencing the pricing of spent buffalo.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management. 1999;
15(1): 37-38 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Biradar, S.C; Das,N
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The present study was undertaken to find the effect of breed, age, sex, size and
body condition on the pricing of spent buffaloes. Information on 149 buffaloes
sold at a market near Barelly city (India) between January and March 1997
was analysed. Murrah buffaloes fetched higher prices than animals of other
802
types (P<0.01). Buffaloes more than 8 years old sold for a lower price than
younger animals (P<0.01). A non-significant difference in the price of male
and female buffaloes was observed, with females selling for more than males.
Medium-sized (131-140 cm height at hump) animals sold for higher prices
than large or small animals (P<0.05). Animals with good body condition were
worth more than animals in poorer condition.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: The buffalo farming structure and its income in certain parts of
Tamil Nadu.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Research. 2001; 35(1): 36-39 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Arunachalam, S; Thiagarajan, M
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A survey was conducted among 300 livestock farmers randomly selected from
5 regions of Tamil Nadu, India [date not given]. Personal interviews with the
farmers were conducted with pre-tested questionnaires. The buffalo farming
structure in 23 combinations of the 7 species and classes of livestock were
observed in all the regions. The buffalo and poultry and the buffalo and goat
were the predominant farming structure in north and Cauvery delta regions
and the west and south regions, respectively. However, in high rainfall
regions, the draught bullock and poultry was observed as the predominant
buffalo farming structure. A large number of farmers preferred the 3 types of
buffalo farming structure. It was found that higher mean income per cattle unit
of Rs 3885.50 was obtained by farmers in the west region holding buffalo,
cow, draught bullock, goat and poultry combination. Least income of Rs 1024
was obtained by farmers of the south region holding buffalo and poultry
combination. This suggests that buffalo farming structure brings about varying
levels of income in accordance with the local condition of the farmers.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: Economic feasibility of dairy farms financed by IRDP in
Haryana.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy and Biosciences. 2002; 13(2): 69-76 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Ajmer Singh; Kulwant Singh
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Economic feasibility of the schemes funded under the programme is of
paramount importance as the impact of the programme depends largely upon
their contribution in terms of additional income and employment to help the
poor cross the poverty line. The study was conducted in the Gurgaon district
of Haryana. Buffalo-keeping was most profitable for the landless as personal
care of the animal decreases with increase in holding size because of the
involvement of the farmers in other activities. Also, the scheme was more
remunerative than crossbred cattle. Operating ratio was 0.646 for beneficiaries
803
and 0.491 in the case of non-beneficiaries. The improvement was highest on
landless households. Rate of return on capital was 0.503 for buffalo scheme as
compared to 0.230 for crossbred cattle, which showed that buffalo scheme
contributed more to improve their credit worth.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: Economics of milk production on different herd size groups of
buffalo in Etah District of Uttar Pradesh.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2001; 54(1): 31-35 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Singh, S.P; Malkhan Singh; Singh, K.P
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The economic study of milk production from different herd size groups of
buffaloes was undertaken randomly in selected villages of Nidholikalan
development block of Etah District of Uttar-Pradesh during 1995-96. The milk
producer (Households) of selected villages' were divided into members of
Brooke Bond Lipton India Ltd; (BBLIL) and non-members of BBLIL. The
study revealed that the net income derived from different herd size of
buffaloes was much higher among members than non-members. The overall
net annual income (with family labour) per buffalo was worked out to
Rs.6,124.71 in member class and Rs. 259.05 in non-member class. The annual
income of members of different herd size was higher in comparison to nonmembers. This shows that the BBLIL have positive impact on the income of
beneficiary households.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: Economics of buffalo milk production in West Godavari District
of Andhra Pradesh - a case study.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2003; 56(4): 258-260 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Hymajyothi, S; Reddy, S.U; Raju, V.T
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
An investigation was undertaken in small (1-2, she buffaloes), medium (3-4
buffaloes) and large herd size (5 and above she buffaloes) milk producers in
West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India to examine the economics of
buffalo milk production. Expenditure on fodder and concentrates formed the
major share in the total cost of milk production in all the categories of milk
producers. The average cost of buffalo milk production was Rs.7.95 per litre
for small herd size milk producers, Rs.7.92 per litre for medium herd size milk
producers and Rs. 7.86 for large herd size milk producers. However, net
returns per litre of buffalo milk were found to be highest in the small herd size
milk producers followed by medium and large herd size milk producers.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: Spatial and temporal trends of buffalo population in Andhra
804
Pradesh.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2004; 57(5): 339-341 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Raju, D.T; Prakash, M.G; Rao, S.T.V
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The present investigation was aimed at studying the spatial and temporal
trends in buffalo population in the state of Andhra Pradesh. The compound
growth rates were estimated by semi log method. The growth rates for
different categories of buffaloes in three agro-climatically differing regions i.e.
Telanagana, Rayalaseema, Coastal Andhra of the state and Andhra Pradesh as
a whole were -3.44, -5.62, -4.21 and -3.97 for adult males; 4.8, 1.2, 3.2 and 3.3
for adult females; 5.1, 1.9, 2.5 and 3.8 for young stock and 3.7, 1.1, 1.8 and
2.5 for total buffalo population, respectively. Buffalo population has recorded
a positive growth rate in Telanagana region (3.7). A negative growth rate
among adult males in A.P. was noticed, which is due to the preferential use of
artificial insemination and modernisation of farm operations. The growth of
adult females and young stock is relatively more in Telanagana region. The
densities of buffaloes were 0.296, 0.192. 0.535 and 0.351 for three regions viz.
Telanagana, Rayalaseema, Coastal Andhra and Andhra Pradesh as a whole,
respectively.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: Economics of buffalo milk production in Tarai area of
Uttaranchal.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2005; 58(2): 129-133 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Dwaipayan Bardhan; Srivastava, R.S.L; Dabas, Y.P.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The study was carried out in the Tarai area of the newly created state of
Uttaranchal, India, to analyse the economics of buffalo milk production for
different categories of farmers in different seasons [date not given]. Large
farmers incurred the highest annual expenditures (Rs. 21 054) in maintenance
of their animals. The lowest expenditures were made by the marginal category
of farmers (Rs. 17 071). Net returns over total costs were negative for all the
categories of farmers, except marginal farmers. Average net loss in the study
area was Rs. 795. However, family labour income was positive for all
categories of farmers. These findings indicate that rearing of buffaloes for
milk purpose is a non-remunerative and unprofitable proposition in the study
area. Some policy suggestions are made to overcome some of the constraints
towards profitable milk production.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: The bovine wealth of Haryana - trends and constraints.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2005; 58(1): 1-11 AB:
805
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Pandey, U.K; Goyal, S.K; Mange Ram
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Based on secondary data, the spatio-temporal changes in the compositional
structure, pace of growth, density and contributions of bovines in the state
together with the major constraints posing threat towards their sustainability
were examined. Indigenous cattle, both in milk and dry periods sustained a
declining trend, yet both crossbred cattle and buffaloes in milk and dry periods
had positive growth rates across regions and state. Likewise, although both
indigenous and crossbred bullocks sustained negative growth rates during the
last 2 decades, the buffaloes had positive growth rates. Indeed, density of
milch buffaloes including their young and buffalo bulls predominated across
regions and state. Moreover, the lactating efficiencies of buffaloes were
relatively greater as compared to crossbred and indigenous cattle. Bovines had
a significant contribution in terms of milk, dung, draught power, hides and
skins and bones. Yet, the Haryana state and its regions possessed surplus
bovines, both in 1992 and 2002, as per existing Common Property Resources,
thereby creating an ecological imbalance across regions in the state. A great
majority of adult female bovines were dry and not calved, thereby, posing a
threat towards their sustainability. Both quantitatively and qualitatively, a
large gap also existed in demand for and the availability of feed and fodder
resources in the state.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: Factors of milk production - an economic analysis.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2000; 77(2): 159-160 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rajendran, K; Prabaharan, R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
360 farmers from this region were selected in 1995-96, and categorized as
landless labourers, marginal farmers, small farmers or large farmers. Data
were collected by personal interview on areas such as feed used (green fodder,
dry fodder or concentrates), types of labour used (child, adult, male, female),
number of hours employed, and wages for different categories of labour.
Results are discussed with reference to feed consumption, labour input for
cow vs. buffalo production, and use of hired vs. family labour.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: An analysis on milk production from buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2001; 78(3): 257-259 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Prasad, R.M.V; Rao, G.N; Krishna, V.J
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
806
A study was conducted to determine the milk production of 100 milk
producers owning 5 or more female buffaloes in Hyderabad, India. Each milk
producers produced an average of 93.1 kg of milk/day and was sold on retail
basis directly to the consumers. 21.62 buffalo milk came from the 100 milk
producers. The total adult female buffaloes in milk was 75.8% while 24.2%
were dry during the study.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: The poultry farming structure and its income in certain parts of
Tamil Nadu.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2004; 81(2): 176-178 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Arunachalam, S; Thiagarajan, M; Ramesh, V
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted to find out the poultry farming structure and its
income of 300 livestock farmers, randomly selected from five regions of
Tamil Nadu, India. The poultry, work bullock and buffalo were the
predominant farming structure in high rainfall region. A large numbers of
farmers preferred three species, which includes poultry, cow and work
bullock.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: Dairy industry in India.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Industria-del-Latte. 2000; 36(3/4): 45-54 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Emaldi, G.C
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
In 1999-2000, cow and buffalo milk production in India was 36.0 and 41.5
million tonnes, respectively, and the average daily milk production per head of
population was 270 g (>400 g in northern India vs. <100 g in southern India).
In 1998-99, the amount of butter, ghee and powdered milk produced was 26
000, 48 000 and 222 000 tonnes, respectively. Data for annual production,
import and export of various milk products between 1971 and 1997, and for
the increase in the numbers of livestock, camels and fowls between 1989 and
1997 were tabulated. Details are given of the production of mozzarella, feta,
provolone, cheddar, emmental and cottage cheese.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: The market for milk and cheese products in India.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Latte. 2000; 25(10): 60-64 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Stella, E
Institution:
Organization:
807
Content :
Although India has recently become the top milk producer in the world with
an annual production of 79 million tonnes, representing 14% of world
production, the Indian daily per capita milk consumption of 215 g does not
meet the World Health Organization recommendation of 285 g. There are 70
million dairy farmers, who are the owners of around 100 million dairy females
(60% dairy cows and 40% buffaloes), and most of these producers retain 25%
of their milk for family consumption and sell the remainder to local
distributors or co-operatives. Details are given of the manufacture of some
traditional Indian milk products, including rennet, ghee, khoa, chhana and
paneer, and of the marketing and distribution of milk products in India.
Possibilities of future reductions in duty for imported milk products (presently
44%), which would facilitate exports from other countries, are considered.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: Livestock production profile in Tehsil Rawalakot, district
Poonch, Azad Jammu and Kashmir.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: JAPS, Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 1999; 9(1): 15-16
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Khan, M.S; Arshad Iqbal; Abdullah, M; Gulraiz Ahmad
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
An overview is given of livestock production profile through a pre-tested
questionnaire among 150 farmers in Tehsil Rawalakot, District Poonch, Azad
Jammu and Kashmir. Average milk yield from buffaloes and cattle was 4.36
and 2.95 litres/head per day respectively. Average age at first calving for cattle
and buffaloes was 1335+or-13.57 and 1634+or-5.62 days respectively.
Corresponding average lactation duration was 347+or-7.33 and 448+or-1.09
days, and average dry period was 195+or-6.48 and 176+or-2.28 days.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: Impact of dairy co-operatives on the rural economy in Nalanda
district.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Journal of Dairying, Foods and Home Sciences. 1999; 18(2): 92-97
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Ranjit Kumar; Sharma, A.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The study revealed higher productivity of milch animals (local cows and
buffaloes) for households within the cooperative programme (5.75 and 4.75
litres/day for buffaloes and local cows, respectively, compared with 3.70 and
2.79 litres in the households not covered by the programme). Dairy enterprise
contribution to total family income was 28 and 20% for beneficiary and nonbeneficiary households, respectively. The dairy enterprise provided an
employment of about 217 and 210 days per year for family members of
808
beneficiary and non-beneficiary households, respectively. It is concluded that
the rural dairy cooperative society has been successful in improving the socioeconomic conditions of milk producer households, especially the weaker
households.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: Resource use, productivity and efficiency in dairy business in
Beed District of Marathwada Region.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Journal of Soils and Crops. 2005; 15(2): 378-384 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Shinde, A.N; Yadav, M.U; Nagure, D.V; Solanke, A.S;
Phuke, K.D; Pawar, B.R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The study on economics of milk production and its marketing was conducted
in Beed district of Marathawada region to know the resource, productivity and
efficiency in dairy business. Multistage sampling design was used for the
selection of districts, tahsils, villages and dairy owners. Tabular analysis and
log linear multiple regression analysis were used to analyse the data in order to
achieve the solution for the objectives in the study. The study revealed that
utilization of hired human labour and family labour/milch/buffalo/annum were
highest in medium and large dairy herds, respectively. Milk
yield/buffalo/annum was the highest in small buffalo dairy herd. Milk
yield/cow/annum was highest in small crossbred cow dairy herd. The
requirements of dry fodder and concentrate/milch/cow/annum decreased with
increasing herd size. The regression coefficient of buffalo dairy herd was
highly significant. Highly significant F value indicated that each variable on
its own was not very important, but together they were a significant part of
variation in buffalo milk production. In crossbred cow dairy herd, regression
coefficients of size of dairy herd and concentrate were highly significant.
MVP (Marginal value of product) of concentrate and green fodder was
positively significant in buffalo dairy herd, whereas MVP of size of dairy herd
and concentrate was highly significant in crossbred cows.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: Livestock resources, potential and constraints in the North
Eastern Hilly (NEH) Region of India.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Livestock International. 2003; 7(5): 15-17 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Das, S.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The northeastern hilly (NEH) region of India is rich in livestock resources.
The number of cattle and pigs per 100 humans is higher in the NEH region
compared to the national level. However, constraints like lack of superior
germplasm in different species and lack of good quality feed ingredients limit
the growth potential of livestock farming. Other problems include the
809
unavailability of diagnostic kits to diagnose diseases immediately,
unavailability of sufficient vaccines against different infectious diseases and
lack of integration and coordination of research institutes, state departments
and agricultural universities. This article addresses these issues. The emphasis
is on cattle, buffalo, goat, sheep, pig, rabbit, poultry, mithun, and yak.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: Dairy husbandry scenario in Udham Singh Nagar District of
Uttaranchal.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Livestock International. 2004; 8(7): 16-22 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Dwaipayan Bardhan; Dabas, Y.P.S; Avadhesh Kumar
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A study was carried out in Rudrapur block of Udham Singh Nagar district of
the newly created state of Uttaranchal to ascertain the dairy husbandry
scenario with respect to the farmers who rear dairy animals as a supplementary
source of income. It was observed that the level of education increased with
the increase in land holdings. Landless farmers were mostly found to rear
dairy animals as the main source of income. On an average, for all categories
of farmers, the number of dairy animals per household was found to be 2.31.
The green fodder given to the animals in the study area were found to be
berseem and agola (sugarcane tops) in the winter season; maize, grasses and
jowar in the summer season; and jowar and grasses in the rainy season. Milk
production was largely found to be unprofitable, the major reason being nonremunerative price paid by the dairy cooperatives. Major constraints in rearing
dairy animals were ascertained and are discussed here along with some
recommendations.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: Diversification and livelihood options: a study of two villages in
Andhra Pradesh, India - 1975-2001.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: ODI Working Paper. 2002; (178): vi + 48 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Deb, U.K; Rao, G.D.N; Rao, Y.M; Slater,R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This paper reports on the diversification of rural livelihoods using the findings
from a re-survey in 2001 (involving 121 households) and longitudinal panel
survey carried out in the villages of Aurepalle and Dokur (involving 40
respondents) in Mahbubnagar District in Andhra Pradesh, India, in 1975 and
1989. Agriculture remains the most important source of livelihood in both
villages, though the relative importance of crop cultivation has decreased, as
has real income from crops. Agriculture has become an increasingly risky
pursuit and households have sought other sources of income, most notably
through migration for agricultural labour in other villages or for wage labour
in urban areas such as Hyderabad. Whilst there are a small number of cases
810
where diversification has enabled households to lift themselves significantly
above the poverty line, the overwhelming experience of diversification is as a
coping strategy. Mahbubnagar District experienced drought in 1997-98 and
between 1999 and 2001. The intervening years were characterized by only
average rainfall. It remains to be seen, therefore, whether the diversification
into nonfarm activities is a short-term response to adverse agricultural terms of
trade and ecological uncertainty brought about as a result of extended drought
or whether diversification represents a long-term move away from agricultural
livelihoods in rural areas that will be sustained. The prospects for a return to
agriculture in the future will be diminished if population density continues to
rise and limited by the gradual erosion of agricultural assets, such as land and
large livestock like cattle and buffalo. The findings from re-survey of two
villages raise important policy challenges for government and other
stakeholders in Mahbubnagar District, in Andhra Pradesh and in the semiarid
tropics of India more generally. Whilst government policy and state
interventions are made along sectoral lines, household livelihoods are highly
diverse. Policy makers need to reflect on the most suitable ways of supporting
this diversity, for example by facilitating access to the assets that people draw
on to diversify or by ensuring that agriculture is less risky and agricultural
assets are not eroded during periods of uncertainty. Only with more
appropriate policies that recognise the importance of diversity will it be
possible for more people to make positive exits from poverty through
diversification.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: The role of cooperative union in dairy development, 1: A case of
Sumul in India.
Year of publication: 1997
Journal: Vocational Agriculture (Japan). (Mar 1997). v. 44(2) p. 1-14. Ja
(Japanese) AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kubota,Y.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This paper intends to make clear the role of cooperative union in dairy
development in India. The well-known functions of the union of cooperative
are complementary ones of primary cooperatives. Basically the function of the
union of dairy cooperatives are same in another agricultural cooperative union.
They have to fulfill the function which primary cooperatives can not perform
the business by their own ability. The union has many business for his
members. They are procurement of milk, transport the milk from primary
cooperatives to their own dairy plant, pasteurizing, processing, packing the
milk to pouches and transport it to retail outlets. Besides they have to do the
business such as veterinary services, artificial inseminations. In tropical
country such as India, they have to deliver the perishable foods by cold chain
system. Though they with to have chilling facilities, they have not enough
money to set up such plants. In 1970's India started Operation Flood Program
all over the countries. This has contributed tremendously dairy development in
India. Though there are any tasks which have to overcome. Firstly they have
too increase the milk yield of cattle. Milk yield per one cow is only 596 l,
811
buffalo is 1,012 l. On the average dairy farmers breed 2.5 castles and milk
only one cattle, 0.5 cow and 0.5 buffalo. This low productivity mainly comes
from the fact that they breed many inefficient male cows and buffaloes.
Secondly they have to alternate from those bovines to tractors or small type
handtractors. They have also to organize cooperatives such as machine using
cooperatives and pasture land using ones.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: Agricultural infrastructure and Hamlet dairy cooperatives: A
case of Dahigaon village in Malshras Taluks [Maharashtra, India].
Year of publication: 1998
Journal: Vocational Agriculture (Japan). (Sep 1998). v. 46(1) p. 41-47. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kubota,Y.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This paper intends to clarify the tasks of Hamlet Dairy Cooperatives for the
rural development in India. Normally there is one dairy cooperative in rural
village. In case of huge village with several thousands households it has
pluralprimary cooperatives in command area. Only one hamlet dairy
cooperative can not carry out agricultural and economical practices for dairy
farmers appropriately. Primary hamlet cooperatives have to coordinate with
another one for more rural development. But they can not exhibit leadership
among them. Taluka Milk Producers' Cooperative Union conducts a role of
coordinator between hamlet cooperatives. For the more development of rural
economy it has to promote dairy business. The tasks of taluka union are
following, 1) to procure more quantities of milk, 2) to introduce improved
high quality cows and buffaloes instead of indigenous ones, 3) to provide
cattle feed and nutritious fodder made by taluka union to members, 4) to
provide veterinary services such as artificial inseminations and extension
services. From findings of rural survey held in 1997, it was shown that hamlet
dairy farmers had achieved high productivities for milk production. Indeed by
the introducing of improved cows and buffaloes they had proved high
production. The milk yield of a cow is 1,920 kg and buffalo is 1,827kg for a
year. This level was a targeted line of Indian dairy described by Dr. A.K.
Banerjee in 1991. In case of Dahigaon village this is not any myth but is.
Specialization: Economics
Subject: Comparative advantage and competitiveness of the Indian Milk
Sector.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Working Paper Institute of Rural Management Anand. 2000;
(142): 36 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rakesh Saxena
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The main objectives of the study are to examine the comparative cost of milk
production across different milch species, namely, indigenous cows, crossbred
812
cows and buffaloes, to examine the comparative cost of milk production
across different regions (Haryana, Gujarat, Kerala and Orissa) of India and to
examine the comparative advantage and competitiveness of the milk sector.
For the study two districts were selected from each state and five villages
randomly from each district; 16 households were interviewed in each sample
villages. Data were collected on milk production for the monsoon, summer
and winter seasons of 1995-96. The study shows that per litre cost of milk
production was (lowest) in Haryana and Orissa, (highest) in Kerala and
moderate in Gujarat. Buffalo milk had higher private profitability and
comparative advantage as compared to cow milk. Between crossbred and
indigenous cows, the former had relatively higher private profitability and
comparative advantage. Once the subsidies are reduced under the new GATT
regime and India diversifies its milk products for exports, the competitiveness
and comparative advantage of India's milk and milk products are expected to
improve further.
8. Epidemiology
Specialization: Epidemiology
Subject: Studies on ulcerative mammillitis of buffaloes in Andhra Pradesh
(India).
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin. 2003; 22(4): 80-90 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rao, U.V.N.M; Sreedevi, B; Reddy, T.V
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
In the recent years, a hitherto unknown disease of buffaloes characterized by
an acute inflammation of one or more teats, ulceration, necrosis and sloughing
of the affected teats has been reported in coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh,
India. The mammary gland is apparently free from the lesions, and milk
abnormalities and systemic signs are absent. The onset and chronological
progress of the symptoms noticed in the affected buffaloes are very much
similar to a well-established disease of cows caused by a herpes virus called
bovine ulcerative mammillitis reported in many countries. This study was
conducted to investigate the possible aetiological agent of the disease. A total
of 101 milk samples were collected from the affected buffaloes and were
subjected to physical, chemical and bacteriological tests of mastitis. None of
the samples were found positive, and no pathogenic bacteria or fungi could be
isolated from the suspected samples. The filtered whey separated from the
milk of affected teats was tested by intradermal inoculation into rabbits.
Dermonecrosis could be reproduced in the rabbits at the site of inoculation,
suggesting the infectious nature of the aetiological agent. Virological
investigation of the material showed two light scattering zones in 10-40%
sucrose density gradients. Electron microscopic examination of the purified
material revealed hexagonal enveloped viral particles suggestive of a herpes
virus. Histopathology of the rabbit skin lesions showed marked cellular
813
infiltration, epidermal vesiculation, thinning of stratum corneum, syncytial
aggregation of nuclei in the dermis and Cowdry type A intranuclear inclusions
in the epidermal cells. Hyperimmune serum was raised against the purified
virus in the rabbits. Agar gel precipitation test was performed, and a line of
identity could be observed between the samples. Based on the above findings
and type of lesions observed, the condition was referred to as ulcerative
mammillitis of buffaloes.
Specialization: Epidemiology
Subject: Seroprevalence of chlamydial infections among buffaloes of
Himachal Pradesh, India.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin. 2003; 22(4): 75-77 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Katoch, R.C; Mandeep Sharma; Rajesh Chahota; Prasenjit
Dhar; Chauhan, B.C; Chaman Singh
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Chlamydophila psittaci [Chlamydia psittaci] has public health significance and
has been encountered in a variety of clinical syndromes such as pneumonia,
polyarthritis, keratoconjunctivitis, rhinitis and abortion and in nasal tract of
normal yaks. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and
distribution of chlamydial infections in buffaloes from various regions of
Himachal Pradesh, India. Based on the results of the agar gel precipitation test,
18 out of 207 serum samples (8.7%) harboured Chlamydophila psittaci.
Specialization: Epidemiology
Subject: Prevalence, clinical symptoms and treatment of balantidiosis in
buffaloes.
Year of publication: 1998
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin. 1998; 17(3): 61, 64 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Patil, N.A; Udupa, K.G; Kasaralikar, V.R; Kumar, S.P
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A 17.07% prevalence of balantidiosis was recorded in 82 buffaloes screened
with the history of enteritis. Diarrhoea, dysentry, and reduction in appetite and
milk yield were symptoms observed in affected buffaloes. Oxytetracycline @
5mg per kg body weight parentrally for 3 consecutive days was found 100%
efficacious against balantidiosis in buffaloes.
Specialization: Epidemiology
Subject: Sub-clinical mastitis in an organised buffalo farm.
Year of publication: 1998
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin. 1998; 17(4): 85-87 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Ramachandraiah, K; Kumar, K.M.S; Sreemannarayana, O
Institution:
Organization:
814
Content :
The incidence subclinical mastitis in 85 Murrah buffaloes tested with CMT
and cultural examination was 53%. Incidence was higher in left side quarters.
The percentage of incidence was maximum (48.9%) in single quarters.
Streptococcus spp. had the highest (46.34%) frequency among the isolates of
positive milk samples. Chloramphenicol, furadantin, co-trimaxole,
respectively in degree of sensitivity, were found effective against all the
isolates. Gentamycin was found ineffective in the mixed infections.
Subclinical diseases like mastitis and reproductive inefficiency causes
suboptimal performance without identifiable lesions (Rodastitis and Blood,
1985). Subclinical mastitis is a herd problem and loss due to this is three times
that of clinical forms (Derbyshire, 1961). The subclinical form of mastitis is
recognisable only by laboratory tests as there are no gross inflammatory
changes in the udder (Schalm et al., 1971). Most of the cases of mastitis do not
respond to commonly used antibiotics. Paranjape and Das (1986) concluded
that the commonly used antibiotics like oxytetracycline, penicillin and
streptomycin were not effective; they found the antibiotics effective against
mastitis were gentamycin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin and kanamycin. As
buffaloes are the major source of milk production in India, the present study
was undertaken to find out the causative organisms and their sensitivity to
different antibiotics by testing the milk of buffaloes of an organized farm.
Specialization: Epidemiology
Subject: Bubaline microfilariasis: I. Epizootiological studies.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin. 1999; 18(3): 64-66 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sigraskar, S.U; Choudhuri, P.C; Singari, N.A
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Graded (Murrah crosses) and nondescript buffaloes of both sexes and all age
groups with a history of infection with or treatment for bubaline
microfilariasis from 29 different places in Andhra Pradesh, India were
screened during August 1993 to March 1995. 1051 blood samples were
analysed to determine the relationship of bubaline microfilariasis to month,
season, age, sex, physiological status and breed. Only 36 of the blood samples
were positive for Setaria cervi sheathed microfilariae (3.425%). A higher
disease prevalence was recorded in July (9.302), followed by August (6.000),
September (5.714) and November (4.396%). Season-wise analysis showed
2.591, 5.882 and 2.709% incidence during the summer, monsoon and winter,
respectively. Adult female buffaloes between 6 to 9 years of age were found to
be more susceptible (3.617), followed by those between 3 to 6 (3.474%) and
above 9 years (3.448%) of age, while the least susceptible were those between
3 months and 3 years of age (1.515%). The overall incidence rate for females
was 3.526%; none of the 30 males screened were positive for microfilariasis.
Lactating buffaloes had the highest incidence (3.842%), followed by heifers
(3.571%) and non-lactating (1.149%) animals. 60.60% were in the early
lactation stage while 30.30 and 9.09% were in the mid- and late lactation
stages, respectively. There was a significantly higher incidence in Murrah
crosses (5.686%) compared to nondescript (2.527%) buffaloes.
815
Specialization: Epidemiology
Subject: An outbreak of generalized form of buffalo pox.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin. 1999; 18(1): 3-4 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sreemannarayana, O; Ramachandraiah, K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
An outbreak of a generalized form of buffalo pox was observed in an
organized farm in Andhra Pradesh, India [date not given], affecting a total of
135 buffaloes and causing severe economic loss. 70% of the affected buffalo
cows developed mastitis. The milk yield was reduced by 30%. Four teats of 4
buffalo cows became totally blind. Two buffalo cows became totally blind in
both eyes. Six buffalo cows had severe lesions on the feet, and in two animals,
the hooves became separated. High mortality in young calves was noticed.
There were 4 human cases of the infection wherein 3 milkmen and 1 buffalo
bull attendant experienced fever and hand lesions. Buffalo pox is a contagious
viral disease characterized by typical pox lesions on the skin. Buffalo pox,
although considered to be benign, occurs both in localized and generalized
forms. It is recognized as an important zoonotic disease by FAO/WHO and
lesions occur in human beings on hands. Information in generalized form of
buffalo pox is scanty. Generalized buffalo pox was recorded in Punjab, West
Pakistan and in Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Specialization: Epidemiology
Subject: Some epidemiological observations on haemorrhagic septicaemia
in buffaloes and cattle in Haryana State of India.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2002; 18(2): 273-280 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Jindal,N; Kumar,S; Narang,G; Chaturvedi,G.C; Tomer,P;
Garg,D.N
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Analysis of 26 recorded outbreaks of haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) in
buffalo and cattle in various districts of Haryana, India from July 1995 to June
1999 revealed higher disease prevalence in buffalo than in cattle (23 vs. 1
outbreaks). Two outbreaks were recorded in herds of both cattle and buffalo.
The outbreaks occurred more often during winter than during the rainy and
summer seasons (15, 6 and 5 outbreaks, respectively). The morbidity,
cumulative mortality and case fatality rates were 2.44, 0.68, and 27.75%,
respectively. Mortality was significantly higher in younger animals (less than
2 years of age) than adults. The clinical signs included high temperature (up to
107 degrees F), salivation and respiratory distress with laboured breathing
leading to death. Oedematous swelling of the throat and brisket regions was
observed in some cases. Animals that contracted the disease included those
vaccinated six months earlier with alum-precipitated vaccine (22 outbreaks)
and unvaccinated animals (4 outbreaks). Pasteurella multocida was isolated
816
from all the outbreaks; iatrogenic transmission was observed in 7 outbreaks.
Treatment with enrofloxacin, gentamicin or chloramphenicol and supportive
therapy was successful when instituted at the early stage of the disease.
Specialization: Epidemiology
Subject: Disease prevalence and productivity losses in bovines - a study.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Cheiron. 2002; 31(3/4): 74-77 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Saxena, B.C; Arya, S.R.S; Vijay Bindal
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A total of 360 households in Hissar, India were interviewed for the breed, age
composition, quantum of milk, disease profile and mortality of animals [date
not given]. Death, birth, sales and purchase records of animals were collected
and the animals in the selected households were examined regularly for the
occurrence of diseases. Cause of death and milk production losses were also
obtained. It was shown that reproductive disorders (anoestrus and repeat
breeding) and diarrhoea and rheumatic syndrome were the main diseases for
cattle and buffaloes. Other diseases were pneumonia, gastrointestinal parasite
infections and mastitis (buffaloes only). Buffaloes were more disease-prone
than cattle. Disease prevalence rates (DPR) for anoestrus was 14 and 18% in
cattle and buffaloes, respectively, and repeat breeding was 1-4% for both
species. Milk production losses were lower in pregnant animals for both
species, with slightly higher losses in buffaloes. In cattle, repeat breeding and
anoestrus led to 875 and 660 g losses in daily milk yield, respectively. In
buffaloes, rheumatic syndrome led to 1000 g losses in daily milk yield, while
pregnant buffaloes lost 430 g. Repeat breeding, anoestrus and mastitis
(pregnant buffaloes only) led to 690, 530 and 85 g losses in daily milk yield,
respectively.
Specialization: Epidemiology
Subject: Foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in Haryana during the year
2002.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Haryana Veterinarian. 2003; 42: 15-18 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kakker, N.K; Sharma, R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Epidemiological studies were conducted on foot-and-mouth disease (FMD)
and its virus type distribution in 19 districts of Haryana during the year 2002.
A total of 26 outbreaks were recorded in eight districts and 37 clinical samples
collected from cattle, buffalo and sheep between January and December 2002.
These outbreaks were recorded during January to May, October and
December. All the samples were analysed for FMD virus typing using double
antibody sandwich ELISA. Of the 37 samples, 23 were typed as type 'O' and
10 as type 'A', while four samples could not be typed. FMD virus type 'O' was
the most predominant type, whereas, FMD type 'C' and 'Asia 1 were not
817
recorded.
Specialization: Epidemiology
Subject: Status of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) in Punjab state.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004; 74(3): 264-266 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Aradhana; Sharma, D.R; Dhand, N.K; Singh,J; Gumber,S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A total of 270 serum samples (207 cattle, 59 buffalo and 4 bulls) in India were
studied. Statistically, significant relationship were observed between repeat
breeding and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, and between mastitis. Buffalo
bulls were seronegative for the disease. No difference in the disease
prevalence was observed between age group of <less or =>3 years and > 3
years.
Specialization: Epidemiology
Subject: Epidemiological studies on bovine rotavirus in neonatal
diarrhoeic calves at organized dairy farms in Haryana and adjoining
areas using RNA-PAGE.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2003; 73(6): 623-626 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Dighe, V.D; Grover, Y.P; Pandey, R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The electrophoretic profile of rotavirus in faecal samples collected from
diarrhoeic cow calves and buffalo calves were studied by polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis (PAGE) in Haryana, India from 1997 to 2000. It was shown
that out of 421 samples (232 from cow calves and 189 from buffalo calves)
collected, 39 (16.8%) were positive from cow calves and only 20 (10.6%)
were positive from buffalo calves. The electropherotypic variants observed
over a span of 4 years, 2 in cow calves and 2 in buffalo calves were mainly
gene 4 segment and gene segment 7, 8 or 9 depending upon species are
considered more variable and their resultant protein product is mainly
responsible for production of neutralizing antibodies. Although differences in
electropherotypes do not necessarily mean the emergence of new strains, they
are the best preliminary indicators for making an attempt for such isolations.
Specialization: Epidemiology
Subject: Epidemiology, clinical findings and treatment of ephemeral fever in
buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). [Symposium paper].
Year of publication: 1993
Journal: International Symposium. Beijing (China). Bovine ephemeral fever and related
rhabdoviruses. Canberra, A.C.T. (Australia). 1993. p. 57-58. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Patel, P.R.; Suthar,B.H.; Soni, V.K.; Dangaria, A.M.;
Prajapati, C.B.
818
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The epidemiology, clinical findings and treatment of ephemeral fever is described in buffalo
(Bubalus bubalis) in Gujarat State, India where the disease is now endemic. The occurrence
of the disease has changed from the previous pattern of severe sporadic epidemics, to a slow
moving moderate epidemic, with about 10 percent morbidity, and 1-2 percent mortality. Most
cases occur in the summer and monsoon seasons, with occasional cases during the remainder
of the year. The disease is of considerable economic importance due to a drastic reduction of
up to 70 percent in milk production and the death of a few animals. Factors which appear to
contribute to the disease include; a sudden change of weather; increase in the insect
population; advanced pregnancy; parturition and high milk production. The disease is more
common in well fed, healthy buffaloes. In most cases the disease is subacute. There is a
sudden high temperature, anorexia, a sharp fall in milk production, profound dullness and
depression, shivering, stiffness and lameness in one or more limbs. Clinical signs last for 4-5
days followed by spontaneous recovery. Some cases become complicated and finally die.
Most cases recover spontaneously or with simple treatment. The acute cases respond well to
calcium gluconate, dextrose, vitamins, analgesics and phenylbutazone injections. Good
nursing care helps in early recovery.
Specialization: Epidemiology
Subject: Microbiological and epidemiological studies on brucellosis in an
organized herd and rural cattle and buffaloes of Uttar Pradesh.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Comparative Microbiology, Immunology and
Infectious Diseases. 2002; 23(2): 195-196 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rathore, B.S; Barman, T.K; Singh, K.P; Singh, R; Mehrotra,
M.L
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The present study was undertaken to isolate the causative organisms from
cases of abortions and to detect the presence of antibodies against Brucella
spp. using various serological tests like Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT),
Standard Tube Agglutination Test (STAT) and ELISA, and comparing the
results in organized farms with those of cattle and buffalo populations under
village conditions. A total of 82 samples of aborted fetuses, from 79 cattle and
3 buffaloes, from an organized farm was processed for isolation of Brucella
spp. organisms (1998-2001). A total of 337 serum samples from 167 cattle and
210 buffaloes from 38 villages belonging to 14 districts of Uttar Pradesh,
India, were randomly collected from May 2001 to March 2002. Likewise, 497
serum samples from an organized farm with a high rate of abortion were also
tested. Serum samples were tested using RBPT, STAT and AB-ELISA. Of the
79 samples of aborted fetus from cattle, 32 (40.05%) yielded Brucella spp.
organisms, whereas none of the three samples from buffaloes was found
culture positive for Brucella spp. Out of the 32 isolates, 31 were identified as
B. abortus biotype-1 and one was identified as B. melitensis biotype-1. Out of
the 377 serum samples tested, 20 samples (5.31%) were found positive for
antibodies against Brucella spp. by ELISA. Fifteen samples were from cattle
(8.98%) and five samples were from buffaloes (2.38%). RBPT and STAT
yielded negative results for all the samples. The seroepidemiological picture of
the organized farm was different from that of unorganized village animals,
819
where 32.99% of the cattle population was found positive for Brucella
antibodies by RBPT and STAT compared to 5.31% of the village animals. The
STAT titre ranged from 80-320 IU. Based on these results, it is concluded that
ELISA was comparatively more sensitive than the two other tests. However,
RBPT and STAT are cheaper, easier to perform, more convenient and gave
results comparable to ELISA. The high incidence in organized farms may be
due to the extensive practice of artificial insemination in these farms.
Specialization: Epidemiology
Subject: Seroprevalence of leptospirosis in animals and human beings in
various regions of the country.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Comparative Microbiology, Immunology and
Infectious Diseases. 2003; 24(2): 155-159 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Srivastava, S.K; Kumar, A.A
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The seroprevalence of leptospirosis was investigated in animals and human
beings using sera collected from various states of India during a period of 10
years beginning 1990. Most of the animals were reported to have fever,
jaundice, abortions, repeat breeding and other clinical signs. 4992 sera
collected from domestic animals (4348), wild animals (112) and human beings
(532) were subjected to microscopic agglutination test using a panel of 18
Leptospira interrogans antigens. Of the domestic animals sera tested, 2601
belonged to cattle and 15.8% of these were positive to various Leptospira
serovars. Maximum positivity was detected in sera received from Andhra
Pradesh and Gujarat. 414 buffalo sera from Andhra Pradesh were analysed
and of these only 2.8% were positive, whereas none from Tamil Nadu (19)
was positive. 271 goat, 551 sheep, 756 equine, 204 dog and 166 swine sera
received from various states were tested and 14.3, 15.2, 9.9 and 9.0%,
respectively, were positive. Most of the sheep, dog and swine sera also came
from Andhra Pradesh. Analysis of wild animal sera belonging to sambar deer
(Cervus unicolor), chital deer (C. axis), tigers and elephants (Elephas
maximus) showed that 14 samples (12.5%) were positive. 78 (14.6%) human
sera mostly from to Maharashtra possessed diagnostic antibody levels.
Leptospira interrogans serovars responsible for seropositivity among most of
the animals and man were identified as icterohaemorrhagiae, hardjo, patoc,
australis, canicola, grippotyphosa, pyrogenes, pomona, tarassovi and ballum.
These results indicate a high level of the prevalence of leptospirosis in animals
and man, warranting continuous investigations in order to suggest control
strategies in the future.
Specialization: Epidemiology
Subject: Epizootiology of sarcoptic mange in buffalo calves.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2003; 80(10): 972-974 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Patel, J.S; Patel, P.R; Panchasara, H.H; Brahmaxatri, K.G
Institution:
820
Organization:
Content :
Epizootiological studies on sarcoptic mange in buffalo calves (n=204)
revealed that 60.78% suffered from scabies (India). The overall mortality and
case fatality rate in buffalo calves were 4.41 and 7.26%, respectively.
Incidence was higher (77.01%) in calves below 3 months of age. Difference in
the incidence among male and female calves was non significant. Maximum
incidence was recorded in buffalo calves maintained under pakka housing
system with poor ventilation and hygienic condition. Significantly higher
incidence was observed during winter. Incidence was negatively correlated
with the mean ambient temperature (r=-0.860), mean relative humidity (r=0.638) and rainfall (r=-0.558).
Specialization: Epidemiology
Subject: Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis and paratuberculosis in
Punjab.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2004; 81(11): 1195-1196 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Singh, B.B; Gumber, S; Randhawa, S.S; Aradhana ; Dhand,
N.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A total of 626 animals (251 cows and 376 buffaloes) were tested for
tuberculosis and Johne's disease using single intradermal test. Prevalence of
tuberculosis (9.09%) was found to be significantly higher (P<0.01) than
paratuberculosis (2.71%). Species wise, not much difference was found in the
prevalence of diseases in cattle and buffalo. The prevalence of both diseases
was positively correlated with the age of the animal. TB was significantly
higher (P<0.01) in females (10.76%) than males (1.72%) in both species.
Similarly, the prevalence of JD was higher (P<0.01) in females (3.13) than
males (0.86) of both species. Out of the 17 JD positive animals, acid-fast
bacilli could be demonstrated only on three samples.
Specialization: Epidemiology
Subject: Status of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis in Punjab by bulk
milk analysis.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2004; 81(7): 741-743 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Aradhana; Sharma,D.R; Dhand, N.K; Gumber, S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
During a survey in Punjab state, India, in May 2001-June 2002, a total of 970
bulk milk samples were collected from milk plants in 4 districts, out of which
114 (11.7%) were found positive for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)
by Avidin Biotin milk ELISA. In the second step, 219 pooled milk samples of
cattle (98) and buffalo (121) herds were collected from 20 milk cooperative
societies of the entire state. Overall herd level prevalence of IBR was
821
calculated to be 21.0%. IBR prevalence in cattle herds (41.8%) was
significantly higher than that of buffalo herds (4.13%).
Specialization: Epidemiology
Subject: Serosurveillance of brucellosis in bovine and ovine.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2005; 82(6): 672-673 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Pushpa, R.N.R; Kumari, B.P
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A total of 900 sera samples (627 from buffaloes and 273 from sheep) were
studied (India). Results showed that the positive buffalo sera for brucellosis by
the rose Bengal plate test, standard tube agglutination test, heat inactivation
test, EDTA agglutination test and 2 mercapto ethanol test were 5.58, 5.26,
4.46, 3.92 and 3.48%, respectively. For sheep it was 8.05, 7.69, 6.16, 5.37 and
5.28%, respectively.
Specialization: Epidemiology
Subject: Note on coccidian species of buffalo and cow calves in
Marathwada region.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2000; 77(8): 719-720 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Bharkad, G.P; Deshpande, P.D; Narladkar, B.W
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Faecal samples were collected from buffalo and cow calves in villages in
Marathwada region for a period of one year [date not given]. Four types of
oocysts were observed in buffalo calves, confirmed as Eimeria bareillyi, E.
cylindrica, E. ovinoidalis and E. zuernii. E. bareillyi and E. cylindrica were
predominant n the 61-75 days age group while E. zuernii and E. ovinoidalis
were predominant in the 1-15 days age group. Four species of coccidia were
also detected in cow calves, which were E. bovis, E. zuernii, E. auburnensis
and E. cylindrica. E. bovis was mostly predominant in the 46-60 days age
group.
Specialization: Epidemiology
Subject: Sero-prevalence of brucellosis in bovines of Madhya Pradesh.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2000; 77(7): 571-573 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Mehra, K.N; Dhanesar, N.S; Chaturvedi, V.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Serum samples were collected from 877 cows, 349 heifers, 191 male calves,
70 buffaloes, 70 bulls and 1 buffalo bull from organized farms in Madhya
Pradesh, India [date not given]. The serum samples were tested for antibodies
822
to Brucella abortus using the standard tube agglutination test. The serum
samples were then compared to serum samples of 135 cows, 95 buffaloes, and
1 buffalo bull coming from unorganized farms also in Madhya Pradesh to
determine the magnitude of bovine brucellosis in Satpura and Madhya. The
percent prevalence of brucellosis was higher in organized farms compared
with unorganized farms. The prevalence rate in organized farms was 6.5% in
the total number of 1629 serum samples screened by standard tube
agglutination test. The sero-prevalence in cows, female calves and buffaloes
was 9.6%, 12.6% and 11.4% respectively. However 1.5% male calves and
2.8% bulls were suspected for brucellosis based on agglutination test titre. A
total of 231 serum samples of unorganized farms screened for seropositivity
revealed 5.1% sero-prevalence in animals. The seropositive cows were only
2.2% vs. 9.4% seropositive buffaloes against Brucella. The overall prevalence
was 6.3% irrespective of sex and age.
Specialization: Epidemiology
Subject: Epizootiology of Balantidium coli infection in ruminants.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2005; 82(6): 682-683 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Palanivel, K.M; Thangathurai, R; Nedunchellian, S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
110 dung samples were collected from 2 areas in India. The prevalence rate of
B. coli in cattle and buffaloes were 45.45 and 51.43%, respectively. B. coli
caused severe haemorrhages and digestive disturbances. Milk yield was
drastically reduced. There was an uneventful recovery after 3 to 4 days of
antibiotic treatment.
Specialization: Epidemiology
Subject: Status of mastitis and allied udder problems in buffaloes in
Punjab State.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Intas Polivet. 2004; 5(1): 48-51 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Bansal, B.K; Randhawa, S.S; Shukriti Sharma; Singh, R.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
One of the major disease complex affecting buffaloes in Punjab, India is
mastitis. Mastitis is one of the most prevalent diseases affecting the buffalo
populations in Punjab. The clinical mastitis had a monthly incidence of 1.34 to
7.79% in various dairy farms. The percentage of quarters affected with acute
clinical mastitis varied from 42.11 to 48.71%. The prevalence of subclinical
mastitis varied from 23 to 37% on animal basis and from 11 to 19% on
mammary gland quarter basis. Both forms of mastitis are caused by bacterial
infections (Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp. and Escherichia coli). On the
other hand, the prevalence of udder and teat lesions (8.54%) also seen in
buffaloes are induced by bovine ulceration, mammillitis, thelitis, udder
impetigo, buffalo pox and teat chaps.
823
Specialization: Epidemiology
Subject: Prevalence of bovine and bubaline toxocariosis in Chhattisgarh.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Intas Polivet. 2005; 6(2): 274-277 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sharma, K; Roy, S; Roy, M; Sharma, M
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The prevalence of bovine and bubaline toxocariasis was studied in Drug and
Rajnandgaon districts of Chhattisgarh state, India (October 2002-September
2003). The prevalence of toxocariasis was higher in grazing than stall-fed cow
calves and buffalo calves. Age-wise prevalence showed higher infection in
animals up to one year of age and lower in above six years of age. In grazing
and stall-fed calves, the prevalence was higher in male than female calves.
Indigenous calves were more prone to Toxocara vitulorum infection. The
seasonal prevalence of ascariasis in grazing and stall-fed animals was recorded
in the month of July.
9. Extension
Specialization: Extension
Subject: Technological gap in buffalo rearing practices.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Annals of Agri Bio Research. 2001; 6(2): 177-181 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Naresh-Sharma; Dangi,-K-L; Singh,-S-P
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
120 buffalo keepers (60 tribals and 60 non-tribals) selected randomly from 10
villages of Udaipur district, Rajasthan, India, were interviewed to ascertain
their knowledge level and adoption of improved buffalo rearing practices.
Both non-tribals and tribals had maximum knowledge gap with regard to
health care and hygiene practices (77.09 and 80.36%, respectively). In terms
of adoption gap, milking practices among non-tribals and feeding practices
among tribals exhibited the maximum gap (81.10 and 89.87%, respectively).
Overall, it is indicated that non-tribals have stronger knowledge and higher
adoption as compared to tribals.
Specialization: Extension
Subject: Employment generation for small and marginal farmers through
various farming systems in Haryana.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Haryana Journal of Agronomy. 2004; 20(1/2): 93-95 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Singh, S.N; Singh, K.P; Kadiyan, V.S; Hasija, R.C
824
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Farming systems considered in this study included (1) arable farming without
dairy animals, (2) specialized dairy farming with two dairy animals (1
crossbred cow and 1 buffalo) and (3) mixed farming with two dairy animals (1
crossbred cow and 1 buffalo) on 1.0 acre and 3.0 acre land under canal
irrigated conditions. These farming systems were compared for their
employment potential during the years 1996-97, 1997-98 and 1998-99 at the
agronomy research area of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
(India). The labour utilization in different seasons and for the whole years was
computed from the daily data collected on these units. Under arable farming
on 1.0 acre land, employment varied widely. In this farming system more
human labour was required during the months of October, April and May for
land preparation, sowing, harvesting, threshing and cleaning of grains, etc. In
specialized dairy farming and mixed farming, employment was almost
uniform throughout the year. On 1 acre land, mixed farming generated greater
employment (298 man-days/year) as compared to specialized dairy farming
(295 man-days/year). But these two farming systems generated about 9 times
more employment as compared to arable farming (33 man-days/year). On 3
acre land, mixed farming provided 329 man days per year as compared to
specialized dairy farming (326 man-days/year). In the case of arable farming,
employment generation was only 78 man-days per year. However, arable
farming has also provided seasonal employment to the farmers. Therefore, the
introduction of a suitable farming system comprising of crop production and
animal husbandry should be considered optimum for the employment of extra
family labour throughout the year.
Specialization: Extension
Subject: The effect of communication on the attitudes of farmers towards
artificial insemination.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2002; 79(2): 196-198 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Singh, S.K; Kaul, P.N
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This article reports on the positive changes in the attitude of cattle or buffalo
owners from Mathura district, Uttar Pradesh, India, towards artificial
insemination (AI) after the dissemination and education of the relevance of AI
in the area [date not given]. The dissemination of information was either
through seminars, discussions or radio programmes.
Specialization: Extension
Subject: Study on job performance of the veterinary livestock
development assistants.
Year of publication:
Journal: Journal of Interacademicia. 2004; 8(1): 111-116 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Chauhan, J.P; Das, B.C
825
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The study was conducted in the purposively selected Intensive Cattle
Development Project (ICDP) of Karnal district, Haryana, India, with a sample
size of 100 ICDP units. This study revealed that the education, in-service
training, number of villages under jurisdictional and total cow and buffalo
population were exerting direct as well indirect effect on the overall
performance of Veterinary Livestock Development Assistants (VLDAs) in the
positive direction. In-service training was found to have maximum direct
effect on the overall performance of VLDAs. Since the variable is easily
manipulable, it is suggested that the VLDAs working under ICDP should be
imparted in-service training in different areas of their work to improve their
overall performance.
Specialization: Extension
Subject: Use of Information Technology (IT) tools in livestock research
and development projects.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Livestock International. 2005; 9(12): 17-20 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Karuna Asija; Singh, P.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The importance of information technology, including e-mail, video
conferencing, online discussions, software packages for data analysis,
database management systems, bulletin boards and websites, in formulating
developmental policies and programmes and research projects for cattle,
buffalo, sheep, goat, pig and poultry husbandry, breeding and health in India
are presented.
10. GENETICS, CYTOGENETICS, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Why should we become involved in the State of the World of
Animal Genetic Resources process? A view from Asia.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Animal Genetic Resources Information. 2001; (29): 1-6 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Bhat, P.N
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A discussion on the objectives, plans and strategies of State of the World's
Animal Genetic Resources process is presented. Some of the strategies include
development of Domestic Animal Diversity Information System (DAD-IS) for
member-countries, country reports for better management of animal genetic
resources and regional coordination among members.
826
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: A set of cattle microsatellite DNA markers for genome analysis of
riverine buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Animal Genetics. 2002; 33(2): 149-154 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Navani, N; Jain, P-K; Gupta, S; Sisodia, B.S; Kumar, S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A total of 108 microsatellite primer pairs, originally identified from cattle,
were evaluated for their applicability in buffalo. 81 primer pairs (75%)
amplified discrete products, and of these, 61 pairs (56%) gave polymorphic
band patterns on a panel of 25 buffaloes. The mean number of alleles per
polymorphic marker was 4.50+or-0.20, and the mean heterozygosity per
polymorphic marker was 0.66+or-0.02. Successful genotyping of buffaloes
using cattle specific primers suggests that the latter can be a valuable resource
for genome analysis in bubaline species.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: MHC-DRB exon 2 allele polymorphism in Indian river buffalo
(Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Animal Genetics. 2002; 33(3): 215-219 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: De, S; Singh, R.K; Butchaiah, G
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The polymorphism of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II
DRB gene of riverine buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) was studied. Second exon
sequences from the buffalo DRB locus, homologous to the cattle DRB3 gene,
were amplified and characterized. A combination of single strand
conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and heteroduplex analysis (HA) in a nondenaturing gel was used to identify new DRB second exon sequences. SSCP,
HA and finally sequencing allowed the identification of 22 MHC-DRB exon 2
alleles from 25 unrelated Indian river buffalo. These are the first river buffalo
DRB second exon sequences reported. A high degree of polymorphism in the
sequences encoding the peptide binding regions was observed and some
amino acid substitutions were found unique to the river buffalo.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Growth hormone gene polymorphism and its effect on birth
weight in cattle and buffalo.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2003; 16(4): 494497 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Biswas, T.K; Bhattacharya, T.K; Narayan, A.D; Badola, S;
Pushpendra Kumar; Arjava Sharma
827
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The study was carried out in Sahiwal, Holstein-Friesian, Jersey and crossbred
cattle and Murrah, Bhadwari, Jaffarabadi, Nagpuri and Surti buffaloes
maintained at different organized herds in Uttar Pradesh, India, to work out
the polymorphism at growth hormone locus and study its effect on birth
weight. A 223 bp fragment of the gene was amplified and digested with Alu I
restriction enzyme. Two alleles, L and V with three genotypes LL, LV and
VV were observed in Jersey, Holstein and cross bred cattle. Sahiwal cattle and
buffalo were monomorphic for this locus producing only one genotype LL and
one allele L. The frequency of L allele was comparatively higher in Holstein
and crossbred cattle while in Jersey breed, the frequency of this allele was
intermediate. The effect of genotype on birth weight was significant and LV
genotype had higher birth weight than other genotypes. Hence, LV genotype
in Holstein Friesian favored higher birth weight.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Genetic identity between Bhadawari and Murrah breeds of
Indian buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) using RAPD-PCR.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004; 17(5): 603607 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Saifi, H.W; Bharat Bhushan; Sanjeev Kumar; Pushpendra
Kumar; Patra, B.N; Arjava Sharma
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RAPDPCR) analysis was carried out with a battery of 11 random decamer primers to
study band frequency (BF), genetic identity index (I) and mean average
percentage difference (MAPD) of Bhadawari (n=30) and Murrah (n=30)
breeds of buffalo. The primers OPA04 and BG15 resolved a band of 460 bp
which was present only in Bhadawari breed. Whereas, the primers OPA14,
BG27 and BG28 produced specific fragments of sizes 730 and 1230 bp for the
Murrah breed. The estimate of genetic identity index was highest (0.845) with
the primer OPA01 and lowest (0.479) with the primer BG27. The genetic
identity index pooled over the primers was 0.596+or-0.037 between these two
breeds. The highest MAPD estimate (53.9) between the two breeds was
obtained with the primer BG27 and lowest (14.3) with the primer OPA01. It is
concluded that the genetic identity index between these two breeds calculated
based on BF showed moderate level of genetic identity with the primers
employed. MAPD calculated based on an uncommon bands also demonstrated
lower to medium level of genetic difference between Bhadawari and Murrah
breeds.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Nucleotide sequencing and PCR-RFLP of insulin-like growth
factor binding protein-3 gene in riverine buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2004
828
Journal: Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004; 17(7): 910913 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Padma, B; Pushpendra Kumar; Choudhary, V; Dhara, S.K;
Mishra, A; Bhattacharya, T.K; Bhushan, B; Arjava Sharma
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) gene is a structural
gene associated with growth and development of animals. The present
investigation was carried out to unravel nucleotide sequence and polymerase
chain reaction-restriction fragment polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of the IGFBP3 gene in buffalo. Genomic DNA was isolated from a total of 157 animals
belonging to Murrah, Surti, Jafarabadi and Nagpuri breeds of Indian riverine
buffalo. A 655 bp of IGFBP-3 gene was amplified in all the breeds and
amplicons were digested with Hae III, Taq I and Msp I restriction enzymes.
Digestion with Hae III yielded a single restriction pattern of 8 fragments of
201, 165, 154, 56, 36, 19, 16 and 8 bp in all the animals studied. Similarly Taq
I and Msp I also revealed single restriction pattern yielding fragments of sizes
240 and 415 bp, and 145 and 510 bp, respectively. This shows the nonpolymorphic nature of restriction sites in buffalo. Nucleotide sequencing of
587 bp of IGFBP-3 gene in Murrah buffalo was done and sequence data
submitted to the GenBank database under Accession No. AY304829.
Nucleotide sequencing revealed an addition of 4 bases in the intronic region as
compared to cattle.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Heteromorphism of homologus chromosomes in buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin. 2001; 20(1): 16-17 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Shrikant Joshi; Govindaiah, M.G; Sarkhel, B.C
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Karyotypes of 30 males and 16 females belonging to different breeds of
buffaloes were studied to characterize the heteromorphism among homologues
of the first five pairs of autosomes and the X-chromosome of buffaloes. The
longer homologue of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th pair of autosomes and the
X-chromosome was 5.77+or-0.78%, 5.14+or-0.05%, 6.39+or-0.67%, 6.45+or1.06%, 7.96+or-0.98%, and 7.45+or-0.93% longer than their shorter partners,
respectively. The paired t test revealed significant differences between the
length of homologues for all the pairs of chromosomes studied.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: DNA amplification fingerprinting of cattle and buffalo genome by
RAPD-PCR utilizing arbitrary oligonucleotide primers.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2000; 16(3): 331-339 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Ganai, T.A.S; Singh, R.K; Butchiah, G
829
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
For amplification of genomic DNA of cattle (Bos indicus) and buffalo
(Bubalus bubalis) with short arbitrary oligonucleotide primers, four primers
with the sequence, 5' GTGACGTAGG-3' (G1), 5'-TGCCGAGCTG-3' (G2),
5'-GTGGTGGTGG-3 (G4) and 5'-GCGAGCGTCCC-3' (C7), were screened.
The two primers, C7 and G4, didn't yield any amplification product in PCR
with templates of cattle and buffalo genomic DNA even after changing
reaction conditions indicating that probably the sequences of these two
primers didn't anneal with target DNA. But remaining two primers, G1 and
G2, yielded the amplification product in cattle as well as buffalo genomic
DNA and exhibited highly polymorphic patterns. The average number of
bands/animals observed were 6.00 +or- 0.82, 1.00, 6.40 +or- 0.89 in buffalo
and 6.75 +or- 1.10, 2.33 +or- 0.33, 8.50 +or- 0.71 in cattle, with primers G1,
G2 and G1 + G2, respectively. The band sharing and probability of two
individuals to exhibit identical fingerprints in the buffalo, as compared to
cattle, were considerably low, and the estimates were 0.572 +or- 0.106, 0.514
+or- 0.060; 8.7 x 10-4, 1.85 x 10-4 in buffalo with G1 and G1 + G2 and 0.723
+or- 0.125, 0.788 +or- 0.050, 0.820 +or- 0.036, and 4.3 x 10-3, 3.0 x 10-1 and
2.6 x 10-2 in cattle with primers G1, G2 and G1 + G2, respectively.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Selective restriction fragment amplification (SRFA) as a tool to
study DNA polymorphism in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2001; 17(3): 409-415 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Mukhopadhyaya, P.N; Mehta, H.H; Rathod, R.N
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study reports DNA fingerprinting in buffalo and establishes the
suitability of the Selective Restriction Fragment Amplification (SRFA)
technique for generating consistent, polymorphic DNA profile in this group of
dairy animals. Two buffaloes of non-descript breed formed the source of DNA
for analysis. Genomic DNA of the samples were individually digested with
EcoRI and MseI to check DNA restriction. Total bands observed in animal A
using the 4 set of primer pairs were 73, with mean value of 18.25 and a range
between 11 to 21. The total polymorphic bands observed in the autoradiogram
of animal A were 37. For animal B, the total bands detected were 84, with a
mean value of 21, and a range between 18 to 26. The total polymorphic bands
observed in this sample were 48. The values of non-polymorphic bands were
identical in the 2 animals. Consistent and reproducible fingerprints were
generated following repeated experimentation. This study widens the scope by
implementation of "SRFA" mode of DNA typing technology in these
indigenous domestic dairy animals to generate polymorphism DNA markers
and form a part of the long-term goal of trapping quantitative trait loci through
integration of various techniques in order to further assist enrichment of the
process of marker assisted selection (MAS) in the Indian dairy population.
830
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Kappa-casein genotyping of Indian buffalo breeds using PCRRFLP.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2001; 17(2): 195-202 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Pipalia, D.L; Ladani, D.D; Brahmkshtri, B.P; Rank, D.N;
Joshi, C.G; Vataliya, P.H; Solanki, J.V
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A study was conducted to determine polymorphism at kappa -casein locus of
buffalo. Caseins are milk proteins existing in several molecular forms ( alpha
s1, alpha s2, beta and kappa ) with variant alleles of each. kappa -Casein
variant B is reported to be favourable for milk quality and considered to be
included in breeding strategies of dairy animals. PCR-RFLP is a fast and
efficient method for discrimination between different kappa -casein variants
and is also useful for genotyping bulls. DNA samples from 4 different buffalo
breeds (18 Jafarabadi, 29 Surti, 44 Mehsana and 5 Pandharpuri) were
subjected to PCR amplification using bovine kappa -casein primers and the
PCR product of 379 bp was digested with Hind III and Hinf I. The PCR
products from all the DNA samples showed only 2 bands 225 and 154 bp on
Hind III digestion and only 288 and 91 bp fragments on Hinf I digestion.
Thus, all the animals were genotyped as BB.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Physical mapping of 31 bovine cosmids on river buffalo
chromosomes using fish.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2002; 18(1): 33-47 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Prakash, B; Gustavsson, I; Olsaker, I
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Gene mapping in buffaloes has been slow and confined to few laboratories as
compared to other farm animal species. Introduction of powerful genetic
markers, such as microsatellites, and advances in physical gene mapping
techniques such as synteny mapping and fluorescence in situ hybridization
(FISH) and successful use of clones across related species has, however, given
impetus to the buffalo gene map in recent years. In this study, we describe the
chromosomal localization of 31 cosmid-derived microsatellites on river
buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) chromosomes using FISH. A bovine (Bos taurus)
cosmid library was screened with probes corresponding to the (GT)10
microsatellite motif and the positive clones were mapped by FISH. All the 31
cosmids were physically assigned for the first time on the buffalo map and
yielded specific signal on one of the buffalo chromosomes. The 31 clones
identified loci on 13 of the 26 river buffalo chromosomes accounting for about
60% of the genome. Two or more markers were placed on 8 chromosomes.
The study provides first assignments to the X chromosome.
831
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Bubaline beta -lactoglobulin gene polymorphism: a contrast from
its bovine counterpart.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2003; 19(3): 291-298 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Badola, S; Bhattacharya, T.K; Biswas, T.K; Shivakumar,
B.M; Pushpendra Kumar; Misra, S.S; Arjava Sharma
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A study was conducted on two buffalo breeds (Murrah and Bhadwari) and two
cattle breeds (Jersey and Holstein Friesian) to compare the polymorphism of
beta -lactoglobulin gene between riverine buffalo and cattle. The
polymorphism was identified using PCR-RFLP on a fragment spanning over
104 bases of exon IV and 294 bases of intron IV with Hae III restriction
enzyme. Buffalo beta -lactoglobulin gene showed monomorphism with one
kind of restriction pattern while its cattle counterpart showed polymorphism
with two alleles (A and B) and three genotypes (AA, AB and BB). The
restriction sites of Hae III in buffalo and cattle beta -lactoglobulin gene
differed at the 162nd and 220th position of the fragment where the restriction
site at the 162nd position was absent in buffaloes and the site at the 220th
position was absent in cattle. The nucleotide sequence of bubaline beta lactoglobulin gene fragment was submitted to the EMBL data bank under
accession numbers AJ492505 and AJ492506. Sequence analysis indicated that
both buffalo breeds has more than 99% homology in the beta -lactoglobulin
gene while the similarity of cattle and buffalo gene counterpart was nearly
95%. The phylogenetic tree analysis depicted the relatively higher distance
between cattle and buffalo than between two buffalo breeds.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Karyotyping of Tarai buffalo in comparison with Murrah breed.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2003; 19(2): 197-201 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Chauhan, A.K; Prasad, R.B; Chauhan, R.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The present investigation was carried out on Tarai and Murrah buffaloes of
both sexes (10 each), maintained at the G.B. Pant University of Agriculture
and Technology, Pantnagar and nearby village to determine the karyotype of
chromosomes. Whole blood culture preparation was done to obtain metaphase
spreads. The diploid number of chromosomes in Tarai and Murrah breeds
were found to be 2n=50 (48 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes). The first
four pairs of autosomes were submetacentric, while the fifth pair was nearly
metacentric in Tarai buffaloes. In Murrah buffaloes, the first, second and
fourth pairs were nearly submetacentric and the third and fifth pairs were
nearly metacentric. The relative length of autosomes ranged from 7.84+or0.15 to 1.61+or-0.09% in Tarai and 7.99+or-0.09% to 1.70+or-0.02% in
Murrah buffaloes in descending order. X chromosome was the largest
832
acrocentric in both Tarai and Murrah buffalo. Y chromosome was found to be
smallest in both genetic groups in Tarai (1.49+or-0.08%) and Murrah
(1.41+or-0.02%) breed.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: PCR-RFLP polymorphism at prolactin locus in buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2003; 19(2): 237-242 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Ladani, D.D; Pipalia, D.L; Brahmkshtri, B.P; Rank, D.N;
Joshi, C.G;Vataliya, P.H; Solanki, J.V
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Genomic DNA was extracted from the blood of 21 Jafarabadi, 44 Mehsana
and 29 Surti buffaloes and subjected to polymerase chain reaction-restriction
fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) for polymorphism analysis of
exon 1 of the prolactin (PRL) locus. It was shown that an 857-bp fragment of
the PRL gene was amplified, and was homologous to the cattle PRL gene. A
PRL sequence variation was detected for Jafarabadi compared to Mehsana and
Surti buffaloes.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: A study on status, performance and molecular characterization
of Bhadawari buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2003; 19(1): 71-82 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Pundir, R.K; Navani, N.K; Jain, P.K; Pande, D.P; Kumar, S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The breeding performance of Bhadawari buffaloes in Agra and Etawah
districts of Uttar Pradesh and Bhind and Morena districts of Madhya Pradesh
in India was studied. The survey conducted in the districts gave a very gloomy
picture about the status of the breed. In the surveyed villages, the number of
Bhadawari buffaloes ranged from 2 to 5 animals per village. Calves of the
breed were found to be mostly crossbred, and the population is declining
sharply. The main reason of this decline is the non-availability of Bhadawari
bulls. The performance of the breed was studied by analysing 400 lactation
records from 78 buffaloes maintained at the Bhadawari buffalo breeding farm,
from 1985 to 2000. The average age at first service, age at first calving,
lactation milk yield, lactation length, dry period, gestation period, service
period, inter-calving period, milk yield per day of lactation length and milk
yield per day of calving interval were 1342+or-57 days, 1600+or-51 days,
1068+or-56 kg, 342+or-16 days, 192+or-22 days, 299+or-4 days, 237+or-27
days, 544+or-28 days, 3.27+or-0.24 kg and 2.02+or-0.13 kg, respectively.
Lifetime traits were generated from performance records of 61 buffaloes
which were either dead or auctioned off from the herd. The mean herd life,
total milk production up to 3rd lactation, total days in milk up to 3rd lactation,
percent days dry, percent days open, total days dry and total days open were
833
4376+or-274 days, 2918+or-121 kg, 995+or-26 days, 27.09+or-3.19, 23.9+or3.03, 1144+or-152 days and 1038+or-160 days, respectively. Microsatellite
DNA marker analysis was carried out on 50 Bhadawari buffalo blood samples
using 10 markers for genetic characterization. The number of alleles at
different loci ranged from 3 to 10; heterozygosity ranged from 0.50 to 0.80,
indicating high genetic variability.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Prolactin genotyping of Indian buffalo breeds using PCR-RFLP.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2003; 19(2): 203-208 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Ladani, D.D; Pipalia, D.L; Brahmkshtri, B.P; Rank, D.N;
Joshi, C.G; Vataliya, P.H; Solanki, J.V
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Prolactin plays an important regulatory function in milk production and
reproduction. Prolactin gene was explored in three buffalo breeds by PCRRFLP. Genomic DNA was isolated from blood samples of 21 Jafarabadi, 44
Mehsana and 29 Surti buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) and also from semen
samples of 2 Jafarabadi bulls. A 156 bp PRL gene exon III segment was
amplified by PCR using bovine specific primers. RFLPs in this segment was
studied using Rsa I restriction enzyme. Genotype AA was not detected in any
of the breeds studied. The frequencies of AB and BB genotypes in Jafarabadi,
Mehsana and Surti buffaloes were 0.87 and 0.13; 1.0 and 0.0; and 0.965 and
0.035, respectively. Frequencies of allele A and B were 0.435 and 0.565 in
Jafarabadi, 0.5 each in Mehsana and 0.482 and 0.518 in Surti, respectively.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: RAPD-PCR analysis reveals Murrah and Bhadawari buffaloes
(Bubalus bubalis) specific amplicons.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2003; 19(2): 243-248 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Saifi,H.W; Bharat Bhushan; Sanjeev Kumar; Saxena,V.K;
Kumar, K.G; Pushpendra Kumar; Arjava Sharma; Bisht,G.S; Koul,G.L;
Singh,R.V
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Genomic DNA was isolated from the blood of 30 Murrah and 30 Bhadawari
buffaloes in order to detect genetic similarities and differences between both
breeds. DNA was subjected to random amplified polymorphic DNApolymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) and the genetic distance between
breeds was also determined. It was shown that there was a low genetic
distance (0.088) between both breeds, and that the obtained primers could be
used to characterize Murrah, Bhadawari and other buffalo breeds.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Genetic diversity analysis in Nagpuri vis-a-vis Murrah buffalo
834
using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2004; 20(2): 161-172 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Shende,P.K; Yadav,B.R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Genomic DNA of two indigenous breeds of buffaloes (Nagpuri and Murrah)
was analysed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique
to determine their polymorphism. The genomic DNA was isolated and
evaluated for its concentration and quality. The good quality intact DNA
obtained from 40 animals of each breed was subjected to PCR amplification
using 11 RAPD primers. The information generated from the polymorphic
patterns revealed by all the primers was used to determine band frequency,
band sharing frequency, genetic distance, genetic identity index and mean
average percentage (MAPD) within and between breeds. The average band
sharing frequency within breed was 0.739+or-0.032 in Nagpuri and 0.669+or0.035 in Murrah. Band sharing between breeds was lower (0.490+or-0.062)
than band sharing within breeds. The overall average genetic distance was
0.464+or-0.15 between the two breeds. The genetic identity index was
0.632+or-0.076 between Nagpuri and Murrah buffaloes. The RAPD
fingerprint analysis showed that the average percentage difference (APD)
value varied for each primer and MAPD for these two breeds was found to be
50.97+or-6.15. The differences observed in Nagpuri and Murrah buffalo
breeds confirm the efficiency of RAPD markers in the differentiation of these
breeds at molecular level.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Buffalo insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3)
gene polymorphism and its comparison with cattle.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2004; 20(2): 183-192 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Pushpendra Kumar; Vivek Choudhary; Padma,B; Shukla,A;
Misra,A; Bhattacharya,T.K; Bhushan,B; Arjava Sharma
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A study on two breeds of buffaloes (Murrah and Bhadawari) and one breed of
cattle (Holstein-Friesian) was carried out to compare the polymorphism of
IGFBP-3 gene between buffaloes and cattle. Hae III PCR-RFLP was applied
on a fragment of IGFBP-3 gene spanning over a part of exon 2, complete
intron 2, exon 3 and a part of intron 3. Buffalo IGFBP-3 gene was
monomorphic with respect to Hae III, yielding only one kind of restriction
pattern while its cattle counterpart indicated polymorphism by producing two
alleles. The amplified length of buffalo IGFBP-3 gene was 655 bp in contrast
to 651 bp in cattle using the same set of primers. The restriction sites of Hae
III in buffaloes and cattle were similar but differed in the length of some
fragments due to the addition of few nucleotides in the intronic region of
buffalo IGFBP-3 gene. The nucleotide sequence of IGFBP-3 gene fragment
835
from Murrah and Bhadawari breeds of buffalo and Holstein-Friesian cattle
were sequenced and submitted to the NCBI Genbank (Accession no.
AY304829, AY338972 and AY306011, respectively). Sequence analysis
indicated that the Murrah and Bhadawari breeds of buffalo have more than
99% similarity in IGFBP-3 gene while the homology between IGFBP-3
fragment of buffaloes and cattle was nearly 95%. There was no difference in
the nucleotide sequence of exonic region among these breeds showing highly
conserved nature of the gene. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed relatively
higher genetic distance between cattle and buffaloes as compared to that
between the two breeds of buffaloes.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Genetic distance study between Murrah and South Kanara
buffaloes using random amplified DNA markers.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2004; 20(2): 153-159 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Shashidhara,M.G; Ramesha,K.P; Govindaiah, M.G
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
RAPD analysis was conducted using 19 random decamer oligonucleotide
primers to study the genetic similarities and divergence between South Kanara
and Murrah buffaloes. Only four primers (ILO 1127, ILO 868, BG 86, OPAC
4) produced consistent polymorphic RAPD fingerprints. Primer ILO 868 and
Primer BG 86 produced Murrah breed specific fragments of 110 bp and 638
bp, respectively. Male specific fragment of 236 bp length was produced by
primer ILO 868 in Murrah as well as in South Kanara buffaloes which could
be developed as a marker for sex determination. There was no significant
difference (p<0.05) between the MAPD values observed between the target
breeds.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Bayesian clustering of three buffalo populations of India.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2005; 21(1): 17-26 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Tantia,M.S; Vijh,R.K; Bina Mishra; Bharanikumar,S.T;
Reena Arora
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Microsatellite data was generated using 24 heterologous loci in three buffalo
populations. The data was analysed for structuring the buffalo populations.
Three distinct genetic groups were found. The analysis was carried out for
assignment of individuals to their populations of origin. Three methods viz;
Principal component analysis, inter-individual distances using proportion of
shared alleles and Bayesian analysis were utilized for the purpose. Half of the
individuals of Tarai and Bhadawari populations were found to have varying
proportion of contributions from the populations. The assignment accuracy
was maximum using Bayesian analysis which was further improved when the
836
prior information of sampling was also utilized. The genetic distances were
also estimated between the populations. The genetic distances using number of
repeats ( delta mu )2 and allele sharing was maximum between Bhadawari
and Kerala buffaloes. The population differentiation between Bhadawari and
Kerala buffaloes was significant as estimated by FST and RST estimates.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Physical and microsatellite based characterization of Tarai
buffalo of India.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Buffalo Newsletter. 2003; (19): 12-14 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Arora,R; Lakhchaura,B. D; Prasad,R. B; Chauhan,A; Bais,R.
K. S; Tantia,M. S; Vijh,R. K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was undertaken to generate information on the population status
and breed utility of the Tarai buffalo and management practices of marginal
farmers and those in the Van Gujar community ('Khattas') in Uttaranchal,
India. Also, the within population genetic diversity was determined using
microsatellite markers. For molecular genetic characterization, blood samples
from 40 unrelated buffaloes were collected, and a set of 22 bovine
microsatellite markers were used to study the genetic polymorphism within
the population. These buffaloes are medium-sized animals, greyish brown to
black in colour, with a compact body and strong built. The average height of
the adult Tarai buffalo is 156 cm. The milk yield of these buffaloes average
from 2 to 4 kg/day, with an average lactation yield of 1054 kg. The overall
lactation length is 291 days. The buffaloes are used both for milk and draught
purposes. Marginal farmers rear majority of these buffaloes under low input
based management systems. The animals are housed in well-ventilated sheds
that are mostly of the closed type and form part of their residence. Sanitary
conditions are poor. In the villages, only one to three breeding females are
kept, whereas in the 'Khattas', the herd may be as large as hundreds.
Karyotyping of the Tarai buffalo revealed 50 chromosomes, and that it is of
the riverine type. A set of 22 microsatellite loci was found to be polymorphic
in the Tarai genome. Genotyping of these polymorphic microsatellite loci
revealed alleles ranging from 2 to 7; observed heterozygosity was 0.60.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Satellite-tagged transcribing sequences in Bubalus bubalis
genome undergo programmed modulation in meiocytes: possible
implications for transcriptional inactivation.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: DNA and Cell Biology. 2001; 20(9): 587-593 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Munmun Chattopadhyay; Supriya Gangadharan; Vipra
Kapur; Azfer,M.A; Braham Prakash; Sher Ali
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
837
We cloned and sequenced a 1378 bp BamHI satellite DNA fraction from the
water buffalo Bubalus bubalis and studied its expression in different tissues.
The GC-rich sequences of the resultant contig pDS5 crosshybridize only with
bovine DNA and are not conserved evolutionarily. Typing of buffalo genomic
DNA using pDS5 with several restriction enzymes revealed multilocus
monomorphic bands. Similar typing of cattle, buffalo, goat, sheep and gaur
genomic DNA revealed variations in copy number and allele length giving rise
to species-specific band patterns. Expression study of pDS5 in bubaline
samples by RNA slot-blot, Northern blot and reverse transcription-polymerase
chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed various levels of signal in all the somatic
tissues and germline cells except heart. A GenBank database search revealed
homology of pDS5 sequences in the 5' region from nt 1-1261 with collagen
gene. An AluI typing analysis of DNA from bubaline semen samples showed
consistent loss of two bands. The presence of corresponding bands in somatic
tissues suggests a sequence modulation within the pDS5 array in meiocytes
during spermatogenesis, which is restored in the somatic cells after
fertilization. Modulation of the satellite-tagged transcribing sequence in the
meiocytes may be a mechanism of its inactivation.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Variability of milk fat globule membrane protein gene between
cattle and riverine buffalo.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: DNA Sequence. 2004; 15(5/6): 326-331 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Bhattacharya,T.K; Misra,S-S; Sheikh,F.D; Dayal,S;
Vohra,V; Kumar,P; Arjava Sharma
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A study on butyrophilin (BTN) gene was conducted to detect variability at
nucleotide level between cattle and buffalo. Hae III PCR-RFLP was carried
out in crossbred cattle and it revealed polymorphism at this locus. Three
genotypes namely, AA, BB and AB and two alleles were observed with
frequencies 0.78, 0.17, 0.04 and 0.87, 0.13, respectively. The sequences of
different cattle, buffalo and sheep breeds have been reported in the EMBL
gene bank with accession numbers: AY491468 to AY491475. The
nucleotides, which have been substituted from allele A to B, were found to be
C to G (71st nucleotide), C to T (86th nucleotide), A to T (217th nucleotide),
G to A (258th nucleotide), A to C (371st nucleotide) and C to T (377th
nucleotide). The nucleotide substitution at 71st, 86th and 377th position of the
fragment were expected to be a silent mutation where as nucleotide changes at
217th, 258th and 371st positions were expected to be substituted by lysine
with arginine, valine with isoleucine and leucine with proline in allele B. The
differences of nucleotides and amino acids between cattle, buffalo and sheep
breeds have been revealed and on the basis of nucleotide as well as protein
variability the phylogenetic diagram have been developed indicating closeness
between cattle and buffalo.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Genetic polymorphism of alpha-lactalbumin gene in riverine
838
buffalo.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: DNA Sequence. 2005; 16(3): 173-179 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Dayal,S; Bhattacharya,T.K; Vohra,V; Kumar,P; Sharma,A
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Alpha-lactalbumin (alpha -LA) is a major whey protein found in milk.
Polymorphs of alpha -LA gene are reported to be significantly associated with
milk production and constituent traits. Therefore, the present study was
undertaken to detect polymorphism in alpha -LA at the genic level and to
explore allelic variability at this locus. A total of 196 animals, belonging to
four breeds of riverine buffalo viz. Bhadwari, Mehsana, Surti and Murrah
were included under the present investigation. Two fragments i.e. 133 bp
(Exon 1) and 159 bp (Exon 2) of alpha -LA gene were amplified by
polymerase chain reaction and subsequently, single strand confirmation
polymorphism (SSCP) study was carried out to identify different allelic
pattern and genotypes of the animal included in the study. Both fragment of
alpha -LA gene was found to be polymorphic in all the four breeds of riverine
buffalo. Number of genotypes and allele varied breed to breed for both the
fragments. In case of 133 bp fragment, four alleles A, B, C and D were found
among different breeds of buffalo whereas in 159 bp fragment, five alleles
namely A, B, C, D and E was found in different breeds. Nucleotide sequence
data of different alleles showed the presence of both silent as well as
functional mutation leading to variability in polypeptide chain.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: PstI repeat: a family of short interspersed nucleotide element
(SINE)-like sequences in the genomes of cattle, goat, and buffalo.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Genome. 2002; 45(1): 44-50 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sheikh,F.G; Mukhopadhyay,S.S; Prabhakar Gupta
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The PstI family of elements are short, highly repetitive DNA sequences
interspersed throughout the genome of the Bovidae. We have cloned and
sequenced some members of the PstI family from cattle, goat, and buffalo.
These elements are ~500 bp, have a copy number of 2x105 - 4x105, and
comprise of ~4% of the haploid genome. Studies of nucleotide sequence
homology indicate that the buffalo and goat PstI repeats (type II) are similar
types of short interspersed nucleotide element (SINE) sequences, but the cattle
PstI repeat (type I) is considerably more divergent. Additionally, the goat PstI
sequence showed significant sequence homology with bovine serine tRNA,
and is, therefore, likely derived from serine tRNA. Interestingly, Southern
hybridization suggests that both types of SINEs (I and II) are present in all the
species of Bovidae. Dendrogram analysis indicates that cattle PstI SINE is
similar to bovine Alu-like SINEs. Goat and buffalo SINEs formed a separate
cluster, suggesting that these two types of SINEs evolved separately in the
839
genome of the Bovidae.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Transferrin polymorphism and their correlation with traits of
economic importance in Murrah and Berari buffaloes.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction. 1999; 20(2): 94-96 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Ballewar,V.R.M; Ali, S.Z; Sirothia, A.R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
In the present study 6 transferrin types were found in the decreasing order of
their mobility i.e. TfDD, TfDN, TfDN, TfNN, TfNK and TfKK which were
controlled by 3 codominant alleles, TfD, TfN and TfN. Age at first calving
was non-significantly correlated in both the breeds. Lactation length both in
Murrah and Berari [Nagpuri] buffaloes were positively correlated with
distance of migration. The lactation yield was significantly correlated in Berari
buffaloes. Dry period in Murrah buffaloes was positively significantly
correlated with distance of migration of transferrin but not in Berari buffaloes.
Intercalving period in both the breeds was found to be statistically not
correlated. It is suggested that the selection for faster migration transferrin
types i.e TfDD, TfDN and TfDN with due consideration to standard selection
procedures may improve the lactation in Berari buffalo.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Gene synteny identification by somatic cell hybridization in
Indian river buffalo.
Year of publication: 1998
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 1998; 68(5): 491-493 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Joshi,C.G; Rank, D.N; Thiagarajan,V; Kanakaraj, P; Nainar,
A.M; Krishnan,A .R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted to identify the possible synteny among glucose-6phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) and alpha
-galactosidase ( alpha -GAL) in Indian river buffalo. Synteny identification of
the Indian river buffalo was performed by buffalo x mouse somatic cell
hybrids. G6PD and PGK of mouse origin were electrophoretically faster and
alpha -GAL was slower when compared to buffalo. Concordancy for G6PD,
PGK and alpha -GAL of buffalo origin was 100% and, hence, considered
syntenic in Indian river buffalo.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Polymorphism in exon 2 of the BuLA-DRB3 gene in Indian
buffalo (Bubalus bubalis var. indicus) detected by PCR-RFLP.
Year of publication:
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Science. 2000; 70(2): 221-226 AB:
Country of Origin: India
840
Author’s name: Aravindakshan, T.V; Nainar,A.M; Sivaselvam,S.N
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
PCR primers specific to exon 2 of the bovine lymphocyte antigen (BoLA)DRB3 gene were used successfully to amplify the equivalent region in 34
Murrah and 36 Surti buffaloes selected at random. The 304 bp amplified
product of the DRB3 gene was separately digested with BstYI, HaeIII and
RsaI enzymes. Digestion with BstYI did not reveal any polymorphism and all
animals showed a single restriction pattern, which corresponded exactly to the
BstYI pattern 'b' previously described for cattle. Digestion with HaeIII
resulted in 5 patterns, 4 of which corresponded to the HaeIII patterns
previously reported in cattle. The new HaeIII pattern was observed in both the
breeds of buffaloes studied. The fragment analysis with RsaI revealed 13
different patterns. All of these RsaI patterns corresponded to the RsaI patterns
previously described for cattle. The high degree of similarity in the restriction
fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns of cattle and buffalo observed
in the present study provide evidence for the strong conservation amongst
other bovine species of restriction sites previously reported in cattle.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: A common method for MHC typing of farm animals using PCRRFLP.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences (India). (Jul 2000). v. 70(7) p.
716-717. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rasool,T.J.; Dechamma,H.J.; Sreekumar,E.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Exon-2 of the Dr- B gene in the class-II region of MHC is known to be highly
polymorphic and it forms part of the antigen recognition site. The variations
are confined to certain sequences coding for the antigen recognition site. To
test whether there are any conserved regions also within the sequence, the
technique of polymerase chain reaction was applied to amplify the exon-2
from cattle, buffalo, sheep and ginea pig using a pair of bovine specific
primers. All the animals from different species resulted in a fragment of the
same size showing that, the same pair of primers can be used for MHC typing
of different farm animals using the PCR-RFLP method.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Identification of gtg specific microsatellite dna in river buffalo
(Bubalus bubalis) genome.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences (India). (Apr 2001). v. 71(4)
p.385-387. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: De,Sachinandan; Yadav,B.R.; Singh,R.K
Institution:
Organization:
841
Content :
Genomic library of Murrah buffalo was constructed plasmid pBluescript SK II
(-) vector. The size of the inserts in the recombinant clone ranged from 0.3-1.0
kb. The primary screening of the genomic library was done to identify the
clones carrying insert having (GTG) trinucleotide repeat sequences. Slot blot
hybridization of plasmid minipreps helped in selecting the particular clone
having more repeats in the insert DNA. The Southern hybridization of
linerarized recombinant plasmid DNA could confirm the identify of (GTG) 5
repeats in cloned insert DNA.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: The Eco RI-induced band pattern in buffalo chromosomes.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2001; 71(6): 556-558 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Tomar,S.S; Goswami,S.L
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The longitudinal differentiation of fixed metaphase chromosomes of Murrah
and Nili Ravi breeds of buffalo was studied by digestion with restriction
endonuclease (RE) Eco RI and subsequent staining with Giemsa, employing
four animals of both sex for each breed. All the chromosomes of both breeds
exhibited G-like band pattern. Breed differences could not be detected for
banding pattern. The standardized band pattern on first five autosomes and Xchromosome of buffaloes was prepared. The results suggest that the structural
organization of specific chromosome regions play a primary role in
determining the cytological effect after RE treatment.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Identification of GTG specific microsatellite DNA in river buffalo
(Bubalus bubalis) genome.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2001; 71(4): 385-387 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sachinandan-De; Yadav,B.R; Singh,R.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Genomic library of Murrah buffalo was constructed in plasmid pBluescript
SKII(-) vector. The size of the inserts in the recombinant clone ranged from
0.3-1.0 kb. The primary screening of the genomic library was done to identify
the clones carrying inserts having (GTG) trinucleotide repeat sequences. Slot
blot hybridization of plasmid minipreps helped in selecting the particular
clone having more repeats in the insert DNA. The Southern hybridization of
linearized recombinant plasmid DNA could confirm the identity of (GTG) 5
repeats in cloned insert DNA.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: beta -Lactoglobulin of mithun, (Bos frontalis), can be used as
marker protein.
842
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2002;
72(4): 346-347 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Nath,N.C
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that mithun, (B. frontalis), whey
contained all the protein fractions which were present in zebu and buffalo, viz.
beta -lactoglobulin, alpha -lactalbumin, blood serum albumin and
immunoglobulin. But the beta -lactoglobulin variants were distinct in
electrophoretic behaviour from zebu and buffalo, which could be used in
detecting adulteration of milk of mithun with that of zebu and buffalo, and
vice-versa. It could also be useful in determining the genotype of purebred and
hybrids produced in mithun crossbreeding programme.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Evaluation of heterologous microsatellite markers for genetic
polymorphism and genetic distancing in indigenous buffalo populations.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2003; 73(11): 1247-1255 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Reena Arora; Lakhchaura,B. D; Prasad,R. B; Tantia,M. S;
Uma Sharma; Vijh,R. K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A set of 10 autosomal bovine microsatellite markers was analysed on the
Bhadawari and Tarai buffalo DNA samples using PCR and PAGE. All the
bovine microsatellites used in this study amplified well and were polymorphic
in the 2 buffalo populations. The mean number of alleles detected per locus
was 3.7; this being the average of genetic diversity detected in the populations.
The mean observed heterozygosity was 0.60 and the average expected
heterozygosity across all loci for both populations was 0.54. The PIC values
for various markers ranged from 0.28 to 0.66 suggesting the potential use of
these heterologous microsatellite markers for population genetic studies in
buffalo species. There was no genetic differentiation between the 2
populations and half the loci in both populations were not in Hardy Weinberg
Equilibrium. The values for Nie's standard, Nei's minimum, Roger's, Wright's
and Reynold's genetic distances were 0.1123, 0.0524, 0.1998, 0.2288 and
0.0844, respectively. The genetic distances estimated between individuals
using the allele-sharing method were utilized to construct topology/tree using
UPGMA and NJ algorithm.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: PCR-SSCP typing of MHC in cattle and buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences (India). (Jun 2004). v. 74(6) p.
637-639. AB:
843
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Pipalia,D.L.; Joshi,C.G.; Rank,D.N.; Brahmkshri,B.P.; Solanki,J.V.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
BoLA-DRB3 gene polymorphism was investigated in 2 cattle breeds (Gir and
Kankrej) and 2 buffalo breeds (Jaffrabadi and Mehsani) by PCR single strand
conformation. Genomic DNA was isolated from 42,45,42 and 25 blood
samples collected each from Gir,Kankrej,Jaffrabadi and Mehsani animals
respectively. A 284 bp BoLA-DRB3 exon 2 segment was amplified by heminesting PCR, using the locus specific primers. The PCR products were
subjected to a non-denaturing gel electrophoresis on MDE gel. Out of total 16
SSCP patterns observed, Gir showed 13, Kankrej 10,Jaffrabadi 14 and
Mehsani 4 different patterns.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Estimation of the coefficient of gene replication in an organized
farm of Murrah buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004; 74(12): 1227-1228 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Chadha, K.K; Neel Kant; Dixit, S.P; Tiwana, M.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The calf production records of 482 Murrah buffaloes maintained over a period
of 12 years (1972-1983) in India were studied to estimate the coefficient of
gene replication (CGR). Annual replacement index was obtained on 925
buffalo heifer calvings and 1025 adult buffaloes, which left the herd over 23
years (1974-1996). The average value of CGR based on total calf production
records of 482 buffaloes was 0.45. The CGR values varied from 0.31 to 0.59
over different years. 45% of the buffaloes left no female progenies in the herd,
which could reach the age at first calving. The overall replacement index
(0.85) over 23 years revealed that 85% of total buffaloes could replace
themselves in this herd.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Genetic polymorphism of DRB 3.2 gene in Murrah buffalo
(Bubalus bubalis) by PCR-RFLP.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004;
74(4): 432-434 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sanjeev Singh; Bharat Bhushan; Sanjeev Kumar;
Pushpendra Kumar; Arjava Sharma.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The polymorphism of the DRB 3.2 gene was studied by polymerase chain
reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique in
844
Murrah buffaloes. The genotypes observed were homozygous and
heterozygous. The presence of different patterns suggests that the DRB3 gene
in buffaloes is highly polymorphic. The high degree of polymorphism
observed in this study suggests the possibility of using PCR-RFLP for the
identification of superior haplotypes.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: PCR-SSCP typing of MHC in cattle and buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004;
74(6): 637-639 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Pipalia,D.L; Joshi,C.G; Rank,D.N; Brahmkshtri,B.P;
Solanki, J.V
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
BoLA-DRB3 gene polymorphism was investigated in 2 cattle breeds (Gir and
Kankrej) and 2 buffalo breeds (Jafarabadi and Mehsana) by PCR single strand
conformation. Genomic DNA was isolated from 42, 45, 42 and 25 blood
samples collected from Gir, Kankrej, Jafarabadi and Mehsana animals,
respectively. A 284-bp BoLA-DRB3 exon 2 segment was amplified by heminesting PCR, using the locus specific primers. The PCR products were
subjected to a non-denaturing gel electrophoresis on MDE gel. Out of a total
of 16 SSCP patterns observed, Gir showed 13 different patterns, while
Kankrej showed 10, Jafarabadi 14 and Mehsana 4.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Estimation of genetic distance using allele frequencies at
microsatellite loci in buffalo populations.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2005; 75(3): 282-288 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Vijh,R.K; Bina Mishra; Reena Arora; Uma Sharma;
Tantia,M.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The blood samples from 104 individuals were collected from unrelated
animals belonging to 3 buffalo populations. The populations were Tarai,
Bhadawari and Local populations of Kerala. The DNA was isolated and
microsatellite data on 24 loci was generated. The data was subjected to
analysis for the estimation of genetic distances based on arithmetic and
geometrical considerations viz; Nei's DA, Allele sharing distance Das, Cavalli
Sforza Edward's Chord distance Dc, Prevosti distance Cp and Roger's distance
Dr. The phylogenetic tree/topology was prepared using both NJ and UPGMA
method. The distances utilized for this purpose were population, as well as
inter-individual distances. The genetic distance was least among Tarai and
Bhadawari populations and were closely related and this may be attributed due
to the fact that the two populations are in geographical contiguity. The
845
bootstrap values on loci were 100% giving reliability to the tree.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Comparative evaluation of three buffalo populations using
microsatellite markers.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2005; 75(3): 289-296 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Vijh,R.K; Bina Mishra; Reena Arora; Preeti Chaudhary;
Uma Sharma; Tantia,M S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Data generated on 24 microsatellite loci from 3 buffalo populations viz.
Bhadawari, Tarai and Kerala buffaloes was subjected to analysis for
estimation of genetic distances. The genetic distances calculated were Nei's
minimum, Nei's standard, Latter's Fst, Reynolds' distances (IAM). The genetic
distances based on SMM were also estimated. These were average squared
distance (ASD), delta mu square [( delta mu )2], Shrivers' Dsw and similarity
index (DR). The dendrograms were prepared using both UPGMA and NJ
algorithms. The Tarai and Bhadawari populations were close to one another
and this was expected because of the contiguity of their breeding tract
resulting in increased gene flow. The results of all the genetic distances were
similar except ASD, which is not the right method for closely related
populations of a species. The inter-individual distances were also estimated
and clustering of individuals was done utilizing UPGMA and NJ methods.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Evaluation of buffalo populations for mutation-drift equilibrium.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2005; 75(7): 803-811 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Vijh,R.K; Bina Mishra; Preeti Chaudhary; Riti Singh; Reena
Arora; Tantia,M.S; Kumar,S.T.B
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Data was generated for 24 microsatellites in 3 buffalo populations/breeds such
as Bhadawari (n=40), Tarai (n=40) and local buffaloes (n=24) of Kerala. Both
qualitative, as well as quantitative tests were conducted to evaluate the
population for mutation-drift-equilibrium. The data were analysed for
heterozygosity excess and allelic distribution. Standardized difference test and
Wilcoxon rank test, being parametric, were utilized in all the 3 mutation
models to draw inferences. The TPM showed that Kerala and Tarai buffaloes
experienced population bottlenecks in the last 100-250 generations. The
qualitative (graphical) test, however, did not exhibit a mode shift distortion in
all the 3 population of buffaloes and gave normal L-shaped curves.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Current status of river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) gene map:
comparison with the bovine (Bos taurus) map.
846
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2000; 53(3): 190-199 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Prakash,B
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The status of the river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) gene map upto the end of
December, 1999 is presented. Mapping information is available for a total of
79 loci spread over three fourths of the buffalo genome with an average of
4.65 assignments per mapped chromosome. The 79 loci, composed of 41
coding sequences and 38 anonymous DNA segments (mostly microsatellites)
have been assigned to 16 autosomes and the X-chromosome. No loci have yet
been assigned to 8 autosomes and the Y chromosome. Comparison of the
cattle and river buffalo gene maps confirms their close evolutionary and
genetic relationship and suggests possibility of extrapolating mapping
information from one species to the other. Few ambiguities and discrepancies
between cattle and river buffalo chromosome numbering/homologies are
discussed.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: A simple method for IGFBP 3 gene typing of farm animals using
PCR-RFLP technique.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2003; 56(1): 52-53 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Pushpendra Kumar; Shukla,A; Bhattacharya,T.K;
Bhushan,B; Choudhary,V; Arjava Sharma
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are a family of polypeptides that stimulate
cell growth, metabolism and differentiation. Most of the circulatory IGFs are
found in association with a specific growth hormone-dependent glycoprotein,
designated as insulin like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP 3). The
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was applied to amplify 651 bp
fragment of IGFBP 3 gene from cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat. The amplified
product consists of a part of exon 2, complete intron 2, exon 3 and ends in
intron 3. The digestion of PCR product with Hae III restriction enzyme
revealed a single restriction pattern with 8 fragments of sizes 199, 164, 154,
56, 36, 18, 16 and 8 bp in all the animals studied (excluding exotic cattle) and
was found to be non-polymorphic. This was assigned as AA genotype while
exotic cattle (HF and Jersey) possessed three restriction fragment patterns of
199, 164, 154, 56, 36, 18, 16 and 8 bp (AA genotype): 215, 164, 154, 56, 36,
18, 8 bp (BB genotype) and 215, 199, 164, 154, 56, 36, 18, 16 and 8 bp (AB
genotype) and was found to be polymorphic. All the animals from different
species resulted in an amplified fragment of the same size (651 bp), showing
that the same pair of primers can be used for IGFBP 3 gene typing of different
farm animals using PCR-RFLP technique.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
847
Subject: The ALU I-induced band pattern in cattle and buffalo
chromosomes.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2000; 77(5): 408-411 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Tomar,S.S; Goswami,S.L
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Treatment of cattle and buffalo chromosomes with Alu I revealed a C-like
band pattern. Whereas X-chromosome and few small acrocentrics of cattle
were C-band negative, modified/reduced C-like bands were observed on few
other autosomes. Some buffalo chromosomes also revealed reduced C-like
bands. Conspicuous heterochromatin blocks were present on submetacentric
autosomes of buffaloes. Polymorphic C-like bands were also evident on some
chromosome pairs of these species. The results suggested the heterochromatin
heterogeneity in bovines.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Genetic studies on persistency of milk production in Surti
buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2000; 77(8): 711-712 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Pathodiya,O.P; Jain,L.S; Tailor,S.P; Taparia,A.L
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Data on weekly milk yield up to 30 weeks of 374 Surti buffaloes were
collected at the Livestock Research Station, Vallabhnagar, India to estimate
persistency index of milk production. The duration of 18 years (1977-94) was
grouped into 6 periods, and each year was divided into 3 seasons, summer
(March-June), rainy (July-October) and winter (November-February). The
persistency indices were calculated using 6 methods: PI1, ratio of milk yield
during descending and ascending phase; PI2, rate of increase in weekly milk
yield; PI3, rate of decrease in weekly milk yield; PI4, difference in milk yield
at first 26 weeks and 10 weeks of lactation/milk yield in first 10 weeks of
lactation; PI5, 2nd 14 week yield/1st 14 week yield; and PI6, 4(11-20 weeks
yield/1-10 weeks yield) + 3(21-30 weeks yield/11-20 weeks yield). The
overall least-squares mean for PI1 was 4.06+or-0.32, and the overall average
rate of increase (PI2) was 2.025+or-0.21 kg/week. The increase in milk yield
per week during descending phase (PI3) was 1.07+or-0.04 kg. The leastsquares means for PI4, PI5 and PI6 were 1.23+or-0.02, 0.69+or-0.01 and
0.80+or-0.01, respectively. Period of calving had highly significant (P<0.01)
effect on first lactation persistency for method PI1 and it has significant
(P<0.05) effect on PI3, PI4 and PI5. Persistency values of PI1, PI5 and PI6
were significantly higher in cows calving in the rainy season. Differences
between summer and winter calvers were also significant. The effect of sires
was non-significant on all the 6 persistency indices. Phenotypic relationship
among PI4, PI5 and PI6 were all positive and significant (P<0.01) indicating
that the persistency measured by method PI4, PI5 and PI6 were almost similar
848
in describing the persistency.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: BoLa-DRB3 gene polymorphism in Jafarabadi and Mehsana
buffaloes as revealed by PCR-RFLP.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2002; 79(7): 652-656 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Acharya,C.P; Pipalia, D.L; Rank, D.N; Joshi,C.G;
Brahmkshtri, B.P; Solanki,J.V; Shah,R.R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
BoLA-DRB3 gene polymorphism was investigated in two buffalo breeds,
Jafarabadi and Mehsana, by PCR-RFLP. A 284 bp BoLA-DRB3 exon 2
segment was amplified by hemi-nesting PCR and was digested with Hae III
and Rsa I. Digestion with Hae III resulted in four RFLP patterns a, b, d and e
in seven different combinations in Jafarabadi and four RFLP patterns a, b, d
and e in nine different combinations in Mehsana. Pattern a and b were found
to be more frequent in both breeds, while Rsa I restriction patterns were more
complex. The fragment interpretation revealed 10 different restriction patterns
with 15 combination in Jafarabadi and 7 different restriction patterns in 12
combinations in Mehsana. The results suggest a very high level of
polymorphism in BoLA-DRB3 gene segment.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Genetic analysis of Kalahandi buffaloes of Orissa.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2005; 82(2): 158-160 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Dash, S.K; Patro,B.N; Rao,P.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was carried out on 280 Kalahandi buffaloes belonging to farmers.
The mean height at withers of male and female Kalahandi buffaloes was found
to be 121.61+or-0.52 and 118.53+or-0.31 cm, respectively. The average body
length of male and female Kalahandi buffaloes was found to be 121.55+or0.65 and 116.51+or-0.40 cm, respectively. Inheritance of the major
conformation and economic traits in Kalahandi buffaloes indicated that these
traits can be improved through individual selection. This biodiversity in
buffalo germplasm and its uniqueness should be preserved, maintained and
improved for the benefit of the economically backward people of the district.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Karotyping of swamp buffaloes of Assam.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal (India). (Jun 2000). v. 77(6) p.499-500.
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Das,D.; Gogoi,P.K.
849
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The indigenous buffaloes of Assam are basically Swamp type. No study has so
far been made to ascertain the number of chromosomes in these buffaloes. The
crossbreds of Riverine buffaloes where chromosome number is 2n=50 adn
swamp (2n=48) buffaloes reported to have exhibited reproductive disturbances
which are more pronounced in males. As the hybrid females reported to be
less affected in their fertility, hybridization can be carried out be carefully
designing the breeding programme and exploiting the males for draught or
meat purpose. A study was made for karyotyping of chromosomes of Swamp
buffaloes of Assam to ascertain their chromosomes numbers for its possible
implication in formulating the buffalo breeding policy.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Genetic diversity analysis of two buffalo populations of northern
India using microsatellite markers.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics. 2004; 121(2): 111-118
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Arora, R; Lakhchaura,B.D; Prasad, R.B; Tantia, M.S;
Vijh,R.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The genetic diversity in two buffalo populations of northern India, the
Bhadawari and the Tarai was assessed using a set of 22 heterologous (bovine)
microsatellite markers. The average number of alleles across all loci in both
populations was found to be 4.7, indicating that this set of 22 bovine
microsatellite markers could be used to study genetic variation in buffalo
species also. The overall polymorphic information content (PIC) value for
these markers was 0.54. The average observed and expected heterozygosities
for both populations were 0.59 and 0.64, respectively. Common alleles with
varying allele frequencies in both populations also represented the genetic
variability existing between Bhadawari and Tarai buffaloes. However the theta
estimates for population differentiation indicated low levels of differentiation
between the two populations. This was further supported by the low genetic
distance (0.155) between Bhadawari and Tarai, which was calculated using
Nei's standard genetic distance method. The present study on Bhadawari and
Tarai populations represents a much-needed preliminary effort that could be
extended to other local buffalo populations of India as well.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Partial genomic sequence of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) ITGB2
gene.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Journal of Applied Animal Research. 2005; 28(1): 41-43 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Niranjan, S.K; Deb,S.M; Abhijit Mitra; Deepak Sharma;
Ajay Sharma; Arjava Sharma
850
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A fragment of 367 bp corresponding to parts of fifth and sixth exons flanking
intron five of ITGB2 was amplified in river buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). The
Taq I-RFLP analysis showed the absence of BLAD (D128G) allele in the
buffalo population studied. The sequence data of the amplicon, first report on
buffalo ITGB2, was submitted to Genbank. Single nucleotide changes at seven
places in fifth exon of buffalo ITGB2 led to substitution of Val140 and
Asp159 and creation of one Msp I site.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Polymorphism of growth hormone gene and its association with
expected milk production traits in dairy bulls.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Journal of Applied Animal Research. 2005; 27(1): 29-33 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Aruna Pal; Chakravarty,A.K; Bhattacharya,T.K; Arjava
Sharma
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted to determine the polymorphism of growth hormone
gene and its probable association with the expected milk producing ability of
cattle and buffalo expressed in term of expected predicted difference (EPD) of
the dairy bulls. To explore the polymorphism in 4th exon, 4th intron and 5th
exon of growth hormone gene in Karan Fries (KF) cattle (n=26) and Murrah
buffalo (n=23) bulls and its association with expected milk producing ability,
a 428 bp fragment was amplified and digested with Alu I restriction enzyme.
Alleles L and V corresponding to the leucine and valine variant of growth
hormone polypeptide and two genotypes, LL and LV, were identified in Karan
Fries bulls, whereas only LL genotype was observed in Murrah bulls. Karan
Fries bulls with LL genotype were found to have higher (P<=0.01) expected
predicted difference with respect to milk production traits when compared
with the LV heterozygotes.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Estimate of genetic distance between Bhadawari and Murrah
buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) using band sharing frequency.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Journal of Applied Animal Research. 2005;
27(1): 11-15 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Saifi,H.W; Bharat Bhushan; Sanjeev Kumar; Pushpendra
Kumar; Patra,B.N; Arjava Sharma
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
RAPD-PCR analysis was conducted on Bhadawari and Murrah buffalo breeds
using 18 random primers wherein 11 primers yielded distinct RAPD profiles.
851
Primers OPA01, OPG05, OPA14 and BG15 generated relatively higher band
sharing frequency (BSF) which ranged from 0.553 to 1.00 within and between
the two breeds. The average pooled BSF was 0.724+or-0.049 within the
Bhadawari breed, 0.675+or-0.048 within the Murrah breed and 0.566+or0.045 between the two breeds. The primer OPA04 showed the highest (0.720)
genetic distance (D) between the two breeds. The overall genetic distance
(0.219+or-0.071), based on BSF, indicated a lower degree of genetic
divergence between Bhadawari and Murrah. It is concluded that the overall
genetic distance based on BSF indicated a lower degree of genetic divergence
between Bhadawari and Murrah buffaloes.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Cytogenetic studies of chromosome in buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Journal of Interacademicia. 2002; 6(Special): 606-609 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sukanta Roy; Mishra, S.K; Sahoo, A.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A total of 30 buffaloes which included normal (n=5), anoestrus (n=14), repeat
breeders (n=7) and abortion-type (n=4) were used. The metaphase
chromosomes were studied from the lymphocyte culture. To study the
abnormality in chromosome number and morphology, a total of 50 metaphase
chromosome spreads, from 2 slides and from each buffalo, were examined
microscopically. The buffaloes had 2n=50 chromosomes (48 autosomes and 2
sex chromosomes). The autosome pairs (1st to 4th) were submetacentric,
whereas the 5th pair was almost metacentric. The 6th to 24th pair and the sex
chromosomes were found to be acrocentric. The autosomal lengths (1st 24
pair) for normal, anoestrus, repeat breeder and abortion-type buffaloes had
ranges of 1.7897+or-0.23458 to 0.48148+or-0.25752; 1.57830+or-0.05586 to
0.39931+or-0.02285; 1.88398+or-0.11616 to 0.49080+or-0.03181 and
1.94857+or-0.12606 to 0.45605+or-0.10627, respectively. The corresponding
sex chromosome lengths were 1.52706+or-0.25752; 1.36867+or-0.05037;
1.62352+or-0.08993 and 1.67492+or-0.07845. The genomic length for the 4
groups were 24.49832+or-3.66809, 24.90851+or-0.85053, 25.52719+or1.44601 and 24.66952+or-1.43728, respectively. The mean relative
chromosomal lengths for the 4 groups of buffaloes were 0.0411, 0.405, 0.0418
and 0.0440, respectively. The analysis of variance revealed no significant
variation with respect to the lengths of the first 24 pairs of chromosomes and
the sex chromosomes between normal buffaloes and those with reproductive
disorders.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Genetic association with the yield and purity OKF genomic DNA
for buffalo cattle, goat, sheep and pig.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Journal of Interacademicia. 2004; 8(2): 240-243 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Das, P.J; Ghosh, S.K; Dattagupta, R
Institution:
852
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted to estimate the genetic variation between yield and
purity of DNA isolated from blood of buffalo, cattle, goat, sheep and pig.
Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood and was isolated within 4 h
using the salting out procedure. These isolated DNAs were purified by phenol
chloroform and quantified at OD260 and OD280 using UV
spectrophotometer. Statistical analysis revealed a significant variation in the
DNA yield of the different species of animals (P<0.01). The mean ration of
OD260 and OD280 of all animal species was between 1.75 and 1.80 and
confirmed that the DNA isolated from the blood was pure.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Chromosome number and morphology of Purnathadi buffaloes
of Maharashtra - centromeric index.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Livestock International. 2004; 8(2): 5-7 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Fuke,N.H; Sirothia,A.R; Sirothia,K.A; Joshi,D.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Metaphase preparations of phenotypically normal female (n=10) and male
(n=5) buffaloes belonging to the Livestock Instructional Farm in Akola,
Maharashtra, India were obtained for cytogenetic investigation. It was shown
that the diploid chromosome number was 2n=50; 24 pairs were autosomes and
the remaining pair were sex chromosomes. The average centromeric indices
were lower than those reported in Paralakhemundi buffaloes. In conclusion,
the cytogenetic architecture of Purnathadi buffalo is more or less similar to
Berari buffaloes.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Genetic variability of Brazilian buffaloes: from the introduction
to the molecular markers.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Proceedings of the 1st Buffalo Symposium of Americas, Belem,
Para, Brazil, 1-4-September-2002. 2002; 252-263 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Marques, J.R.F; Albuquerque, M.S.M; Egito, A.A; Mariante,
A.S; Costa,M.R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Genetic variability reflects the differences in organisms, which occur due to
variations in the environment and/or alterations in the genotype of the
individuals. The use of molecular markers has contributed a lot to the
development and enhancement of these concepts and also for the verification
of proposed models. It also permits the determination of the genetic value of
an animal, with high precision, even before the expression of its phenotype.
The production of an animal is the result of its genetic value (genotype) with
the characteristics of the environment. The domestic buffaloes in the world are
853
classified, according to many authors, as Bubalus bubalis; it has two
subspecies viz. B. bubalis bubalis (the river buffalo) and B. bubalis kerabao
(the swamp buffalo). In general, the species B. bubalis, known worldwide as
the water buffalo, is described with three subspecies viz. B. bubalis subsp.
bubalis, B. bubalis subsp. kerebao and B. bubalis subsp. fulvus. B. bubalis
subsp. bubalis is the domestic buffalo (karyotype 2=50 chromosomes) which
is also called the river buffalo. Herds from India, Pakistan, China, Turkey and
many European and American countries, even those from Italy, belong to this
subspecies. In Brazil, this subspecies is represented by the breeds Jafarabadi,
Mediterraneo and Murrah. B. bubalis subsp. kerebao, also known as the
swamp buffalo (karyotype 2=48 chromosomes), are chiefly found in Malaysia,
Indonesia, Philippines, Ceylon and Thailand; in Brazil, it is represented by the
breed Carabao. B. bubalis subsp. fulvus, the native buffalo of the northeastern
region of India (specifically in Assam), live generally in the wild or are semidomesticated. It is of a smaller size compared to the other subspecies. Its
colour is brownish or reddish, resembling the Baio type from Brazil. The
Brazilian buffaloes are classified into four breeds, officially known by the
Brazilian Association of Buffalo Breeders (BABB) as Carabao, Jafarabadi,
Mediterraneo and Murrah. The Baio type can be added as another breed, but it
probably belongs to the Murrah group; these buffaloes have slightly increased
in number in different parts of Brazil. At the end of the last century, many
buffalo importations have been made for our country; however, the number of
animals remained small, and were mainly of the Murrah and Jafarabadi
breeds. Molecular markers are very important tools in studying this aspect.
However, there are only few references with molecular markers in buffaloes.
The relevant works in molecular genetics involve interspecies comparison of
morphologic, biochemical and molecular markers, as in the case of the
domestic Buffaloes. Molecular genetics can be used to determine which
crossbreeding will have better responses and which animals inside a herd are
genetically superior. The molecular markers associated with the productive
characteristics are also the most secure indicators for the improvement of
buffalo breeding programmes.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: PCR-RSP study of IL-2 gene in cattle and buffalo.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Genetics Applied to
Livestock Production, Montpellier, France, August, 2002 -Session-9.
2002; 0-3 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Bhattacharya,T.K; Biswas,T.K; Badola,S; Pushpendra
Kumar; Shukla,A; Sharma,A
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The polymorphism study of interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene was performed in cattle
and water buffalo using PCR-RSP technique. The two types of alleles, A and
B was identified of which frequency of A allele was 0.80 in Nimari, 0.65 in
Sahiwal, 0.69 in Jersey, 0.73 in Holstein-Freisian and 0.60 in buffalo. The lack
of association of IL-2 gene with birth weight, first lactation milk yield per day
of lactation length and age at first calving was established.
854
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: Molecular cloning and expression profile analysis of interleukin10 and interleukin-18 cDNA of Indian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2005; 107(3/4):
337-347 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Avinash Premraj; Sreekumar,E; Binita Nautiyal; Rasool,T J
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The cDNAs encoding the interleukin-10 and interleukin-18 of Indian water
buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) were cloned and sequenced. A 537 bp IL-10 cDNA
fragment and a 623 bp IL-18 cDNA fragment were amplified by reverse
transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from concanavalin A
stimulated splenocytes. Sequence analysis of these cytokines revealed high
level conservation at nucleic acid and protein level. Both these cytokines also
showed strict conservation in the predicted secondary structure and critical
amino acid residues compared to the ruminant homologues. Basal level
expression of both IL-10 and IL-18 was observed in liver, lung and spleen.
The expression level of IL-10 was not affected by mitogenic stimulation,
whereas IL-18 was up regulated upon stimulation. The availability of these
cytokine molecules will aid in the study of their role in the immunology and
pathogenesis of infections in water buffalo.
Specialization: Genetics, Cytogenetics, Molecular Biology
Subject: A 1.3 kb satellite DNA from Bubalus bubalis not conserved
evolutionarily is transcribed.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung Section-C, Biosciences. 2004;
59(11/12): 874-879 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sunita Bhatnagar; Anu Bashamboo; Munmun
Chattopadhyay; Supriya Gangadharan; Sher Ali
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A 1.3-kb satellite DNA from a size-defined genomic library of buffaloes
(Bubalus bubalis) was cloned and sequenced. The clone pSB1 is thymine-rich,
with 447 (33.6%), 262 cytosine (19.7%), 240 guanine (19.0%) and 383
thymine (28.8%). There were about 1400 copies of the contig in the bubaline
genome but it did not reveal allele length variation when used as a probe in
conjunction with a number of restriction enzymes. The contig pSB1 was not
conserved evolutionarily and cross hybridized only with the Bovidae. A set of
primers from 5' (nt 422 to 441) and 3' (nt 962 to 947) deduced from the clone
used for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with 4 members of
the Bovidae family gave the expected 530-bp band of equal intensity,
indicating a similar number of copies in all 4 species, namely zebu (Bos
indicus), goat (Capra hircus), sheep (Ovis aries) and buffalo. Expression
studies with pSB1 following slot-blot hybridization with total RNA isolated
855
from the ovary, testes, kidney, lung and spleen revealed varying signal
intensities in all the tissues, with the most prominent signal in the spleen but a
faint one in the ovaries. Further sequence analysis revealed the presence of
several eukaryotic transcriptional elements such as NF-E1, Poly-A signal,
lariat consensus sequences and CTF/NF1 binding sites. BLAST search
showed 90% sequence similarity with the reverse transcriptase gene of cattle
(Bos taurus) and sequences from nt 283 to 636 within the contig showed
highly conserved reverse transcriptase like signatures along with Nglycosylation and protein kinase C phosphorylation sites. In conclusion, the
pSB1 representing satellite DNA is associated with transcribing sequences.
The prospect of identifying functional genes linked with the satellite fraction
in higher vertebrates is discussed.
11. GYNECOLOGY- OBSTETRICS
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: AH-Repro(gyn) The reproductive pattern and efficiency of
female buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Animal Reproduction Science. 2000; 60/61: 593-604 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Singh, J; Nanda, A.S; Adams, G.P
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A review. Buffaloes play a prominent role in rural livestock production,
particularly in Asia. Reproductive efficiency is the primary factor affecting
productivity and is hampered in female buffalo by (1) inherent late maturity,
(2) poor oestrus expression in summer, (3) distinct seasonal reproductive
patterns, and (4) prolonged intercalving intervals. Ovarian function is central
to these issues; hence, the focal point of this paper is ovarian function in
Bubalus bubalis, particularly, in relation to seasonal changes. Ovarian
anatomy, follicular and luteal development, and hormonal profiles during the
oestrous cycle are discussed. Review of the literature revealed a paucity of
critically derived information on follicular and ovulatory patterns in buffalo,
particularly, in relation to seasonal oestrus/birthing. Efforts may be directed at
understanding the process (recruitment, development, atresia) and temporal
pattern (follicle selection, dominance, subordinate follicle suppression, follicle
numbers, and, preovulatory changes) of follicular dynamics using techniques
which permit serial assessment of changes occurring over time. Emphasis may
be directed towards investigating follicular 'waves' as a functional unit, rather
than the oestrous cycle, in the context of whole animal endocrinology. The
data obtained from such basic studies may then be used to develop and test
models for enhancing reproductive efficiency.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Effect of 65 kDa buffalo placental protein on B-cell proliferation
and antibody response.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2002; 15(3): 432856
437 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Deepthi, K; Rajput, Y.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Immunosuppressive potential of 65 kDa buffalo placental protein (bPP65) on
B-cell proliferation in vitro and antibody response in vivo was evaluated. Bcell proliferation was estimated by measuring incorporation of tritiated
thymidine in buffalo lymphocytes while primary antibody responses against
phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) or keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) were
evaluated in mice. bPP65 suppressed proliferation of lipopolysaccharide (a Bcell specific mitogen)-stimulated buffalo lymphocytes in vitro indicating
suppression of B-cells. This suppression was dose-dependent over the protein
concentration range of 25-100 micro g/ml. Primary antibody responses in mice
against PHA and KLH in the presence of bPP65 were lower as compared to
when it was absent, but these were not statistically significant. Amino acid
composition data of bPP65 and BSA suggested that bPP65 is different from
BSA.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Lysozyme activity in buffalo milk: effect of lactation period,
parity, mastitis, season in India, pH and milk processing heat treatment.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2002; 15(6): 895899 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Subhadra Priyadarshini; Kansal V.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Lysozyme activity in buffalo milk in relation to the period of lactation, parity
of animal, weather conditions, and udder infections was studied. Effect of
storage and heat processing of milk on lysozyme activity was determined.
Lysozyme activity was higher in buffalo milk than in cow milk. Buffalo
colostrum showed lysozyme activity 5 times of that in mature milk. Lysozyme
activity in buffalo milk was not influenced by the parity of animal and the
stage of lactation, however, it increased during extreme weather conditions
(winter and summer). Lysozyme in both cow and buffalo milk exhibited
maximum activity at pH 7.4. Buffalo milk lysozyme was fully stable, whereas
the cow milk lysozyme was partly inactivated by pasteurization (low
temperature-long time as well as high temperature-short time treatments).
Lysozyme in buffalo milk was more stable than in cow milk during storage
and heat treatment. A 10 to 50-fold increase in milk lysozyme activity was
observed in mastitic cows. An assay of lysozyme activity in milk can be used
to diagnose mastitis in cattle, but not in buffaloes. Some buffaloes exhibited
1000-fold greater lysozyme activity and moderately raised somatic cell count
in milk, but there was no sign of mastitis in these animals. A possible role of
milk lysozyme in prevention of mastitis in buffaloes is discussed.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
857
Subject: Reproductive biotechnologies for improvement of buffalo: the
current status.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2003; 16(7):
1071-1086 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Purohit, G.N; Duggal, G.P; Dadarwal, D; Dinesh Kumar;
Yadav, R.C; Vyas, S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Reproductive biotechnologies continue to be developed for genetic
improvement of both river and swamp buffalo. Although artificial
insemination using frozen semen emerged some decades back, there are still
considerable limitations. The major problem appears to be the lack of efficient
methods for oestrus detection and timely insemination. Controlled breeding
experiments in the buffalo had been limited and similar to those applied in
cattle. Studies on multiple ovulation and embryo transfer are essentially a
replica of those in cattle, however with inherent problems such as lower
number of primordial follicles on the buffalo ovary, poor fertility and
seasonality of reproduction, lower population of antral follicles at all stages of
the oestrous cycle, poor endocrine status and a high incidence of deep atresia
in ovarian follicles, low response in terms of transferable embryo recovery
with 0.51 to 3.0 per donor, and pregnancy rates between 15 to 30%. In vitro
production of buffalo embryos is a valid alternative to recovery of embryos by
superovulation. This aspect received considerable attention during the past
decade, however, the proportion of embryos that develops to the blastocyst
stage is still around 25-30%, and hence, the in vitro culture procedures need
substantial improvement. Embryo cryopreservation procedures for direct
transfer post thaw need to be developed for bubaline embryos. Nuclear
transfer and embryo cloning is a technique that has received attention in
various species during recent years and can be of immense value in buffaloes
as they have a low rate of embryo recoveries by both in vitro and in vivo
procedures. Gender pre-selection, genome analysis, gene mapping and gene
transfer are a few of the techniques that have been studied to a limited extent
during recent years and are likely to be included in future studies on buffaloes.
Very recently, reproductive biotechnologies have been applied to feral
buffaloes as well, but the results obtained so far are modest. When fully
exploited they can play an important role in the preservation of endangered
species.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Apoptosis during spontaneous and prostaglandin F2 alpha induced luteal regression in the buffalo cow (Bubalus bubalis):
involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinases.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Biology of Reproduction. 2002; 67(3): 752-759 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Yadav, V.K; Sudhagar, R.R; Medhamurthy, R
Institution:
Organization:
858
Content :
The present study was conducted to evaluate whether the corpus luteum (CL)
of the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) cow undergoes luteal regression by the
process of apoptosis and to examine the involvement of mitogen-activated
protein (MAP) kinases during prostaglandin (PG) F2 alpha -induced
luteolysis. Sections of CL from late in the oestrous cycle, i.e., during
spontaneous luteolysis, stained for 4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole revealed
increased numbers of condensed nuclei, indicating cell death by apoptosis,
which was confirmed further by the occurrence of pronounced
oligonucleosome formation. For morphological and biochemical
characterization during PGF2 alpha -induced apoptosis, CL were collected at
0, 4, 12 and 18 h after injection of 750 micro g of Tiaprost, a synthetic
analogue of PGF2 alpha , to midoestrous buffalo cows. Serum progesterone
concentrations fell within 4 h and decreased (P<0.05) maximally by 18 h.
Concomitant decreases (P<0.05) in the levels of steroidogenic acute regulatory
mRNA and protein were observed in CL during 12-18 h, with the more
profound effect on mRNA levels. Quantitative analysis of the genomic DNA
showed a >5-fold increase (P<0.05) in the low molecular weight DNA
fragments by 18 h postinjection. Immunoblot analysis of CL tissue lysates
showed increased (P<0.05) levels of phospho-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) 1
(4- to 14-fold during 4-18 h) and phospho-p38 (2- to 4-fold at 18 h).
Immunohistochemical evaluation of CL sections revealed an increased nuclear
localization of phospho-JNK after treatment. These findings demonstrate that
the CL of the buffalo cow undergoes cell death by the process of apoptosis
both during spontaneous and PGF2 alpha -induced luteolysis and that MAP
kinases are involved during PGF2 alpha -mediated apoptosis in the CL.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Effect of clitoral stimulation after artificial insemination on
conception rate in the buffalo.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Bubalus Bubalis. 2001; 7(3): 66-69 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Pant, H.C; Barot, L.R; Kasiraj, R; Misra, A.K; Prabhakar,
J.H
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Buffalo has a higher incidence of delayed ovulation than cattle and the
conception rate to AI is generally lower. The present study was therefore
conducted to ascertain the effect of clitoral stimulation on conception rates to
AI in the buffalo. Two hundred and two buffalo cows were separated into two
groups according to the following treatments: (1) control without clitoral
stimulation (n=105) (2) clitoral stimulation 10 times after AI (n=97). Clitoral
stimulation increased pregnancy rate (43.2 vs. 26.7% for treated and control
groups, respectively; P<0.005) presumably by hastening LH surge and
ovulation.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Measures of reproductive estimates in rural buffalo herds of
Meerut district of Uttar Pradesh (India).
859
Year of publication: 1998
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin. 1998; 17(2): 27-29 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Prasad, S; Prasad, R.B
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
During 1995 and 1996, 518 farmers from villages around the Western Campus
of the University in Modipuram (Meerut) were interviewed about the
reproductive status of their buffaloes. Data on 2989 buffaloes were collected.
Average age at first service and first calving, duration of observed oestrus,
number of oestruses without AI/natural service and number of services per
conception were 40.99+or-0.28 months, 52.49+or-0.34 months, 18.17+or0.099 h, 1.86+or-0.046 and 2.06+or-0.052, respectively. Rates of abortion,
stillbirth, dystocia, metritis, prolapse and retained placenta were 4.04, 0.09,
4.81, 3.41, 3.91 and 4.01%, respectively.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: AH-Repro(gyn) Study on placental membrane and its effect on
subsequent fertility in Surti buffaloes.
Year of publication: 1998
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin. 1998; 17(2): 35-36 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Murugeppa, A; Appannavar, M.M; Patil, N.A; Honnappagol,
S.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Placental weight, number of cotyledons, birth weight, dam body weight,
gestation period and female fertility traits were recorded for 50 Surti buffaloes
maintained in Karnataka as part of the All India Research Project on
Buffaloes. The mean placental weight and number of cotyledons was
23.89+or-0.10 kg and 76+or-2.40, respectively. A significant positive
correlation was observed between the placenta weight and birth weight of the
calf (0.3, P<0.05). Mean values for post partum anoestrus period, service
period and number of services per conception were 69.1 days, 119.86 and 1.43
respectively. Postpartum anoestrus period, service period and number of
services per conception were not correlated with weight of placenta or the
number of cotyledons.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Factors affecting service period in buffaloes under field
conditions.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin. 1999; 18(4): 75-77 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Singh, D.V; Dave, A.S; Patel, J.R; Bhardwaj, S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The data of 1434 adult Mehsana buffaloes up to fourth parity in North Gujarat,
860
India region were collected from farmers' herds and analysed to study the
effect of various factors on their service period between 1989 and 1996. The
sires proved to be non-significant for causing variation on the trait. The
heritability estimates obtained were zero. However, all the non-genetic effects
(farm type (1, 2 and 3), parity order, season of calving, year of calving) and
barring suckling effect of the calf, proved to be significant (P<0.01) for
causing variation in the trait. The overall mean service period was observed as
184.18+or-13.24 days. It was significantly (P<0.01) longer in animals reared
in Farm Types 2 and 3, those calving the first time, on winter season and
during the year 1994. It is concluded that service period in Mehsana buffaloes
is largely controlled by environmental factors and thus, improvement in this
trait is possible largely through management.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Plasma thyroid hormones profiles in post-partum anoestrus
buffaloes treated with Synchromate-B.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin. 1999; 18(3): 67-69 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Garg, S.L; Suresh Chander; Bugalia, N.S; Rao, A.R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Nine postpartum buffaloes with inactive ovaries and in their 2nd to 4th
lactations were treated with a subcutaneous ear implant of Synchromate-B
(norgestomet) on day 0 and with an intramuscular injection of Synchromate
solution (3 mg norgestomet+5 mg estradiol valerate) on day 9 upon implant
removal. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 9, 11 and 24 for analysis of
thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). No significant
variations in peripheral T3 and T4 profiles were observed between
Synchromate-B pre- and posttreatment periods. This study shows that
Synchromate-B does not induce cyclicity in anoestrus buffaloes as evidenced
by ovarian inactivity during days 9, 11 and 24 posttreatment.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Prevalence of uterine bacterial infection and bacterial load
following dystocia in buffaloes.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin. 1999; 18(3): 53-56 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Singh, R; Prabhakar, S; Arora, A.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The type of bacteria present and the bacterial load in twenty buffaloes
suffering from dystocia were studied. E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus,
Streptococci, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Actinomyces
pyogenes, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bacillus spp. were the common
isolates. A highly significant total bacterial load was present in all the
dystocia-affected buffaloes. Intra-uterine infusion of immunomodulator drugs
led to significant reduction of bacterial load in dystocia-affected buffaloes.
861
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Retention of placenta in relation to parity season and sex of calf
in Murrah buffaloes.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin. 1999; 18(1): 5-7 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Gupta, A; Pandit, R.K; Jogi, S; Agarwal, R.G
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The data between March 1996 and February 1997 on reproductive disorders of
Murrah buffaloes available at various farms around Jabalpur, Madhya
Pradesh, India constituted the experimental material. Monthwise incidences of
retention of placenta in relation to the effect of parity, season, and sex of calf
were determined. A total of 3814 calvings on 25 local farms were studied for
the incidence of retention of placenta cases. The retention of placenta cases
ranged from 2.89-9.67%. Out of 3814 calvings in a year, 5.24% of buffaloes
did not expel their fetal membrame normally. The incidence of retention of
placenta gradually rose with parity and reached a maximum at fifth parity
(30%). Thereafter, the incidence dropped with advancing parity. The incidence
of retention of placenta was highest in the rainy season (50%), moderate in the
winter season (32%) and lowest in summer season (18%). A higher percentage
of retained placenta calvings were associated with the birth of male calves
(60.57%).
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Uterine and ovarian changes during the early postpartum period
in Murrah buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin. 2000; 19(1): 20-23 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Lohan, I.S; Malik, R.K; Saini, M.S; Dhanda, O.P; Baljit
Singh
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Thirteen Murrah buffaloes of different parities which had calved during
November to December 1996 were taken for this study. Ultrasound imaging of
ovaries was done for each buffalo once in four days, from Day 10 postpartum
onwards by using a 5-MHz mechanical probe. Uterine involution along with
ovarian changes was also recorded in all animals up to 82 days postpartum.
Results of the present study showed that uterine involution was completed in
all animals by day 45 postpartum. Development of dominant follicles (<more
or =>10 mm) was observed early in the period after calving which caused the
resumption of oestrus activity, but the conception rate was poor when animals
were inseminated less than 40 days postpartum.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: AH-Repro(Gyn) Cytological and microbiological changes in
peritoneal fluid of caesarean operated buffaloes following anti-adhesion
862
treatments.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2000; 16(1): 53-61 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Singh, J; Dhaliwal, G.S; Arora, A.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
20 buffaloes requiring caesarean section were divided randomly into 4 groups.
Group I animals were controls. In groups II, III, IV, peritoneal dialysis,
sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, or amniotic membrane were used,
respectively, to prevent uterine adhesions. Peritoneal fluid was collected at 24
h intervals after caesarean section for 4 days and examined cytologically.
Differential count of neutrophils and lymphocytes were significantly lower
and higher on days 3 and 4, respectively, in groups II and III compared with
the control group. In group IV, there was a significant increase in neutrophil
count with a concomitant decrease in lymphocytes on days 3 and 4 compared
with that on day 0. In each group, 3 samples were bacteriologically positive on
day 0. In day 3 samples, 4 animals were bacteriologically positive in groups I
and IV, while only 1 and 2 animals were positive in groups II and III,
respectively. Commonest isolate was Pseudomonas spp. followed by
Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp. Most isolates were sensitive to
gentamycin, nitrofurantoin and cephalexin. Cytological and micro-biological
changes in peritoneal fluid indicated that most animals in groups I and IV
developed uterine adhesions following caesarean section while only a few
animals had adhesions in groups II and III. These findings corroborated with
rectal or PM examinations. It is suggested that cytological and microbiological
examinations of peritoneal fluid are good indicators for the presence of postoperative peritoneal adhesions.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Post partum reproductive cyclicity based on ovarian steroids in
suckled and weaned buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2001; 17(3): 361-369 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Arya, J.S; Madan, M.L
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted to investigate the postpartum reproductive events in
weaned and suckled buffaloes based on weekly measurements of ovarian
steroids (oestrogen and progesterone) post-calving. Postpartum reproduction
in 6 weaned and 6 suckled buffaloes was closely monitored through
quantitative estimation of plasma oestrogen and progesterone at a weekly
interval from days 3 to 90 post-calving and oestrus detection by teaser bull.
Based on ovarian steroids, there was no difference in the onset of reproductive
cyclicity in suckled and weaned groups (day 19.67+or-3.23 vs 19.17+or-4.55)
postpartum. However, first observed postpartum oestrus interval was longer in
suckled (71.67+or-11.13 days) than weaned animals (44.17+or-8.58 days).
The frequency of silent heat per buffalo was significantly (P<0.05) greater in
863
suckled (2.17+or-0.40) than in weaned animals (1.00+or-0.26). All the suckled
buffaloes had at least one silent heat before showing overt oestrus, whereas
only 5 weaned animals showed silent heat. The service period was also longer
in suckled than weaned buffaloes (98.00+or-17.53 vs 70.33+or-9.56 days).
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Purification and characterization of an immunosuppressive
protein from buffalo placenta.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2001; 17(3): 397-408 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Seema Mehta; Rajput, Y.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The purification and partial characterization of an immunosuppressive protein
(ISP) from buffalo placenta was reported. Placentas were taken from 2 Murrah
buffaloes. Buffalo placental proteins immunochemically similar to PP14 or
PP15, ISPs from human placenta, were identified using anti-PP14 or PP15
antiserum in Western blot. These antisera cross-reacted with one of the major
buffalo placental protein, which was purified to homogeneity using
preparative SDS-PAGE, electroelution, and ultrafiltration techniques. The
purified protein exhibited immunosuppressive activity. The molecular weight
and isoelectric point of the ISP was 65 kDA and 6.4. The ISP was
glycosylated. Moreover, exogenously added IL-1 failed to reverse
immunosuppression.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: The effect of buffalo follicle-stimulating hormone on the ovarian
follicular activity of buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2001; 17(3): 351-360 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sunilchandra, U; Narayana, K; Ravindra, J.P; Ramachandra,
S.G; Honnegowda
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The effect of buffalo (bu) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) on the ovarian
follicular activity and plasma steroid hormone concentration of buffaloes was
assessed. 36 cycling non-pregnant Surti buffaloes were grouped into 6 groups
(n=6 per group). Starting from day 9 of the oestrous cycle, each buffalo
received 2 mg buFSH i.m, twice a day (b.i.d) for 3 days (Group 3) or 2 days
(Group 4), or 2 mg buFSH suspended in 30% polyvinylpyrrolidone
[polyvidone] solution (PVP) i.m daily for 3 (Group 5) or 2 days (Group 6), or
saline (Control Group 1) or saline in 30% PVP (Control Group 2) for 3 days.
Ovarian follicular activity in Control Group 2, and 4 buffaloes of Group 5 was
monitored daily by a real time B-mode linear array ultrasound scanner
equipped with a rectal transducer of 5 MHz dominant frequency.
Prostaglandin (PGF2 alpha ) analogue cloprostenol, 100 micro g was injected
intramuscularly on day 9 of the oestrous cycle to Groups 4 and 6, and on day
864
10 to Groups 1, 2, 3, and 5 animals. The oestrus occurred at 48 to 52 h in all
the buffaloes. On the day of oestrus (day 0), the 17 beta -estradiol
concentrations were 103.37+or-2.26, 99.80+or-1.14, 180.44+or-4.39,
159.95+or-4.09, 169.56+or-7.42, and 154.18+or-10.97 pL/litre in Control
Group 1, Control Group 2, buFSH-treated Groups 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively.
The peak estradiol concentration was significantly (P<0.05) greater (1.2- to
1.7-fold) in buFSH-treated buffaloes than that of the control buffaloes. In the
buFSH-treated groups, there was a significantly (P<0.05) increased basal
estradiol concentration. On day 0, the number of medium (4-9 mm diameter),
large (>9 mm), and total follicles were significantly (P<0.05) greater in
buFSH-treated buffaloes. On day 8 post oestrus, there was a single corpus
luteum (CL) and a progesterone concentration of 6.60+or-0.80 nM/litre in
control buffaloes and 2.70+or-0.20 corpora lutea and a progesterone
concentration of 9.11+or-0.61 nM/litre in buFSH-treated buffaloes. The
present study demonstrated the pharmacological ability of buFSH suspended
in PVP injected once a day for 3 days to induce multiple ovulation in
buffaloes.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Gross anatomy, histology, DNA and RNA content in the
mammary gland of buffaloes treated with estradiol-17 beta and
progesterone for 7 and 14 days.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2002; 18(1): 49-57 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Dang, A.K; Ludri, R.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted to determine the effect of duration of sex steroid
hormone treatment on the gross anatomical, histology, and nucleic acid
contents of buffaloes suffering from reproductive disorders. 12 Murrah
buffaloes suffering from reproductive problems were induced into lactation by
giving them estradiol-17 beta and progesterone in the ratio of 1:2.5 for 7 and
14 days. Changes in udder circumference, length, width, and depth after
steroid hormone treatments were more pronounced in the 7-day hormone
treatment group compared to the 14-day treatment group. Histological studies
revealed that organization of lobuloalveolar and duct system was also better in
the 7-day treated buffaloes. DNA and RNA contents was also greater in the 7day treatment group as compared to 14-day treatment group. The results
indicated that there was no advantage of increasing the period of steroid
hormone treatment from 7 to 14 days, rather 14 day treatment had a negative
effect.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Fertility following twice and thrice daily oestrus detection in
Murrah buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin. 2003; 22(3): 59-61 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Srivastava, S.K; Sahni, K.L
865
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The effect of oestrus detection thrice a day on conception was studied in
buffaloes. Oestrus was detected twice and thrice daily on 99 Murrah buffaloes
maintained at the Livestock Production Management Farm of Indian
Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar. This study was carried out in 3
seasons (cool comfortable, hot dry and hot humid). 57.5, 15.2 and 27.3%
buffaloes were in oestrus during the cool comfortable, hot dry and hot humid
seasons, respectively. The proportions of buffaloes observed in oestrus during
the night were 14.0% in the cool comfortable, 20.0% in the hot dry and 11.1%
in the hot humid season. More animals were found to be in oestrus in the
morning during the cool comfortable (43.4%) and the hot dry (60.0%) seasons
than in the evening (48.2%) during the hot humid season. The conception rates
in buffaloes showing oestrus activity at night were 37.5, 33.3 and 33.3%
during the cool comfortable, hot dry and hot humid seasons, respectively. The
overall conception rate was 43.03% after insemination of buffaloes that were
observed 2 times in oestrus. However, 35.7% conception was obtained when
insemination was performed after detecting oestrus at night. This study
confirmed that oestrus detection thrice a day might reasonably improve
oestrus detection efficiency and conception in buffaloes as compared to
detection twice daily.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Buffalo reproduction in India: an overview.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin. 2004; 23(1): 4-9 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Ingawale, M.V; Dhoble, R.L
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The major problems in reproduction, their causes and the use of newer
technologies along with the new drugs are presented in this article. There is a
need to understand the basic mechanisms of reproductive physiology in
buffaloes and the interaction of these mechanisms in relation to season,
nutrition, management and breeding technique, economics and social factors,
together with use of new drugs. This will certainly help to evolve packages of
practices that will help to improve reproductive efficiency and in turn milk
production in buffaloes.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: AH-Repro(Gyn) Biochemical composition of buffalo oviductal
fluid: cyclical and regional variations.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2004; 20(2): 203-209 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kumaresan, A; Ansari, M.R; Abhishek Garg; Meena Kataria
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
866
Oviductal fluid is a product of both the serum transudate and the active
secretion from the epithelium. It contains many constituents that vary in
concentrations at different regions of the oviduct and in response to endocrine
influences. The present study was undertaken to determine the cyclical and
regional variations in certain biochemical composition of buffalo oviductal
fluid. Apparently healthy female buffalo genital tracts (non-luteal and luteal
stages of oestrous cycle) were collected from a slaughterhouse. After isolation
of the oviducts, samples from the isthmus and ampulla were prepared for
histological examination and oviductal fluid was extracted. The pooled nonluteal and luteal oviductal fluids were centrifuged, filtered (0.2 micro m) and
analysed for total protein, albumin, cholesterol, cholesterol:protein and
catalase activity. Results revealed a large variation of these biochemical
constituents in respect to both the region of the oviduct, as well as stage of the
oestrous cycle. Total protein was significantly (p<0.05) higher in non-luteal
stage of the oestrous cycle irrespective of the region of the oviduct.
Cholesterol concentration was always higher in the isthmic fluid irrespective
of the stage of the oestrous cycle. The catalase activity was significantly
(p<0.05) higher in the non-luteal isthmic than the luteal isthmic fluid. The
importance of the above mentioned variations in the biochemical components
of the oviduct on the regulation of sperm functions are discussed.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: AH-Repro(Gyn) Effect of certain hormones on the reproductive
performance of post-parturient buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2004; 20(2): 193-201 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Mavi P.S; Pangaonkar G.R; Sharma, R.K; Gandotra, V.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The study was designed to evaluate the effect of various hormonal
interventions in enhancing the reproductive performance of post-parturient
buffaloes. A total of 28 recently calved buffaloes were randomly divided into
six experimental groups. Groups I-IV received oxytocin (30 IU, i.m.) 15 min
after calving; Group II received another similar dose of oxytocin 2 h after
calving; Group III received PGF2 alpha (Tiaprost, 0.75 mg, i.m.) 1 h after
calving in addition to oxytocin; Group IV received PGF2 alpha and two
oxytocin doses 1 and 2 h after calving. Buffaloes of Group V were injected
PGF2 alpha 1 h after calving while those of Group VI received no treatment
and served as control. The time of shedding placenta, uterine involution and
service period were monitored in each buffalo. It was observed that Group III
animals treated with a combination of oxytocin and PGF2 alpha 1 h apart,
yielded the best results. The time to expel foetal membranes (237.7+or-22.5
vs. 359.2+or-25.4 minutes), involution time (22.7+or-1.75 vs. 32.6+or-1.47
days) and service period (77.5+or-3.08 vs. 114.3+or-11.9 days) were
significantly (P<0.05) less in these animals compared to the control animals.
The second dose of oxytocin following treatment with oxytocin and PGF2
alpha in Group IV did not show any significant improvement over the
treatment in Group III. It is concluded that treatment with oxytocin and PGF2
alpha following parturition helped in improving the reproductive performance
867
of post-parturient buffaloes.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Pregnancy associated proteins in buffalo: its purification and
characterization, preliminary study.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2004; 20(3): 307-314 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Singh, S.K; Agarwal, S.K; Shankar, U; Gupta, L.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Conceptus derived substances are more precise and reliable markers of
pregnancy and fetal growth. In the present study, attempts have been made on
isolation, purification and characterization of pregnancy-associated protein(s)
in buffaloes from uterine and oviduct flushing and uterine scrapings using
affinity chromatography. These purified proteins were further analyzed by
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and western blot. Results
revealed lower OD values for purified fractions than the reproductive fluids
from non-pregnant and pregnant genital tracts (NPRF, PRF) and elute
fractions indicating presence of some specific proteins in the purified
fractions, which may be associated with pregnancy. SDS-PAGE analysis of
purified fractions revealed presence of seven-polypeptide band of different
molecular weights (67, 53, 45, 33, 24, 16 and 11.5 kDa) and only three
polypeptides (67, 53 and 24 kDa) were observed immunoreactive in western
blot analysis. Results indicated presence of certain proteins secreted by
conceptus in the reproductive fluids of pregnant genital tracts and in future its
further purification and characterization will be helpful to evolve a specific
and sensitive method for early pregnancy diagnosis in buffaloes.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin (Boostin-250) on
serum endocrines and milk GH of lactating buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2005; 21(1): 9-16 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Mishra, A; Gade, S.N; Mahapatra, R.K; Shukla, D.C
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
In order to investigate the effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST)
on serum endocrines and milk growth hormone (GH) of lactating buffaloes, 30
buffaloes after acclimatization for 30 days were divided into 2 groups as
control and experimental that includes 10 and 20 buffaloes. Experimental
animals were injected 250 mg of rbST (Boostin-250) on 0, 14th and 28th day
subcutaneously at ischiorectal fosse and control animals were given placebo of
2 ml normal saline. Fortnightly blood samples and milk samples were
collected with asceptic precaution from 15 days before to 60 days post
injection to estimate the endocrines. From this observation it was found that
the mean serum GH increased significantly (P<0.001) due to rbST injection
but this significant changes of GH was not found in milk. rbST injection did
868
not show any significant effect on hormones like T4 and insulin. However,
there was a significant (P<0.05) decrease in T3 level in treatment group over
control group due to rbST injection.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Effect of follicle size on the quality of oocytes in buffaloes
(Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Cheiron. 2002; 31(1/2): 24-26 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Palanisamy, M; Veerapandian, C; Palanisamy,A
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A study was made on the quantity and quality of oocytes recovered by
aspiration technique from different sized follicles of buffalo ovaries collected
from nearby slaughter house. The mean number of follicles aspirated in the
categories of <3, 3-5 and >5 mm size was 2.75+or-0.13, 1.02+or-0.05 and
0.72+or-0.04 respectively. The mean number of oocytes recovered was
1.22+or-0.09, 0.51+or-0.05, 0.31+or-0.02 and the percentage of culturable
oocytes was 71.54+or-4.02, 72.43+or-7.69 and 83.38+or-7.88 respectively. It
was concluded that oocyte yield decreased as follicle size increased and the
quality of the oocytes increased as follicular diameter increased.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Prevalence of post-parturient haemoglobinuria in buffaloes of
Haryana.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Haryana-Veterinarian. 1999; 38: 1-2 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Indu Gahlawat; Kitab Singh; Rakesh Kumar; Ranbir Singh
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The prevalence of postparturient haemoglobinuria (PPH) was studied in the
villages of the Hisar, Sirsa, Jind and Bhiwani districts of Haryana, India
between 1995-1996 and 1996-1997. The total number of clinical cases of PPH
during the year and the adult buffalo population were recorded based on the
veterinary records in the villages. The percent annual morbidity rate (AMR) of
PPH was calculated for the districts using the data. Results show that AMR
varied between 0-2.29% during the study period and had the highest
prevalence in Bhiwani, followed by Hisar, Jind and Sirsa districts. This is the
first report on the annual morbidity rate of PPH in buffaloes from India.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Reproductive parameters of postpartum Murrah buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Haryana-Veterinarian. 2000; 39: 20-27 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Yash Pal; Inderjeet Singh; Umed Singh; Phogat, J.B
Institution:
869
Organization:
Content :
Five years worth of reproductive parameters, related to three consecutive
calvings, were recorded at an organized buffalo farm. Mean gestation length
for 220 recorded calvings was 311+or-21 days. A maximum number of
calvings (57%) were recorded during the months of August to November, and
a minimum (<10%) between May to July, with the peak calving frequency
occurring in September (18.6%) and October (16.0%). Overall service period
of 133+or-9 days was recorded in a total of 244 observations in 101 buffaloes,
with a significant (P<0.05) reduction in service period over successive years
from 174 days during the first year to 73 days following the last calvings. In
addition, for all the three consecutive calving years (I, II and III) of the study,
a consistent finding was shorter service period in females calving during the
rainy-winter season (July-January) as compared to spring-summer (February
to June). When data were pooled, significant differences were recorded
between the two seasons (126+or-8 vs. 160+or-14 days; P<0.05). The calving
interval between the first and second calvings during the study period was
591+or-59 days (n=100), which was significantly (P<0.01) shortened in the
subsequent year (448+or-56 days, n=66). In the present study, only 25% of
inter-oestrus intervals were in the normal range of 17-23 days. Overall, this
analysis reflects the improvement in management practices over the years;
however, oestrus detection and data recording require further improvements.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Mineral supplementation for improving fertility in livestock.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Dairyman. 2003; 55(2): 33-37 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Lall, D; Dixit, V.B; Chauhan, T.R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This article discusses mineral supplementation and its effect on reproduction
in livestock.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Status of reproduction in cattle and buffalo - problems and
prospects for improvement.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Dairyman. 2003; 55(1): 27-30 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Prakash, B.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The comparison of the puberty, oestrous cycle and endocrine techniques for
fertility improvement of cattle and Indian buffaloes are discussed.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Animal reproduction scenario in India: role of gynaecologists.
Year of publication: 2000
870
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction. 2000; 21(2): 85-91 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Maurya, S.N
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The effects of the use of artificial insemination on cattle and buffalo
production in India are described. Problems with the application of these
techniques in the field are discussed. The use of exotic breeds in crossbreeding
programmes is examined.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Ultra sonography for early pregnancy diagnosis in buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction. 2000; 21(2): 143-144
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Bhosreker, M.R; Hangarge, I.M
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A Philips ultrasound scanner with a 5 MHz linear array transducer designed
for intra-rectal placement was used for pregnancy diagnosis of 260 buffaloes
between 30 and 45 days of gestation. The mean length of the embryonic
vesicle increased from 2.3 cm at 30 days of gestation to 4.1 cm at 45 days of
gestation; the diameter increased from 2.6 to 3.9 cm and the area increased
from 5.98 to 15.99 cm2 over the same period. 97.9% accuracy of pregnancy
diagnosis (confirmed by manual examination at 3 months of gestation) was
obtained.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Oxytocin concentration in the corpus luteum of the buffalo
(Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction. 2001; 22(2): 120-123
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Mahmood, S; Sabir, M; Pant, H.C
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The corpora lutea (CL) from different stages of the oestrous cycle and
pregnancy were collected from buffaloes (non-descript breed, of varying age
and parity) slaughtered between 03.00-04.00 [date not given] following the
Arabic method. Extracted oxytocin was bioassayed on oestrogenized virgin rat
uterus. The mean luteal oxytocin concentration was low (30.61+or-4.41 ng/g)
in early oestrus (days 4-6). The concentration significantly increased
(104.69+or-12.73 ng/g) in mid oestrus (days 10-12) and declined significantly
in late (days 16-18) cycle CL (49.87+or-5.95 ng/g). Concentration in CL of
the previous cycle (CA) was lower (12.20+or-1.86 ng/g) compared to
dioestrus CL. Additionally, the mean luteal oxytocin concentrations in early
871
and mid pregnancy were 4.79+or-0.90 ng/g and 2.98+or-1.03 ng/g,
respectively, and was significantly less compared to non-pregnant CL.
Biological activity of luteal extract, as well as standard oxytocin, was inhibited
by boiling, oxytocin specific antagonist, sodium thioglycollate and alphathioglycerol.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Effect of live sperm count per inseminate on pregnancy rate in
buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction. 2002; 23(2): 170-172
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Prabhakar, J.H; Kalsi, J.S; Jani, V.R; Patel, S.H
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Semen from 10 Murrah buffalo bulls was split-frozen in 0.5 ml French straws
to get mean concentrations of 22.6, 17.3, 11.0 and 8.5x106 (C1, C2, C3 and
C4, respectively) spermatozoa per dose. A total of 1941 buffaloes were
inseminated at 20 artificial insemination (AI) centres and it was shown that
pregnancy rates were 59.4, 58.1, 66.7 and 52.4% for C1, C2, C3 and C4,
respectively. Pregnancy rates differed significantly among bulls and among
technicians. After correcting for the variations due to bulls as well as
technicians, the pregnancy rates were not affected by the sperm concentration
employed. In conclusion, the reduced sperm concentration up to 11x106
spermatozoa or even lower concentration (8.5 million) per insemination does
not affect the overall fertility of buffalo bull semen, though individual
differences exist between bulls regarding maintenance of fertility at lower
sperm concentration per insemination.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Incidence of postpartum anoestrus in buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction. 2002; 23(2): 175-176
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Vivek Kunj; Singh, A.P; Singh, C; Akhtar, M.H
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A study on the prevalence of anoestrus in buffalo cows was carried out on a
monthwise and seasonwise basis in Bihar, Patna, India between September
1998 to August 1999. It was shown that out of 237 cases of reproductive
disorders, 81 (34.18%) were anoestrus. The prevalence of anoestrus in buffalo
cows during different months and seasons ranged from 14.28 to 51.72% and
28.30 (spring) to 38.75% (autumn), respectively. The highest percentage
(51.72%) was recorded during August while the lowest (14.28%) was in June.
The effect of month and season on prevalence of anoestrus was not significant.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
872
Subject: Micrometry of buffalo oocytes recovered from different size of
ovarian follicles.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction. 2002; 23(1): 63-64 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Naik, V.S; Deopurkar, V.L; Gulavane, S.U
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The measurements of buffalo oocytes recovered from ovarian follicles of
varied sizes were determined. The ovaries were obtained from buffaloes at an
abattoir in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. The oocyte measurements (diameters)
were subsequently correlated with the follicular size and the quality of oocytes
recovered. The oocyte diameter collected from follicles 3-5 mm and >5 mm
were 152.24 and 159.6 micro m, respectively. The percentage of culturable
oocytes obtained from follicles >5 mm were higher as compared to 3- to 5-mm
follicles. A positive correlation was observed between the oocyte diameter,
follicle size and culturable oocytes recovered from buffalo ovarian follicles.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: T-lymphocyte profile as a predictive marker for placental
retention in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction. 2003; 24(1): 9-15 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Prahlad Singh; Sharma, R.D; Nanda, A.S; Harmeet Singh
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Peripheral blood lymphocyte profile was assessed in buffaloes with normal
placental separation (n=5) and those with retention of placenta (n=5). Jugular
venous blood samples (30 ml) were collected from every buffalo between 1
and 10 days prepartum, day of calving and on 1 to 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 days
postpartum. T-lymphocyte profile was evaluated, with respect to, percent
peripheral blood lymphocyte, as sheep red blood cell-rosettes (SRBC-R).
Plasma vitamin A, beta -carotene, vitamin E and zinc were estimated for every
subject on the sampling days by standard methods. Significant (P<0.01)
differences in the mean values of SRBC-R percent were observed between
subjects with normal placental separation and those with retention. SRBC-R
percent and plasma parameters indicated a steady decline from days 10 to 1
prepartum, the decrease being significant (P<0.01) around 6 to 4 day
prepartum till day of calving in both groups, whereas, the values were
significantly lower (P<0.01) in the affected group. Lower values persisted for
5 to 10 days postpartum in control group and for 20 to 25 day postpartum in
the affected group. Significant (P<0.01) relationships between SRBC-R
profile and plasma biochemical variables were seen. The overall effect of
vitamin A, beta -carotene, vitamin E and zinc were statistically significant
(P<0.01) in both groups. Results suggest that the better the initial state of
health of the buffaloes in terms of SRBC-R status, the better the pregnancy
outcome. It is concluded that retention of placenta is associated with
abnormally low levels of peripheral blood T-lymphocyte levels at calving.
873
Also, the lower (P<0.01) T-lymphocyte profile during prepartum in retention
cases may serve as an index for retention of fetal membranes in buffaloes.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Reproductive performance of Murrah buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction. 2003; 24(1): 22-23 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Saini, M.S; Pander, B.L; Yadav, R.S; Grewal, S.S; Singh, N
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted to determine the trends of some reproductive traits
of 744 Murrah buffaloes maintained at the Buffalo Research Centre, CCS
Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India between 1993 and
2001. A significant decrease in age at first calving was observed over the
years, age decreased from 1570 (between 1993 and 1994) to 1440 (between
1999 and 2000) days. No definite pattern was observed for the service period
and calving interval over the years which ranged from 107 to 163 days and
from 409 to 479 days, respectively. Calving interval and service period were
observed to improve which advanced the parity.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: AH-Repro(Gyn) Biometry of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) ovaries
in relation to different stages of the oestrous cycle.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction. 2004; 25(2): 87-90 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Chandrahasan, C; Rajasekaran, J
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Ovaries from non-descript pluriparous buffaloes collected from
slaughterhouse were grouped into four stages based on the characteristics of
the corpus luteum and morphometry of the ovary were recorded during
different stages of the oestrous cycle. Follicles were grouped according to the
diameter as <=2, 3-5, 6-10 and >10 mm. Biometry of ovaries on the left and
right sides were not significantly different and also between stages of the
cycle. However, length, diameter and weight of the corpus luteum showed
high significant differences during the four stages of the cycle. The mean
number of visible follicles between right and left ovaries did not differ
significantly. The number of follicles of <=2 mm diameter size increased at
two times of the cycle indicating two waves of follicular growth in buffalo
ovaries.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: AH-repro(Gyn) Biometry of female genitalia of Murrah buffalo
(Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction. 2004; 25(2): 143-145
AB:
874
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kumar, S; Ahmed, F.A; Bhadwal M.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Biometric study of genitalia of the female buffalo revealed that the mean
length, breadth and thickness of the left ovary were 2.35+or-0.08, 1.90+or0.05 and 1.54+or-0.06 cm and that of the right ovary were 2.13+or-0.08,
1.68+or-0.08 and 1.43+or-0.04 cm, respectively. The average length and
breadth of the left oviduct were 23.28+or-0.58 and 0.20+or-0.00 cm, and that
of the right oviduct were 23.10+or-0.05 and 0.20+or-0.06 cm, respectively.
Length, breadth and thickness of the left uterine horn were 39.25+or-1.73,
1.78+or-0.06 and 0.84+or-0.05 cm and that for the right horn were 38.65+or1.41, 1.69+or-0.07 and 0.84+or-0.04 cm, respectively. Length, breadth and
thickness of the corpus luteum measured were 5.28+or-0.19, 1.89+or-0.09 and
1.10+or-0.05 cm, respectively, and that of the cervix were 6.11+or-0.30,
1.93+or-0.07 and 1.46+or-0.07 cm, respectively. In case of paired organs, the
dimensions of the left side were found to be slightly higher than the right side.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: AH-Repro(Gyn) Impact of conventional managemental practices
on reproductive performance of rural buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction. 2004; 25(2): 94-96 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Brar, P.S; Nanda, A.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Data on reproduction vis-a-vis management of 850 rural buffaloes in various
agro-eco zones in Punjab, India revealed that round the year green fodder
deficiency prevailed in each zone and animals were fed with variable
quantities of wheat/rice straw and concentrates. Prepartum supplementary
feeding was more prevalent in Southern Punjab and least in Central Punjab.
While wallowing was practiced widely in Southern Punjab, buffaloes were
bathe 1-3 times daily in Central Punjab to ward off summer heat. Doka, the
post-milking engorgement of teats was a much relied upon sign of ensuing
oestrus in each zone, especially so in nomadic herds. While variable incidence
of anoestrus was recorded round the year and in each zone, it was highest in
nomadic herds during summer. A critical analysis revealed that prepartum
supplemented buffaloes had early onset of postpartum ovarian activity and
fertility. Furthermore, a higher proportion of buffaloes exposed to wallowing
had overt signs of oestrus. It is concluded that area-based managemental
traditions have a bearing on buffalo reproduction and that fertility can be
improved through improvized management and feeding practices.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: AH-Repro(Gyna) Dystocia due to Diplopagus Sternopagus
conjoined twins in a buffalo.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction. 2004; 25(2): 160 AB:
875
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Makkena Sreenu; Srinivas, M; Naidu, K.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A 9-year-old Murrah buffalo with a history of prolonged labour pains is
presented at the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Service Complex, N.T.R.
College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India. Upon
vaginal examination, a dead fetus was palpated at posterior presentation with
both hind limbs extended into the birth canal but the fetus could not be
delivered by manual traction. Careful examination revealed another pair of
hind limbs. A ceasarean section was performed and a dead male diplopagus
sternopagus conjoined twins were delivered.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: AH- Repro(gyne)
Dystocia due to Dicephalus dipus
tetrabrachius ischiopagus conjoined monster in a she buffalo.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction. 2005; 26(1): 69-70 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Shukla, S.P; Pandey, S.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A rare case of Dicephalus Dipus Tetrabrachius Ischiopagus conjoined monster
in a she buffalo is reported (India, date not given).
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: AH- Repro(gyne) Studies on postpartum biochemical and
hormonal profile of fertile and infertile oestrous cycles in Surti buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction. 2005; 26(1): 1-6 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kavani, F.S; Khasatiya, C.T; Sthanki, D.J; Thakor, D.B;
Dhami, A.J; Panchal, M.T
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A comparative study on the plasma profiles of biochemical, metabolic and
hormonal constituents and macro- and microminerals was studied on different
days of fertile and infertile cycles (20 each) in 40 postpartum Surti buffaloes
in an organized farm in Gujarat, India. The animals detected in oestrus after
day 50 of normal calving were bred by natural service and heparinized jugular
blood samples were collected on the day of oestrus/breeding (day 0) and
subsequently on the 7th, 14th and 21st days for estimation of plasma profiles
of various constituents. Pregnancy was confirmed per rectum 45 days postservice in non-return cases. The plasma profile revealed that the progesterone
level was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the fertile than the infertile cycle on
day 14 (2.14+or-0.21 vs. 1.20+or-0.19 ng/ml) and day 21 (2.57+or-0.21 vs.
0.42+or-0.04 ng/ml) but not at oestrus (0.37+or-0.02 vs. 0.39+or-0.05 ng/ml)
or day 7 (1.29+or-0.08 vs. 1.12+or-0.11 ng/ml, respectively) post-breeding.
876
Moreover, the infertile buffaloes had a combined pattern of delayed rise and
low level of P4, indicative of insufficient luteal function. The glucose levels
were apparently higher and triglycerides lower (P>0.05) in fertile than the
infertile cycle at most intervals, while total protein content was significantly
higher (P<0.05) on days 7 and 21, and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity on
all days post-service in fertile than the infertile cycles, but did not vary
between days/stages within the cycle. The average plasma profile of thyroid
hormones (T3 and T4), total cholesterol, calcium, phosphorus as well as
micro-minerals, viz. Zn, Fe, Cu, Co and Mn neither varied significantly
between different days nor between groups/cycles at any of the intervals postbreeding, probably due to uniform balanced ration/nutrition and
supplementation of mineral mixtures in daily ration of these animals under
organized farm management.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Dystocia due to monocephalus tetrapus tetrabrachius fetus in a
pleuriparous buffalo.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction. 2005; 26(1): 71 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Cheede, G.S; Bedi, M.K; Mishra, Y; Dadarwal, D
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A case of dystocia due to monocephalus tetrapus tetrabrachius fetus in a 12year-old pleuriparous buffalo is reported (India, date not given). The condition
was surgically treated by fetotomy.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Effect of bubaline follicular fluid on buffalo spermatozoa.
Year of publication: 1998
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 1998; 68(3): 244-246 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Devendra Kumar; Singh, L.P; Kumar, S; Greesh Mohan
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The role of follicular fluid (FF), singly and in combination with additives, on
the improvement of buffalo semen quality during preservation at 4 degrees C
was studied. FF together with some additives caused significant improvement
in the sperm motility and retention of per cent live sperm after preservation.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Thyroid functions, testosterone profiles and preputial microbes in
cow and buffalo bulls.
Year of publication: 1998
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 1998; 68(4): 341-343 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Bugalia, N.S; Inderjeet ; Gulati, B.R; Garg,S.L; Verma, S.K
Institution:
Organization:
877
Content :
Thyroid function, testosterone levels and preputial microbial load were studied
in pubertal buffalo bull calves (n=7), mature buffalo bulls (n=8) and mature
cow bulls (n=6). Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) in pubertal buffalo bull calves
were comparable to breeding buffalo bulls and cow bulls, suggesting stable
thyroids activity from puberty to sexual maturity for initiation of pubertal
endocrine and exocrine testicular functions. Testosterone profiles, however,
were distinctly low in buffalo bulls/bull calves as compared to cow bulls
(P<0.05) indicating species variations and may be associated with poor libido
of buffalo bulls. A variety of microbes, mostly mixed infections, were
harbouring the preputial cavity of all categories of males, though slightly
greater incidence was recorded in breeding cow bulls, while buffalo bull
calves tended to be having relatively cleaner preputial cavity. Escherichia coli
was the most frequent isolate, and the rare occurrence of Klebsiella spp. in
preputial washings was also recorded in the present study.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Endocrinological observation of atresia in individual buffalo
ovarian follicles.
Year of publication: 1998
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 1998; 68(5): 444-447 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Palta, P; Bansal, N; Prakash, B.S; Manik, R.S; Madan, M.L
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted to determine the estradiol-17 beta and progesterone
concentrations in ovarian follicles of different sizes, and to characterize the
follicles based on molar ratios of estradiol-17 beta /progesterone in buffaloes.
Ovaries of apparently healthy buffaloes were collected from an abattoir. The
follicular diameter was measured and the follicles were classified as small (3-5
mm; n=48), medium (6-9 mm; n=122), and large (10 mm and above; n=27).
Follicular fluid (bFF) was harvested from the follicles. Follicles with estradiol17 beta /progesterone molar ratios of >1.00 were considered as oestrogenactive, and the rest were considered as oestrogen-inactive/atretic. 92% of the
follicles were oestrogen-inactive/atretic. The proportion of oestrogen-active
follicles was higher in large (26%) follicles than in medium (3%) and small
(8%) follicles. Estradiol-17 beta concentrations were significantly higher
(P<0.01) in large than in small and medium oestrogen-inactive/atretic follicles.
Differences in estradiol-17 beta concentration among follicles of different size
categories were insignificant in oestrogen-active follicles. Follicular fluid
estradiol-17 beta concentrations were higher in large follicles than in medium
and small ones. Progesterone concentrations were not significantly different
among the 3-sized categories of oestrogen-inactive/atretic and oestrogenactive follicles. The molar ratios of estradiol-17 beta /progesterone were not
significantly different among the 3-sized categories of oestrogeninactive/atretic follicles. However, it was significantly higher (P<0.05) in large
follicles compared in small and medium follicles. Concentrations of
progesterone were insignificantly different among various sizes of buffalo
ovarian follicles.
878
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Comparative SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of seminal
plasma proteins and blood plasma proteins of the Indian buffalo and
cattle bulls.
Year of publication: 1998
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 1998; 68(1): 66-67 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kulkarni, B.A; Rupal, R.K; Hegde, U.C
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted to determine the (1) SDS-PAGE patterns of seminal
plasma proteins and blood plasma proteins of buffalo (n=11) and cattle (n=22)
breeding bulls, (2) assess the relative amounts of seminal plasma proteins
originated from the blood plasma and reproductive organs of the buffalo and
cattle bulls and (3) compare the SDS-PAGE patterns of blood plasma proteins.
Results revealed that 20 and 17 protein bands of varying intensities and
molecular weight range from 96 to 11 kDa were observed in blood plasma and
seminal plasma, respectively, of buffalo bulls. The major proteins of the
buffalo blood plasma were of molecular weights 66, 55 and 25 kDa, while the
major proteins in the seminal plasma were of molecular weights of 18-19, 16,
14, 11-12 kDa. Similar to the buffalo blood plasma proteins, the major
proteins of blood plasma of cattle bulls were of molecular weights 66, 55 and
25 kDa. The major proteins of cattle bulls seminal plasma were of molecular
weights 25, 20, 15, 13 and 12 kDa. It is concluded that the major proteins of
the buffalo and cattle seminal plasma are not from blood origin and can be the
secretory products of the testes, epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Biochemical studies in cyclic, anoestrus and suboestrus buffalo
heifers.
Year of publication: 1998
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 1998; 68(5): 469-470 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sharma, K.B; Shashi Nayyar; Malik, V.S; Sodhi, S.P.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Various blood biochemical constituents in normal cyclic, anoestrus and suboestrus buffalo heifers (n=30) were studied. The animals were divided into 4
groups viz., Group 1: normal cyclic heifers of age 2-4 years and weighing
275-400 kg; Group 2: anoestrus heifers, 3 years of age and weighing 275-325
kg. Heifers in this group all had inactive and smooth ovaries; Group 3:
anoestrus heifers between 3 and 4 years of age and weighing 325-400 kg; and
Group 4: sub-oestrus heifers between 2 and 4 years of age and weighing (275400 kg). Blood samples were collected during the entire oestrus cycle from
normal cyclic heifers. In groups 2, 3 and 4 heifers, blood samples were
collected at fortnightly intervals, over a period of 4 months. Normal blood
glucose level was significantly (P<0.05) higher in cyclic heifers, as compared
to the anoestrus and sub-oestrus heifers. Plasma protein level was significantly
higher (P<0.05) in sub-oestrus heifers. However, the variation was non879
significant between the normal cyclic and anoestrus heifers. Plasma
cholesterol level was significantly higher (P<0.05) in cyclic heifers as
compared to anoestrus and sub-oestrus heifers. Plasma aspartate amino
transferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities were
significantly higher in group 1 anoestrus heifers. Significantly higher lactate
dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was observed in anoestrus groups, as compared
with normal heifers. The low concentrations of blood glucose and total
cholesterol in both anoestrus groups (2 and 3) are indicative of the abnormal
energy status that is responsible for the cessation of ovarian activity, since
pituitary function is influenced by the blood glucose level.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: AH-Repro(gyn) Effect of biochemical characteristics of buffalo
oestrual mucus on in vitro sperm migration.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 1999; 69(5): 313-315 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Dev, S; Pangaonkar, G.R; Sharma, R.K; Gandotra, V.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The sperm mucus penetration test was conducted in vitro on 44 mucus
samples collected from Murrah buffaloes during early-(group 1), mid-(group
2) and late-oestrus (group 3). The mucus samples from animals which
subsequently conceived registered sperm penetration >20 mm/20 min. Based
on this fact, the samples were categorized into 2 classes (grade 1, > 20 mm/20
min, and grade 2, <20 mm/20 min). The highest conception rate was observed
in group 2 where sperm penetration was maximum. Group 2 samples were
found to contain significantly (P<0.05) higher sodium level and lower protein
contents than the other groups. However, the values for pH, potassium,
calcium, magnesium and chlorides did not vary significantly between the 2
classes and among the 3 groups.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: AH-Repro(gyn) Salmonellosis in buffaloes and cows with
reference to reproductive failures.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 1999; 69(4): 222-223 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Subhash Verma; Katoch, R.C; Parag Nigam; Verma, J.C;
Nagal, K.B
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The role of salmonellosis in causing abortion and infertility was investigated
in 43 buffaloes and 110 cows. The isolation was successful from a single
abortion in a buffalo that yielded Salmonella typhimurium while 2 out of 7
aborted cows had S. dublin. From uterine discharges of 33 cows with
endometritis 2 isolates of S. typhimurium were identified. None of 18 samples
from endometritis in buffaloes, 24 normally cyclic repeat breeding buffaloes,
56 normally cyclic repeat breeding cows, 8 cases of cervicitis in cows and 6
880
cases of vaginitis in cows revealed Salmonella infection. The antibiogram
against 16 chemotherapeutics was also studied.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Seasonal variation in progesterone concentration during oestrus
cycle in Murrah buffaloes.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 1999; 69(9): 700-701 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Srivastava, S.K; Sahni, K.L; Uma Shanker; Sanwal, P.C;
Varshney, V.P
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted from January to December 1993 on 14 adult Murrah
buffaloes (5 to 5.5 years old) maintained at the livestock farm of the Indian
Veterinary Research Institute. Blood samples were collected from each buffalo
between 08.30 and 09.30 h on day 0 (day of oestrus), 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15,
17, 19 and 21 and analysed for progesterone concentration. Three seasons
were categorized based on temperature and relative humidity: cool
comfortable (third week of October-February), hot dry (March-June) and hot
humid (July-second week of October). Progesterone concentration was
significantly higher (P<0.05) during cool comfortable season than in hot dry
and hot humid from day 7-19. Progesterone concentration was significantly
higher (P<0.05) on day 0 during the hot dry season compared to cool
comfortable season which indicates the poor breeding efficiency during this
season. No significant difference in progesterone concentration was present on
any day of cycle between hot dry and hot humid and on day 0 between hot
humid and cool comfortable season. Heat stress and humidity may be
responsible for either an ovulation, failure of fertilization or early embryonic
mortality in buffaloes, which has caused them to become seasonal breeders.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: AH-Repro(gyn)
Assessment of the efficiency of BCMPT and
HOSST in predicting the fertility of cattle and buffalo bulls.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2001; 71(4): 359-360 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kumaresan, A; Ansari, M.R; Arangasamy, A
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Frozen semen of 4 Holstein Friesian and 4 Murrah bulls were initially
assessed for post-thaw motility, live percentage and acrosomal integrity and
then subjected to 2 in vitro tests, viz. bovine cervical mucus penetration test
(BCMPT) and hypo-osmotic sperm swelling test (HOSST) to assess the
efficiency of these tests in predicting the fertility of bulls. The correlation
between in vitro tests and routine semen analysis was significantly positive. A
significant positive correlation was observed between in vitro tests and field
fertility trials of the bulls, except for HOSST and fertility of the buffalo bulls.
BCMPT and HOSST can effectively be utilized in combination with
881
conventional techniques to select good quality frozen semen and thus for
selection of bulls.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: AH-Repro(gyn) Effect of storage of oestrual mucus on in vitro
penetrability of buffalo spermatozoa.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2001; 71(9): 823-825 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kaushal, G; Pangaonkar, G.R; Sharma, R.K; Matharoo, J.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Bovine oestrual mucus was stored at 2 different temperatures for different
periods of time to study the effect of temperature and duration of storage on
physical properties of oestrual mucus and sperm penetrability. Physical
properties of oestrual mucus changed following prolonged storage. The
quality and degree of arborization deteriorated as the period of storage
increased. Consistency also changed to watery with prolonged storage.
However, pH and colour of oestrual mucus remained unaffected. Mucus
samples could be stored for 8 days without any significant effect on sperm
penetration. However, storage of mucus for 60 days seriously affected the
sperm penetration. Temperature of storage did not have any significant effect
on physical properties or sperm penetrability.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Plasma progesterone, T3 and T4 levels at the time of
insemination and conception rate in normal and repeat breeding
buffaloes (Bubalus Bubalis).
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2001; 71(12): 1164-1165 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Mahendran, G; Kumaresan, A; Varshney, V.P; Ansari, M.R;
Pathak, M.C
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
45 repeat breeders (RB) and 58 normal buffalo heifers to fourth parity were
employed to determine the level of plasma progesterone, T3 and T4 at the
time of insemination and to assess the influence of these on conception rate. A
major proportion of normal buffaloes had a progesterone concentration of <1
nmol/l compared with RB. A greater number of RB had higher progesterone
levels of >3 nmol/l and lower T3 and T4 levels compared with normal
buffaloes. Faster conception rates were observed in buffaloes with higher T3
and T4 and low progesterone levels at the time of insemination. The findings
give evidence to the positive effect of T3 and T4 on conception rate in
buffaloes.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Age associated variations in peripheral concentration of certain
hormones of female buffalo calves from birth to puberty.
882
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2002; 72(7): 579-581 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Garg, S.L; Sunil Sharma; Rose, M.K; Agarwal, V.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A study was conducted in 42 female buffalo calves belonging to various age
groups to determine the correlation among triiodothyronine (T3), cortisol,
oestrogen and progesterone concentrations at various developmental stages
from birth to puberty. The peripheral blood hormone concentrations of T3 and
cortisol were highest in neonatal calves and decreased with advancing age.
Oestrogen and progesterone concentrations were lowest at the time of birth
and exhibited a gradual increase together with the age of buffalo calves until
puberty.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Effect of age of donor buffalo on the recovery rate and
developmental potential of buffalo oocytes in vitro.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2002; 72(7): 586-587 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Raghu, H.M; Nandi, S; Ravindranatha, B.M; Reddy, S.M
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Oocytes from ovaries of buffaloes of different ages (prepubertal, adult and
aged) were collected, cultured and inseminated in vitro with 9-10 million
sperm/ml in BO media. The maturation rate, cleavage rate and embryo
development were analysed by chi-square test. The recovery and maturation
rates of oocytes from ovaries of prepubertal and adult buffaloes were
significantly higher than the oocytes from aged buffaloes. The cleavage rate
and embryo development were significantly higher in oocytes from ovaries of
adult buffaloes than ovaries from prepubertal and aged buffaloes.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Levels of antioxidant vitamins in anoestrus buffalo heifers
supplemented with vitamin E and selenium.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2002; 72(5): 395-397 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Shashi Nayyar; Gill, V.K; Narinder Singh; Roy, K.S; Rajvir
Singh
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Anoestrus buffalo heifers (n=15) were divided into 3 groups: group 1
(control), group 2 (supplemented orally with 3500 IU alpha -tocopherol
acetate per week per animal) and group 3 (supplemented orally with 3500 IU
alpha -tocopherol acetate+14 mg selenium as sodium selenite per week per
animal). The plasma levels of beta -carotene increased significantly in groups
883
2 and 3, as compared to group 1; however, no significant difference was
observed in the beta -carotene levels of group 2 and group 3 buffaloes. Levels
of vitamin E was significantly higher in groups 2 and 3, as compared to group
1; also, the vitamin E level of group 3 buffaloes was significantly higher than
that of group 2 buffaloes. On the other hand, the levels of vitamin C and
erythrocytic lipid peroxidation (ELP) decreased significantly in groups 2 and
3, compared to group 1. The results indicate that the oral administration of
selenium and vitamin E to anoestrus buffaloes is more beneficial in improving
antioxidant status. The synergistic action of selenium to vitamin E was also
reflected in the reproductive performance of the heifers i.e. early onset of
oestrus and pregnancy in vitamin E+selenium-supplemented heifers (group 3),
as compared to vitamin E alone.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Ultrasonographic study of ovulation in buffalo following natural
oestrus and after synchronization of oestrus by treatment with
prostaglandin or norgestomet and estradiol valerate.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2002; 72(2): 145-147 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Manik, R.S; Singla, S.K; Palta, P; Chauhan, M.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The possibility of using transrectal ultrasonography for the detection of
ovulation was studied in buffaloes exhibiting natural oestrus (n=20) and in
those where oestrous has been synchronized after treatment with prostaglandin
(n=9) or norgestomet and estradiol valerate (n=12). The buffaloes were
maintained at the National Dairy Research Institute in Karnal, Haryana, India.
Results show that the real-time transrectal ultrasonography is a reliable and
non-invasive tool which enables the detection of ovulation in buffaloes. Also,
the real-time ultrasonography enables the visualization of the ovulatory events
as they happen, and gives an accurate assessment of the growth of the
preovulatory follicle.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: AH-Repro(Gyn) Follicular development and micrometry in the
ovary of the prepubertal Indian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004; 74(12): 1208-1212 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Bhardwaj, R.L; Roy, K.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Three female genitalia of prepubertal buffaloes were studied (India).
Histomorphological study revealed the presence of primordial, primary,
secondary tertiary/Graafian and atretic follicles in the prepubertal buffalo
ovary. The primordial and primary follicles could be seen either singly or in
groups. The mean diameter of primordial and primary follicles was 22.00+or0.70 and 22.73+or-1.51 micro m, respectively. Zona pellucida was first to be
884
noted in the primary follicle at its late stage of development. The average size
of the secondary follicle was 82.13+or-4.53 micro m, whereas
tertiary/Graafian follicle was 672+or-117.57 micro m and large follicle
1488.38+or-202.74 micro m.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Incidence and serum progesterone studies in cyclic and repeat
breeder cattle and buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004; 74(6): 628-629 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Dhabale, R.B; Sharma, N.C
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Cases of repeat breeding were found to occur among cows and buffalo cows at
the Military Dairy Farm, Bareilly and Artificial Insemination Centre, IVRI,
Izatnagar, India, at a rate of 17.79%. Progesterone levels in blood tended to be
higher in both normal and repeat breeder cattle, as compared with their buffalo
counterparts.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Relative functionality attributes of the right and left ovaries in
buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004; 74(5): 477-479 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Gupta, P.S.P; Nandi, S; Sarma, P.V
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Proper implementation of reproductive technologies in buffalo, a species of
high dairy merits, necessitates in-depth studies of its ovarian functions. The
present study aimed to elucidate the relative functionality attributes of the
right and left ovaries of slaughtered mature riverine buffaloes. Weight of the
ovary (2.53 and 2.65 g), follicular fluid volume per ovary (0.19 and 0.24),
number of follicles (4.97 and 5.12), oocytes (3.14 and 3.23), corpora lutea
(0.37 and 0.41) and corpora albicans (0.31 and 0.20) present in the right and
their left ovaries, respectively, were not significantly different. These results
suggest equal participation of the right and left ovary in the reproductive
functions of buffalo.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Reproductive disorders and their management in cattle and
buffalo: a review.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2005; 75(7): 858-873 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Agarwal, S.K; Singh, S.K; Rajkumar, R
Institution:
Organization:
885
Content :
Fertility is one of the key determinants in the lifetime performance of any
animal. Gynecological problems adversely affect the reproductive efficiency.
The reproductive problems may be congenital or acquired. Anoestrus, repeat
breeding, cystic ovarian degeneration, uterine and tubal disorders have been
observed as the most common gynaecological problems in cattle and
buffaloes. Incidence of cystic ovaries in India has increased with the
introduction of crossbred animals. However, its incidence in buffaloes has
been low. Improper postpartum care and unhygienic husbandry practices
favour uterine infections. Proper and timely diagnosis and judicious use of
hormones such as progesterone, gonadotropins, GnRH, PGF2a and nonhormonal agents have been advocated for the management of various
reproductive disorders in cattle and buffaloes. Possibility of immunological
factors leading to infertility has also been explored. Introduction of
immunomodulatory drugs concomitant to the present therapeutic approach has
been found successful in the management of reproductive disorders. There is a
need for a comprehensive approach by involving the modern reproductive
technologies for the proper diagnosis and amelioration of various reproductive
problems encountered in cattle and buffaloes.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Histomorphological study on the ovary of prepubertal Indian
buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2005; 75(5): 499-502 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Bhardwaj, R.L; Roy, K.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A histomorphological study was conducted on the ovary of 3 prepubertal
buffaloes in India. The surface epithelium of the ovaries was simple cuboidal
to simple columnar and surface infoldings were low. The average height of
epithelium was 9.17+or-0.68 micro m. The average thickness of tunica
albuginea was 59.76+or-2.30 micro m. Ovarian stroma was dense fibrocellular
comprised mesenchymal cells differentiating into fibroblasts with collagen
fibres and reticular fibres. No elastic fibres could be seen except at
perivascular area and in the walls of the blood vessels. Smooth muscle cells
were also observed. Ovarian follicles at different states of development were
observed. Polynuclear ova were also observed. The interstitial gland cells
were seen at locations. The mast cells were seen in perivascular area. The rate
ovary and mesonephric tubules were lined with cuboidal to low columnar
epithelium. Blood vessels of different caliber were seen in medulla. Luteal cell
aggregate was seen in close vicinity of atretic follicle.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: AH- Repro(gyne)Conception rate in buffaloes maintained under
subhumid climate of Rajasthan.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Indian-Journal-of-Dairy-Science. 2005; 58(1): 69-70 AB:
Country of Origin: India
886
Author’s name: Tailor, S.P; Nagda, R.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The 24-year data on breeding and conception of Surti buffaloes maintained at
the Buffalo Project, Livestock Research Station, Vallabhnagar and its field
unit, were collected for this study. The overall conception rate (CR) was
33.76+or-0.70%, with CV of 45.13%. The CR was significantly higher in farm
conditions (37.49%) than in field conditions (32.31%). The period and season
significantly affected the CR. The CR was significantly higher during winter
(34.94%) and spring (35.23%) compared to summer (29.99%) and rainy
(29.90) seasons. The maximum and minimum temperature, minimum
humidity and total humidity index (THI) had a negative and significant
association with CR. The meteorological parameters explained 12.2% of the
variation in CR.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: AH-Repro(gyn) Progesterone concentration and its effect on
pregnancy rate in bovines.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 1999; 76(9): 845-846 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Srivastava, S.K; Sahni, K.L
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
In 356 cows and 58 buffaloes, oestrus was detected using a vasectomized bull,
and confirmed by rectal examination and the presence of a clear vaginal
discharge. AI was then performed twice, at an 8 h interval, and blood samples
were collected for progesterone estimation; high levels were detected in 1011% of the cows. Pregnancy diagnosis 45-60 days later showed that cows with
progesterone concentrations exceeding 0.50 ng/ml at the time of insemination,
and buffaloes with concentrations exceeding 0.90 ng/ml did not become
pregnant. It is concluded that insemination should be performed when
progesterone levels are low after oestrus detection.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Detection of pathogenic fungi from repeat breeding animals.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2002; 79(5): 519-520 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Yadav, S.K; Pathak, R.C
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A total of 165 uterine swabs were collected from repeat breeders, and 35
uterine swabs were collected from clinically normal cows and buffalo cows.
The samples were subjected to mycological examination. Out of the 165
repeat breeder samples, 52 (31.5%) yielded 8 different types of fungi. The
more common fungi isolated and identified were Candida albicans,
Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger (9-16.9%), Penicillium sp. and
887
Cladosporium sp. (8-15%), and Alternaria sp. (2-3.7%). Out of the 35 samples
from normal animals, 6 (17%) yielded fungal growth. Most of the animals
from which human pathogens such as A. fumigatus, A. niger, and Candida
spp. were isolated had histories of repeat breeding, pyometra and generally
displayed long intercalving periods.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Effect of progesterone-primed gonadotropin releasing hormone
(GnRH) on induction of pubertal oestrus in buffaloes during different
seasons.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2002; 79(1): 94-95 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Markandeya, N.M; Bharkad, G.P
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Murrah buffalo heifers (30-36 months of age, 250-275 kg body weight) with
optimum health scores were employed to ascertain the effect of progesteroneprimed GnRH therapy for the induction of oestrus during puberty. Six heifers
comprised each of three groups: summer (April, Group I), winter (November,
Group II), and spring (February, Group III). Each heifer was injected with 250
mg hydroxyprogesterone (Proluton, 1 ml, i.m.) on day 1 followed by 250
micro g gonadorelin (Fertagyl, 2.5 ml, i.m.) on day 10. Oestrus was induced in
83.33, 100 and 100% of the animals in Group I, II and III, respectively.
Oestrus was ovulatory in 80, 100 and 83.33% of these respective groups. The
type of oestrus induced was silent in summer, and intermediate in winter and
spring. A relatively earlier and more uniform onset of oestrus was observed
after treatment during winter, whereas it was late and variable in summer.
Ovulatory oestrus cyclicity was established in all heifers in winter, having
100% conceptions. In spring, 28% failed to ovulate and although conception
rate was 50%, cyclicity did not continue through summer. Relative to results
of previous investigations and on the basis of the present study, treatment with
progesterone prior to GnRH therapy is more effective for the induction of
oestrus and conception.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Effect of mineral supplement in anoestrus buffalo cows.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2003; 80(7): 696-697 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Shah, R.S; Singh, A.P; Vivek Kunj; Akhtar, M.H; Roy, G.P;
Singh, C
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The objective of the study is to determine the effect of mineral
supplementation (Supplevite-M) on serum constituents of anoestrus buffalo
cows and its effect on oestrus (India). A total of 38 cows were studied. In
normal cycling and anoestrus buffalo cows, mean serum calcium showed no
significant difference. A non-significant increase in normal cycling cows with
888
regard to protein was observed, whereas, in the anoestrous buffalo cows
treated with supplevite-M, the total protein increased significantly (P<0.01) on
the 15th and 30th day compared to that of day 0. Out of the 30 anoestrus
buffalo cows treated with mineral supplement by oral route for a period of 30
days, 14 animals (14.66%) came into oestrus, whereas, out of the 8 normal
buffalo cows, 7 (87.5%) showed oestrus during the period.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Incidence of bovine anoestrus.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2003; 80(2): 190-191 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Bharkad, G.P; Markandeya, N.M
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Clinical case reports of gynaecological cases handled during a period of 10
years (1991-92 to 2000-01) at the Polyclinic, Veterinary College, Udgir, were
analysed. A total of 2668 cow heifers, 6011 cows, 1606 buffalo heifers and
3764 buffaloes were involved. Overall incidence of anoestrus was 23.28,
37.91, 20.72 and 38.30% in cow heifers, cows, buffalo heifers and buffaloes,
respectively. The incidence was significantly higher in adult cows and
buffaloes than in heifers. The findings will help redefine measures against
management and nutritional causes of anoestrus in cows and buffaloes.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Incidence of infertility problems in heifers in Thanjavur District.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2003; 80(6): 581-582 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Satheshkumar, S; Punniamurthy, N
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The incidence of infertility problems in heifers from the Thanjavur District,
Tamil Nadu, India, was studied. 252 cattle and 104 buffalo heifers from the
said location having infertility problems were subjected to a detailed gynaecoclinical examination from March 2000 to February 2001. Underdeveloped
genitalia was the major form of infertility followed by anoestrus with smooth
ovaries and repeat breeding. Among repeat breeders, endometritis was
apparent in 19.36% of cattle and 26.67% of buffalo heifers. The incidence of
anoestrus with smooth ovaries was higher in buffalo heifers. Repeat breeding
was higher in cattle heifers. Only 37.5% of rural farmers covered in the study
fed their heifers with concentrates and fodder. Results suggested that improper
feeding in the early stages of growth and development occurred.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Pathology of the ovarian abnormalities in buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2003; 80(5): 412-415 AB:
Country of Origin: India
889
Author’s name: Sujata, R; Rao, D.G.K; Honnappagol, S.S; Satish Mundas
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Two hundred buffalo ovaries were randomly collected from various abattoirs
in north Karnataka, India [date not given] for analysis of abnormalities. It was
shown that 20 (10%) had pathological abnormalities, including hypoplastic
ovaries in 3 cases (15%), cystic corpus luteum in 2 cases (1.0%), embedded
corpus luteum in 8 cases (4%), dermoid cysts in 2 cases (1.0%) and atretic
follicles in 5 cases (2.5%).
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: AH-Repro(gy) Biometry of female genitalia of Murrah buffalo.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2004; 81(11): 1295-1296 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kumar, S; Ahmed, F.A; Bhadwal, M.S; Utsav Sharma
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Efficiency of reproduction is the basis of economic livestock production.
Reproduction is influenced by the health status of the animals and health
status in turn depends on the level of nutrition, managemental practices and
endocrinological profile of the animals. The biometry of genital tracts of the
female reveals the overall well being of the animals. Moreover, the knowledge
of the biometry of genital tract is necessary in artificial breeding operation and
in diagnosis of infertility and its treatment.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: AH-Repro(gy) Uterine torsion and foetal maceration in a cow: a
case report.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2004; 81(9): 1042-1043 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Behl, K.S; Brar, P.S; Bedi, M.K; Mishra, Y; Singla, V.K;
Prahlad Singh
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A case of uterine torsion with fetal maceration in a 7-year-old buffalo cow in
India [date not given] is reported.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: AH-Repro(Gyn) Distribution of surface follicles in buffalo
ovaries.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2004; 81(6): 711 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Palanisamy, M; Veerapandian, C; Pattabiraman, S.R;
Palanisamy, A
Institution:
890
Organization:
Content :
In in vitro fertilization, the diameter of follicle was found to be more
important for the development competency of embryos. Follicle size was
reported to be an useful indicator of oocyte recovery, fertilization and cleavage
in in vitro fertilization cycles. Hence, the present work was undertaken to
study the distribution of surface follicles in buffalo ovaries.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Effect of urea molasses multi-nutrient block supplementary
feeding in summer anoestrus buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2005; 82(2): 219-220 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kang, R.S; Nanda, A.S; Brar, P.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted to assess the therapeutic efficacy of urea molasses
multi-nutrient block (UMMB) supplementary feeding on the treatment of
summer anoestrus in buffaloes. Forty anoestrus buffaloes were divided into
two groups and were supplemented with UMMB for 30 days (group I, n=30)
or not (group II, n=10, control). Buffaloes exhibiting heat signs were subjected
to natural service and pregnancy was determined after three months. During
the 30-day period of UMMB supplementation, 12 buffaloes of group I (40%)
showed behavioural oestrus as compared to only one buffalo from group II
(10%). Of the remaining 18 buffaloes in group I, UMMB supplementary
feeding was continued in 8 buffaloes for the next 30 days. Five of the 8
buffaloes manifested behavioural oestrus within the next 30 days of UMMB
supplementary feeding. Overall, 85% of the anoestrus buffaloes manifested
oestrus during the 60-day period of UMMB supplementary feeding. The
pregnancy rate was 91% with 1 service per conception. Initial BCS also
affected the induction of oestrus following UMMB supplementation. The
response to UMMB supplementation was better in buffaloes with BCS>3 than
buffaloes with BCS<3. Initial body weight and milk yield did not affect the
induction of oestrus following UMMB supplementation.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: AH-Repro(gy) Reproductive performance of Berari buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2005; 82(1): 85 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Ambulkar,D R; Banglane, B B; Ali, S Z; Gote, N R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted to investigate the breeding performance of Berari
buffaloes. Data on 410 Berari buffaloes were analysed to study the
performance in terms of age at first calving, gestation period, intercalving
period and breeding efficiency. The age at first calving ranged from 12952187 days, with an average of 1682.64+or-30.65 days. The average gestation
891
period was 306.21+or-0.10 days. The difference in the gestation period
between male and female births was insignificant. The intercalving period was
490.64+or-3.16 days. The average breeding efficiency was 74.52+or-0.24%.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: AH- Repro(gyne)Abattoir survey of reproductive abnormalities
in buffalo.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Intas Polivet. 2004; 5(2): 139-141 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Razzaque,W A A; Sahatpure,S K; Pawshe, C H
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A survey on the abnormalities of buffalo reproductive tract was undertaken in
an abattoir in Akola district, Vidarbha, Maharashtra, India, over a period of
eight months (September-December 2002 and March-June 2003). Genital
tracts from 100 buffaloes aged 2-10 years old were examined. Of the 100
genital tracts examined, 95 genital tracts were non-gravid and five were gravid
(early pregnant). One genital tract showed accumulation of fluid in the
fallopian tube (salpingitis), two showed pyometra and six had white discharge
from the vulva before slaughter and was confirmed as metritis. Out of the 95
non-gravid genitalia, 36 (37.84%) showed involvement of the ovaries. The
pathological lesions observed were inactive/smooth ovaries (80.55%, n=29),
senile atrophic ovaries (13.88%, n=5), cystic ovary (2.77%, n=1) and follicular
cyst (2.77%, n=1). The incidence of smooth ovaries was significantly higher
during summer (March-June) probably due to the rise in environmental
temperature and unavailability of forage. Of the 100 genital tracts examined,
48 samples did not show any abnormality. These animals might have been
slaughtered due to involvement of some other systems.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Factor affecting calving interval and dry period in Murrah
buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: JNKVV Research Journal. 2004 publ 2005; 38(2): 61-63 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Yadav,B. S; Ashok Singh; Badhoriya,H. B. S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Data pertaining to 1003 Murrah buffaloes from six military farms covering a
period of 43 years from 1940 to 1982 were collected and analysed by least
squares analysis. The overall least square means for calving interval and dry
period were 477.08+or-13.73 and 174.06+or-9.50 days respectively. The
period and season effects were highly significant (P<0.01) for both calving
interval and dry period.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: AH- Repro(gyne)More age at first calving and long calving
interval: root causes and remedies.
892
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Livestock International. 2004; 8(7): 5-7 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rajinder Singh; Yadav, R.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The breeding tract of Murrah buffalo mainly comprises of four districts of
Haryana state, namely Rohtak, Hisar, Bhiwani and Jind. Every rural
household in these districts rears buffalo primarily to meet their own milk
requirements. Ownership of true Murrah type buffalo is a matter of pride in
this belt and more than the milk yield, it is the Murrah phenotypic
characteristics which fetch more price for buffaloes. A major hindrance in
getting optimum economic returns from buffaloes in these households is the
long calving interval, though the farmers of this region are mostly oblivious to
the same. Even the heifers attain puberty at a much higher age than they are
expected under optimum rearing conditions. Normally, a buffalo heifer,
physically fit in health with good growth, should conceive by the age of 30
months. Similarly, the time between two calvings should not exceed 12 to 14
months. But this is rarely achieved in almost one-third of the population of
buffaloes. This not only reduces the calf crop and thus replacement stock for
old and dead buffaloes, but also adversely affects lime time production. Major
causes of these problems and their suggested remedies are discussed in this
article.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject:
Postpartum endocrinology and prospects for fertility
improvement in the lactating riverine buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and yak
(Poephagus grunniens L.).
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Livestock-Production-Science. 2005; 98(1/2): 13-23 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Prakash,B. S; Sarkar,M; Vijay Paul; Mishra,D. P; Mishra,A;
Meyer,H. H. D
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
In many Asian countries the riverine buffalo is the major milk producing
animal besides contributing towards draught power and meat production. The
animal however suffers from inherent reproductive problems such as poor
estrus expression and long calving intervals which limits its lifetime
production. The yak is a seasonal breeder and the mainstay of highlanders and
tribal populations inhabiting the inhospitable terrains of the Himalayan region.
The factors responsible for its seasonality include poor nutrition, harsh climate
and high altitude. Very little information is available on postpartum
endocrinology in riverine buffaloes and even less so in yaks in relation to milk
yield and cyclicity commencement. Our recent investigations on endocrine
changes associated with cyclicity commencement in buffaloes (Murrah breed)
showed a positive correlation between plasma prolactin concentrations and
delay in postpartum cyclicity commencement. A significant correlation of
plasma GH concentration with milk yield was also obtained. Monitoring
893
cyclicity through milk progesterone analysis in buffaloes postpartum indicated
that the incidences of silent estrus was low in winter months and very high in
summer months - the overall annual mean being 37%. Preovulatory LH surges
post-estrus occurred at different times resulting in ovulations at 28 to 60 h
after onset of spontaneous estrus in buffaloes. Progesterone profiles in some
yaks indicated cyclic activity even during non-breeding season. The positive
correlation between plasma prolactin and melatonin indicates valuable
evidence for their role in reproduction in this animal.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Influence of infections and infectious diseases on buffaloes
reproduction.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Proceedings of the 1st Buffalo Symposium of Americas, Belem,
Para, Brazil, 1-4-September-2002. 2002; 5-14 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Costa, E.O
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This article discusses some infectious reproductive diseases in female
buffaloes like brucellosis, leptospirosis, campylobacteriosis, trichomoniasis,
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and infectious pustular vulvovaginitis. The
clinical signs, disease prevalence in Brazil and India, disease control and
prevention, and antibiotic sensitivity of the causative organisms are also
reviewed.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Management of buffalo reproduction in India.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Proceedings of the 1st Buffalo Symposium of Americas, Belem,
Para, Brazil, 1-4-September-2002. 2002; 144-155 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Nanda, A.S; Brar, P.S; Jain, A.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The advances made in India in terms of enhanced reproductive efficiency in
buffaloes through genetic improvement (animal breeding) and management of
reproductive disorders are discussed. The effect of the different breeding
programmes in India on the 3 most important measures of buffalo
reproductive efficiency viz. age at first calving, service period and calving
interval are also discussed. Some of the reproductive disorders in buffaloes
include delayed puberty, anoestrus, repeat breeding and dystocia due to uterine
torsion.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Enhancing reproductive performance in dairy buffalo: major
constraints and achievements.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Reproduction in domestic ruminats V Proceedings of the Sixth
894
International Symposium on Reproduction in Domestic Ruminants held
in Crieff, Scotland, UK, August - 2002. 2003; 27-36 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Nanda, A.S; Brar, P.S; Prabhakar, S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Buffalo are of high economic importance for farmers in several developing
countries but reproductive performance is poor. A large proportion of heifers
attain puberty at 3-5 years of age. A good quality diet supplemented with extra
nutrients reduces the age of puberty, whereas the effects of administration of
exogenous GnRH or equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) are equivocal.
The incidence of anoestrus in buffalo ranges from 20 to 80% depending on
season. Most buffalo cease ovarian cyclicity during hot summers probably due
to the combined effects of nutrition, environment and management. Keeping
buffalo cool by wallowing, water sprinklers or shade improves fertility.
Supplementary feeding with Urea Molasses Multi-nutrient Blocks (UMMB)
for 60 days before calving enhances the early onset of postpartum oestrus.
Regular UMMB supplementation also improves pregnancy rates in anoestrous
non-pregnant buffalo. Prepartum vaginal prolapse is hereditary and eradication
can be achieved by genetic selective breeding programmes. Treatment with
calcium, phosphorus and progesterone gives only transient relief to clinical
cases. Uterine torsion is the most common cause of dystocia (70%).
Deployment of Sharma's detorsion method and anti-stress measures increase
survival rates in cases presented within 36 h. In conclusion, greater
understanding about the effects of better year-round nutrition, improved
management and markers for logical breeding programmes are essential to
curtail the incidence of the reproductive disorders that reduce buffalo fertility.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: AH-Repro(gyn) Vitrification of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
oocytes.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Theriogenology. 2000; 53(6): 1295-1303 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Dhali, A; Manik, R.S; Das, S.K; Singla, S.K; Palta, P
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A method for the cryopreservation of buffalo oocytes by vitrification was
developed. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) were collected from
slaughtered buffaloes. Prior to vitrification of COC in the vitrification solution
(VS) consisting of 4.5 M ethylene glycol, 3.4 M dimethyl sulfoxide, 5.56 mM
glucose, 0.33 mM sodium pyruvate and 0.4% w/v bovine serum albumin in
Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (DPBS), the COC were exposed to the
equilibration solution (50% VS v/v in DPBS) for 1 or 3 min at room
temperature (25-30 degrees C). The COC were then placed in 15- micro l of
VS and immediately loaded into 0.25-ml French straws, each containing 150
micro l of 0.5 M sucrose in DPBS. The straws were placed in liquid nitrogen
(LN2) vapour for 2 min, plunged and stored in LN2 for at least 7 days. The
straws were thawed in warm water at 28 degrees C for 20 s. For dilution, the
895
COC were equilibrated in 0.5 M sucrose in DPBS for 5 min and then washed
4-5 times in the washing medium (TCM-199+10% oestrus buffalo serum).
The proportion of oocytes recovered in a morphologically normal form was
significantly higher (98 and 88% respectively; P<0.05), and the proportion of
oocytes recovered in a damaged form was significantly lower (2 and 12%
respectively; P<0.05) for the 3- than for the 1-min equilibration. For
examining the in vitro developmental potential of vitrified-warmed oocytes,
the oocytes were placed in 50- micro l droplets (10-15 oocytes per droplet) of
maturation medium (TCM-199+15% FBS+5 micro g/ml FSH-P), covered with
paraffin oil in a 35-mm Petri dish and cultured for 26 h in a CO2 incubator
(5% CO2 in air) at 38.5 degrees C. Although the nuclear maturation rate did
not differ between the 1- and 3-min equilibration periods (21.5+or-10.7 and
31.5+or-1.5% respectively), the between-trial variation was very high for the
1-min period. It is concluded that this method of vitrification is simple and
rapid, and can be used for the cryopreservation of buffalo oocytes.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: In vitro culture of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) preantral follicles.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Theriogenology. 2002; 57(7): 1839-1854 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Gupta, P.S.P; Nandi, S; Ravindranatha, B.M; Sarma, P.V
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Growth of buffalo preantral follicles in culture was studied to investigate the
effect of size of preantral follicles, individual or group culture, long-term
culture of preantral follicles for 40 days, addition of human follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH), insulin-transferrin-selenium (ITS), growth factors (epidermal
growth factor, EGF; fibroblast growth factor, FGF), vasoactive intestinal
polypeptide (VIP) in culture media, and substitution of pregnant mare serum
gonadotropin (PMSG) for FSH as gonadotropin source in culture media.
Preantral follicles were isolated mechanically from ovaries of mature,
nonpregnant slaughtered buffaloes and cultured in droplets of culture media
under mineral oil in a 35-mm petri dish in a CO2 incubator (38-39 degrees C,
5% CO2 in air, 90-95% relative humidity) for 15 days. Preantral follicle
isolation and washing medium consisted of Minimum Essential Medium
(MEM) supplemented with steer serum (10%), glutamine (2 mM), sodium
pyruvate (0.23 mM), hypoxanthine (2 mM) and gentamicin (50 micro g/ml),
respectively. In Experiment I, we placed isolated preantral follicles
individually or in groups of 2-4 preantral follicles in 30 or 50 micro l droplets,
respectively, using two culture media: washing media and washing media+ITS
(1%)+FSH (0.05 IU/ml), respectively. In Experiment II, isolated preantral
follicles were grouped into six different size classes: <less or =>36, 37-54, 5572, 73-90, 90-108 and <more or =>109 micro m. We cultured groups of 2-4
preantral follicles in washing media+ITS (1%)+FSH (0.05 IU/ml) in a CO2
incubator for 15 days. In Experiment III, we allocated groups of 2-4 preantral
follicles to 10 treatments: (1) only washing media, (2) washing media+FSH
(0.05 IU/ml), (3) washing media+ITS (1%), (4) washing media+ITS
(1%)+FSH (50 IU/ml), (5) washing media+ITS (1%)+EGF (50 ng/ml), (6)
washing media+ITS (1%)+FSH (0.05 IU/ml)+EGF (50 ng/ml), (7) washing
896
media+ITS (1%)+FGF (50 ng/ml), (8) washing media+ITS (1%)+FSH (0.05
IU/ml)+FGF (50 ng/ml), (9) washing media+ITS (1%)+VIP (50 ng/ml), and
(10) washing media+ITS (1%)+FSH (0.05 IU/ml)+VIP (50 ng/ml). In
Experiment IV, based on the results of Experiment III, we incubated preantral
follicles from those treatments showing significantly higher (P<0.05) growth
up to 40 days. In Experiment V, we allocated groups of 2-4 preantral follicles
to two treatments: (1) washing media+PMSG (50 IU/ml), and (2) washing
media+ITS (1%)+PMSG (50 IU/ml) and cultured in a CO2 incubator for 15
days. The results indicated that the preantral follicles cultured in groups had a
higher growth rate (P<0.05) than those cultured as individuals. ITS, FSH,
PMSG and growth factors significantly promoted (P<0.05) the growth of
preantral follicles. Following 40 days of culture, follicular architecture was
preserved in nearly 17% of the follicles though there was no antrum
formation. The growth rate of preantral follicles was lower in buffalo than in
cattle.
Specialization: Gynecology – Obstetrics
Subject: Effect of insulin, transferrin and selenium and epidermal growth
factor on development of buffalo oocytes to the blastocyst stage in vitro in
serum-free, semidefined media.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Veterinary Record. 2002; 151(9): 260-265 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Raghu, H.M; Nandi, S; Reddy, S.M
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The in vitro development of buffalo oocytes up to the blastocyst stage was
studied in serum-free, semidefined media containing bovine serum albumin,
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), insulin, transferrin and selenium (ITS)
and epidermal growth factor (EGF). In experiment 1, oocytes aspirated from
abattoir-derived ovaries were cultured in eight serum-free, semidefined culture
media containing different combinations of these four factors. In experiment
2, the maturation of buffalo oocytes and the development of the embryos were
compared in a complex co-culture system and in the serum-free, semidefined
media. Supplementation with FSH and EGF significantly (P<0.05) increased
the maturation rates of buffalo oocytes, and the yield of blastocysts was higher
(P<0.05) in media containing EGF and ITS. The yield of blastocysts was
lower in the serum-free semidefined media (P<0.05) than in the complex coculture system.
897
12. Immunology
Specialization: Immunology
Subject: A simple method to purify buffalo immunoglobulins.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2002; 18(3): 349-354 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Raj, G.D; Ratnapraba, S; Nachimuthu, K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
We report the use of caprylic acid for separation of buffalo IgG from serum.
Recoveries of buffalo IgG1 and IgG2 ranged between 89 to 93% as estimated
by a capture enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using bovine
immunoglobulin (Ig) standards and monoclonal antibodies to bovine IgG1 and
IgG2 and light chain. Analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and
western blot confirmed successful purification of buffalo IgG. This technique
is rapid, inexpensive and simple to perform than traditional ion exchange or
gel filtration chromatography.
Specialization: Immunology
Subject: Development of an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for
estimation of buffalo immunoglobulins using anti bovine light chain
monoclonal antibodies.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2003; 19(1): 83-90 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Raj,G.D; Ratnaprabha, S; Matheswaran, K; Deshpande, M;
Srikumaran, S; Nainar, A.M; Nachimuthu, K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) against bovine light chain cross-reacted
with buffalo immunoglobulin (Ig) in radioimmunoassay. These Mabs were
used as capture antibodies in an ELISA to capture all buffalo Ig isotypes in
serum and colostrum. The captured Igs were detected using a commercial antibovine peroxidase conjugate. This test was compared to the conventional
radial immunodiffusion (RID) test using purified buffalo Ig from colostrum
and antisera raised against it. Of the 61 samples of serum and colostrum
analysed using both tests, the range of Ig concentrations in buffalo serum
using RID and ELISA were respectively, 7.44-39.10 mg/ml and 14.67-73.66
mg/ml (n=47). The concentration in colostrum was 22.32-90.77 by RID and
19.83-94.75 mg/ml by ELISA (n=14). The correlation coefficient of these
concentrations was 0.91. The capture ELISA was simple to perform, rapid and
can be used to rapidly identify buffalo calves with 'Failure of passive transfer'
to prevent neonatal calf mortality.
Specialization: Immunology
Subject: Depletion of immunoglobulins from buffalo serum by one step
thiophilic interaction chromatography.
Year of publication: 2003
898
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2003; 19(3): 283-290 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Raj, G.D; Ratnapraba, S; Sudharsan, S; Matheeswaran, K;
Nainar, A M; Nachimuthu, K; Srikumaran, S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Buffalo immunoglobulin IgG1, IgG2, IgM and IgA bind to thiophilic gel (Tgel). In this study, T-gel interaction chromatography was used for the
depletion of buffalo Igs from serum. Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) specific
for bovine IgG1, IgG2 and the light chain, which cross-react with the
corresponding isotypes of buffalo Igs was used for the quantification of
buffalo IgG1, IgG2 and total Igs bound by the T-gels in capture enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The presence of buffalo IgM and IgA
in the T-gel eluate was shown qualitatively by dot ELISA method. The results
of the capture ELISA revealed that T-gel chromatography can isolate 93.1,
88.6 and 75.8% of the IgG1, IgG2 and total Igs, respectively, from the serum.
T-gel chromatography facilitated the depletion of Igs from buffalo serum in a
single chromatographic step. The Ig-depleted buffalo serum was tested as a
substitute for fetal calf serum (FCS) in the growth medium for the culture of
continuous cell lines (Vero and BHK21). The Ig-depleted buffalo serum
supported the growth of these cells as effectively as the FCS, indicating that it
is a cheap alternative to FCS. The use of Ig-depleted buffalo serum in cell
culture provides an additional advantage to the laboratories in countries like
India where cattle slaughter is banned for religious reasons.
Specialization: Immunology
Subject: Immunogenicity of protein fractions of Pasteurella multocida in
animals.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 1999; 69(9): 653-656 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Srivastava, S.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Ammonium sulfate perceptible protein (PSAP) of Pasteurella multocida
serotype 6:B when fractionated using ion-exchange chromatography yielded 3
protein fractions, each eluted at sodium chloride gradient of 0.125 M (PASPD), 0.25 M (PSAD-D I) and 0.35 M (PSAP-II). All the purified proteins along
with PSAP adsorbed on sheep red blood cells were subsequently detected at
various levels of antibody titres in buffalo calves and rabbits immunized with
whole cell vaccine and later challenged with virulent P. multocida. Rabbits
and mice given vaccines consisting of PSAP or PSAP-D I (major protein
fraction) showed a similar level of protection against the challenge infection,
as observed with the whole cell vaccinated group. Antisera from these
immunized rabbits passively protected mice against P. multocida infection and
exhibited moderate levels of bactericidal activity. Study suggested that the
protein fraction from P. multocida can be used to develop a subunit vaccine
against haemorrhagic septicaemia.
899
Specialization: Immunology
Subject: Technical note on the preparation of rabbit anti cattle or rabbit
antibuffalo peroxidase conjugates.
Year of publication:
Journal: Indian Journal of Veterinary Research. 2000; 9(2): 61-62 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rishendra Verma; Sujit Nayak
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This paper deals with the preparation of cattle and buffalo antibody-enzyme
conjugates for use in ELISA. A line of identity was seen between the 2
conjugates. ELISA screening results of cattle sera showed that the rabbit anticattle conjugate can be used for the screening of buffalo sera and vice-versa.
However, the rabbit anti-buffalo conjugate showed feeble activity in the
ELISA as compared to rabbit anti-cattle conjugate.
Specialization: Immunology
Subject: Use of anti-bovine immunoglobulin G (IgG) peroxidase conjugate
for detecting Brucella antibodies in cattle and buffaloes in Enzyme
Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Journal of Immunology and Immunopathology. 2003; 5(1): 27-30
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Chand,P
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Anti-bovine IgG peroxidase conjugate was used for detecting Brucella
antibodies in sera of cattle and buffaloes by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent
Assay (ELISA). The serum samples from cattle and buffaloes of known status
for brucellosis were analysed. The anti-bovine IgG peroxidase conjugate
produced expected results with cattle as all the Brucella positive cattle sera
exhibiting STAT titres between 1:20 and 1:640 with positive RBPT reaction
gave OD values above 1.000 (range 1.061 to 1.996). While in buffaloes that
exhibiting similar STAT titres (i.e. 1:20 to 1:640) with positive RBPT reaction
the OD values in ELISA remained below 0.700 (range 0.183 to 0.682).
Though anti-bovine IgG peroxidase conjugate showed cross-reactivity with
buffalo sera in ELISA but the strength of signal in terms of OD values was
much lower than the cattle sera. Use of anti-bovine IgG peroxidase conjugate
in ELISA for detecting Brucella antibodies in buffaloes could lead to
erroneous results.
Specialization: Immunology
Subject: Antigen presenting potential of buffalo monocytes: presentation
of foot and mouth disease virus antigens.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Journal of Immunology and Immunopathology. 2001; 3(1): 11-16
AB:
Country of Origin: India
900
Author’s name: Khatri, M; Manuja, B; Sharma, R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The work presented in this paper describes the antigen presenting potential of
monocytes obtained from buffalo calves naturally infected with foot and
mouth disease virus (FMDV), and buffalo and cattle calves vaccinated with
polyvalent oil adjuvanted FMD vaccine. In FMD infected calves, significant
antigen presentation by primed monocytes to naive peripheral blood
mononuclear cells (PBMC) was observed against type A22 as well as type O.
However, incorporation of tritiated thymidine was significantly higher in Type
A22 stimulated cultures compared to those recorded in type O stimulated
cultures. In vaccinated buffalo and cattle calves, significant antigen
presentation of FMDV type O and A22 by monocytes to naive PBMC was
recorded. These findings strongly suggest the role of monocytes in the
induction of immune response in both infected as well as vaccinated calves
against FMDV.
Specialization: Immunology
Subject: Evaluation of oxygen-dependent immunodefences of the
polymorphonuclear cells of some tropical ruminants.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Veterinary Research Communications. 2000; 24(8): 505-515 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sahoo, G; More, T; Singh, V.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Degranulative and phagocytic responses in buffalo, cattle and goat
polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) exposed to diethyldithiocarbamate, a known
superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibitor, were studied. The activity of
glutathione peroxidase and reductase was increased in the presence of the
SOD inhibitor. On activation, H2O2 production increased significantly
(p<0.01). SOD inhibition before the activation of PMNs caused a significant
decline in the production of H2O2 (p<0.05) in all the species studied. There
was a significant increase (p<0.05) in the phagocytosis of Candida albicans
spores by buffalo PMNs activated with opsonized zymosan. Activation of
bovine PMNs after exposure to the SOD inhibitor resulted in a significant
decline (p<0.05) in phagocytic activity; in the other species, the two values
only approached significance. Among the activators, opsonized zymosan
caused a significant increase in phagocytic activity as compared to
lipopolysaccharide, particularly in the PMNs of buffaloes (p<0.05). Increased
fungicidal activity (p<0.05) occurred with opsonized zymosan-activated
PMNs of all the species studied. The fungicidal activity declined in PMNs
exposed to SOD inhibitor before activation (p<0.05). The phagocytic activity
of caprine PMNs was lower than that of PMNs from cattle (p<0.05).
901
13. MANAGEMENT
Specialization: Management
Subject: Evolution and prospects of domestic buffalo husbandry.
Year of publication:
Journal: Annali-dell'Accademia-di-Agricoltura-di-Torino (Italy). (19981999). v. 141 p. 365-401. Received 2002. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Zicarelli, L.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
After having examined the buffalo population numeric consistency course and
its milk production in the last 40 years in the developing Countries and in the
industrialised ones, the Author makes remarks in order to point out the
importance of the role played by buffalo species in tropical Countries and their
position in the high standard production of industrialised Countries. Both
circumstances show that not a lot has been done to get genetic improvement,
the only way to make buffalo a food producer in depressed areas as well as a
producer of selected food in wealthy Countries with temperate climate. In fact,
even these Countries, lacking of any kind of increase in their own production,
would risk an excessive increase of the prices which would consequentially
jeopardize the entries of their markets. In order to avoid what has been said
above, it is necessary to overcome, thanks to more specific studies, all those
doubts of physiological order which, at their actual state, reduce the efficiency
of reproduction technologies that so much have contributed to the dairy cow
genetic improvement.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Post milking teat dip effect on somatic cell count, milk production
and composition in cows and buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2002; 15(10):
1517 1522 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Shailja; Mahendra Singh
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The effect of post milking teat dipping on somatic cell count (SCC) of milk
was determined in 20 Crossbred cows and 20 Murrah buffaloes selected from
the institute's herd (National Dairy Research Institute, Haryana, India). The
animals were divided into two groups of 10 each. Animals of Group I
(control) were teat washed with water before the milking while Group II
animals were applied teat dipping solution after the completion of milking.
The cows were milked 3 times a day while buffaloes were milked twice a day.
The milk samples were collected from control and treated animals on day 0, 5,
10, 15, respectively. The milk samples were analysed for milk constituents
like fat, protein, lactose, chloride, IgG, NEFA, pH and EC and total and
differential somatic cell counts. The changes in milk composition and somatic
cell counts were significantly different (p<0.01) between the animals and
902
between the breeds. However SCC, chloride content (p<0.05) and epithelial
cells (p<0.01) varied during different days of study. The alterations in SCC,
epithelial cells, TLC, lymphocyte, neutrophil, IgG, and protein content were
significantly different (p<0.01) between control and treated groups. The pH
(6.50 vs. 6.40), EC (2.28 vs. 2.37 mhos), protein (3.33 vs. 4.04%), SCC (1.00
vs. 0.87x105 cells per ml), epithelial cells (0.39 vs. 0.34x105 cells per ml),
lymphocyte (0.36 vs. 0.31x1000 cells per ml) and neutrophils (0.17 vs.
0.14x1000 cells per ml) of milk declined significantly (p<0.05) after the
application of teat dipping. In buffaloes, epithelial cells (0.37 vs. 0.29x105
cells per ml), lymphocytes (0.37 vs. 0.25x1000 cells per ml), neutrophils (0.14
vs. 0.11x1000 cells per ml), EC (2.56 vs. 2.37 mhos) and SCC (0.94 vs.
0.73x105 cells per ml) declined (p<0.05) after teat dipping. The study
indicated that post milking teat dipping could be used as an effective method
for the lowering of SCC in milk of crossbred cows and buffaloes.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Variation in breeding and calving pattern of farm and field
buffaloes maintained under sub-humid climate of Rajasthan.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Bubalus Bubalis. 2001; 7(1): 65-69 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sule, S.R; Taparia, A.L; Jain, L.S; Tailor, S.P
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Data on Surti buffaloes maintained at Buffalo Project, Livestock Research
Station, Vallabhnagar and its field unit centres were used to compare the
breeding and calving pattern of farm and field buffaloes. The possible reasons
for variation were also determined. A significantly higher percentage of
buffaloes bred during the winter season both at farm (50.75%) and field
(71.04%). However, a significantly lower percentage of buffaloes exhibited
heat during the rainy season (14.08%) at farm and during summer (3.69%) in
field. The breeding season started from the rainy season in the field buffaloes,
whereas in farm buffaloes it started from the winter season. The frequency of
buffaloes exhibiting heat were higher at farm than buffaloes maintained under
field by farmers from January to July. During August, the frequency of
buffaloes exhibiting heat was almost the same for farm and field, but during
September onwards, the trend was reversed. The conception rate was higher at
farm than buffaloes maintained in field by farmers, except during June to
August. Significantly higher number of buffaloes were calved during winter
(44.96%) at farm than during rainy (61.37%) seasons in field. Month-wise
results showed that the calving was higher during all the months in farm
buffaloes as compared to field buffaloes except during July, August, and
September.
Specialization: Management
Subject: The current status of buffalo production in India
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Bubalus-Bubalis. 2003; 9(2): 7-11 AB: The 4th Asian Buffalo
Congress in India, 25-28 February 2003.
Country of Origin: India
903
Author’s name: Borghese, A
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The current status of buffalo production in India is discussed, as well as the
production of products derived from this animal, such as meat and milk. A
brief discussion on the export of buffalo meat and milk by India to other Asian
countries is also presented. The production performance of the different
buffalo breeds being raised in India are also discussed; these include the
Murrah, Nili-Ravi, Surti, Jafarabadi and Kundi breeds.
Specialization: Management
Subject: The effects of machine milking on Murrah buffaloes milking
temperament.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2002; 18(1): 109-115 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Dogra, P.K; Parmar, O.S; Gupta, S.C
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted to determine the effects of machine milking on
temperament and milk production of Murrah buffaloes. 20 lactating Murrah
buffaloes in their 1st and 2nd parity were milked with a milking machine
using 420 and 450 mm Hg vacuum levels. The effects of machine milking on
milking temperament was measured using a numerical rating scale: 1, 2, 3, 4
and 5 as docile, slight restless, restless, aggressive and nervous, respectively.
The stage of lactation, milking shift, and mastitis had a significant effect on
the milking behaviour of the buffaloes but not the vacuum level. Docile
animals had the highest machine milk yield per milking, machine milking
time, and milk flow rates (4.586+or-0.044 kg, 4.32+or-0.03 min, and
1.064+or-0.007 kg/min, respectively).
Specialization: Management
Subject: Role of national dairy development board in forage and fodder
seed production.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Forage Research. 2003; 29(1): 49-54 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Singh, A.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
With only 2.5% of the world's geographical area, India supports 15% of the
world's livestock. It is the leader in cattle population and buffalo, and has the
world's second largest goat and fourth largest sheep population. However,
efforts to increase livestock productivity are constrained due to feed/fodder
shortages. Summary of the integrated programme developed by the National
Dairy Development Board for augmenting green fodder resources is presented
in this paper. Salient features of the programme include: (1) HRD for fodder
development and seed production; (2) silvipasture scheme; (3) varietal
904
demonstration programme; (4) straw treatment; (5) popularization of chaff
cutters; and (6) an approach to achieve self-sufficiency in improved varieties
of fodder seeds.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Handbook of animal husbandry.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Handbook of animal husbandry. 2002; (Ed.3): 1234 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kumar, A.T
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This 'handbook', first published in 1962 and now in its third edition has grown
to a massive volume of more than 1200 pages. It aims to cover animal
husbandry including animal health for students of veterinary medicine and
animal science, and for farmers and others interested in animal production. It
is a valuable resource of informnation on animal production in India. There
are chapters on: cattle and buffalo breeding; sheep production; goat
production; poultry production; pigs; the Indian camel; equines; rabbitry;
laboratory animals; livestock management (including housing, and
disinfection); animal nutrition, fodder feeds and feed technology; diseases
caused by viruses; diseases caused by bacteria and fungi; avian diseases;
miscellaneous pathological conditions and other diseases; parasites and
parasitic diseases; reproductive disorders of livestock; embryo transfer in
cattle and buffalo; artificial insemination and sterility; veterinary public
health; advances in veterinary medicine (a chapter that appears to cover noninfectious diseases including metabolic disorders and injuries); dairying;
biotechnology in animal production; meat and by-products; economics of
livestock keeping; beekeeping; animal science education in India; fish and
fisheries in India; Postmortem examination; legislation in veterinary and
animal sciences in India; informatics in animal husbandry (including
information on the Indian National Agricultural Research Database, and lists
of relevant Internet sites). There is also a list of the major research institutes
and universities in animal science in India, with e-mail addresses.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Comparative economics of different farming systems under
paddy-wheat farming sequence in rice-belt of Haryana.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Haryana Agricultural University Journal of Research. 2000;
30(1/2): 49 53 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sheokand, R.S; Narinder Singh; Sheoran, O.P
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A study was conducted during 1996-97 involving 300 landless (no land),
marginal (0.1-1.0 ha), small (1.1-2.0 ha), medium (2.1-3.0 ha), and large (>3.0
ha) farmers in Haryana, India, to compare the economics of different farming
systems in a rice-wheat cropping sequence. Expenditure and income of arable
905
farming, buffalo rearing, and mixed farming units were determined. The
results showed net returns of Rs.6326, 3904 and 10 966/ha, respectively. The
net return per Rs. 1000 invested was Rs.223, 241, and 250, respectively. The
percentage net returns over gross expenditure were 22.29, 24.10, and 24.99%,
while the percentage returns over other variable costs were 39.69, 33.87, and
39.99%, respectively. The expenses incurred on labour were 12.90, 18.99, and
25.36% of the total expenditure, respectively. The results showed higher gross
and net returns per Rs.1000 invested, as well as higher percent return over
gross investment, in mixed farming compared with other farming systems.
Mixed farming also generated more income and human labour employment
than arable and dairy farming.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Sustainable milk production and productivity enhancement to
match global competition.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Dairyman. 2000; 52(12): 33-37 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Mudgal,V.D
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The nutritional requirements of the Indian people can be fulfilled by
enhancing milk production and reducing the operational costs. The ways of
enhancing and sustaining milk production in India are presented in the paper.
The greater household nutritional security brought about by milk is discussed,
as well as the enhancement of milk production through genetic improvement
and conservation of nationally important cattle and buffalo breeds, and
crossbreeding. Some specific objectives for breeding and production of
animals in relation to sustainability are given. The uses of buffalo in India, and
buffalo breeding are also discussed. A crossbreeding programme called the
Frieswal Project, aimed at developing a new breed of cow (to be called
"Frieswal") by utilizing the crossbred herd in military farms is also presented.
The breeding policies followed by military farms and the implementation of a
technical breeding programme are briefly discussed.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Optimum herd size, income and employment potential of
common buffalo breeds in Ranga Reddy District of Andhra Pradesh.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics. 2004; 59(2): 268 276
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Prasad, D.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study determines the optimum number of animals (dairy buffaloes) to be
maintained by different size-groups of farmers, namely, landless, marginal,
small, medium and large farmers, in Ranga Reddy district, Andhra Pradesh,
India. Income and employment generated by dairy farming under existing
906
conditions for the different size-groups of farmers are also examined. A
sample of 240 milk producers selected from 16 villages in four mandals
formed the material for the study. The study pertained to the year 1990-91.
The study revealed that feed costs are very high and are beyond the reach of
poor dairy farmers. Furthermore, the cost of graded and murrah buffaloes was
observed to be prohibitive in the study area and good dairy animals were not
within the reach of the landless, marginal and small farmers cost-wise. The
study concludes that, dairying being a capital-intensive enterprise, institutional
financial assistance may be stepped up and extended to the landless, marginal
and small farmers for the purchase of dairy animals and in maintaining them.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Utilization of draught power sources in North East India.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 2003; 37(2): 100 104
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Yadav, L.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study conducted during 1995-99 in northeast India revealed that farmers
engaged in non-farm activities with 1.0-1.5 ha land holding could depend on
hiring services of draught power sources. A pair of bullocks was found
sufficient for farmers fully engaged in farming in 1.0-2.0 ha area under
cultivation. Similarly, 2 pairs of bullocks could command 2.0-4.2 ha land. The
he-buffaloes were found suitable for swampy area as they were capable to
perform operations during rain and scorching sunshine. Farmers possessing a
power tiller could also provide hiring facility to other farmers. The tractor
owners could command 9-12 ha own land. In addition, they provided hiring
services to extent of 70-85% of their own utilization. Maximum area
commanded by a pair of bullocks, single he-buffalo, a pair of he-buffaloes,
power tiller and tractor was 2.0 ha, 1.9 ha, 4.0 ha, 10.0 ha and 20.0 ha,
respectively. The scope of establishing hiring centres for he-buffaloes and
mechanical sources of draught power, was found in the study area in view of
their utilization on hire basis. The power tiller and he-buffaloes were found
suitable for puddling, whereas transportation could be performed by tractor
and he-buffaloes. The bullocks and tractor were considered suitable for
dryland cultivation and land levelling could be carried out by power tiller and
tractor. All of these draught power sources were found suitable for planking.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Ratio of female stock and replacement of daughter per cow in
crossbred dairy herd.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Health. 1999; 38(1): 33 34 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Jana, D.N; Kumar, B.A
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
907
An investigation on ratio of female stock and replacement daughters per cow
in a crossbred herd maintained at the Indian Veterinary Research Institute
(Izatnagar, India) was undertaken. The proportion of the herd in the 0-3, 3-6,
6-12, 12-18, 18 months and over age groups was 4.68, 4.12, 8.18, 7.87, 22.25
and 52.90%. The replacement of daughters per cow was 1.64+or-0.02.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Availability of feeds and feeding practices and socio-economic
status of farmers in irrigated cotton based system.
Year of publication: Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2002; 19(3): 256
261 AB:
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2002; 19(3): 256 261 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sajjan Sihag; Yadav, K.R; Khirwar, S.S; Rajesh; Heera Lal
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A comprehensive survey for locally available feedstuffs and feeding practices
adopted by the farmers of cotton growing area of Haryana, India, was
conducted. The farmers were classified according to land holding i.e. large
farmers (>10 acres), medium farmers (5-10 acres), small farmers (2-5 acres),
and marginal farmer, (<2 acres). The results indicated that wet land, dry land,
land under cotton cultivation, cotton cultivation percent of wet land, cotton
yield and land under fodder production were significantly higher in the
category of large farmers as compared to others. The number of cattle per
family, number of cattle bull per family, number of buffalo per family, total
number of animals per family and availability of cross bred cattle were higher
in the large farmers as compared to others. However, availability of desi cattle
was higher in the category of small farmers and the values were lowest in the
category of large farmers. Wheat straw was the sole roughage fed to the
animals in all categories of the farmers. Berseem, oats, green jawar, green
bajra and local seasonal grasses were main sources of green fodder. The large
and medium farmers fed higher quantities of green fodder to their milch
animals. Wheat dalia, gram churi, barley, bajra grain, cotton seed, cotton seed
cake and mustard cake were the part of concentrate mixture fed to milch cattle
and buffaloes. Only 20% farmers were supplementing the diet with common
salt and none of the farmers were feeding mineral mixture to their animals.
Number of milch buffalo and cattle, milk yield of cattle and buffalo and
average milk yield per animal was significantly higher in the animals of large
farmers than other categories. It was also noticed that all categories of farmers
were facing the problems of repeat breeding, anoestrus in buffalo heifers and
lack of knowledge about the balanced feeding of animals.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Studies on housing and feeding management practices of Murrah
buffalo in its home-tract of Haryana.
Year of publication: 1998
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management. 1998;
14(3): 186 188 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Malik, D.S; Nagpaul, P.K
908
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A field survey was conducted to acquire information on management practices
of Murrah buffalo in 180 households in Haryana. All the 180 respondents
were interviewed and information was collected. The profile of the sampled
respondents in the study area revealed that the majority of respondents were
small farmers, illiterate and had medium sized families. The majority of the
respondents had closed sheds but feeding equipment was defective. Most of
the sampled households were feeding home-prepared concentrates and were
feeding common salt. None of the respondents practiced silage preparation.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Water requirement in live stock production.
Year of publication: 1998
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management. 1998;
14(3): 145 147 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Singh, N; Chopra, S.C
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Information on the water requirements of buffaloes and cattle of different age,
physiological state (lactating vs. dry) and season (summer vs. winter) is
reviewed. In addition, water metabolism and requirement of murrah buffalo
and Hariana cows are compared. Based on the information, general
recommendations are given.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Calving patterns, behaviours and some dam-daughter
interactions of swamp buffaloes under 'Khuti' system of management in
Assam.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management. 1999;
15(1): 42-43 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Amonge, T.K; Sarker, A.B; Bora, N.N; Roy, T.C
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
358 swamp buffaloes were studied under the 'Khuti' system of management
(in which temporary shelters are used) at 2 locations in Assam (India) between
May 1991 and April 1992. Most calvings (43.30%) occurred during winter,
followed by the rainy (41.34%) and summer (15.36%) seasons. The majority
of swamp buffalo cows gave birth in the jungle. 34.25% of calves were born
between 05.00 and 16.00 while 65.75% of calvings took place in between
16.00 and 05.00. 64.91% of calves could stand within 10 to 15 minutes, a
further 19.30% could stand within 15 to 30 minutes and the remainder after 30
to 60 minutes. Yearling calves were not allowed to suckle when the new born
calf remained with the mother. In the absence of new born calves, mothers
generally allowed yearling calves to suckle during grazing which appeared to
909
be a peculiar phenomenon with the swamp buffaloes.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Effect of three rearing systems on growth performance of young
buffalo calves.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management. 1999;
15(1): 26 28 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Yadav, R.S; Yadav, M.S; Mehla, O.P
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Three comparable groups (six calves each) of young (6-7 months) female
buffalo calves were reared by grazing (T1) or stall feeding individually (T2) or
stall feeding in a group (T3) to see the effect of rearing systems on
performance of calves. The calves of T2 grow faster (P<0.05) (415 g/day) than
the calves of T1 and T3. Change in body size was not significantly influenced
by treatment. It was further observed that there was a fall in growth rate of
calves during hot dry and severe cold seasons in all treatments. T2 consumed
less (P<0.05) (11.70 kg) dry matter per kg body weight gain than T1 and T3.
The cost per kg gain in body weight was Rs 12.29, 12.11 and 14.80 for T1, T2
and T3, respectively.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Nutritional status of high yielding buffaloes - a case study.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management. 1999;
15(1): 39 41 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Lall, D; Dixit, V.B; Arora, U; Chauhan, T.R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Hisar and its nearby areas come under the native breeding tract of Murrah
buffaloes. There are few high-yielding buffaloes giving more than 20 kg milk
daily which are being fed traditionally under field conditions. Meeting the
nutrient requirement of such buffaloes is a challenge because of the
physiological limits of dry matter intake (DMI) which usually does not exceed
2.5-3.0 percent of body weight. Five buffaloes were studied in 2 villages and
were able to meet their nutrient requirements when calculations were made of
their nutrient supply, taking standard values from requirement tables.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Studies on milking and calf rearing management practices of
Murrah buffalo in its home-tract of Haryana.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management. 1999;
15(2): 52 54 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Malik, D.S; Nagpaul, P.K
910
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A field survey was conducted on Murrah buffalo management practices in
three districts of Haryana, in the three districts comprising the best breeding
records from 180 farmers of different categories. The percentages of
households which followed the full hand method of milking, dry hand milking
and proper drying off of their buffaloes were 36.1, 53.3 and 73.0 respectively.
It was also found that 94.4% of respondents attended calving, but only 85.6%
ligated/cut and disinfected the naval cord. The percentage of respondents
providing colostrum within 2 hours after birth, within 2-4 hours after birth and
after expulsion of the placenta was 45.0, 8.3 and 46.7 respectively, and none
of the respondents followed the practice of weaning.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Cost of milking and labour requirements on a dairy farm.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Research. 2001; 35(2): 120 122 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Chaudhary, A.P; Parmar, O.S; Singh, K.P
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The cost of milking and labour requirements for milking was studied under
machine and hand milking systems on a dairy farm at Punjab Agricultural
University, Ludhiana, India [date not given]. The study showed that the cost of
milking a buffalo by machine (Rs.1.60 per milking) and hand (Rs. 0.97 per
milking) was higher than milking a cow. It was also observed that the cost of
milking per kg of milk by machine was higher (Rs.0.40 in buffalo and Rs.
0.25 in cows) than hand milking (Rs. 0.25 in buffaloes and Rs.0.21 in cows).
However, one milker can milk 26 buffaloes or 38 cows by machine milking or
16 buffaloes or 18 cows by hand milking per day under a 2 x milking
programme.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Influence of socio-economic variables on adoption of buffalo-calf
rearing management practices in rural Haryana.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2000; 70(3): 325 326 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rajender Singh; Narinder Singh
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
300 buffalo farmers from Rohtak, Hisar and Bhiwani districts (Haryana, India)
were surveyed in order to determine the effects of district, size of farm, age of
farmer, family size and caste on buffalo calf rearing practices (timing of
colostrum feeding, amount of colostrum fed, suckling duration and deworming
practices). The timing of colostrum feeding differed between districts; 46%,
73% and 56% of farmers in Rohtak, Hisar and Bhiwani respectively fed calves
colostrum within 2 h of birth, the remainder fed later. No other socio911
economic factor had a significant effect on the timing of colostrum feeding.
Family size affected the duration of colostrum feeding; 37% of families with
less than 5 members fed buffalo calves colostrum up to 6 months of age
compared with 54.8% of families with more than 5 members. Family size did
not affect any of the other traits. Age of the farmers also only affected the
duration of colostrum feeding among farmers <30 years of age, 31-45 years of
age and >45 years of age the percentages feeding calves colostrum up to 6
months of age were. 21.8%, 43.1% and 47.0% respectively. The amount of
colostrum fed was also influenced by the category of the farm. Among
respondents classified as landless, or having marginal, small, medium and
large farms the percentage feeding calves colostrum up to 6 months of age
were 30%, 21.7%, 43.3%, 41.7% and 66.7% respectively. The duration of
suckling differed significantly between districts The percentages of
respondents in Rohtak that allowed calves to suckle for <4 months, 4-6
months and >6 months were 11%, 66% and 23% respectively, the
corresponding values for Hisar were 12%, 53% and 45% respectively, those
for Bhiwani were 0%, 57% and 43%. Suckling duration was also affected by
category of farm among respondents classified as landless, marginal, small,
medium and large farms the frequency of calves suckling for <4 months was
3.3%, 21.7%, 0%, 0% and 13.3% respectively, the frequencies of suckling for
4-6 months were 60.0%, 61.7%, 60.0%, 58.3% and 53.3%, the frequencies for
suckling for more than 6 months were 36.7%, 16.7%, 40.0%, 41.7% and
33.3%.Deworming practices differed between districts. 40% of respondents in
Bhiwani never dewormed their animals compared with 5% and 3% in Rohtak
and Hisar respectively. The percentages of farmers in Rohtak, Hisar and
Bhiwani that seldom dewormed their animals were 49%, 58% and 44%
respectively; the corresponding percentages that practised regular deworming
were 12%, 6% and 4%; the percentages using the Desi method of deworming
were 34%, 13% and 12%. Deworming practices were the only aspect of
husbandry for which a significant effect of caste was found. The frequencies
of farmers in the Scheduled caste, Backward caste, Agriculture caste and
Dominant caste that never dewormed their buffalo calves were 30.0%, 5.6%,
29.9% and 0%; the corresponding frequencies of farmers that seldom
dewormed their animals were 37.5%, 61.1%, 51.3% and 100.0%. Regular
deworming was only performed by members of the Agriculture caste (9.2%).
The frequency of Desi deworming was 32.5%, 33.3% and 16.7% in the
Scheduled, Backward and Agriculture castes respectively.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Calf mortality pattern in relation to age and sex in organized
livestock farms in Andhra Pradesh.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2002; 72(10): 921 923 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kumar, C.R; Moorthy, P.R.S; Rao, K.S; Naidu, K.V
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was undertaken to investigate calf mortality in relation to age and
sex in organized dairy farms in Andhra Pradesh, India. 3217 records of calves
belonging to Ongole, Murrah, and crossbred calves were used. Data on
912
mortality were collected from April to March for 6 years and classified into
age groups. In cattle, the average calf mortality rates were 1.20, 1.25, 0.89,
and 0.85% in age groups of birth to one month, 1-3 months, 3-6 months, and
6-12 months, respectively. In buffalo calves, values obtained were 4.15, 2.75,
2.02, and 5.64%, respectively. Analysis of variance indicated that calf
mortality was significantly different among herds but not among different age
groups. In cattle, irrespective of herd, death rate in male calves (4.18%) was
slightly higher than that in female calves (4.08%). Sex of calf had highly
significant effect on calf mortality in buffaloes (P<less or =>0.01) and
insignificant effect in cattle. Similar mortality rates were observed between the
different age groups of 0.5 Jersey:0.5 Ongole and Murrah calves.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Effect of body surface cooling during hot-dry and hot-humid
seasons on seminal attributes of Murrah buffalo bulls.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2002; 72(2): 192 194 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Mandal, D.K; Nagpaul, P.K; Gupta, A.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Murrah buffalo bulls (n=12) maintained at the Artificial Breeding Complex,
National Dairy Research Institute in Karnal, Haryana, India, were divided into
2 groups (6 in each group). In the experimental group, body surface cooling by
water sprinkling and fanning was done during the summer (April-June) and
rainy (July-October) seasons of 1997. A significant increase in mass activity,
sperm concentration, motility and a decrease in the percentage of dead sperm,
sperm abnormality and acrosomal damage was observed in the cooled group
as compared to the non-cooled group, during summer. On the other hand,
during the rainy season, a significant increase in the percentage of live sperm
and a decrease in the percentage of sperm abnormality was observed in the
cooled group. Thus, our results suggested that the body surface cooling of
Murrah buffalo bulls during the hot-dry season, by fanning and water
sprinkling (with increased frequency keeping pace with the increase in
temperature) reduce the adverse environmental effect on reproductive
performance of the animals. However, during the hot-humid season, the effect
was less pronounced.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Effect of year and season of birth on calf mortality in pure and
crossbred cattle and buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2002; 72(10): 918 920 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kumar, C.R; Moorthy, P.R.S; Rao, K.S; Naidu, K.V
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted to determine the effect of year and season of birth
on mortality of calves of pure and crossbred cattle and buffaloes. 3217 records
913
belonging to different genetic groups (Ongole, Jersey, 0.5 Jersey:0.5 Ongole,
0.75 JF:0.25 Ongole) of cow calves and Murrah buffalo calves of both sexes
maintained at livestock farms in Andhra Pradesh were examined. Average
mortality in cows ranged from 2.75-5.56% among different years but were
insignificant. Mortality in buffaloes varied between 2.42 and 41.18%, and the
effects were highly significant (P<0.01). Significantly higher mortality
(P<0.01) was found in the year 1992-93, whereas the lowest mortality was
observed in the year 1989-90. Results indicated that cow calves born in rainy
season had higher mortality (4.39%), followed by those born in autumn
(4.26%), summer (4.25%), and winter (3.50%). In buffalo calves, the highest
mortality was observed in calves born in summer (20.83%), followed by those
born in winter (14.09%), rainy season (14.07%), and autumn (12.42%).
Specialization: Management
Subject: Milk response function of large ruminants in northern
Karnataka.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences (India). (Jun 2003). v. 73(6) p.
699-702. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Wadear, P.K.R.; Kiresur, V.R.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Present paper is an attempt to examine the influence of different factors on
milk productivity of different categories of milch animals in Sameerwadi
sugar factory operational area of northern Karnataka.The Cobb-Douglas type
of production function was found to be the good fit to the milk production data
as indicated by the very high value of Ry and significant F values. The results
of the stepdown regression estimates revealed that, the coefficient of
concentrates and herd size were significant in crossbred cows, labour and
fodder inputs were significant in indigenous cows and buffalo. In addition to
this herd size was found to be the important variable influencing the milk
production.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Animal husbandry practices in Tarikhet block of Kumaon hill of
Uttaranchal.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004; 74(9): 997 999 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Singh, P.R; Singh, M; Verma, M.L; Jaiswal, R.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Socioeconomic status of farmers in Uttaranchal, India was generally poor and
75% of farmers having <0.5 ha land was treated as small category, large
family size (8.17 member/family) and nuclear family system dominated,
literacy percentage was 74.59 and about 67% of the income was generated
from livestock sector of agriculture. Livestock rearing system was diverse and
identified 5 main types i.e., cattle+buffaloes (34.46% farmers adopted), only
914
cattle (22.00%), only buffaloes (17.33%), buffaloes+cattle+goat (10.00%) and
other mixed type (16.00%) respectively. Livestock composition consisted of
48.36% cattle, 29.67% buffalo and 21.96% goat. Cattle and goats were mostly
dependent on grazing and stall fed while buffaloes only on stall-feeding.
Chaffing of fodder was uncommon or absent and concentrate were provided to
productive animals only. Natural breeding method was preferred by farmer
and 83.96% cattle and 100% buffalo owners adopted natural breeding. Animal
shed was unhygienic, long calving interval, higher age at first calving, higher
mortality rate of calves were also reported.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Buffalo genetic drain from an Indian state and methods to
conserve it.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004; 74(4): 435 437 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rajender Singh
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A survey from Rohtak and adjoining area in Haryana, India, famous for
Murrah buffalo breeding, was conducted to determine the impact of the export
and resulting shortage of buffaloes on the economy of the farmers in the area.
Data were collected from registered Truck Union and Loading Books of
railways from August 1997 to August 1999. It was shown that more than 25
000 Murrah buffaloes including their calves were taken away every year.
Rohtak is known as a potential area for the production and sale of Murrah
buffaloes. The maximum numbers of buffaloes were transported in August
and September to various metropolitan cities like Mumbai, Bangalore, Kolkata
and Nasik. These animals are young and in their early lactation. The minimum
numbers of buffaloes were transported in February and April, as most of the
animals are in the dry period of lactation at this time. Though this trading
generates good income to producers as well as to the middleman and works as
an incentive for breed improvement, at the same time it causes a great erosion
of the valuable germplasm of this elite buffalo breed. This heavy shortage and
loss of Murrah buffaloes from Rohtak will be a major threat to the economy of
smallholders and landless farmers in the coming future. Although a ban on
export/transportation by railway has been imposed in 2001 due to PIL by
Central Ministry of Animal Welfare, the government should still create
standards, combat, frame and implement some hard rules and regulations to
reverse this whole process of genetic drain as transportation by road is still
continuing.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Effect of different housing systems on the performance of
Murrah buffalo heifers during winter.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004; 74(12): 1239-1240 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Gupta, L.R; Hariom; Yadav, R.S; Grewal, S.S
Institution:
915
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted to determine the effects of 3 types of housing
systems (T1=loose housing, T2=loose housing+mud plaster roof, and
T3=village type closed barn with kuchha floor) on feed intake and growth
performance of buffalo heifers during winter (India). Results showed that the
buffalo heifers can be reared in loose housing in the northern part of India
without any adverse effect on performance.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Farmers' rationale of indigenous buffalo husbandry practices in
Haryana.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2000; 53(4): 304 309 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Dixit, V.B; Lall, D; Manuja, A; Chauhan, T.R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The study was conducted in the 'Murrah' tract of Haryana, representing the
districts of Hisar, Jind, Rohtak and Bhiwani. Information regarding indigenous
buffalo husbandry practices and their rationale was collected from 100
farmers, covering four villages in the four districts. The observations were
gathered through repeated discussions with groups of farmers as well as with
individual farmers. The information obtained was classified into feeding,
breeding, health and management practices. The following study attempted to
discuss and identify the most widely practiced indigenous buffalo husbandry
practices, together with farmers' rationale. Thus, in all 25 husbandry practices,
which included eight practices for feeding, seven for breeding, and five each
for health and management were identified, where there was maximum
agreement of the farmers on their rationale. Though these practices are popular
in 'Murrah' tract, the scientific rationale behind these practices must be
examined.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Cost of bull maintenance at an organised farm.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2001; 54(4): 203 208 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Arun Pandit; Jain, D.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The artificial insemination (AI) technique is one of the best techniques of
crossbreeding to quickly upgrade the poor genetic potential of dairy animals.
Bull maintenance is the major activity of any AI programme. The objective of
the present study was to determine the cost of bull maintenance, both in terms
of per bull per day as well as per millilitre of neat, chilled and frozen semen,
for cows and buffalo bulls maintained at the National Dairy Research Institute
(NDRI) farm, Karnal. Data were collected for the financial year 1997-98 and
tabular analysis was carried out to fulfill the objective. The net cost of bull
916
maintenance per day was found to be Rs. 68.52 and Rs. 70.35 per cow and
buffalo bull, respectively. The major cost components were the cost of feeds
and fodder, staff salaries and interest on fixed capital, which accounted for
47.82, 25.17, 12.46 and 46.57, 23.96, and 16.02% of the gross cost of bull
maintenance for cows and buffalo bulls, respectively. The net cost of bull
maintenance in terms of per millilitre of neat, chilled and per straw of frozen
semen were Rs. 250.41, Rs. 34.01 and Rs. 8.16 for cows bulls, respectively,
and Rs. 285.72, Rs. 38.23 and Rs. 8.82 for buffalo bulls. The study reveals
that there exists a scope to reduce the net cost of bull maintenance if the
existing resources are put to use more efficiently by increasing the production
of good quality semen and dilution rate to an extent that is technically feasible.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Status of livestock and feed resources in Northern Karnataka
Region.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2003; 56(4): 230 234 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Anandan, S; Raju, S.S; Ramachandra, K.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The status of animal feed resource availability in the Northern Karnataka
region which comprised of Bellary, Belgaum, Bidar, Bijapur, Raichur,
Dharwad and Gulbarga districts was assessed based on the secondary data.
The data on distribution and composition of the livestock revealed that the
region had 3.96 million cattle, 2.11 million buffalo, 3.51 million sheep, 2.6
million goats and 2.12 million improved poultry accounting for 38, 52, 48, 59
and 23% of the total state population. The buffalo population which
constituted 47% of the total state buffalo population in 1990 increased to 52%
in 1997 which registered a 5% increase while the cattle population remained
stable at 38% during the same period. The region had a potential dry matter
availability from different sources at 17.7 million tonnes wherein 74% came
from crop residues. The available dry matter in the region was more than the
requirement, indicative of High feed availability - Low productivity situation.
The potential dry matter availability per Ruminant Livestock Unit per day
ranged from 7.73 kg in Gulbarga to 14.59 kg in Bijapur with the regional
average of 10.32 kg. This clearly shows that the feed availability - at least the
dry matter availability is not the primary constraint of the low productivity of
the animals in the region. There is a considerable scope for further
improvement in the overall livestock production and productivity in the region
through suitable interventions.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Adoption of dairy management practices of Marathwadi
buffaloes in their home tract.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2004; 57(6): 421 423 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kalyankar, S.D; Gujar, B.V; Patange, D.D; Patil, G.R;
Londhe, G.K
917
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This investigation was carried out in 5 villages of Parbhani District in
Maharashtra to study the adoption of dairy management practices by the
farmers rearing Marathwadi buffaloes. 166 farmers who reared buffaloes were
the respondents. Only 34.34% of the farmers tied high-producing buffaloes
during day and night (stall-fed condition), whereas and 66.87% practiced both
grazing and stall feeding. Separate housing was provided to 41.57% of the
buffaloes, whereas 58.43% were housed in one portion of the owner's
residence. Animals were maintained mainly on stover of bajra and jowar.
Concentrate mixture was only offered to buffaloes during milking time. All
respondents opted for natural service.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Effect of roof modifications in loose house on intake and
utilization of nutrients in buffalo calves during rainy season.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2005; 58(1): 54 57 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Jat, R.P; Gupta, L.R; Yadav, B.L
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Thus study was conducted to determine the effect of thatch and mud plaster
roof on the intake and utilization of nutrients in young female calves. 20
female buffalo calves (9-11 months) were reared under 4 housing conditions:
(T1) loose house (LH); (T2) LH + thatch roof; (T3) LH + mud plaster roof and
(T4) conventional barn. The maximum ambient temperatures in T1, T2, T3
and T4 sheds were 39.19+or-0.260, 36.20+or-0.244, 36.14+or-0.480 and
38.09+or-0.285 degrees C, respectively. The maximum temperature, relative
humidity (RH) and temperature humidity index (THI) were significantly lower
(P<0.05) in T2 and T3 than T1 and T4 houses. The daily intakes of dry matter
(DM), crude protein (CP), total digestible nutrients (TDN) and water were
influenced (P<0.05) by shelter management. The daily DMI was higher
(P<0.05) in T2 (3.89 kg) and T3 (3.95 kg) calves compared to T1 (3.68 kg)
and T4 (3.64 kg) calves. TDN intakes were 1.31+or-0.019, 1.39+or-0.027,
1.40+or-0.026 and 1.37+or-0.023 kg in the respective treatments. The daily
voluntary water intake was less (P<0.05) in thatch roof (10.31 litre) than mud
plaster (11.35 litre), closed tie barn (11.24 litre) and loose housed (12.98 litre)
animals. Insignificant difference in VWI was observed between T3 and T4
calves. The water and DMI ratio was lower (P<0.05) in T2 animals than in T1
and T4 animals. The digestibility of DM (62.33%), crude protein (CP,
68.66%), ether extracts (EE, 77.05%) and crude fibre (CF, 55.44%) was
greater (P<0.05) in T3 compared to T1, T2 and T4 calves. It was concluded
that the provision of mud plaster roof improved the intake and utilization of
nutrients in buffalo calves.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Feeding and housing managemental practices of Nili-Ravi buffalo
under field conditions.
918
Year of publication: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2005; 58(5): 376 378
AB:
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2005; 58(5): 376 378 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Munish Kumar; Mehla, R.K; Chandra, R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The present study was conducted in the Ferozpur district of Punjab state,
India, which is the breeding tract of Nili-Ravi buffaloes. Management
practices were surveyed in 80 farmers from March to May 2004. It was shown
that the majority (80%) of farmers cultivated fodder for their animals and the
main method of feeding was stall feeding (85%). Almost all farmers were
feeding concentrates to lactating buffaloes only and the quantity fed per day in
30, 45, 20 and 5% cases were up to 2, 2-4, 4-6 and more than 6 kg,
respectively. A significantly lower quantity of concentrates was fed by
marginal farmers. Mineral mixture feeding was done by only 25% of farmers.
Only 6.25% of respondents used loose housing for the animals. The majority
(60%) of farmers had mud floors in the animal house. In most cases, the space
provided was not according to scientific recommendations and hygienic
conditions were not maintained.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Effect of birth weight and weaning on calf mortality: a study in
Andhra Pradesh.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2001; 78(12): 1134 -1137 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kumar, C.R; Moorthy, P.R.S; Rao, K.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
An attempt was made to study the effect of birth weight and time of weaning
on the mortality of calves (cattle and buffaloes), from birth to 12 months, from
different livestock farms in Andhra Pradesh [date not given]. The overall
mortality was found to be highest (8.87%) in the 31-35 kg weight group,
followed by 7.37% in the 36 kg and above weight group. Mortalities in the
other weight groups were 7.27% in the 26-30 kg, 6.27% in the 16-20 kg and
5.48% in below 15 kg. Calf mortality was lowest (5.02%) in the 21-25 kg birth
weight group. The birth weight had a significant effect on calf mortality in the
3/4 Jersey x 1/4 Ongole group only.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Reproductive status of Surti buffaloes maintained under subhumid conditions of Rajasthan.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2001; 78(11): 1049-1051 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sule, S R; Taparia, A L; Jain, L S; Tailor, S P
Institution:
Organization:
919
Content :
The effect of non-genetic factors on sexual maturity traits and first lactation
reproductive traits in Surti buffaloes, maintained under the sub-humid
conditions of Rajasthan, was investigated. Data on sexual maturity traits,
pertaining to 21 years (1973-93), of 468 Surti buffaloes were obtained. The
sexual maturity traits included: age at first heat (AFH), conception (AFCon)
and calving (AFC), and the first lactation reproductive traits included: first
post-partum period (FPPP), number of services per conception (FNSPC)
service period (FSP) and calving interval (FCI). The average AFH, AFCon,
and AFC, in Surti buffaloes were 1365.06+or-12.85, 1418.62+or-13.16 and
1719.84+or-13.76 days, respectively. Most of the reports showed early sexual
maturity in the Indian and foreign breeds of buffaloes. The coefficient of
variation varied from 17.31% for AFC to 20.36% for AFH, indicating scope of
improvement. The effect of period of birth was highly significant on all sexual
maturity traits, while that of season of birth was not significant. Furthermore,
the great diversity in first lactation reproductive traits (73.15-26.80%) was
evident from coefficient of variation, which indicates that the key to
improvement of the same was through proper post-partum management and
heat detection. The variation in all the first lactation reproductive traits due to
period of calving was non-significant, while the variations due to season of
calving were highly significant, except for FNSPC. FNSPC was not affected
by season of calving, making the length of calving interval solely dependent
on post-partum period, which was significantly influenced by calving season.
The buffaloes that calved during the rainy season had significantly shorter
service period (176.28+or-9.914 days) and calving interval (480.87+or-10.008
days), since these animals showed earlier first oestrus (122.85+or-6.648 days)
after calving, and required the least number of services per conception
(1.96+or-0.118). On the other hand, the buffaloes that calved in spring showed
post-partum oestrus after a long time due to adverse environmental stress like
high temperature, showing fertile oestrus only at cooler temperatures (rainy
and winter seasons).
Specialization: Management
Subject: Reproductive staus of surti buffalies maintained under subhumid conditions of Rajasthan.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal (India). (Nov 2001). v. 78(11) p.10491051. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sule, S.R.; Taparia, A.L.; Jain, L.S.; Tailor, S.P.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Buffaloes are known for lethargic breeding with delayed age of sexual
maturity and long calving interval which affect the economy of the buffalo
breeder. Further, more than 90% variation in reproductive traits are atributed
to environmental factors as evident from very low heritability (0.0-0.1) of
these traits. Therefore, this investigation was planned to study the effect of
non-genetic factors on sexual maturity traits and first lactation reproductive
trails in Surti buffalies maintained under sub-humid conditions of Rajasthan.
920
Specialization: Management
Subject: Research methodology for crop and animal systems in humid
regions of India.
Year of publication: 1996
Journal: International Workshop on Crop-animal Interaction. Khon Kaen
(Thailand). 27 Sep - 1 Oct 1993.
Devendra,-C.; Sevilla,-C. (eds.).
International Rice Research Inst., Los Banos, Laguna (Philippines). Cropanimal interaction: proceedings. Los Banos, Laguna (Philippines). 1995. p.
421-431. Received Aug 1996. (IRRI Call No. SB207 D5 No. 6) AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Palaniappan,Sp.; Manickam, R.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Crop and animal production systems play a significant role in improving the
Indian rural economy. Most of the small and marginal farmers still practice
traditional agriculture integrating crops and animals in mixed farming
systems. Types of crops and animals in mixed farming systems vary from
place to place depending upon the existing agroclimatic zones. To augment
farm income, an optimum blend of farm resources is felt increasingly
important in all sizes of landholdings. Successful on-station findings need to
be tested through on-farm research mainly to enhance adoption. Integrated
farming systems is an effective methodology and is being adopted by the
majority of small and marginal farmers. These generate not only income but
also increases labor-day employment. The role of large ruminants (cows and
buffalo) and small ruminants (goats and sheep) in different humid regions is
discussed.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Research on wheat-based crop-animal systems.
Year of publication: 1996
Journal: International Workshop on Crop-animal Interaction. Khon Kaen
(Thailand). 27 Sep - 1 Oct 1993.
Devendra,-C.; Sevilla,-C. (eds.).
International Rice Research Inst., Los Banos, Laguna (Philippines). Cropanimal interaction: proceedings. Los Banos, Laguna (Philippines). 1995. p.
165-180. Received Aug 1996. (IRRI Call No. SB207 D5 No. 6) AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Verma, M.L.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The wheat-based, crop-animal systems have a high density in both human and
livestock populations, and occu a large proportion of the geographical area
in the northwestern region of India. The per capita state domestic product in
this region is very high, of which the largest proportion comes from
agriculture and from wheat among the crops. Over the past 25 years, there has
been a shift to the area under wheat and other cereals at the cost of coarse
grains, pulses, barley, oil, seeds, cotton, and sugarcane. Among the livestock
species, the buffalo is the most important, having an annual growth rate of
around 2.4%/yr compared with 0.03%/yr for cattle. The region accounts for
about 21% of the total cropped area and for 61% of the number of tractors in
921
the country. The farm assets in terms of machinery and implements in some
parts of this area increased by about 300%, while the assets in terms of
livestock dropped by only 16%. Based on average numbers of buffalo and
bovine animals in a farm, the number of treatments per farmer should not be
more than two. But the experiment needs to be replicated on many farms.
Considering the genetic and management variables, we may require complex
statistical methods of design and analysis and the help of statisticians. For the
cropping patterns, the most common cropping patterns have to be selected for
the study. A reconnaissance survey followed by a diagnostic analysis, or even
a preliminary or exploratory experimentation, may be necessary to properly
identify problems and opportunities applicable to many farmers. A conceptual
model for rice-sugarcane-wheat-livestock farming systems has been suggested
with several improvement strategies that had been identified.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Awareness of buffalo owners about symptoms of heat in
Kolhapur and Satara districts of Maharashtra.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural Universities. 2001; 26(1): 79
80 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Ulmek, B.R; Chavai, B.R; Deokar, D.K; Jagtap, C.U
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Four hundred and five buffalo owners from 8 villages in Kolhapur and 7
villages in Satara (both in Maharashtra, India), were interviewed, in 1995, to
know their awareness about symptoms of heat in buffaloes. The following
symptoms of heat were indicated by the farmers: mucus discharge, 19.4%;
restlessness, 16.44%, bellowing, 13.03%; reduced feed intake, 12.00%;
frequent urination, 10.81%; mounting, 9.63%; excitation, 7.55%, swollen
vulva, 5.92%; raising of tail, 2.22%; reduced milk production, 2.07%;
reddening of the vulva, 0.59%; and erection of ears, 0.30%. Results indicate
that most of the buffalo owners are not aware about the actual symptoms of
heat in buffalo.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Physical indicators of sustainability - a farming systems approach
for the small farmer in the rainfed vertisols of the western zone of Tamil
Nadu.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture. 2005; 25(3): 43 65 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Shekinah, D.E; Jayanthi, C; Sankaran, N
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
In a small-scale resource-poor farm, modest increments in productivity are no
longer sufficient to justify the investment of scarce resources. Integrated
farming systems with multiple enterprises pave the way for realizing increased
productivity, profitability and sustainability in small farms of the developing
922
countries. A study conducted at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India from July 2000 to March 2002 to optimize
enterprise combination, increase employment and bring about maximum
bioresource utilization and residue recycling for a 1-ha farm of the dryland
tract of the western zone of Tamil Nadu compared four farming system
combinations: FS2 (crop+ pigeon+ goat+ agroforestry+ farm pond), FS3
(crop+ pigeon+ buffalo+ agroforestry+ farm pond), and FS4 (crop+ pigeon+
goat+ buffalo+ agroforestry + farm pond) with FS1 (sorghum only) as the
reference system. The results indicated the following: crop (0.80 ha) fertilized
with buffalo manure produced on the farm, with pigeon (10 pairs on 0.01 ha),
goat (5:1 female:male on 0.02 ha), buffalo (2 milking buffaloes+1 calf on 0.03
ha), agroforestry (0.10 ha) and farm pond (0.04 ha) was the profitable system
enterprise that generated higher employment year-round. This system also
facilitated the maximum recycling of resources and residues generated on the
farm among the enterprises. The output and the waste of one enterprise served
as input to another. The nutritive value of the system in terms of carbohydrate,
protein and fat was also highest with this enterprise combination. Thus, FS4
seems to be the best enterprise combination as revealed by the physical
indicators. However, since the purchase and maintenance of buffalo enterprise
involves higher costs, for farmers who have limited cash for investment,
linkage of crop (0.80 ha) with pigeon (10 pairs on 0.01 ha), goat (5:1
female:male on 0.05 ha), agroforestry (0.10 ha) and farm pond (0.04 ha) is
suggested as the alternative farming system for sustainability instead of
conventional cropping alone.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Buffalo production in the Bay Islands.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Livestock International. 2003; 7(5): 2, 22-23 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Chatterjee, R.N; Ahlawat, S.P.S; Rai, R.B
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Settlers of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India have brought buffaloes
of various breeds to the islands. Years of interbreeding has resulted in
buffaloes that do not belong to any particular breed, but their antecedents can
be traced. This article discusses the challenges in buffalo management and
production in this unique island habitat, and what can be done to improve the
situation.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Usage pattern of scientific rearing practices in buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Livestock International. 2005; 9(1): 19-22 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Vinod Kumari; Dahiya, S.P
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The extent of the utilization of scientific rearing practices including the use of
923
artificial insemination (AI), feeding mineral mixtures, vaccination,
deworming, proper ventilated animal housing and veterinary care by farmers
in Haryana, India, and their influence on the milk production of buffaloes is
discussed. 120 farmers were included in the interview [date not given]. It was
shown that AI was only utilized by 30.0% of the farmers. About 29.2% of
them feed mineral mixtures, while 67.5% were aware of the importance of
vaccination against infectious diseases. 60% regularly dewormed their
buffaloes, 78.3% provided ventilated housing and 92.5% cared for their
animals during illness. The income of the farmers was significantly associated
with the use of the AI facility and proper housing. About 50% of buffaloes
owned by farmers using AI produced more than 6 kg of milk compared to
other buffaloes. Only 4.34% of the total cultivated area was devoted to forage
crops, which lead to a 44% shortage of nutrients. In conclusion, more attention
should be given to the use of AI, mineral supplementation, proper housing and
health care to improve the production potential of buffaloes.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Livestock research and production in south Asia.
Year of publication: 1995
Journal: Consultation on Global Agenda for Livestock Research. Nairobi
(Kenya). 18-20 Jan 1995.
Gardiner,-P.; Devendra,-C. (eds.).
International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi (Kenya). Global
agenda for livestock research. Proceedings of a consultation. Nairobi
(Kenya). ILRI. 1995. p. 41-48. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Singh, K.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Livestock farming is primarily a small-scale unorganised rural activity closely
associated as an integral part of a sound system of diversified agriculture.
Cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, horses, camels, pigs, poultry, yak, mithun etc. It
is only poultry farming and to some extent dairy farming which recently have
been developed as an industry with large units involving high-producing
genotypes provided with adequate housing, feed and health cover. This paper
highlights resources and trends in India with partic. ref. to priorities for
research and development, constraints, researchable areas and issues, and
national agricultural research systems (NARS) capacity.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Opportunities for collaboration in livestock research in Asia with ICRISAT.
Year of publication: 1995
Journal: Consultation for the South Asia Region on Global Agenda for
Livestock Research. Patancheru (India). 6-8 Jun 1995.
Devendra,-C.;
Gardiner,-P. (eds.). International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi
(Kenya). Global agenda for livestock research. Proceedings of the
consultation for the South Asia Region. Nairobi (Kenya). ILRI. 1995. p.
23-26. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Anders, M.
Institution:
924
Organization:
Content :
Since ICRISAT's formation in 1972, the Centre has focused on improving the
production of its five mandate crops [sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.)
Moench), pear millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.), groundnut (Arachis
hypogaea (l.)), pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh) and chickpea (Cicer
arietinum (L.))]. Of these five crops, sorghum, pearl millet, groundnut, and
pigeonpea are used as dry or green fodder in most of the world's semi-arid
areas. Livestock (cattle and buffalo) numbers have steadily increased in Asia
largely because of increasing demands from a growing human population.
More than 70 percent of these large ruminants are owned by small-scale
farmers who depend heavily on crop residues produced on their farms to feed
these animals. These systems are under intense pressure and will need to
significantly increase their production to meet future demands. ICRISAT's
recent structural shift to a "project structure" with projects targeted to specific
production systems and constraints in these systems will allow a greater focus
on improving these crop/livestock systems. ICRISAT is committed to
improving the production and sustainability of these systems and strongly
feels its success in doing this will come through close collaboration with crop
and livestock research and extension organisations in the region.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Research priorities for the improvement of livestock production
by agro-ecological zone in Pakistan.
Year of publication: 1995
Journal: Consultation for the South Asia Region on Global Agenda for
Livestock Research. Patancheru (India). 6-8 Jun 1995. Devendra,-C.;
Gardiner,-P. (eds.). International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi
(Kenya). Global agenda for livestock research. Proceedings of the
consultation for the South Asia Region. Nairobi (Kenya). ILRI. 1995. p.
103-113. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Cheema, A.H.; Altaf, Z.; Pasha, T.N.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This paper presents research priorities for the improvement of livestock
production in the context of available natural resources agro-ecological zones.
Livestock contribute to about 7.6 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP)
and are important to the national economy. The country has 10 agroecological zones and these are broadly grouped into four regions: dry,
irrigated, barani and sandy desert. Researchable areas in animal production
include livestock feeding, genetic improvement, buffalo reproduction,
marketing and transfer of technology, and the development of producer
organisations and dairy co-operatives. In animal health, the researchable areas
include improved disease diagnosis, biotechnology and vaccination.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Management of Pandharpuri buffaloes in their breeding tract.
Year of publication: 1996
Journal: Recent Research Developments in Buffalo Production:
925
proceedings of the Second Asian Buffalo Association Congress. College,
Laguna (Philippines). PSAS Foundation, Inc. 1996. 487 p. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Patil, S.S.; Patil, P.A.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A survey work on feeding and management of Pandharpuri buffaloes was
undertaken at Kolhapur and Solapur cities and at 10 adjoining villages. The
primary data required for this study were collected from 100 buffalo owners
randomly selected from this area. The information in respect of Pandharpuri
buffalo types, body measurements, milk production, feeding, breeding,
milking and housing management were recorded. On the basis of shape of
horn, three types of Pandharpuri buffaloes were identified. It was also
observed that the Pandharpuri buffaloes are medium sized animals and they
produced an average of 1,599 litres of milk in a lactation period of 285 days.
The average dry period of these animals was found to be 105 days which was
comparatively less than the established buffalo breeds. In Kolhapur region,
these animals were mainly fed with paddy straw, sorghum straw, dry/green
grasses, sugarcane tops and sugarcane leaves, while Maldandi jowar straw
(sorghum straw) was mainly used in Solapur area. The feeding of animals in
urban places was concentrate-based while in rural areas, roughage-based.
Breeding of Pandharpuri buffaloes was through natural service. The female
calves were well cared but not the male calves. Deworming of calves and
feeding of mineral supplements were not practiced. Milking of buffaloes was
practiced with thumb-in method. Milk marketing at the road side (Katta
Milking) was the traditional activity of groups of people called `Gavoli' in
Kolhapur city. As regards housing management, the open yard housing system
was observed in Solapur area while conventional sheds/barns were mainly
used in Kolhapur area. Overall improvement in housing conditions is
essential, particularly in Solapur region.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Strategies for gene preservation and multiplication for high
yielding buffaloes under field conditions using infrastructure created
under operation flood programme of India.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: CA: 2. Asian Buffalo Association Congress. Makati City
(Philippines). 9-12 Oct 1996. Momongan,-V.G.; Ducusin,-R.J.T.; Maala,C.P.; Bondoc,-O.L.; Del-Barrio,-A.N. (eds.). Asian Buffalo Association
(Philippines); Philippine Society of Animal Science (Philippines);
Philippine Society of Animal Nutritionists (Philippines). Recent Research
Developments in Buffalo Production: proceedings of the Second Asian
Buffalo Association Congress. College, Laguna (Philippines). PSAS
Foundation, Inc. 1996. 487 p. Received May 1999. p. 339-342. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Gill, R.S.; Misra, A.K.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Water buffalo is mainly an Asian animal, constituting an integral part of the
926
predominantly agrarian life in the region. India houses about 60 percent of the
world's total buffalo population and is the home tract of some of the best
breeds in the world. In a total population of some 75 million, around 35
million are breedable buffaloes, of which only around 35000 produce more
than 3500 litres of milk in a lactation. It is the need of the hour to multiply this
elite stock. For rapid genetic gain two techniques viz., artificial insemination
(AI) from the male side and embryo transfer (ET) from female side have
proved their worth. To apply these techniques on the elite stock, which is
scattered in villages, it becomes essential to identify them. A total of 21 milk
unions in the states of Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh have been selected
covering nearly 8600 villages for identification of the elite stock through milk
recording. In a phased manner a total of 5000 buffaloes would be recorded.
Out of the top ten percent of the identified buffaloes, initially some 50
buffaloes will be utilized as embryo donors and the rest contract mated with
the best available semen. The males produced from these buffaloes would go
to semen production centres/programmes for natural service. The National
Dairy Development Board (NDDB) has done extensive work in these fields
including some pioneering embryo transfer work through its main ET
laboratory at Sabarmati Ashram Gaushala (SAG) and Regional ET Laboratory
at Buffalo. Breeding Centre (BBC). The SAG also has country's one of the
most modern and well equipped semen production laboratories maintaining 44
elite murrah bulls among others. Each year, one set of ten bulls undergo
progeny testing programme wherein milk yield of around 100 daughters
become available for each bull. By possessing the world's best buffalo
germplasm, the country and especially the NDDB has taken an initiative in
identifying top quality buffaloes in their breeding tracts and at the same time
making available all the necessary inputs required in the form of semen,
embryos and training to upgrade this future dairy animal.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Animal welfare: a developing country perspective.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Proceedings of Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE
initiative,Paris, France, 23-25-February-2004; 101-118 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rahman, S.A
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Livestock undergo major suffering due to malnutrition, overloading of work
animals and ill-treatment of meat animals. Draught animals work beyond their
capacity. More than 100 million draught animals are idle in India for 200 days
a year during which period they are ill-fed. The implements and carts to which
they are hitched are inefficient, crude and painful. Improving their design will
avoid the cruelty. Cruelty to animals takes place at every stage during
slaughter. Five to eight million buffalo calves are killed immediately after
birth. Eighty million large animals work for 7 to 10 years before becoming
available for slaughter. Over 120 million meat animals and 500 million
poultry also undergo significant suffering from the time they are dispatched
for slaughter till they die. Slaughter animals are made to walk long distances
or are transported in overcrowded trucks and trains. At slaughter, animals are
927
handled roughly and watch other animals being killed. Stunning is not
practised. Cruelty to other animals such as elephants, horses, donkeys, bears,
and circus animals has largely been prevented through the efforts of animal
welfare organizations. Prevention of killing of stray dogs through inefficient
methods has been prevented by the use of alternatives to euthanasia such as
animal birth control programmes. To address the problems of animal welfare
in the developing countries, it would be inappropriate to adopt international
standards implemented in the developed countries. Each developing country
should evolve its own standards based on their own individual priorities.
Governments have taken initiatives to establish animal welfare boards and
enact laws for the prevention of cruelty to animals, but their efforts are far too
limited to be of any significance. Financial constraints and lack of personnel
inhibit the implementation of these rules. The only work on animal welfare is
by a few dedicated organizations such as People for Animals (PFA), Blue
Cross, Compassion Unlimited Plus Action (CUPA), Karuna, PETA and
various SPCAs in the country, to name a few.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Prospects for buffalo improvement on the basis of the present
situation of milk recording and national breeding programmes: a world
review.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Performance recording of animals: state of the art, 2000
Proceedings of the 32nd Biennial Session of ICAR, Bled, Slovenia, 14 19
May, 2000. 2001; 275 283 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Moioli, B; Catillo, G; Napolitano, F
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A survey was conducted by the ICAR Work Group on buffalo recording
through a detailed questionnaire that was sent to 22 countries, with the
purpose of examining the existing opportunities to promote the genetic
improvement of buffalo population. Two surveys were done, one in 1995 and
the other in 1999. Items requested in the questionnaire were the following:
number of bulls kept by the farmers (by herd size) and origin of the bull; way
of grouping the females for breeding; existence of a breeding station for
natural mating; availability of artificial insemination and relevant structures;
and existence of milk performance recording and its purposes. The replies
evidenced a huge variability of situations among countries. Buffalo milk
recording schemes including private farmers are established in 11 countries,
either by the government or by producer cooperatives. In 7 more countries,
milk recording is performed only on research stations. Natural breeding
stations exist in Bulgaria, China, Egypt, Nepal, and Vietnam. Bulls of the
breeding stations are provided by development programmes of the government
or other agencies, therefore they are in some way, bulls of higher genetic merit
for milk, because either the dams, halfsibs or offspring have been recorded for
milk production. Semen of proven bulls are made available to different extents
to buffalo holders of Egypt, India, Iran, Italy, and Pakistan. In these countries,
the buffalo population which has been offered artificial insemination ranges
from 0.2 to 8.0% of the total population. Phenotype and guessed milk
928
producing ability are employed where no kind of milk recording exist at field
level (Albania, Armenia, Iraq, Macedonia, and Turkey). Where milk recording
systems exist, farmers can choose a breeding bull/heifer on the basis of
lactation yield (Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Greece), lactation certificate (Egypt,
Iran, Italy, Nepal, Vietnam for Murrah), cow indexes (India, Iran, Italy,
Pakistan, Vietnam for Murrah), and bull indexes (India, Iran, Italy, Pakistan,
Vietnam for Murrah). Where milk recording does not exist, a better bull is
judged on its look, size, and strength. Artificial insemination is feasible and
successful and is a necessary tool for progeny testing trials. The best success
of artificial insemination is registered in the countries where the majority of
farmers are smallholders, because they are not reluctant to use AI bulls. The
most successful improvement strategies (identify the animals and their
performances and identify the best animals and use them) are effective where
a single organization supervises all the three steps of the strategy: milk
recording, identification of best animals, and use them through artificial
insemination.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Animal husbandry and livestock development in Arunachal
Pradesh.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Resource management perspective of Arunachal agriculture.
2002; 147 158 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Bhattacharjee, K.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This paper discusses the social aspects, status and development of cattle,
buffalo, poultry, sheep, goat, pig and other livestock husbandry in Arunachal
Pradesh, India, including feed and fodder development, animal health,
education and planning, dairy development and livestock development in the
long term.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Labour requirements for machine milking of buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: SARAS Journal of Livestock and Poultry Production. 2002;
18(1/2): 17 20 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Dogra, P.K; Gupta, S.C; Parmar, O.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Hand milking, the most common method of milking used in buffaloes,
requires the services of specialized milkers whose availability is currently
continually decreasing as a result of more job opportunities in the fast growing
industrial sector [India]. Moreover, the wages of available manpower are
increasing, thus prompting the need to change to machine milking. 20
lactating buffalo cows were randomly divided into two groups and milked
with an Alfa-Laval Double Action Milking Machine using 420 and 450
929
mmHg vacuum pressure, respectively; all other parameters were kept constant.
A milker took on an average of 13.15+or-0.15 seconds to bring the milking
equipment, 17.14:1:0.15 seconds to provide concentrates, 46.84+or-0.78
seconds to restrain the animal, 24.71:1:0.32 seconds to wash the udder and
teats, 6.28+or-0.10 seconds to displace the milking equipment, 94.50+or-1.03
seconds for milk letdown, 13.44+or-0.22 seconds to apply the cluster,
3.37+or-0.05 min for machine milking, 9.36+or-0.17 seconds to remove the
cluster, 31.63+or-0.73 seconds for hand-striping, 23.83+or-0.15 seconds to
weigh the milk, and 13.77+or-0.24 seconds to dip the teats in disinfectant
solution. The number of buffaloes that could be milked per milking shift using
2, 4, 6 and 8 milking units at a time came out to be 30, 60, 90 and 120,
respectively, under treatment T1; the corresponding values under treatment T2
were 32, 64, 96 and 128.
Specialization: Management
Subject: Plasma cortisol and other blood constituents in relation to age of
disbudding with and without cornual block in Murrah buffalo calves.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: SARAS Journal of Livestock and Poultry Production. 2002;
18(1/2): 1 8 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sarabdeep Singh; Saini, A.L; Randhawa, S.S; Jindal, R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Thirty healthy female buffalo calves from the Dairy Farm of Punjab
Agricultural University [India], were subjected to disbudding at different ages.
Calves in from Groups I-IV were disbudded at 4-6, 7-9, 10-12 and >12 d after
birth without the use of local anaesthesia, whereas calves in Group V were
disbudded at 10-12 d of age after birth with the use of local anaesthesia.
Significantly high glucose and plasma cortisol concentrations were observed
immediately after disbudding in the first four groups as compared to the fifth
group; whereas non-significant changes were observed in total plasma proteins
in relation to age of disbudding, with and without cornual block. It was
concluded that pain and discomfort to calves can be reduced by disbudding the
calves at 10-12 d of age. Furthermore, to decrease the stress on calves, local
anaesthesia may be used before disbudding, which will be very beneficial for
the welfare of calves.
Specialization: Management
Subject: The handling and short-haul road transportation of spent
buffaloes in relation to bruising and animal welfare.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2001; 33(2): 155 163
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Chandra, B.S; Das, N
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The handling of 100 spent buffaloes during transportation by truck from an
930
animal market to a slaughterhouse was observed so as to assess the influence
of sex, body condition (weak, normal or heavy), body size based on the height
at the hump (small, medium or large) and handling method (dragging,
dragging + hitting or lifting + hitting) on the manpower requirement and the
time spent in both loading and unloading. A buffalo could be loaded onto a
truck with the help of 2.8 labourers in 66 s, whereas the average manpower
and time needed for unloading a buffalo were 1.9 labourers and 26 s,
respectively. Sex and size had no significant effect on the manpower
requirement or the time spent in loading and unloading. Animals in normal
body condition needed more (p < 0.05) manpower (3.2 labourers) for loading
compared to weak animals (2.5 labourers) or heavy animals (2.6 labourers).
The manpower and time required for loading and unloading were least (p <
0.05) when a stick was used while dragging. Excessive steepness of the
loading ramp caused some of the animals to fall down during loading, whereas
a slippery truck floor, due to increased eliminative activities by nervous
animals, might result in buffaloes going down during unloading. The mean
number of bruises was 2.44 per head. As muscle tissues were involved in
about 90% of the bruises, considerable economic losses occurred through
bruising, which necessitated removal of damaged tissues post mortem. Most
of the bruises were found on the hind limbs (43.4%), followed by the abdomen
and udder region (21.3%), shoulder, neck and back (16.0%) and perianal
region (11.1%).
Specialization: Management
Subject: Achievements of research in the field of buffalo.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal:
WAAP-book-of-the-year,-2003:-a-review-on-developments-andresearch-in-livestock-systems. 2004; 193-199
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Bhat, P.N
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
WAAP-book-of-the-year,-2003:-a-review-on-developments-and-research-inlivestock-systems. 2004; 193-199
931
14. Meat and meat products
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Rearing of male buffalo calves as a meat producer.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Agricultural Marketing. 2003; 46(1): 32-35 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kamal Chakrabarti
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This paper points out that male buffalo calves can be effectively reared for
their meat. Some studies on this field are reviewed, showing that buffaloes
efficiently converts feed into growth and meat. The paper concludes by
highlighting the high growth potential of this enterprise in India.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Effect of feeding ammoniated wheat straw treated with and
without hydrochloric acid on meat quality and various sensory attributes
of growing male buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004; 17(4): 485490 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Naik, P.K; Mendiratta, S.K; Laxmanan, V; Mehra, U.R;
Dass, R.S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of feeding ammoniated
wheat straw treated with and without HCl on meat quality and various sensory
attributes of growing male buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves. Due to ureaammoniation, the CP content of wheat straw increased from 2.90 to 6.96%.
The addition of HCl along with urea during urea-ammoniation further
increased the CP content to 10.09%. The proximate composition (% fresh
basis) of psoas major, longissimus dorsi and semitendinosus were comparable
among the groups. However, comparatively higher cumulative muscle mean
protein and ash percentage and lower moisture percentage in groups II and III
in comparison to group I indicated the desirable effect of feeding AWS and
HCl-AWS. The cumulative muscle mean pH in group III (5.54) was
comparatively lower than group I (5.65) and II (5.62). The cumulative group
mean pH and water holding capacity (% water retained) in semitendinosus
was comparatively lower than psoas major and longissimus dorsi. The
cumulative muscle mean SSP (g%) was significantly (P<0.05) lower in group
III (41.78) than group I (42.45). The cumulative group mean cooking loss (%)
was significantly (P<0.01) lower in psoas major (31.61) and longissimus dorsi
(29.78) than semitendinosus (35.10). The cumulative group mean SFV
(kg/cm2) of psoas major, longissimus dorsi and semitendinosus were 6.38,
6.32 and 6.56, respectively, being lowest in psoas major and highest in
semitendinosus. However, the cumulative muscle mean SFV (kg/cm2) in
932
group I, II and III were 6.53, 6.56 and 6.17, respectively, being lowest in
group III and highest in group II. The scores of the cooked (2% common salt)
buffen for various sensory attributes viz. appearance, flavour, juiciness,
texture, mouth coating and overall palatability were comparable among the
groups. Results suggested that feeding of ammoniated wheat straw treated
with and without HCl to growing male buffalo calves for 180 days had no
adverse effect on the meat quality and various sensory attributes.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Influence of milk co-precipitates on the quality of restructured
buffalo meat blocks.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004; 17(4): 564568 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sunil Kumar; Sharma, B.D; Biswas, A.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Restructuring had made it possible to utilize lower value cuts and meat
trimmings from spent animals by providing convenience in product
preparation besides enhancing tenderness, palatability and value. Milk coprecipitates (MCP) have been reported to improve the nutritional and
functional properties of certain meat products. This study was undertaken to
evaluate the influence of incorporation of milk co-precipitates at four different
levels, viz. 0, 10, 15 and 20%, on the quality of restructured buffalo meat
blocks in India. Low-calcium milk co-precipitates were prepared from skim
milk by heat and salt coagulation of milk proteins. Meat chunks were mixed
with the curing ingredients and chilled water in a Hobart mixer for 5 minutes,
followed by addition of milk co-precipitates along with condiments and spice
mix and again mixed for 5 minutes. Treated chunks were stuffed in aluminium
moulds and cooked in steam without pressure for 1.5 h. After cooking, treated
meat blocks were compared for different physico-chemical and sensory
attributes. Meat blocks incorporated with 10% MCP were significantly better
(P<0.05) than those incorporated with 0, 15 and 20% MCP in cooking yield,
percent shrinkage and moisture retention. Sensory scores were also marginally
higher for meat blocks incorporated with 10% MCP than product incorporated
with 15 and 20% MCP, besides being significantly higher than control. On the
basis of above results 10% MCP was considered optimum for the preparation
of restructured buffalo meat blocks. Instrumental texture profile analysis
revealed that meat blocks incorporated with 10% MCP were significantly
better (P<0.05) in hardness/firmness than control although, no significant
(P>0.05) differences were observed in cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess
and chewiness of both type of samples.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Effect of plane of nutrition on carcass composition of buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Bubalus Bubalis. 2005; 11(1): 52-58 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sharma, S.K; Gupta,.S.C; Wadhwa, M; Bakshi, M.P.S
933
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The effect of plane of nutrition by changing the roughage to concentrate ratio
(R:C) on the carcass quality of 18 male Murrah buffalo calves (4 months of
age) divided in 3 groups and offered diets with R:C of 60:40 (as per NRC
standards) 55:45 (112.5% of NRC) or 50:50 (125% of NRC) up to 22 months
of age were assessed. Three animals from each group were slaughtered at 18
months and the remaining 3 at 22 months of age. The dressing percentage and
edible as well as non-edible viscera increased linearly with the level of feed
and age at slaughter. The fat content followed the same trend resulting in a
narrow meat:fat ratio. The colour of buffalo meat was pink to red in all the
groups. The level of feeding or age of slaughter did not have any significant
effect on shear force value, chemical composition or trace element
composition of buffalo meat except that triglycerides and cholesterol increased
in the meat of calves fed at higher plane of nutrition.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Effect of roughage to concentrate ratio on buffalo meat
production.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Bubalus Bubalis. 2005; 11(1): 44-51 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sharma, S K; Gupta, S C; Wadhwa, M; Bakshi, M P S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The effect of different roughage to concentrate (R:C) ratios viz. 60:40
(control, 100% NRC), 55:45 (T1, 112.5% NRC) and 50:50 (T2, 125% NRC)
on the productive performance of buffalo calves was assessed. 18 male
Murrah buffalo calves, 4 months of age, were divided equally into 3 groups
and were offered with the above diets up to 22 months of age. Three animals
from each group were slaughtered at 18 months of age and the remaining at 22
months of age. The daily DM intake increased significantly with the reduction
in R:C ratio. The digestibility of nutrients was comparable between C and T1
groups but significantly decreased when concentrate in the ration was
increased from 45 to 50%. The calves at higher plane of nutrition retained
more (P<0.05) nitrogen resulting from considerably higher daily gain in
physical body measurements (height, width, circumference and length), daily
liveweight gain and significantly higher dressing percentage. The differences
between the experimental and control groups at 18 months of age were
significant for most of the parameters, whereas no such differences were
observed at 22 months old calves. The efficiency of utilization of nutrients
was low after 18 months resulting in low daily liveweight gain at 22 months.
Maximum daily liveweight gain was observed between 12 to 15 months of age
with the best feed conversion ratio.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Effect of lactic culture suspensions on microbial and sensory
quality of refrigerated minced buffalo meat.
Year of publication: 1998
934
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin. 1998; 17(3): 54-56 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Murthy, T R K; Natarajan, C
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Minced buffalo meat was treated with suspension of Streptococcus lactis,
Lactobacillus bulgaricus, L. plantarum or mixtures of these cultures and stored
at refrigeration temperature. Inhibitions in mesophillic and psychrotrophic
populations, though small, were observed in all the treated samples. The
importance of hygiene in the preparation of mince was emphasized to enhance
the protective effect by the lactic culture suspension. The potential of lactic
acid bacteria has been recognized not only in the classical fields of food
fermentations, but also as "protective cultures" for inhibition of spoilage and
pathogenic microorganisms in animal products. Lactic cultures inhibit
bacterial populations in refrigerated beef, mechanically deboned poultry meat,
mutton and goat meat and also in beef held at 15 degrees C or 27 degrees C.
No such information exists for buffalo meat. The inhibitory activities of lactic
acid bacteria are complex due to competitive inhibitions and production of a
variety of antagonistic factors such as organic acid, hydrogen peroxide and
bacteriocins (Klaenhammer, 1993). The present study reports the effectiveness
of Streptococcus lactis, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, L. plantarum or mixtures of
these cultures on microbial and sensory quality of minced buffalo meat during
refrigerated storage.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Studies on carcass characteristics and economics of
supplementation of different proteins to ammoniated straw-based rations
in growing buffalo calves.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2001; 17(2): 179-193 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Tiwari, C M; Jadhao, S B; Chandramoni ; Anandan, S;
Khan, M Y
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Economics of supplementation of three different protein supplements to urea
ammoniated wheat straw (UAS)- based rations in growing buffalo (Bubalus
bubalis) calves was calculated based on carcass parameters. 18 calves
(140+or-11.8 kg) were divided into three groups of six calf each and were fed
on UAS supplemented with concentrate mixture containing 8% untreated
groundnut cake (GNC) (Group I), 8% formaldehyde treated GNC (Group II)
and 8% fish meal (Group III), respectively, for 19 weeks. After 19 weeks, all
the calves were slaughtered. The dressing percentage on slaughter weight and
empty body weight basis carcass length and loin eye area among the dietary
treatments did not differ significantly. The percent yields of wholesale cuts,
edible and inedible offals, edible and inedible meat and lean and fat
percentages in whole carcass did not differ significantly among the dietary
treatments except for mesenteric fat, heart and gut with content. The bone
percentage was significantly lower on straw + fish meal diet. The moisture,
935
ether extract, ash and fibre diameter did not differ but CP content of
Longissimus dorsii muscle on formaldehyde treated GNC group was
significantly higher than other two treatments. Histopathological examination
of kidneys of all animals revealed microfocal and mononuclear cell
infiltration, fibrosis, collapsed tubules and thickening of capsule. The feed cost
per kg liveweight gain and per kg edible meat in calves of group I, II and III
were US$ 0.583, 0.551 and 0.528 and US$0.868, 0.81 and 0.917, respectively.
It was inferred that it is beneficial to supplement formaldehyde protected
groundnut cake (GNC) at 8% in concentrate mixture (3.5% in total ration) to
urea-ammoniated wheat straw-based diet with roughage to concentrate ratio of
58:42 to economise buffalo beef with more protein accretion than
supplementation of unprotected GNC or low quality fishmeal in ration of
buffalo calves growing at 400 g, daily.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Effect of modified atmosphere packaging on fresh buffalo meat
quality.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2002; 18(2): 171-182 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Babu R.N; Venkataramanujam, V; Shanmugam, A.M
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A study on the effect of modified atmosphere (80% oxygen+20% carbon
dioxide) packaging on fresh buffalo meat quality was carried out. The quality
parameters like pH, muscle colour and appearance, water holding capacity,
odour, TBA number, tyrosine value and total viable count of fresh and
packaged samples stored for different periods at 4+or-1 degrees C were
analysed and discussed. The pH of the sample in modified atmosphere was
significantly lower than ordinarily packaged due to the effect of 20% carbon
dioxide and lower microbial load. Colour, appearance and odour scores were
significantly higher in samples packaged in modified atmosphere.
Thiobarbituric acid number and tyrosine value were within acceptable range in
both the packaging methods. The findings revealed that the buffalo meat can
be stored safely with high consumer's acceptability up to 15 days in the
modified atmosphere of 80% oxygen+20% carbon dioxide in multi layer
pouches at 4+or-1 degrees C.
Author’s name: Babu-R,-N; Venkataramanujam,-V; Shanmugam,-A-M
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: An enzymatic method designed to differentiate between fresh and
frozen-thawed buffalo meat.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2002; 18(3): 339-347 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sen, A R; Sharma, N
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Buffalo semitendinosus muscle was frozen at -18 degrees C for 3 months and
936
thawed at refrigerated (4+or-1 degrees C) and room (25 degrees C)
temperature at intervals. The activities of the lysosomal (acid phosphatase,
ACP and alkaline phosphatase, ALP) and mitochondrial enzymes like
glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase [aspartate aminotransferase], GOT;
glutamate pyruvate transaminase [alanine aminotransferase], GPT; lipoamide
dehydrogenase, LPDH; lactate dehydrogenase, LDH and succinate
dehydrogenase, SDH were determined in the press juice of fresh and stored
muscle tissue (activity in the sarcoplasm). Muscle press juice was enhanced
following freezing and thawing. It was shown that the rate of thawing showed
a significant (P<0.05) influence on enzyme specific activity (lactate
dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase). The specific activity of LPDH,
LDH and SDH showed a significant increase (P<0.05) due to freezing and
thawing as compared to the values of fresh buffalo muscle sample. These
results suggest that the measurement of LPDH, LDH and SDH can be used to
develop a simple method which could distinguish the fresh and frozen-thawed
buffalo muscle.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Keeping quality of buffalo meat treated with salts combination
spray and stored at refrigeration temperature (5-7 degrees C).
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2003; 19(1): 109-115 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Ahmed, S N; Chattopadhyay, U K; Sherikar, A T; Paturkar,
A M; Wasker, V S; Latha, C
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A suitable method for carcass decontamination was studied, i.e. by spraying
solutions of various food grade salts (in combination) to the meat, without
degrading its sensory properties and acceptability. A total of 12 freshly
slaughtered buffalo carcasses were selected. The combined salt solutions
included potassium sorbate, sodium acetate, sodium citrate, sodium lactate
(each at 2.5%) and sodium chloride (at 5%). Sampling was done, by collecting
200 g meat from the carcasses, on day 0 and days 3, 4, 5 and 6 (until
deterioration of sensory and microbiological parameters) after refrigeration at
5-7 degrees C. The total viable count (TVC) and differential flora were
markedly reduced in the treated meat samples. The initial TVC of the control
and the treated meat samples were 5.80+or-0.09 and 5.35+or-0.15 Log CFU/g.
Among treated samples, Bacillus sp., Klebsiella aerogenes and
Staphylococcus aureus were not detectable on day 0 until day 6 of the
analysis. S. aureus was reduced to a greater extent. Treated samples showed an
overall reduction of 0.65 to 1.5 log cycle in TVC and differential counts, when
compared to the control. Acceptable colour and no off odour were observed in
the spray-treated meat samples up to day 6 of refrigeration. However, on the
3rd day, the control showed discoloration and off odour, indicating incipient
spoilage. Frank spoilage was observed on the 4th day, with moderate off
odour and discoloration. The results indicate that buffalo carcasses or meat
maintain their keeping quality up to 3 days when stored at refrigeration
temperatures (5-7 degrees C). The treated meat samples showed frank spoilage
on the 8th day of analysis. Among the controls and treated samples,
937
Micrococcus sp. dominated initially; whereas Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
Staphylococcus epidermidis comprised the final spoilage flora.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Metallic residues in buffalo meat and its edible offals.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2003; 19(2): 219-223 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Abraham, R J J; Chandran, M; Shanmugam, A M
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Ninety buffalo heart, liver, kidney, spleen and longissimus dorsi samples
obtained from Tamil Nadu, India were analysed for the presence of cadmium,
chromium, copper, lead and zinc. It was shown that cadmium was below
detectable levels in all samples. Chromium levels from samples obtained in
the markets had higher concentrations, being highest in the liver and lowest in
the heart. Copper levels were also higher in livers obtained from markets,
while lead was below detectable levels in all samples. The muscle samples had
the highest concentrations of zinc, and significantly differed between organs.
In conclusion, copper, chromium, lead and zinc levels are below detectable
levels in buffalo meat and offal in Tamil Nadu but cadmium content was very
high in the kidneys and spleen.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Assessment of quality attributes and shelf life of buffalo haleem
under refrigerated storage (4+or-1 degrees C).
Year of publication:
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2005; 21(1): 1-8 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Muthukumar, M; Naveena, B M; Sen, A R; Babji, Y
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A study was undertaken to assess the quality attributes and shelf life of buffalo
haleem, a traditional meat product of Hyderabad, India. The quality
parameters viz., pH, proximate composition, objective colour values,
microbial profile and sensory attributes of fresh and refrigerator store (4+or-1
degrees C) haleem were analyzed. The product had higher initial pH (6.75)
and aerobic plate counts (4.58 log cfu/g). The moisture, protein, fat, ash and
carbohydrate content (%) of haleem was 71.74, 7.67, 7.88, 1.13 and 11.59,
respectively. There was significant (P<0.05) change in pH, TBA number,
instrumental colour values (lightness and redness), microbial profile (aerobic
plate counts, Coliform and Staphylococcus) and sensory attributes after 10
days of storage period. The product was found to be physico-chemically,
microbiologically and sensorily acceptable up to 10 days in aerobic package
under refrigerated storage (4+or-1 degrees C).
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Microbiological quality of hygienically processed buffalo
carcasses.
938
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Food Control. 2000; 11(3): 217-224 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Yashoda, K P; Sachindra, N M; Sakhare, P Z; Rao, D N
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Studies were conducted to assess the microbiological quality of buffalo
carcasses processed hygienically in a modern abattoir as against those
processed in traditional slaughter units in India (by the halal method). The
hygienic measures followed included abattoir clean up operation, processing
on overhead rail, careful removal of skin and viscera, closure of oesophagus
and rectum and washing the carcasses with a spray of clean water. The
carcasses, meat cuts and minced meat obtained from both the sources were
examined for microbial load. A significant difference in microbial load was
seen in carcasses obtained from the 2 sources, with carcasses from traditional
slaughter units showing 1.0-2.50 log higher microbial load. The reduction in
microbial load in carcasses processed in a modern abattoir was attributed to
the hygienic measures followed. The microbial load was high in the shoulder
portion and lower in the leg portion. The data indicated that samples of
shoulder, neck and rib surfaces provide a more realistic estimate of microbial
load on buffalo carcasses. The meat cuts obtained from hygienically processed
carcasses had a shelf-life of 6 days as against 3 days for those obtained from
traditional slaughter units. The minced meat from hygienically prepared
carcasses had a shelf-life of 4 days as against 1 day for those obtained from
local slaughter units. It is concluded that adopting proper hygienic and
sanitary practices during processing of buffalo meat results in meat with
acceptable microbiological quality and extended shelf-life.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Microbial profile of buffalo sausage during processing and
storage.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Food Control. 2005; 16(1): 31-35 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sachindra, N M; Sakhare, P Z; Yashoda, K P; Rao, D N
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A study was made on the microbial levels of buffalo sausage during
preparation and storage at 4+or-1 degrees C. Microbial counts in raw minced
meat were, total plate count (TPC) (log cfu/g) 5.41+or-0.25; coliforms
(MPN/g) 23.2; Staphylococcus aureus (log cfu/g) 1.57+or-0.11; yeasts and
molds (log cfu/g) 2.29+or-0.07 and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (log cfu/g)
0.60+or-0.20. Sausage emulsion showed similar trend in microbial counts with
minimal microbial contamination during the preparation of emulsion. Cooked
buffalo sausage gave the following microbial counts: TPC (log cfu/g) 3.75+or0.31; coliforms (MPN/g) 0.2; LAB (log cfu/g) 0.07+or-0.01; yeast and molds
(log cfu/g) 0.72+or-0.07. S. aureus, Clostridium perfringens and Bacillus
cereus were not detected in cooked sausages. These results indicate that steam
cooking for 45 min followed in the study was effective in reducing the
939
microbial counts substantially. The investigation revealed that shelf life of
cooked buffalo sausage was 31 days in either vacuum or CO2 at 4+or-1
degrees C. The results indicated that spoilage of vacuum packed cooked
buffalo sausage was likely due to LAB while microflora other than LAB may
be responsible for spoilage of CO2 packed cooked buffalo sausage. The study
suggests that measures such as low initial microbial counts, hygienic
precautions during preparation of sausage, steam cooking for 45 min, vacuum
or CO2 packing and storage at 4+or-1 degrees C would control the microbial
growth and provide wholesomeness and safety to the buffalo sausage.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Phenotypic variations among enterococci.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Haryana Veterinarian. 2001; 40: 34-37 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Randhir Singh; Garg, S.R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Enterococci were isolated from chevon, chicken meat, fish, raw milk, sewage
and excreta of human beings, pigs and a buffalo in Haryana, India [date not
given]. 90 isolates comprising Enterococcus faecalis (50), E. gallinarum (9),
E. raffinosus (17), E. pseudoavium (7) and E. solitarius (7) were examined.
Phenotypic variations were recorded among the isolates within species. E.
faecalis differed in growth at 50 degrees C and fermentation of melezitose and
sorbitol. Isolates of the other species showed variations in growth in 0.1%
methylene blue milk. Type of haemolysis differed in E. gallinarum and E.
solitarius isolates. Heterogeneity in carbohydrate fermentation was also
recorded among the isolates of E. raffinosus and E. solitarius. High
heterogeneity in phenotypic characters caused difficulty in identification of
enterococci.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Aeromonads in foods of animal origin.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2000; 70(9): 942-943 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Agarwal, R.K; Kapoor, K.N; Kumar, A; Bhilegaonkar, K.N
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The results of a survey on the occurrence of Aeromonas sp. in 382 samples of
fish, quail eggs, meat, milk (buffalo milk, goat milk) and other aquatic foods
(edible snails, tortoise, crabs, frogs) are presented. Aeromonas was isolated
from 40 (10.47%) samples. Fish contained the highest incidence of
aeromonads.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Meat production potential in Murrah buffalo male calves under
different systems of feeding management.
Year of publication: 2000
940
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2000; 70(7): 769-770 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Bharadwaj, A; Sethi, R.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Eight buffalo calves (11 months old) were divided into 2 groups and subjected
to individual ad libitum stall feeding and group ad libitum stall feeding,
respectively, for 6 months. Average DM intake was greater (3.17 kg) in
individually-fed calves than in group-fed ones (3.11 kg). Average increase in
body weight was also greater in individually-fed calves (541 vs. 534 g).
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Optimization of short term tumbling schedule for the processing
of cured and restructured buffalo meat blocks.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2002; 72(8): 684-688 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sharma,B.D; Sushil Kumar; Nanda, P.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Buffalo meat taken from round portion (75%) and trimmings as well as other
low value cuts (25%) was sectioned into uniform chunks of 3-4 cm. It was
blended with a 15% (w/w) pre-standardized curing solution and subjected to 1,
2 and 3 h tumbling. Continuous tumbling (3 h) at a speed of 11 rpm at low
temperature (10+or-2 degrees C) brought about a significant increase in the
extraction of salt soluble proteins, resulting in products with better binding,
cohesiveness and tenderness as compared to non-tumbled (control) and 1 h
and 2 h tumbled meat. The sensory characteristics of restructured buffalo meat
slices were significantly better as compared to products from non-tumbled
meat. Vacuum tumbling of meat at 0.4 bar for 3 h at the same speed gave
significantly better extraction of salt soluble proteins and a product with better
binding and cohesiveness as compared to 3 h aerobic tumbling, and improved
the sensory characteristics of restructured buffalo meat slices. Vacuum
tumbling for 3 h followed by massaging of meat for 10 min proved to be
beneficial with respect to product yield, binding and tenderness. Further
improvement in the product quality could be achieved by first 3 h vacuum
tumbling and coarse mincing half of the chunk mass before subjecting the
entire material to massaging for 10 min. This method drastically reduced
spaces between the chunks in the restructured buffalo meat blocks and
improved the general appearance in particular.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Development of monoclonal antibody indirect enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay for species identification of meat.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Journal of Comparative Microbiology, Immunology and
Infectious Diseases. 2000; 21(2): 136-139 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Zade, N N; Mandokhot, U V; Goel, M C; Saxena, A K
941
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
To identify bufallo meat and differentiate it from beef meat, an indirect
enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using buffalo specific Ig G2
monoclonal antibody (mAb) was used. Initial exploratory assays using meat
extract (ME) and press fluid extract (PFE) antigens revealed the ability of
buffalo antigens to bind with buffalo IgG2 specific mAb, Colour development
with both PFE and ME antigens of cattle was absent and optical density (OD)
values ranged between -0.02 to 0.087, better OD values was observed with a
diluent having a ph of 6.0 as compared to ph 5.0 and 9.6.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Effect of gamma irradiation and organic acids on foot-and-mouth
disease virus in buffalo meat.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Journal of Comparative Microbiology, Immunology and
Infectious Diseases . 2001; 22(1): 33-35 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sontakke, S D; Majee, S B; Sherikar, A T; Waskar, V S;
Sherikar, A A; Sambasivan, N
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The virucidal effects of gamma irradiation with food grade organic acids (1%
propionic acid, 2% acetic acid and 2% lactic acid) singly and in combination
was evaluated. Treatment of meat with any of the acids alone remained
partially effective in inactivating the FMDV whereas gamma irradiation alone
could inactivate FMDV at the dose of 15 kGy. Further, a combination of 1%
propionic acid with an irradiation dose of 10 kGy was by far the best with
100% efficacy in eliminating FMDV from meat with negligible effect on the
sensory attributes of the meat.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Quality changes in buffalo meat during storage in dry ice pack.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2003; 80(2): 166-168 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sen, A R; Sharma, N
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Meat cuts from buffaloes (aged 8-10 years) were collected and stored in a
feezer. Frozen meat (-18 degrees C) was kept in dry ice, and stored in an
insulated box for 48 h. Mean pH values remained almost unchanged
throughout the storage period, indicating minimal chemical changes due to
better temperature control in the dry ice pack method. A significant increase in
tyrosine value during storage in dry ice was observed; it was more pronounced
(P<0.05) after 12 h of storage. Microbial counts exhibited increasing patterns
over time. However, the counts never reached the maximum allowable level
for fresh meat (107), throughout the storage period. Up to 36 h of storage did
942
not show significant changes in colour; however, a significant decrease in
colour score was observed on further storage. No undesirable odour was
observed throughout the entire storage period; odour score did not decrease
below 2.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Identification of dog meat by serological tests.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2003; 80(1): 29-32 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Renuka Nayar; Govindarajulu, M
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The identification of dog meat among buffalo, cattle, sheep, goat and pig meat
was performed using anti-dog antiserum raised in sheep against 3% saline
extract of the fresh meat sample and dog serum and tested by the agar gel
immunodiffusion (AGID) and ELISA. It was shown that the anti-dog
antiserum was monospecific in both AGID and ELISA, with a working
dilution of 1:800. Both tests reliably and accurately revealed the presence of
dog meat and could be used for certification of fresh meat and meat products
exported for the global trade.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Quality changes in buffalo meat during storage in dry ice pack.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal (India). (Feb 2003). v. 80(2) p.166-168.
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sen, A.R.; Sharma, N.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Meat cuts from buffaloes were frozen in dry ice and stored for 48 hrs. Physico
chemical, microbial and sensory analysis of the samples were carried out at 6
hrs. interval. It is evident from the study that dry ice pack storage exerted good
temperature control and can be used for long term transportation without
noticeable microbial and sensory changes.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: The role of irradiation on microbiological safety and shelf-life
extension of non-sterile and sterile convenience meat products stored at
ambient temperatures.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: International Atomic Energy Agency Technical Documents IAEA
TECDOCs. 2003; (1337): 153-166 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Chander, R; Chawla, S P; Kanatt, S R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
943
The effect of gamma irradiation in combination with vacuum packaging on the
microbiological and sensory quality of Intermediate Moisture (IM) buffalo,
chicken or lamb meat cubes, and number of ready-to-cook ethnic meat
products stored at ambient temperature (30+or-2 degrees C) was studied.
Irradiation treatment (2.5, 5 and 10 kGy) resulted in a dose-dependent
reduction in the total viable count as well as levels of potentially pathogenic
Staphylococcus spp. and these samples remained microbiologically superior to
their non-irradiated counterparts upon extended storage. Irradiation (10 kGy)
treatment of vacuum packed IM spiced lamb and chicken cubes resulted in a
product in which no viable microorganisms could be detected for 12 months
of storage at ambient temperature (30+or-2 degrees C). Initial analysis of nonirradiated samples showed total viable counts of >106 CFU/g, Staphylococcus
counts of >105 CFU/g and mould counts of 103 CFU/g which upon 3 months
of storage under similar conditions spoiled showing visible mould growth.
Ready-to-use shelf-stable mutton and chicken sheek kababs, mutton and
chicken chilli were developed by reducing the water activity either by grilling
or by hot air-drying, vacuum packing and irradiation. Microbiological analysis
revealed a dose-dependent reduction in the total viable count and in potentially
pathogenic Staphylococcus spp. upon irradiation treatment (2.5, 5 and 10
kGy). The products subjected to irradiation at 10 kGy showed an absence of
viable microorganisms and also had high sensory acceptability up to 9 months
at ambient temperature. Amenability of various ready-to-cook and ready-toeat chicken, mutton and pork products for radappertization using locally
available packaging material was evaluated. The sensory quality of all
products without gravy was found to be acceptable. However, traditional
gravy based products showed changes in the sensory attributes (colour and
flavour) leading to lower acceptability of the products.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Detection and characterization of verotoxin-producing
Escherichia coli (VTEC) isolated from buffalo meat.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Journal of Food Safety. 2004; 24(4): 281-290 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Hazarika, R.A; Singh, D.K; Kapoor, K.N; Agarwal, R.K;
Pandey, A.B; Rajkumar, D.N
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The emergence of Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) as zoonotic
foodborne pathogens in recent years has become a public health concern
because of its life threatening human diseases. In the present investigation, out
of 87 strains of E. coli, 22 (25%) belonging to 13 different serotypes isolated
from raw buffalo meat and its products were found to be verotoxic as tested by
Vero cell cytotoxic assay. Serotype O26 followed by O153 and O157 were the
predominant VTEC. All the VTEC strains were found positive for vt genes by
polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Among the vt genotypes, vt2 (77%) was
most predominant followed by vt1 (14%) and both vt1 and vt2 (9%).
Production of enterohaemolysin on washed sheep blood agar supplemented
with CaCl2 showed 19 (86%) VTEC strains to be positive. Presence of VTEC
in cooked buffalo meat products, namely shami kabab and kabab, appears to
944
be a matter of concern and a potential threat to public health. VTEC detection
by different methods suggests that PCR can be useful to evaluate the
distribution of virulence genes (vt1 or vt2 or both) in E. coli isolates from
buffalo meat and its products.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Studies on occurrence and characterization of Clostridium
perfringens from select meats.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Journal of Food Safety. 2005; 25(2): 146-156 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Singh, R.V; Bhilegaonkar, K.N; Agarwal, R.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of Clostridium perfringens
in meat and to characterize the isolates obtained through virulence factors. A
total of 211 meat samples of different animals (70 each of buffalo and goat
and 71 of poultry) were screened. The highest occurrence of C. perfringens
was observed in goat (91.4%), followed by poultry (70.4%) and buffalo
(65.7%). Among the 116 isolates (32 in buffalo, 37 in goat and 45 in poultry)
of C. perfringens screened for the presence of enterotoxin gene by PCR, 9.3,
32.4 and 15.5% isolates of buffalo, goat and poultry, respectively, possessed
the enterotoxin gene. Screening of 15 enterotoxin gene possessing isolates for
verocytotoxicity revealed that 12 isolates exhibited cytopathic effect, whereas
3 isolates did not show any cytopathic effect in spite of the presence of the
enterotoxin gene. A total of 115 C. perfringens isolates were screened for
other virulence markers, such as lecithinase and haemolysin. Majority of the
isolates expressed these activities. Antibiogram studies of C. perfringens
isolates using 16 antibiotics displayed multidrug resistance. The isolates
showed resistance to streptomycin, ceftazidime, colistin sulfate, cephalothin,
ampicillin and gentamicin. The isolates showed 100% sensitivity to
ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and nitrofurantoin. Moderate sensitivity was observed
with tetracycline and sulfatriad.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: A study on suitability of four enrichment broths for PCR-based
detection of Listeria monocytogenes from raw meat.
Year of publication: 2006
Journal: Journal of Food Safety. 2006; 26(1): 16-29 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Balamurugan, J; Bhilegaonkar, K.N; Agarwal, R.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Four enrichment broths were evaluated for their compatibility with the
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of Listeria monocytogenes
from raw meat after single-step enrichment. Standardized PCR protocols for
listeriolysin O (hlyA) gene were used for the species-specific identification of
L. monocytogenes. Four broths, namely, modified University of Vermont
broth (MUVM), Listeria enrichment broth (LEB), Fraser broth (FB) and
945
polymyxin, acriflavin, lithium chloride, ceftazidime, aesculin, mannitol, egg
yolk broth (PALCAM), were inoculated with L. monocytogenes. The enriched
cultures were subjected for PCR. Similarly, meat samples were artificially
spiked with various concentrations of L. monocytogenes, these spiked samples
were enriched in the above-mentioned four broths and subjected to PCR to
determine the medium that was most compatible for PCR-based detection of
L. monocytogenes. The aliquots taken during different incubation periods
were subjected to three different procedures for the concentration of the target
organism for use in PCR. Results revealed that MUVM was better than other
broths for the detection of L. monocytogenes by both PCR and cultural
method; moreover, it was able to support the growth of as low as 10 cfu/g of
meat. Concentration of the target organisms by centrifugation and washing
with PCR buffer was the most suitable method for improving PCR
performance for detection of L. monocytogenes. Goat (n=67) and buffalo
(n=45) meat samples from local markets were also screened by both PCR and
cultural method to validate the results obtained from the spiking studies. Both
results were in agreement in spiking studies as well as screening of market
meat samples.
Author’s name: Balamurugan,-J; Bhilegaonkar,-K-N; Agarwal,-R-K
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Assessment of storage stability of cooked low-fat buffalo meat
balls in low-fat gravy.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Journal of Applied Animal Research. 2004; 26(1): 49-51 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Lokendra Kumar; Sharma, B D
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Low-fat buffalo meat balls were packaged in LDPE pouches along with lowfat gravy and stored for 15 days at refrigerated temperature. Total plate count,
psychrophilic count and TBA values showed an increase but remained within
the acceptable limits during the entire period of storage. Coliforms were not
detected. The sensory rating for flavour, juiciness, texture and overall
acceptability remained between good to very good. These findings indicate
that low-fat buffalo meat balls stored in low-fat gravy had very good
acceptability during 15 days of storage in refrigeration in LDPE pouches.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Effect of gamma irradiation on the lipid peroxidation in chicken,
lamb and buffalo meat during chilled storage.
Year of publication: 1997
Journal: Journal of food safety (USA). (Dec 1997). v. 17(4) p. 283-294. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kanatt, S.R.; Paul, P.; D'Souza, S.F.; Thomas, P.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Chicken, lamb and buffalo meat were subjected to low-dose gamma
irradiation (2.5 kGy) and stored at 0-3C. Lipid peroxidation in terms of
946
thiobarbituric acid (TBA) number and carbonyl content were monitored
during storage. While irradiated meat showed slight increase in TBA number
and carbonyl content on storage as compared to nonirradiated meat, this did
not affect the sensory qualities of meat. Free fatty acid content decreased
markedly on irradiation. Irradiated meats were microbiologically safe and
sensorily acceptable up to 4 weeks in the nonfrozen state (0-3C) while
nonirradiated meat had a shelf-life of less than 2 weeks.
Author’s name: Kanatt,-S.R.; Paul,-P.; D'Souza,-S.F.; Thomas,-P.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in detection and
differentiation of cooked and raw pork from meats of other species.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Journal of Food Science and Technology Mysore. 2003; 40(3):
254-256 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Jha, V K; Ashwani Kumar; Mandokhot, U V
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was standardized to
identify the cooked (autoclaved) and raw (native) muscle antigens of pig and
their differentiation from muscle antigens of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat and
chicken. The unabsorbed antiserum (RAP) in rabbits against boiling resistant
ethanol precipitable (BE) adrenal antigen of pig was found species specific
and revealed promising results in indirect ELISA. It detected all the cooked
and raw pork samples from field as pig meat and on the basis of cut-off
ELISA values (0.14 for cooked, 0.10 for raw) differentiated them from the
cooked and raw muscle samples of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat and chicken.
Indirect ELISA proved to be a sensitive test as it detected adulterant pig meat
(cooked/raw) at a minimum level of 1% adulteration in meats of
cattle/buffalo/sheep/goat/chicken.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Effect of level of nutrition and stage of maturity on the quality of
patties from the meat of male buffalo veal during frozen storage.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Journal of Food Science and Technology Mysore. 2000; 37(2):
116-120 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Bawa, A S; Sekhon, K S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Effects of ages of male Murrah buffalo calves (8, 12 and 16 months) at
slaughter and level of nutrition (100, 115 and 130%) on the quality of meat
patties during frozen storage were evaluated. The frozen storage of patties had
a significant effect on TBA, total plate counts, colour, texture, flavour and
overall acceptability scores. A significant increase in thiobarbituric acid
(TBA) value and decreases in total plate counts (TPC), colour, texture, flavour
and overall acceptability scores were observed as the storage progressed. Ages
947
of the calves at slaughter had a significant effect on moisture, protein, fat and
TBA values of patties. As the calves grew older, significant increases in
protein, fat and TBA values and a decrease in moisture content were observed.
Irrespective of age of calf and level of nutrition, good quality acceptable
patties could be produced from male buffalo calf meat and frozen stored upto
four months.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Identification of species origin of fresh, cooked and decomposed
meats using brain antigens.
Year of publication:
Journal: Journal of Food Science and Technology Mysore. 2000; 37(2):
201-203 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Reddy, P M; Reddy, V S L; Rao, Z S; Murthy, G K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Antisera were raised in rabbits against fresh and heated brain antigens of
cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat and pig, and those of rabbit fresh and rabbit
thermostable brain antisera were raised in sheep and goat, respectively. These
antisera were used to identify the species origin of fresh, cooked and
decomposed meats, by conducting double immunodiffusion (DID),
immunoelectrophoresis (IE) and counter immunoelectrophoresis (CIE)
techniques. All the antisera, developed cross reactions except sheep anti-rabbit
native, and goat anti-rabbit thermostable brain antisera and, rabbit anti-pig
native as well as thermostable antisera, which proved species-specific. All the
cross-reacting antisera after successful absorption and other natural species
specific antisera were used to detect adulterated meats either fresh, cooked, or
decomposed.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Survivability of pathogenic Listeria monocytogenes against nisin
and its combination with sodium chloride in raw buffalo meat mince.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Journal of Food Science and Technology Mysore. 2001; 38(2):
138-141 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Pawar, D D; Malik, S V S; Bhilegaonkar, K N; Barbuddhe, S
B
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A study was conducted to examine the anti-Listeria monocytogenes activity of
nisin (Ambicin N) alone at concentrations of 400, 800 and 1200 IU/g, and in
combination with 2% sodium chloride incorporated in raw buffalo meat mince
stored at 4 degrees C for 16 days and 37 degrees C for 36 h. Initial microbial
analysis of meat mince revealed pH, extract release volume, mesophiles and
psychrophiles count as 5.76, 49 ml, 33 x 104 and 15 x 104 cfu/g of meat,
respectively. All the combinations of preservatives significantly inhibited
(P<0.05) the count of L. monocytogenes at both storage temperatures when
948
compared to the control. Addition of 2% sodium chloride increased the
efficacy of nisin against L. monocytogenes in all the three combinations. The
degree of inhibition was greater at higher concentration of nisin and lower
temperature. The pH in treatment groups remained significantly lower than the
control groups at 4 degrees C (P<0.01) and 37 degrees C (P<0.05). These
results indicate that the combination of food grade preservatives could be an
effective listeriostatic agent in minced meat.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) in foods of animal
origin.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Journal of Food Science and Technology Mysore. 2001; 38(1): 8284 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Banerjee, R; Kapoor, K N; Agarwal, R K; Ghatak, S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
One hundred and nine samples of beef, chicken, mutton, kebab, pork and fish
were collected from different localities of Bareilly, India [date not given].
Identification and serotyping of Escherichia coli and vero cell cytotoxicity
assay were performed. Variations among the levels of verotoxin (VT)
production were also recorded. Seven isolates (15.90%) were verotoxigenic,
where 4 were from raw buffalo beef (28.57%) and one each from chicken
(8.33%), mutton (12.50%) and kebab (16.66%) samples. Variations in the VT
titres of different E. coli strains observed in his study were in agreement with
previous reports that described the variations in VTEC isolated from animals
and human.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Development of antisera to testicular antigens for identification of
species origin of meats using DID, IE, CIE and RIE techniques.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Journal of Food Science and Technology Mysore. 2001; 38(1): 3237 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Reddy, P.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Antisera were raised in rabbits using native and heated testicular antigens from
cattle, buffalo, sheep and goats. Double immunodiffusion test (DID),
immunoelectrophoresis (IE), counter-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and rocket
immunoelectrophoresis (RIE) techniques were standardized using the above
sera. Cross reactions were noticed between different species of antigens and
they were eliminated by making the sera monospecific, using glutaraldehyde
treated immunosorbent of the heterologous antigens. To overcome the
problem of absorption, to make the sera monospecific, antisera were also
raised in phylogenetically related species, viz., cattle in buffalo, buffalo in
cattle, sheep in goat and goat in sheep using native as well as heated testicular
949
antigens which proved monospecific directly. The sera samples could detect
adulteration in fresh meat samples even at a low level of 1%, while in the case
of cooked meat samples, the detection levels were 10 to 20%. The sera were
lyophilized and could show specific reaction up to 2 years.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Effect of microwave oven processing, hot air oven cooking, curing
and polyphosphate treatment on physico-chemical, sensory and textural
characteristics of buffalo meat products.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Journal of Food Science and Technology Mysore. 2002; 39(3):
240-245 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Hoda, I; Ahmad, S; Srivastava, P K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The effect of microwave (MW) processing, as compared to hot air oven
(HAO) cooking, curing and polyphosphate (PP) treatment, on pH, cooking
loss, sensory and textural characteristics of buffalo meat (controlled and
treated) was studied. The products included shami kabab, boty kabab and
patties. The results showed that the curing and PP treatment increased the pH
(from 5.70 to 6.12) and reduced percent cooking loss (from 17.5 to 10.3%) in
controlled meat. The processing methods had no significant effect on pH of
the meat products. It was observed that colour and tenderness improved in the
MW oven-processed meat; the sensory scores for colour on a Hedonic scale
were 7.4, 7.3 and 7.8 for MW; and 6.4, 6.3 and 6.4 for HAO, for the three
products, respectively. The positive peak forces were greater for HAO-cooked
products as compared to MW oven-processed ones in textural analysis (by
texture analyser. -HD, using guillotine knife). MW oven reduced the time of
cooking as compared to HAO and it caused uniform heating of meat products
(10 min for MW and 30 min at 180 degrees C for HAO). Curing and PP
treatment further improved the tenderness of the three products over controlled
samples. However, flavour was better in the HAO-treated product due to
excessive heating effect.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Effect of sodium acid pyrophosphate and sodium lactate on the
viability of Listeria monocytogenes in raw buffalo meat mince.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Journal of Food Science and Technology Mysore. 2002; 39(2):
164-166 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Pawar, D D; Malik, S V S; Bhilegaonkar, K N; Barbuddhe, S
B
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The inhibitory effect of sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP) and sodium
lactate (SL) against Listeria monocytogenes was studied in raw buffalo
minced meat stored at 4 degrees C for 16 days and 37 degrees C for 36 h. The
950
minced meat was evaluated for physicochemical (pH, extract release volume)
and microbiological (mesophiles, psychrophiles, Listeria sp.) qualities. The
addition of SAPP (0.5%) to the minced meat significantly (P<0.05) inhibited
L. monocytogenes after 10 days of storage at 4 degrees C, but favoured the
growth of the pathogen at 37 degrees C. A mixture of SAPP (0.5%) and SL
(2.5%) significantly (P<0.05) reduced the count of the pathogen at both the
storage temperatures. This combination of food grade preservatives could be
used as effective listeriostatics in minced meat stored at 4 degrees C, as well
as at 37 degrees C.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Microbiological status of buffalo meat from slaughterhouses and
retail outlets.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Journal of Food Science and Technology Mysore. 2002; 39(1): 7981 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Tiwari, A K; Singh, S P; Arun Kumar
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A study was conducted to evaluate the sanitary quality of buffalo meat
produced in municipal slaughterhouses and sold at the retail outlets located in
Bareilly, Haldwani and Kichha, all in Uttar Pradesh, India. Meat samples
(n=103) collected were subjected to standard plate count (SPC),
staphylococcal, coliform, psychrophillic and yeast and mould counts. It was
found that SPC (log cfu/g) of buffalo meat samples collected from
slaughterhouses and retail shops varied from 6.3-6.7 and 7.0-7.9, respectively.
Staphylococcal counts (log cfu/g) of the same samples were in the range of
4.8-5.4 in slaughterhouses and 5.3-6.5 in retail shops samples. Coliform
counts varied from 3.6-4.4 and 3.6-4.5 in slaughterhouses and retails shops
samples, respectively. The samples collected from slaughterhouses showed
psychrophillic counts ranging from 3.6-4.4 and from retail shops 4.2-5.8.
Yeast and mould counts of the samples obtained from slaughterhouses and
retail shops ranged from 3.5-4.8 and 4.6-5.6, respectively.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Preparation of restructured buffalo meat rolls using calcium
phosphate.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Journal of Food Science and Technology Mysore. 2002; 39(5):
534-536
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Mendiratta, S K; Anjaneyulu, A S R; Suresh Devatkal; Geeta
Chauhan; Lakshmanan, V
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Quality and shelf life evaluation of emulsion and restructured buffalo meat
nuggets at cold storage (4+or-1 degrees C). Thomas,-R; Anjaneyulu,-A-S-R;
Kondaiah, N Meat Science. 2006; 72(3): 373-379 AB: The study was aimed
951
at comparing the physico-chemical characteristics and texture profile of
emulsion and restructured buffalo meat nuggets (BMN) and assessing their
shelf life at refrigeration temperature (4+or-1 degrees C). The stability of
restructured batter was significantly lower than that of the emulsion form.
Emulsion nuggets (EN) had significantly higher product yield, fat content and
calories while restructured nuggets (RN) had significantly higher moisture and
protein contents. Texture profile analysis revealed that RN had significantly
higher cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness and shear force values.
Differences in TBARS values for emulsion and restructured nuggets were not
significant at any particular storage time. Throughout storage, counts for
mesophilic, psychrotrophic and coliforms did not exceed log10 3.09 and 3.44
cfu/g, log10 2.23 and 2.11 cfu/g, log10 1.30 and 1.30 cfu/g for emulsion and
restructured buffalo meat nuggets, respectively. In spite of a higher overall
acceptance for EN initially, panelists rated them considerably lower compared
to RN during subsequent storage. Buffalo meat nuggets were acceptable for at
least 20 days in cold storage (4+or-1 degrees C) under aerobic conditions in
polypropylene bags.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Determination of efficiency of antiserum raised in rabbits and
goats for serological identification of beef.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Journal of Food Science and Technology Mysore. 2005; 42(1):
101-103 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Prince, D I; Thulasi, G; Shanmugam, A M
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The antiserum produced by using bovine serum albumin (BSA) and freeze
dried beef extract (FDBE) from rabbits and goats for serological identification
of beef were evaluated. The potency was tested based on Passive
Haemagglutination (PHA) titre value with homologous antigen (beef) and
cross reaction with heterologous antigens (buffalo meat, mutton, chevon, pork
and chicken). The antiserum produced using BSA and FDBE from goats as
experimental animal showed a titre value of 1:2048 and 1:1024, respectively
with homologous antigen (beef), when compared to antiserum produced from
rabbits (BSA 1:1024) and beef (FDBE 1:512) antigens. The antiserum
produced by using BSA from goats showed less cross reaction when compared
to FDBE produced from rabbits with heterologous antigens. The studies
indicated that for serological identification of beef, BSA is the best antigen
compared to FDBE and goat is the best experimental animal compared to
rabbits.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Hygienic quality of buffalo meat.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Journal of Research, Birsa Agricultural University. 2002; 14(2):
269-271 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Anita Kumari; Yadava, R; Gupta, M K
952
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A study was conducted to assess the hygienic quality of buffalo meat from 2
slaughterhouses (Doranda and Kantatoli) in India. 40 samples of raw buffalo
meat were used in the study. The total viable count, coliform and faecal
streptococcal and psychrophilic counts of the buffalo meat in Doranda were
7.730, 5.279, 4.665 and 5.815 per g, respectively. In the samples obtained
from Kantatoli, the values were 7.511, 5.128, 4.816 and 5.873, respectively.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Effect of grind size and fat levels on the physico-chemical and
sensory characteristics of low-fat ground buffalo meat patties.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Meat Science. 2003; 65(3): 973-976 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Suman, S.P; Sharma, B.D
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Two experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of grind size (3,
4 or 6 mm) and fat levels (6, 8, 10 or 20%) on the physico-chemical and
sensory characteristics of low-fat ground buffalo meat patties prepared using a
combination of carrageenan (0.5%) and sodium alginate (0.1%). At a constant
fat level of nearly 8%, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the
cooking yield, pH, proximate composition and dimensional changes of patties
prepared at different grind sizes. However, shear force value increased
significantly (P<0.05) with an increase in grind size. The sensory scores were
significantly (P<0.05) higher for patties prepared using 3 mm grind size as
compared to those prepared at 4 and 6 mm grind sizes and hence it was
adopted as the optimum grind size for low-fat ground buffalo meat patties. At
a constant grind size of 3 mm, cooking yield, moisture, protein and gain in
height were significantly (P<0.05) higher and shear force values were
significantly (P<0.05) lower for patties at all low-fat levels as compared to the
control with 20% fat. Based on its significantly higher (P<0.05) sensory
scores, 10% fat level was selected as optimum for low-fat ground buffalo meat
patties, although even at 8% fat level sensory rating remained between good to
very good.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Quality of buffalo meat burger containing legume flours as
binders.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Meat Science. 2004; 66(1): 143-149 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Modi, V.K; Mahendrakar, N.S; Rao, D.N; Sachindra, N.M
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The effect of addition of different decorticated legume flours, viz., soya bean,
bengal gram, green gram and black gram, on the quality of buffalo meat
953
burger was studied. The burgers consisted of optimized quantities of roasted
or unroasted legume flour, spices and common salt. Inclusion of roasted black
gram flour registered the highest yield of 95.7%, lowest shrinkage of 5% and
lowest fat absorption of 26.6% on frying. Protein content of 18-20% was
highest in the soya flour formulation. Free fatty acid (FFA) values (as % oleic)
increased from 14.3 to 17.3 in freshly prepared samples (before frying) to
16.0-19.4 in 4 m frozen (-16+or-2 degrees C) stored samples and fried
samples had about 25% lower FFA values. Formulations with roasted flours
registered lower thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values (mg malonaldehyde/kg
sample) of 0.6-1.5 as against 0.6-2.1 for unroasted flours before frying. The
burgers prepared with any of these binders were organoleptically acceptable
even after storage at -16+or-2 degrees C for 4 months. However, the burger
with black gram dhal (dehulled split legume) flour had better sensory quality
attributes compared to other legumes.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Sequence analysis of mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene can identify
meat species.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Meat Science. 2004; 66(3): 551-556 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Girish, P.S; Anjaneyulu, A.S.R; Viswas, K.N; Anand, M;
Rajkumar, N; Shivakumar, B.M; Sharma Bhaskar
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
In this study, sequence analysis of mitochondrial 12S rRNA has been applied
for meat species identification. The procedure involves polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) amplification of a fragment of mitochondrial (mt) 12S rRNA
gene and sequencing of amplicons. Amplified product of mt 12S rRNA gene
was 456 bp in size. Species sequenced include cattle (Bos indicus), buffalo
(Bubalus bubalis), sheep (Ovis aries), goat (Capra hircus) and mithun (Bos
frontalis). Sequences were compared with the reported sequences of low land
anoa (Bubalus depressicornis), yak (Bos grunniens) and pig (Sus scrofa).
There was no effect of routinely used additives or cooking temperature (72,
90, 120 and 180 degrees C) on the efficacy of PCR amplification. The closely
related species like cattle and buffalo, sheep and goat could also be
differentiated decisively by sequence analysis. Sequencing and analysis of mt
12S rRNA gene was, hence, found to be an ideal, authentic and unambiguous
qualitative method for meat species identification.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Tenderization of buffalo meat using plant proteases from
Cucumis trigonus Roxb (Kachri) and Zingiber officinale roscoe (Ginger
rhizome).
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Meat Science. 2004; 68(3): 363-369 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Naveena, B.M; Mendiratta, S.K; Anjaneyulu, A.S.R
Institution:
Organization:
954
Content :
This study was conducted to develop a method for improving tenderness and
overall qualities of tough buffalo meat using plant proteolytic enzymes from
Cucumis trigonus Roxb (Kachri) and Zingiber officinale roscoe (Ginger
rhizome). Their tenderizing efficacy was compared with the most popular
enzyme papain. 3x3x3 cm chunks from Biceps femoris muscles of spent
Murrah buffaloes (4-5 years age) were marinated with distilled water
(control), 2% (w/w) powdered cucumis extract, 5% (w/v) ginger extract or
0.2% (w/w) papain for 48 h at 4 degrees C and subjected to various physicochemical, histological and sensory evaluations. An increase (p<0.01) in
collagen solubility, sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar protein solubility, and
reduction (p<0.01) in shear force values were observed in all enzyme-treated
samples compared to control. Electrophoretic pattern of muscle proteins also
revealed extensive proteolysis and reduction in number of protein bands in all
treated samples. Improvement (p<0.01) in flavour, juiciness, tenderness and
overall acceptability scores were observed in all enzyme-treated samples
compared to controls. Ginger extract-treated meat samples received better
scores for appearance, flavour, tenderness and overall acceptability. From
these results, it is shown that ginger and cucumis can be used as an effective
alternative to papain.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Physicochemical, functional and microbiological quality of
buffalo liver.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Meat Science. 2004; 68(1): 79-86 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Suresh Devatkal; Mendiratta, S.K; Kondaiah, N; Sharma,
M.C; Anjaneyulu, A.S.R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Buffalo liver is an important edible meat byproduct. However, in developing
countries including India, it has a low commercial value and is underutilized.
The present investigation was conducted to provide basic information on
physicochemical, functional and microbiological quality of buffalo liver.
Proximate composition was: moisture - 71.92%, protein - 18.44%, fat - 5.60%,
carbohydrate - 2.72%, total ash - 1.32% and total energy - 135 kcal. Mineral
concentrations (mg%) in liver were: Na - 60.04, K - 274, Ca - 5.60, Mg - 6.20,
Fe - 20.86 and Cu - 5.60. Mean glycogen (mg/g), total liver pigments (mg/g)
and cholesterol (mg%) were 7.07, 8.49 and 283.88, respectively. The mean pH
values of buffalo liver was 6.42, WHC - 38 ml per 100 g and cooking yield
was 73.15%. Protein extractability studies indicated that liver contains higher
amounts of water-soluble proteins (20-40%) than salt soluble proteins (7-15%)
and presence of high molecular weight proteins in salt soluble protein
fractions. The average microbial counts (log10 cfu/g) for different organisms
were APC - 6.10; psychrotrophs - 4.30; Enterobacteriaceae counts - 4.97;
staphylococcal counts 2.50 and total coliforms - 2.82.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Meat species identification by polymerase chain reaction955
restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of mitochondrial
12S rRNA gene.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Meat Science. 2005; 70(1): 107-112 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Girish, P.S; Anjaneyulu, A.S.R; Viswas, K.N; Shivakumar,
B.M; Anand, M; Patel, M; Sharma, B
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Adulteration of high quality meat and meat products with their
inferior/cheaper counterparts is a problem in the meat industry. The present
study investigated the use of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment
length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene for
identification of the origin of meats. PCR-RFLP was applied for species
identification of beef, buffalo meat, mutton and chevon. PCR amplification
yielded a 456-bp fragment in each of these species. The amplicons were
digested with AluI, HhaI, ApoI and BspTI restriction enzymes resulting in a
pattern that could identify and differentiate each of the above species. This
technique did not yield satisfactory results with meat mixtures/meats.
However, consistent results were obtained with both fresh and processed meat
samples.
Specialization: Meat and meat products
Subject: Value added meat products and development of processed meat
sector.
Year of publication:
Journal: Natural Product Radiance. 2004; 3(4): 281-283 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kondaiah, N
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The production of meat from buffaloes, sheep, goat, chicken, pigs and cattle in
India are discussed, as well as the manufacture of their respective meat
products. Examples of these products that have value added to them include
emulsion-based meat products, meat nuggets, meat combinations, restructured
products, enrobed products and products with other ingredients, such as
vegetables. Moreover, the purpose of meat processing, scope of value added
products, relevant approaches and the economics of these value added
products are discussed.
956
15. MEDICINE
Medicine includes
-Ethnoveterinary
-Miscellaneous disease conditions
-Pollution
-Medicines
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Effect of molybdenum induced copper deficiency on peripheral
blood cells and bone marrow in buffalo calves.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2002; 15(4):
509-515 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Randhawa, C S; Randhawa, S S; Sood, N K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Copper deficiency was induced in 8 male buffalo calves by adding
molybdenum (30 ppm wet basis) to their diet. Copper status was monitored
from the liver copper concentration, and a level below 30 ppm (DM basis) was
considered as deficient. Haemoglobin, haematocrit, total and differential
leukocyte numbers were determined. The functions of peripheral neutrophils
were assessed by in vitro phagocytosis and killing of Staphylococcus aureus.
The effect of molybdenum induced copper deficiency on bone marrow was
monitored. The mean total leukocyte count was unaffected, whereas a
significant fall in the neutrophil count coincided with the fall in hepatic copper
level to 23.9+or-2.69 ppm. Reduced blood neutrophil numbers was not
accompanied by any change in the proportion of different neutrophil precursor
cells in the bone marrow. It was hypothesized that buffalo calves were more
tolerant to dietary molybdenum excess than cattle. It was concluded that
neutropenia in molybdenum-induced copper deficiency occurred without any
effect on their synthesis and maturation process. Bone marrow studies in
healthy buffalo calves revealed higher percentages of neutrophilic myelocytes
and metamyelocytes, as compared to cattle.
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Effects of garlic bulb extract and buffalo urine on the growth of
Aspergillus niger and A. flavus.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Annals of Plant Protection Sciences. 2004; 12(1): 221-222 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Wani, M A; Kurucheve, V
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The effects of garlic bulb and buffalo urine, as aqueous extract, hot water
extract or autoclaved formulations, on the growth of A. niger and A. flavus
were studied. Hot water extracts were obtained by heating the garlic bulbs and
buffalo urine over a water bath at 80 degrees C for 10 minutes. Garlic bulb
and buffalo manure at 40% were also incorporated into the potato dextrose
957
agar medium and autoclaved thereafter. Treated discs inoculated with A. niger
and A. flavus were incubated for 7 days at 28+or-2 degrees C. The aqueous
extract of garlic completely inhibited the growth of both fungi. The inhibitory
effect of garlic was reduced by heating and autoclaving. The reduction in
toxicity was greater with hot water extraction than with autoclaving. Buffalo
urine at 40% completely inhibited the growth of both fungi, and was as
effective as 0.2% thiram.
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Changes in serum protein profile, cholesterol and blood glucose
during endotoxic shock in buffalo calves supplemented with vitamin E
and selenium.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2005; 18(2): 192196 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Neeraj Sharma; Singha, S P S; Ahuja, C S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A study was conducted to monitor the changes in serum protein profile,
cholesterol and blood glucose during endotoxic shock in buffalo calves and
also to assess the role of prophylactic supplementation of vitamin E and
selenium in alleviating the endotoxic effects. Fifteen male buffalo calves (6-8
months of age) were divided into three groups: Group I (control)-infused with
0.9% saline solution; Group II-infused with E. coli endotoxin at 5 micro g/kg
body weight in normal saline solution; Group III-supplemented
prophylactically with 250 mg vitamin E and 7.5 mg selenium by i/m injections
at weekly intervals for one month prior to the induction of endotoxic shock.
The blood samples were collected at 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after the
induction of shock. Endotoxin caused a significant (p<0.05) hypoproteinemia
from 3-12 h post infusion in group II but this hypoproteinemia was less
pronounced and only from 3-9 h post infusion in vitamin E and selenium
supplemented calves. Hypoglycemia was observed in group II from 3-24 h
and blood glucose level returned to normal at 72 h. However hypoglycemia
was mild in group III and blood glucose returned to normal at 48 h.
Hypocholesterolaemia and hypoalbuminemia were found in both groups II and
III but these changes were less pronounced in group III, i.e. vitamin E and Se
supplemented, calves. Serum electrophoretic protein patterns of group III were
quite similar to those of the control group, but animals of group II had a
different electrophoretic pattern. It was concluded that the antioxidant effects
of vitamin E and Se prevent the liver against oxidative stress during endotoxic
shock.
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Successful treatment of hydrallantois in a murrah buffalo.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Blue Cross Book. 2004; (22): 29-30 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Mouli, S P; Babu, S N
Institution:
958
Organization:
Content :
A rare case of hydrallantois in a murrah buffalo heifer was reported and
successfully treated during its first gestation with a course of antibiotics, milk
fever formula. B-complex vitamins and continous use of mineral mixture,
containing vitamin A, with plenty of dextrose and electrolytes. These routine
nourishment resulted in a successful conception and normal parturition at the
next gestation.
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Therapeutic aspects of experimental hypomagnesaemia in buffalo
calves (Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin. 2000; 19(3): 67-71 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Jayanthi, M; Sunder, N S; Karunanidhi, P S; Choudhuri, P C
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Hypomagnesaemia is an important metabolic disorder of ruminants which
commonly occurs during parturition or peak milk production and also during
transport stress. Parenteral drugs containing magnesium available for
treatment also contain calcium and glucose and are meant to treat
hypocalcaemia, ketosis and hypomagnesaemia. Parenteral administration of
20% magnesium sulphate alone is recommended. Recurrence of symptoms
after initial recovery is observed following injection of magnesium sulphate
solution. The pathogenesis indicates that mortality from hypomagnesaemia is
due to the production of inflammatory mediators like thromboxane - A2,
prostaglandins and embolism in vulnerable organs especially in pulmonary
microcirculation. The use of parenteral magnesium sulphate solution (15%)
along with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) diclofenac sodium
was compared with the parenteral administration of 15% magnesium sulphate
solution alone in the treatment of experimentally induced hypomagnesaemia
in 12 buffalo calves, 14- to 18-months-old.
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Urinalysis in experimental hypomagnesaemia in buffalo calves
(Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin. 2000; 19(4): 87-89 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Jayanthi, M; Sundar, N S; Karunanidi, P S; Choudhuri, P C
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted to estimate and precipitate urinary magnesium.
Hypomagnesaemia was induced in 12 apparently healthy male buffalo calves,
14- to 18-months-old, by oral dosing with 15% solution of potassium chloride
(1.3 g/kg body weight/day) and citric acid (1.1 g/kg body weight/day). The
animals were divided into 2 groups. The symptoms observed were
hyperaesthesia, constant movement of ears, grinding of teeth, bellowing,
959
inability to get up, staggering gait, exophthalmus, congestion of scleral
vessels, hypertony of eyeballs, elevation of temperature, increase in pulse rate,
diarrhoeic faeces, polypnoea and shallow rapid breathing. A significant
decrease in the amount of urinary magnesium was observed with a slight
decrease (P>0.05) in amount of precipitate present in the urine. A slight
positive correlation (r=0.11) was found between the serum magnesium and
urine magnesium levels. A positive correlation was found between urine
magnesium content and the amount of precipitate. The correlation coefficient
was 0.98 which was significant at 1% level. It is concluded that urine
examination for magnesium can be used as a field test for the diagnosis of
hypomagnesaemia along with clinical symptoms.
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Some developmental abnormalities in buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin . 2000; 19(3): 64-66 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Christopher, K.J
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Three cases of developmental abnormalities of buffaloes are studied and
reported at the health camp in Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India [date not
given]. These include cases of prolonged lower jaw, short tail and knuckling
of forelegs. Their probable cause is discussed.
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Plasma cortisol and other blood constituents in relation to age of
disbudding with and without cornual block in Murrah buffalo calves.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2002; 18(2): 217-224 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sarabdeep Singh; Saini, A L; Randhawa, S S; Jindal, R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Thirty healthy female buffalo calves from the dairy farm of Punjab
Agricultural University, were subjected to disbudding (dehorning) at different
ages. Calves in group 1 through group 4 were disbudded at 4-6, 7-9, 10-12 and
more than 12 days after birth without local anaesthesia whereas the calves in
group 5 were disbudded at 10 to 12 days of age after birth with local
anaesthesia. Significantly high glucose and plasma cortisol concentrations
were observed immediately after disbudding in the first four groups as
compared to the fifth group with anaesthesia whereas non-significant changes
were observed in total plasma proteins in relation to age of disbudding, with
and without cornual block. It was concluded that pain and discomfort to calves
can be reduced by using local anaesthesia at 10-12 days of age.
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Efficacy of dry-period teat canal antibiotic therapy for mastitis
control in buffaloes.
960
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2002; 18(3): 361-365 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Tuteja, F C; Kapur, M P; Anshu Sharma
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Teat canal (TC) swabs were obtained from 19 Murrah buffaloes prior to their
dry period. The buffaloes were then divided into 2 groups. 33 udder quarters
of 9 buffaloes were instilled with 0.2 ml ointment (13.3 mg cloxacillin
sodium) into the TC thrice at 48-h intervals (Group 1) and 37 udder quarters
of 10 buffaloes were left as untreated controls (Group 2). TC and quarter milk
samples were collected before and after treatments. It was shown that the
antibiotic ointment therapy could clear 80% of the bacterial infections during
the dry period. Clearance rates were 100 (2/2), 63.64 (7/11), 100 (3/3), 100
(3/3) and 83.33% (5/6) for Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus
epidermidis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae and
Corynebacterium spp., respectively. In the TC treated animals, 60% (6/10) of
the intramammary infections (IMI) were also eliminated. Clearance rates were
20 (1/5), 100 (1/1) and 100% (4/4) for Staphylococcus epidermidis,
Streptococcus agalactiae and Corynebacterium spp., respectively. There was
an overall increase of 33.33% (5/15) in the IMI in the untreated controls, being
20 (1/5), 100 (3/3), 50 (1/2) and 66.67% (2/3) for Staphylococcus epidermidis,
Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae and unclassified
streptococci, respectively. 25% (1/4) of the infections due to Corynebacterium
spp. and 100% (1/1) due to yeasts were self-cured. An overall increase of
36.36% (8/22) was noted in the TC infections, being 100 (1/1), 88.88 (8/9),
100 (1/1) and 50% (1/2) for Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus
epidermidis, Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus dysgalactiae,
respectively. Self-cure of TC infections was observed in 33.33 (2/3) and 20%
(1/5) of the infections due to unclassified streptococci and Corynebacterium
spp., respectively. These results show that dry period TC antibiotic therapy
can be used for mastitis control in buffaloes.
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Renal clearance of sodium sulfanilate and phenol red in normal
and water deprived buffalo calves.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2003; 19(2): 179-190 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rastogi, S K; Ahmad, A H; Mohsin, M
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Four female Murrah buffalo calves (mean body weight of 129.3+or-6.5 kg and
age of 1-2 years) were subjected to renal clearance of sodium sulfanilate (SS)
and phenol red (PSP) under normal hydration and water restriction state.
Single dose SS (11 mg/kg BW. as 5% solution) and PSP (3 mg/kg BW as 1%
solution) were injected i.v. separately. Blood and quantitative urine samples
were collected. For SS clearance, samples were collected after 15, 30, 45, 60,
75 and 90 min, while for PSP clearance, the samples were collected 5, 10, 15,
961
20, 30, 45 and 60 min post-injection. Water deprivation resulted in significant
(P<0.01) fall in urine flow rate from 4.12+or-0.31 to 2.81+or-0.21 ml/min.
Clearance values of urea and creatinine also declined from 78.1+or-11.1 to
17.1+or-1.4 ml/min (P<0.01) and from 96.8+or-12.2 to 95.7+or-9.9,
respectively. Sixty min after administration, PSP excretion fell from the
normal value of 69.9+or-8.5% to 53.7+or-10.1% following water restriction.
Corresponding decline in SS elimination values after 90 min were 31.2+or-3.8
to 29.4+or-6.9%, respectively. Water deprivation resulted in reduced urinary
output and clearances of various endogenous and exogenous substances to a
variable degree representing altered glomerular and tubular functions of
kidney.
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Use of a combination of hypertonic saline solution and PlasmexD-40 to resuscitate endotoxaemic buffalo calves.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2003; 19(2): 169-178 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Singh, D V; Singh, R V; Sodhi, S P S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Ten buffalo calves were divided into two groups and were given i.v. infusion
of E. coli endotoxin at 5 micro g/kg/h for 3 h. The buffalo calves were then
observed for the succeeding 4 h. One group was kept untreated while the other
group was given hypertonic saline solution (7.2% NaCl) at 4 ml/kg rapid i.v.
for 6.5 min followed by Plasmex-D-40 at 10 ml/kg as one time infusion.
Untreated group revealed a steep fall in systolic, diastolic, mean arterial
pressure (MAP) and central venous pressure (CVP) with no change in body
temperature and an elevated respiratory rate. The treated group had all these
parameters close to normal pre-infusion values except for temperature that did
not vary significantly and the respiratory rate that remained very high even
after the treatment.
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Variation in selected components of milk among different milk
fractions and its relevance to diagnosis of mastitis in buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2004; 20(3): 213-224 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Singh, R S; Bansal, B K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Milk composition pertaining to somatic cell count (SCC), electrical
conductivity (EC), lactose and pH was compared in 3 quarter milk fractions
(foremilk, mid-milk and strippings) and one udder composite milk from
healthy and mastitic buffaloes. A total of 225 quarters from 57 lactating
buffaloes were studied. All the components except pH showed a significant
variation over the milk fraction and udder health. The EC and lactose
decreased, whereas SCC increased in strippings compared to that in foremilk.
962
The levels of variation over the milk fractions were different for healthy and
mastitic quarters. The increase in SCC over the milking was higher in specific
mastitis quarters than that in healthy quarters. Mid-milk contained
significantly lower SCC than foremilk in healthy quarters but not in mastitic
quarters. The pH of foremilk and strippings did not differ significantly, neither
in healthy nor in mastitic quarters. The decrease in the EC and lactose content
of milk in strippings compared to foremilk was observed to be greater in
healthy quarters than in mastitic quarters. The difference between foremilk
and mid-milk for SCC, EC and lactose was significant in healthy quarters
only. Mastitis at all levels, i.e. specific, nonspecific and latent, resulted in a
significant alteration in one or more of the parameters studied. The
comparison of various parameters in udder composite milk samples revealed a
significant effect on milk SCC and lactose but not on EC and pH. The
evaluation of selected parameters for the diagnosis of mastitis with respect to
milk fraction showed that the highest level of discrimination was obtained for
EC in strippings (66.0%) and for lactose in foremilk fraction (85.65%).
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Evaluation of trace metal contents in food products within the
network of shops and local markets of Agra, India.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2005;
74(1): 195-200 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sharma, R; Chandreshwor, L; Lawrence, A; Taneja, A;
Kumar, A
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The metal contents (Pb, Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn) of different food products, viz.
milk (goat, buffalo and cow), fruit juices, tea and alcoholic beverages (beers
and whiskey), available in local markets in Agra, India, were determined. The
results indicated that all products had levels of heavy metals within the
maximum permissible limits, except for one brand of tea (Double diamond
tea) which had maximum levels of Pb, Cd and Zn.
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Clinico-haematological studies on experimentally induced
chronic selenosis in buffalo calves.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2001; 71(6): 511-514 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rattandeep Singh; Randhawa, S S; Dhillon, K S; Dhillon, S
K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Clinico-haematological alterations in experimentally induced chronic
selenosis by feeding selenium rich wheat straw (8.54 ppm) were studied in 18
non-descript buffalo calves. The clinical signs appeared after 35-45 days. The
cardinal signs of induced selenosis were malformation of hooves and horns
963
along with inflammation of coronary band, anaemia, alopecia and emaciation
followed by death. Haematological indices revealed macrocytic,
normochromic anaemia.
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Prophylactic supplementation of vitamin E and selenium
influences the level of antioxidant vitamins during endotoxic shock.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2002; 72(9): 766-769 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sandhu, T S; Singha, S P S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Male buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves were used to study the effects of
prophylactic supplementation of vitamin E and Se on the circulating
antioxidant vitamins during endotoxic shock. Male calves (n=15), 6-12month-old, were divided into 3 groups of 5 animals each: Group 1, control;
group 2, with induced endotoxic shock caused by Escherichia coli (5 micro
g/kg body weight) but without vitamin E and Se supplementation and group 3,
with induced endotoxic shock but supplemented with vitamin E (250 mg) and
Se (7.5 mg) at weekly interval through intramuscular route, one month prior to
induction of endotoxic shock. All the animals in groups 1 and 2 exhibited
signs of endotoxic shock. Prophylactic supplementation with vitamin E and Se
resulted in significant increase in normal (0 h) circulating plasma levels of
vitamin E and beta -carotene whereas plasma vitamin C decreased. There was
a significant increase in the lipid peroxidation levels during the shock. Lipid
peroxidation level was lower in group 3 as compared to group 2 at every stage
of the study up to 72 h. The circulating levels of vitamin E, vitamin C and beta
-carotene decreased and then increased towards the 0 h value. Prophylactic
supplementation with vitamin E and Se was successful in delaying the onset of
oxidative damage during endotoxic shock as well as accelerating the recovery
from shock by suppressing the free radicals.
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Effect of concurrent hypophosphorosis and molybdenosis on
some mineral profile in buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2003; 73(4): 367-371 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Ashwani Kumar; Randhawa, S S; Rajvir Singh
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Buffalo calves were fed phosphorus deficient diet for 90 days, and in 1 group
simultaneous feeding of molybdenum at 3 mg/kg body weight was also done
to investigate the effect of concentration of molybdenum, phosphorus, iron
and copper on different body fluids, viz. plasma, rumen liquor and
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at different time intervals. Significant decline in
plasma inorganic phosphorus was observed on day 45 in group T2 (fed on
phosphorus deficient and molybdenum supplemented diet) and group T3 (fed
964
on phosphorus deficient diet alone) as compared to group T1 (healthy control).
Animals of group T2 showed more gradual declining trend accompanied by
intense fall on day 90. Plasma inorganic phosphorus decreased on day 45,
which was followed by fall in rumen liquor phosphorus on day 60 in both the
groups. Nonsignificant difference was noted in groups T2 and T3 regarding
CSF and rumen liquor phosphorus concentration. In group T2 plasma
molybdenum increased significantly and gradually after day 15 following
feeding of molybdenum, whereas, plasma copper declined significantly on day
45. In molybdenum supplemented animals, copper concentration decreased
initially (day 30) in rumen liquor followed by fall in plasma on day 45 and in
CSF on day 90. Iron concentration in all the groups in different body fluids
showed inconsistent and nonsignificant fluctuation.
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Effect of hypertonic saline, plasmex-D-40 and bovine serum
albumin infusion on endotoxaemic buffalo calves.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2003; 73(9): 998-1001 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Singh, D V; Singh, R V; Sodhi, S P S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
To investigate the effect of intravenous infusion of bovine serum albumin in
combination with hypertonic saline and plasmex-D-40 on the various
haemodynamic parameters' 2 groups of buffalo calves 5 each were shocked
with intravenous infusion of Escherichia coli endotoxin at 5 micro g/kg body
weight/h for 3 h which resulted in significant fall in systolic, diastolic, pulse
and mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP) but with a
marked increase in respiration. The animals in group 1 were left untreated, the
group 2 animals were subjected to an infusion of 7.2% saline solution at 4
ml/kg body weight followed by plasmex-D-40 at 10 ml/kg body weight and
bovine serum albumin at 1 ml/kg body weight. This treatment successfully
raised systolic, diastolic, pulse, mean arterial pressure and central venous
pressure. Pulse pressure and central venous pressure increased to more than
pre-infusion values at the end of treatment. Haematocrit and haemoglobin
values which decreased significantly (P<0.05) during infusion of endotoxin
showed still further decline due to haemodilution caused by infusion of
various solutions. No significant changes in body temperature was observed.
However, this combination of treatment had no effect on high respiratory rate.
All the treated animals became quiet and lay with eyes open and survived
during the 7 h period of observation.
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Role of histamine and prostaglandin in thermal injury-induced
vascular response of buffalo calf skin.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2003; 73(3): 225-227 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Veenu Pande; Madhu Swamy; Katiyar, A K
Institution:
965
Organization:
Content :
The objective of the study is to investigate the role of histamine and
prostaglandin in increased vascular permeability occurring in the buffalo skin,
by pretreatment with antagonistic drugs prior to experimentally induced
thermal injury. In calves pretreated with promethazine hydrochloride, a
marked suppression in permeability in the early time intervals indicated a
significant role of histamine during initial stages of injury. In calves pretreated
with piroxicam, the percent suppression at all intervals was more or less
similar indicating the sustained role of prostaglandin from initial to 6 h stage.
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Effect of lactation parameters on the incidence of bovine mastitis.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004; 74(4): 379-381 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Thennarasu, A; Muralidharan, M R; Murugan, M
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The effect of lactation stage and lactation number on the incidence of mastitis
was studied in cattle and buffaloes. 122 cow and 31 buffalo milk samples were
obtained from cows and buffaloes presented with mastitis in Tamil Nadu,
India for 6 months [date not given]. It was shown that the incidence of mastitis
decreased with increasing lactation stage, which was almost similar in all
stages of lactation in both species. Mastitis incidence was significantly higher
(P<0.05) in the third and fourth lactations (23.53 and 24.84%, respectively)
compared to the first and second lactations. The incidence of mastitis in cows
was highest during the fourth lactation (25.41%) whereas in buffaloes it was
highest in the third lactation (29.03%). The number of udder quarters affected
was inversely proportional than the number of animals affected. Mastitis
incidence in single quarters was significant (P<0.01) in cows (72.13%) and
buffaloes (70.97%) compared to multiple quarter infections. There was also a
significant difference between 2- and 3-quarter but not between 3 and 4
quarter infections. Mastitis incidence was higher in the left fore and hind
udder quarters compared to the right fore and hind udder quarters. The overall
incidence of mastitis was higher in the hind compared to the fore udder
quarters in both cows and buffaloes.
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Alteration in macro and micro minerals in experimentally
induced hypocuprosis in buffalo calves.
Year of publication:
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2005; 75(1): 8-10 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Soodan, J S; Randhawa, S S; Arora, C L
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Hypocuprosis was achieved in 13 buffalo calves by administering varying
doses of ammonium molybdate. The mean plasma and hair copper levels were
966
1.15+or-0.10 and 8.28+or-0.38 ppm respectively. Mo induced hypocuprosis
resulted in a significant increase in plasma Cu concentration (1.43+or-0.18
PPM) associated with decline in hair (6.02+or-0.22 ppm) and liver (22.59+or10.01 ppm) Cu levels. In addition, increased Fe, phosphorus and decreased
zinc concentrations were also observed. The Mo concentration in the plasma,
hair and liver revealed a significant increase throughout the period of
induction. Ca, Mg, Mn, K and S did not show any significant alteration.
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Radiological and histopathological alterations in bones in
molybdenum-induced hypocuprosis in buffalo calves.
Year of publication:
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2005; 75(1): 14-16 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Soodan, J S; Randhawa, S S; Sood, N K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Hypocuprosis was achieved in 13 buffalo calves by administering a 20%
solution of ammonium molybdate in water at 15 mg Mo/kg body weight for 3
days, followed by 7.5 mg Mo/kg body weight for 4 days and then 5 mg Mo/kg
body weight for another 38 days. The clinical findings observed in the bones
were stiffness of limbs with enlargement of joints adjacent to long bone.
Radiographically, marked widening of cartilaginous growth plate of
metacarpal and slight lipping was recorded, while histopathological analysis
of the bones revealed osteoporotic changes in the bony spicules along with
irregular and disruptive development of growth plates at costochondral
junctions.
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Comparative evaluation of endogenous and exogenous creatinine
clearance for assessment of glomerular filtration rates in buffalo calves.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2005; 75(10): 1144-1147 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rastogi, S K; Mohsin, M
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Female buffalo calves (4) were studied for renal clearance of endogenous and
exogenous (creatinine infused @ 15.0 mg/kg and 40.0 mg/kg body wt)
creatinine clearance and compared with inulin clearance. Both dose rates
provided better estimates with respective values of glomerular filtration rates
(GFR) 187.7+or-9.0, 211.0+or-6.6 ml/min. Respective values for endogenous
creatinine and inulin clearance were 203.0+or-8.8 and 180.1+or-7.0 ml/min.
Creatinine clearance at low dose rate level gave better significant positive
correlation (r=0.845) compared to higher dose rate level (r=0.187), which was
non-significant. Data indicated that infusion of exogenous creatinine at 15.0
mg/kg body weight could be used to assess glomerular filtration rates in
buffalo calves in place of more tedious and cumbersome inulin clearance.
967
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Prevalence of teat canal and intramammary infections in
buffaloes at the time of drying-off.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Journal of Comparative Microbiology, Immunology and
Infectious Diseases. 2001; 22(1): 61-62 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Tuteja, F C; Kapur, M P; Anshu Sharma; Manuja, B
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
As many as, 105 teat canal swab and quarter milk samples from 28 buffaloes
were examined culturally at the time of drying-off. Prevalence of teat canal
infections was found to be as high as 78.09 per cent. Staphylococcus
epidermidis was the most frequent isolate (43.18%) followed by
Corynebacterium spp. (27.27%), unclassified streptococci (10.23%),
Streptococcus dysgalactiae (9.09%), Str. agalactiae (7.96%) and Staph. aureus
(2.27%). Whereas, only 38.09 per cent of the quarters were found to be
infected. Staph. epidermidis (37.50%) was the most common isolate followed
by Corynebacterium spp. (27.50%), Staph. aureus (10.00%), Str. dysgalactiae
(7.50%), Str. agalactiae (5.00%) and yeast (2.50%). Of the 40 infected quarter
milk samples, 67.50 per cent were found to be infected with the same
organisms as those infecting the teat canals.
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Effect of oral overfeeding of sulfadimidine on rumen function,
haematological and biochemical parameters in buffalo calves.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 1999; 52(6): 383-388 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sandhu, T S; Nauriyal, D C; Randhawa, S S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The effect of oral administration of sulfadimidine at 200 mg/kg body weight
for 6 successive days on rumen function, haematological and biochemical
parameters in buffalo calves (n=10) was studied. There were significant
(P<0.05) increases in rumen fluid pH and methylene blue reduction time and
significant decreases in total protozoal count and glucose fermentation rate
and a decreased protozoal motility rate, after the completion of sulfadimidine
treatment. Haematological studies revealed a significant (P<0.05) decrease in
erythrocyte sedimentation rate after the end of the study period. Biochemical
estimation revealed significantly (P<0.05) reduced blood glucose
concentration, and elevated serum alanine aminotransferase and blood urea
nitrogen levels, after the end of the study period. Semi-quantitative urine
analysis showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in urinary total protein value
after completion of sulfadimidine treatment. It is concluded that oral overfeeding of sulfadimidine in buffalo calves has effects on ruminal fermentation
associated with hypoglycaemia, a significant increase in alanine
aminotransferase, azotaemia and proteinuria.
968
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Studies on serum selenium status and its relationship to somatic
cell count in milk of buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2000; 20(2): 61-63 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Tuteja, F C; Kapur, M P; Ahalawat, V P
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Serum selenium (Se) concentration was estimated in 60 buffaloes divided into
4 groups on the basis of bacteriological examination and somatic cell count
(SCC) in milk. Serum Se concentration (mean+or-S.E.) in negative,
subclinical, latent and nonspecific cases of mastitis was 142.45+or-11.73,
170.07+or-12.61, 129.86+or-8.30 and 222.03+or-31.41 micro g/litre,
respectively. Mean SCC for these groups were 1.00x105, 9.80x105, 1.45x105
and 5.83x105 per ml of milk, respectively. For serum Se, standard error of
difference of means and critical difference between the groups was 26.91 and
71.78 mg/litre, respectively, at a 1% level of significance. Mean+or-S.E. of
serum Se status for animals having SCC of up to 2.0, >2.0-5.0, >5.0-10.0,
>10.0-40.0 and >40.0 were 140.63+or-9.09, 138.41+or-8.31, 220.63+or-25.49,
139.86+or-7.55 and 148.14+or-18.28 micro g/litre respectively.
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Influence of oral administration of oxytetracycline on
biochemical and ruminal function parameters in buffalo calves (Bubalus
bubalis).
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2001; 21(1): 10-13 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sandhu, T S; Nauriyal, D C; Randhawa, S S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Rumen fluid analysis and biochemical estimation in calves administered
oxytetracycline at 20 mg/kg bodyweight (b.wt.) for 5 consecutive days
revealed significant (P<0.05) reduction in protozoal motility, total protozoal
count and glucose fermentation rate. No significant (P<0.05) changes were
observed in rumen fluid pH, methylene blue reduction time and
haematological values. Biochemical estimation revealed significant (P<0.05)
increase in serum alanine aminotransferase activity (30.80+or-2.9 IU/l) after
oxytetracycline administration, but no significant (P<0.05) changes were
observed in other biochemical parameters including glucose, urea nitrogen,
aspartate amino-transferase, creatinine, and Vanden Berg test. Quantitative
urinalysis also revealed no significant change. It was concluded that oral
administration of oxytetracycline at 20 mg/kg b.wt. resulted in mild
indigestion.
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Trace element status of buffaloes from sub-mountainous region
969
of Punjab.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2004; 24(1): 23-27 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rajiv Singh; Randhawa, S S; Kumar, A
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Blood, fodder and soil trace elements were analysed to understand the
problem of mineral imbalances among rural buffalo herds maintained in the
sub-mountainous regions of Punjab, India [date not given]. 85 blood samples
from buffaloes of different age groups along with 26 fodder (Trifolium
alexandrinum, Sorghum spp., Pennisetum glaucum and Zea mays) and 20 soil
samples from different areas were analysed. Based on plasma analysis,
subclinical deficiencies in copper, iodine and cobalt along with excess
molybdenum were observed at 10.13, 35.21, 7.59 and 25.88% prevalence
rates, respectively. Thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine
(T4) were not sensitive indicators of iodine status. The mineral content of
fodder varied with the soil status and type of fodder and was influenced by
season. The levels of iron, cobalt and manganese in various fodders were
adequate, whereas the majority of samples were deficient in copper and zinc.
Soils in the studied area had normal mineral levels.
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Effect of lactation therapy on quarter infection and milk
composition in specific mastitis of buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2004; 24(1): 16 18 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Singh, R S; Bansal, B K; Randhawa, S S; Mavi, P S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Fourteen lactating buffaloes with 18 specific mastitis quarters (culturally
positive and having a somatic cell count (SCC) of >5x105 cells/ml as per
International Dairy Federation Reference System) were treated with
amoxicillin and cloxacillin (Injection Intamox 2.5 g/Injection Megamycin 2 g)
intramuscularly at 10 mg/kg body weight every 12 h for 3 consecutive days.
The efficacy of treatment was evaluated based on the results of 3-day (days
18-21 after the last injection) testing of milk samples for cultural isolation and
milk SCC. The other milk parameters studied were electrical conductivity
(EC), pH, fat, total protein, lactose and solids not fat (SNF). It was shown that
the therapeutic procedure could cure (culturally negative and SCC <5x105
cells/ml) 88.89% of mastitic quarters, including 90% of Staphylococcus
aureus, 100% of coagulase negative staphylococci and 80% of Streptococcus
spp. infections. Statistically significant (P<0.05) differences were observed in
the pre- and posttreatment values for SCC, EC, pH, lactose, fat and SNF. In
conclusion, the therapeutic procedure conducted during early lactation may be
beneficial in limiting udder damage and restoring milk quality in buffaloes
with specific mastitis.
970
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Effect of some agents on embryonation and viability of eggs of
Toxocara vitulorum.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Indian Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2005; 25(2): 106-107 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Singh, V S; Chauhan, P P S; Agrawal, R D; Daya Shanker
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The lethal effects of some physical and chemical agents, like boiling water,
lysol, formalin and CDRI compound 81-470 (chemically known as methyl[54(2 pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl] carbonyl-1H-benzimidazole-2(yl) carbamate) on
Toxocara vitulorum eggs were studied. T. vitulorum eggs were collected from
mature female worms and positive faecal samples of buffalo calves. Ten ml of
each chemical, formalin (1, 5 and 10%), lysol (2, 2.5 and 3%) and compound
81-470 (4.37, 8.75, 17.5, 35 and 70 mg/ml), as well as boiling water, were
poured over the eggs and allowed to stand for 15, 30 and 60 min. The effects
of these agents on egg embryonation and viability up to 25 days were
examined. Results showed that boiling water was lethal to all the eggs of T.
vitulorum. Formalin was ineffective even at 10% strength and 60 min of
exposure. CDRI compound 81-470 also did not exert appreciable lethal effect
on the eggs of T. vitulorum at all concentrations. Lysol at 2.5% killed 41% of
the eggs in 30 min and 58% of the eggs in 60 min. At 3% concentration, 62%
of the eggs were killed in 30 min and 100% of the eggs in 60 min. The study
showed that boiling water and lysol at 3% were the most effective agents
against T. vitulorum eggs.
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Efficacy of therapeutic regimens against teat skin lesions in
bovines.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Indian Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2005; 25(2): 125 -126 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sharma, S; Singh, K B
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The present study describes the efficacy of lithiomony against papillomatosis
and post-milking teat dips for the treatment of teat skin lesions in bovines.
Various types of udder/teat skin lesions were treated with different drugs and
their combinations and therapeutic efficacy were evaluated. Lithiomony was
tested in four cases of cutaneous and seven cases of udder/teat papillomatosis
and was given at 15 ml i.m. for udder/teat papillomas in adult cattle and 5-10
ml against cutaneous papillomas in calves on alternate days with a total of six
injections. For the treatment of herpes, mammillitis, buffalo pox, pseudocow
pox, teat chaps and foot and mouth diseases, mostly post-milking teat dips
with wokadine-glycerin (8:1) or chlorhexidine (0.5%) were used. Teat dips
were applied twice daily and in some cases, locally, and the response to
treatment was evaluated. The efficacy of lithiomony was 75.0 and 57.1%
971
against cutaneous and udder/teat papillomatosis, respectively. The complete
removal of papillomas was observed within 20 to 30 days in both groups. The
overall efficacy of wokadine-glycerine and chlorhexidine teat dips was 88.0
and 81.13%, respectively. The drug combination cured 77.3% cases of herpes
mammillitis within 25-35 days in cattle and 15-20 days in buffaloes.
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Clinical and pathological studies on induced chronic selenosis in
buffalo calves.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Journal of Veterinary Pathology. 2000; 24(2): 102-104 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rattandeep Singh; Randhawa, S S; Banga, H S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Pathological changes were studied in tissues from five animals, which died
following induction of selenosis by ad libitum feeding of selenium rich wheat
straw. Gross pathological changes recorded were haemorrhage and oedema of
abomasum and intestinal mucosa besides enlargement of gall bladder.
Histopathological alterations were chronic hepatitis, nephritis and cystitis. The
gastrointestinal tract revealed hyperplasia of rumen epithelium, mild
abomasitis and chronic enteritis. Lung lesions were primarily seen as pleuritis.
The hoof revealed degeneration of primary laminar necrosis of laminar corium
along with degeneration of primary and secondary corium.
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Effects of Semecarpus anacardium on nerve regeneration in
buffalo calves.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Veterinary Surgery . 2004; 25(2): 102-103 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sunil Chaudhary; Harpal Singh
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The effects of oil collected from the nuts of Semecarpus anacardium on nerve
regeneration were studied on 6- to 18-month-old buffalo calves. Group I
animals were treated as the control, whereas Group II animals were treated
with 5 ml S. anacardium oil, orally, for 60 days. The oil was also applied
externally with gentle massage once a day along the course of the nerve at the
shoulder region until day 60. The results showed that combinations of
epineural suturing and supplementation with S. anacardium oil may be used
for the repair of peripheral nerve injuries in farm animals.
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: A case of suspected copper deficiency in a buffalo neonate.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal (India). (Nov 2001). v. 78(11) p.10411042. AB:
Country of Origin: India
972
Author’s name: Rao,-P.P.R.; Devi,-V.R.; Kavita,-K.; Khan,-P.M.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Copper deficiency primarily occurs in young ruminants and is characterised
by multiple clinical and sub-clinical syndromes such as unthriftiness, cost
changes, diarrhoea, lameness, bone fractures, anaemia, neonatal ataxia, sudden
death, low growth and fertility rates. The present communication deals with a
case of suspected copper deficiency in a buffalo calf.
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Quality changes in buffalo meat and liver during storage in ice pack
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal (India). (Jun 2000). v. 77(6) p.517-521.
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sharma, N.; Sen, A.R.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Buffalo meat has vast potential to cope up with increasing demand of meat for
internal consumption as well as for export since good market for buffalo meat
exists in gulf countries. Depending on the type of trade and length of journey,
meat is transported by road in insulated or refrigerated vechicles. Usually
dressed carcasses and offals are packed with ice and transported to processing
plants. Various factors are responsible for changes in sensory and microbial
quality of fresh meat during transporation. Lanier(1978) revealed that
discoloration of insufficiently chilled beef occurring in transit. Bell and Garout
(1994) conducted transport and storage trials of vaccum packaged beef
carcasses and observed that beef of normal pH can be preserved upto 90 days.
Sharma(1994) reported on quality changes in buffalo meat transportation
under ice and changes due to repeated freezing and thawing of meat. The
Present study was conducted to study the physio-chemical, microbial and
sensory changes of buffalo meat and liver during storage in ice pack.
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Identification of dog meat by serological tests.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal (India). (Jan 2003). v. 80(1) p.29-32.
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Nayar, R.; Govindarajulu, M.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Experimental studies of rabies on Buffalo calves was carried out to find out
the most sensitive diagnostic techniques for the detection of Rabies virus
antigen at the stage of as early as 30 days post-inoculation (DPI). The rabies
antigen was detected in all the brain tissues by ELISA, few by FAT and no
antigen was detected by Seller's strain and Mice Inoculation Test. On
comparison of these techniques ELISA was found to be the most sensitive
973
laboratory diagnostic techniques.
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Vascular permeability induced by histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in
buffalo calf skin.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. (Nov 2003). v. 80(11) p.1181-1182.
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Pande, V.; Swamy, M.; Katiyar, A.K.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Virtually, no information is available on experimentally induced inflammatory
response in buffaloes. In the present experiment, the duration of increased
vascular permeability induced by histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine was
investigated in the buffalo calves, while carrying out studies on the acute
inflammatory response in buffaloes using skin as a test system.
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Fungicidal activity of buffalo (Babulus bubalis) urine: a new
record.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Madras Agricultural Journal. 1999 publ 2000; 86(10/12): 614616 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Raja, J; Kurucheve, V
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Different concentrations (2.5, 5 and 10%) of cold and hot water extracts of
dung and urine from cow, buffalo, goat and carbenda were assayed for
fungitoxicity against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici, the causal agent
of tomato wilt. The cold and hot water extracts of buffalo urine at 10%
exhibited complete inhibition of the mycelial growth. Physical properties like
autoclaving at temperature 90 degrees C for 10 minutes did not alter the
toxicity. Toxin and hydrolytic enzyme production was also inhibited by
buffalo urine. Seed treatment with buffalo urine enhanced the seed
germination, growth and vigour of tomato seedlings.
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Variation in somatic cell count in relation to udder health and
milk quality in cross bred cows and buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: SARAS Journal of Livestock and Poultry Production. 2002;
18(3/4): 52-62 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Singh, A; Saini, A L; Randhawa, S S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
974
A study was conducted on 3 types of dairy farming systems (organized farm
(dairy farm of PAU, Ludhiana), commercialized farm (Haibowal Dairy
Complex, Ludhiana) and traditional farm (cluster of dairy farms of Swadikalan village, Ludhiana)) in India. The management practices in these farms
varied considerably. Milk samples were collected from crossbred cows and
Murrah buffaloes within 6-10 weeks of lactation in during the hot, humid
(July-September 2000) and cool (December 2000 to February 2001) periods.
These samples were analysed for somatic cell count (SCC) and electrical
conductivity (EC). Bulk milk was categorized as good, average and poor
quality when the bulk tank SCC was up to 100 000, 100 000-500 000 and 500
000 cells/ml and above, respectively. The individual udder quarters were
categorized as infected (SCC more than 500 000 cells/ml) and non-infected
(SCC less than 500 000 cells/ml). It was shown that the percentage of infected
quarters varied significantly due to effect of farm (P<0.01), season (P<0.01),
species (P<0.05) and parity (P<0.05), whereas the difference was nonsignificant for milking technique and milk yield. EC of milk samples from
infected vs. non-infected quarters was 4.02+or-0.00 and 3.64+or-0.05 at PAU,
5.10+or-0.34 and 2.93+or-0.06 at Haibowal Dairy Complex and 4.15+or-0.03
and 3.82+or-0.04 at Swadi-kalan for crossbred cows, respectively. These
values were 2.98+or-0.12 and 2.72+or-0.03 at PAU, 4.90+or-0.33 and
3.39+or-0.09 at Haibowal Dairy Complex and 2.55+or-0.18 and 2.57+or-0.04
at Swadi-kalan for buffaloes, respectively. In conclusion, SCC can be
effectively used as a management tool to predict the standard and type of
measures adopted for quality milk production at a particular dairy farm.
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: The role of mammalian drugs in relation to health care among
tribals in Jharkhand (Bihar) Part- I.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology. 1999; 19(3): 179-187 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Azmi, H K; Prabha Pandey
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A medico-ethnozoological survey was conducted in 4 districts (Dhanbad,
Hazaribagh, Ranchi and Sathal Pargana) in Bihar, India [date not given], to
study the native use of medicinal mammals in the treatment of human
diseases. An interview among 7 tribes in the area showed that different body
parts of about 12 mammals have medicinal applications. These mammals
include: barasingha, bat, bison, buffalo, crow pheasant, elephant, goat, jackal,
monkey, porcupine, rat and tiger.
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Blood selenium levels during different stages of selenosis in
buffaloes and its evaluation as a diagnostic tool.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Veterinary and Human Toxicology. 2002; 44(5): 260-263 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Deore, M D; Srivastava, A K; Sharma, S K
Institution:
975
Organization:
Content :
Selenium (SC) toxicity was experimentally induced in male buffalo calves
following repeated oral administration of 0.3 mg selenourea/kg (providing
0.19 mg/Se kg) for 75 days. On the basis of the major toxic effects produced
in the experimental animals, 10 additional clinical cases of selenosis were
identified from field cases in India [date not given]. In experimental selenosis
blood Se increased from 0.70+or-0.08 micro g/ml on day 0 to 3.12+or-0.01
micro g/ml on day 75. Hair Se rose from 2.42+or-0.6 ppm on day 0 to
22.91+or-2.6 ppm by the 11th w. The erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase
(GSH-Px) activity increased from 5.35+or-0.94 Eu/mg Hb (0 day) to
18.81+or-0.46 Eu/mg Hb in the 11th week. Blood Se was of better diagnostic
value than hair Se or erythrocytic GSH-Px activity. Signs occurred when Se
levels were about 2.0 micro g/ml and were prominent above 2.5-2.6 micro
g/ml; Se levels <more or =>1.5-1.75 micro g/ml were diagnostic of impending
selenosis. The Se concentrations in blood from the field cases of Se toxicity in
buffalo had excellent correlation with Se levels in the experimental cases.
Specialization: Medicine
Subject: Clinical management of sarcoptic mange in Indian buffalo calves
with a botanical ointment.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Veterinary Record. 2005; 156(21): 684-685 2005 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Naresh, R; Swarup, D; Sharma, M C; Ranjan, R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Nine Murrah breed buffalo calves less than one year of age, 7 females and 2
males, showed non-pruritic clinical mange infestation. Seven exhibited severe
skin lesions all over the body; the skin had thickened and large, dry, exudative
crusts, and haemorrhagic and non-haemorrhagic fissures on the upper neck
were present. Severe dermatitis and alopecia were observed on the skin of the
face, upper eyelids, poll and ear. Acute dermatitis was observed on the lower
neck, hind and forelegs and the thoracic, abdominal, inguinal and peri-inguinal
regions, with red discoloration. The other 2 calves had painful lesions in the
pastern area and interdigital space. Lesions were common on the upper part of
the neck in all the animals. The affected areas were shaved and treated with a
botanical ointment, applied twice daily at 09.00 and 16.00 h for 7-15 days
until the disappearance of clinical signs. The ointment contained Allium cepa,
Citrus medica, Curcuma longa, Camphora officinarum [Cinnamomum
camphora], Allium sativum, Derris indica [Pongamia pinnata] and Sesamum
indicum oil. The efficacy of the treatment was assessed based on healing of
the skin lesions and the absence of mites (Sarcoptes scabiei var. bovis) on the
skin. All 9 calves were free of clinical signs by day 15. The skin scrapings
from all the animals were negative for mites on days 7, 15 and 30. Skin lesions
were still present on 7 calves on day 7; the lesions on the upper part of the
neck healed totally by day 15. Dermatitis on the skin of the face, upper
eyelids, poll and ear disappeared, and there was fresh hair growth. The lesions
on lower parts of the body showed complete recovery by day 15. The lesions
of the pastern area and interdigital space of the forelimbs of 2 of the calves
976
disappeared totally by day 15. The animals remained free from skin lesions
and mites up to day 30. Their recovery period ranged from 7 to 15 days,
average of 12-33 days.
16. Microbiology
Microbiology includes: Bacteriology, Virology, Mycology
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Cutaneous streptothricosis in water buffaloes.
Year of publication: 1998
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin. 1998; 17(3): 62-64 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Pal, M; Rao, N M
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Cutaneous streptothricosis was diagnosed in two of 28 water buffaloes having
dermatitis. Diagnosis was confirmed by direct demonstration of thin, branched
filaments with cocci and chains of Dermatophilus congolensis in the
methylene blue stained smears of scabs from the udder, limb and neck areas of
both the affected buffaloes. The pathogen was cultured from the infected
clinical material on blood agar and brain heart infusion agar at 37 degrees C.
Chemotherapy was done with parenteral administration of oxytetracycline and
topical application of 2% tincture iodine solution. Interestingly, none of the
family members who were attending sick animals contracted the infection. It
is suggested that dermatophilosis may be considered in the differential
diagnosis of skin diseases of buffaloes.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Studies on the occurrence of bovine herpes mammillitis in
buffaloes.
Year of publication:
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin. 1998; 17(4): 79-81 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sharma, S; Singh, K B; Oberol, M S; Sood, N
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The occurrence of bovine herpes mammillitis (BHM) in buffaloes is described
for the first time. The lesions were sporadic in occurrence and more common
during the first two months of the first lactation. These lesions were mostly
seen at the udder-teat junction of hind-teats. Raw ulcer or ulcer covered with
thick blue-black scab was the most common presenting sign. Multiple syncytia
formation containing intranuclear inclusions was observed. Characteristic of
BHV-2 infection was observed and involvement of herpesvirus was confirmed
by negative-stain electron microscopy.
Specialization: Microbiology
977
Subject: Isolation of bluetongue virus from an aborted buffalo fetus of
buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in India.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin. 1999; 18(1): 20-22 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Chandel, B S; Kher, H N
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The present study was an attempt to isolate and propagate bluetongue virus
(BTV) in BHK-21 cell culture following initial passage through an
embryonating chicken egg (ECE) system. All the infected embryos showed
the characteristic changes which were cherry red discoloration, oedema,
cutaneous haemorrhages and stunted growth. Infected BHK-21 monolayers
showed characteristic cytopathic effects, which were rounding and
aggregation of cells, intracytoplasmic inclusions, vacuolations and granulation
of cell cytoplasm. Some cells also showed degenerative changes and sloughed
off from the glass surface. In order to facilitate an accurate diagnosis of BT, it
is usually necessary to isolate the virus and correctly identify it by using a
suitable in vitro test. In this study, direct fluorescent antibody test (d-FAT)
was used to detect BTV group specific antigen in infected ECE and BHK-21
cell culture. The d-FAT detected BTV group specific antigen in different
BHK-21 cell culture harvests at different intervals. The results indicated the
presence of specific fluorescence in different virus isolates at 24 and 48 h post
inoculation. The immunofluorescence in BHK-21 cells was predominately
juxtanuclear position. The above findings suggest that bluetongue infection is
prevalent in buffaloes in India. Isolation of BTV from an aborted fetus
confirmed its association in causing abortion in buffaloes. This is the first
report in this country.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Endometritis in a water buffalo due to Candida albicans.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin. 2002; 21(1): 10-11 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Pal M
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Candida albicans, a medically important opportunistic yeast, was identified as
the cause of endometritis in a 7-year-old water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) that
had a history of abortion (India, date not given). The pathogen was
demonstrated in the uterine discharge by potassium hydroxide and Gram's
techniques. Repeated cultures of the clinical specimens yielded pure and
luxurient growth of C. albicans on Sabouraud agar as well as Pal's sunflower
seed medium. The morphology of the yeast was studied in "Narayan" stain.
The isolates of C. albicans showed sensitivity against nystatin by in vitro disc
diffusion test. The role of fungi in genital disorders of the buffaloes should be
thoroughly studied.
Specialization: Microbiology
978
Subject: Sero-prevalence of brucellosis and comparison of serological tests
to diagnose it in buffaloes.
Year of publication:
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 1999; 15(3): 361-370 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Prahlad Kumar; Singh, D K; Barbuddhe, S B
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Seroprevalence of brucellosis was examined in buffaloes Using Rose Bengal
plate test (RBPT), standard tube agglutination test (STAT), complement
fixation test (CFT) and dot-ELISA. Of 296 serum samples collected at an
abattoir in Delhi, India [date not given] 7.09, 2.70, 11.14 and 8.10% were
positive in RBPT, STAT, CFT and dot-ELISA, respectively. Seroprevalence
of brucellosis in Punjab was higher (21.39%) than in Uttar Pradesh (11.32%).
RBPT showed the highest relative sensitivity (33.33%) using CFT as an
indicator test. All the tests showed relative specificity of >90%.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Listeria monocytogenes - a cause of mastitis in an Indian buffalo
(Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2001; 17(3): 425-427 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Subhash Verma; Katoch, R C; Chahota, R; Mahajan, A
K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The isolation and identification of L. monocytogenes from mastitis in a female
buffalo and its in vitro susceptibility to various antimicrobial drugs, was
reported. Milk samples were collected from a 6-year-old female buffalo.
Bacterial isolates were characterized based on their cultural, morphological,
and biochemical features. An in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility test was
performed. The California mastitis test indicated subclinical mastitis in the
right fore quarter. There was bacterial growth in milk samples from the right
fore quarter, of which L. monocytogenes was isolated and identified in pure
culture. The samples from the other quarter yielded only 1 or 2 colonies of
Staphylococcus spp. L. monocytogenes was also isolated from the same
quarter 7 days later, whereas no organisms were detected from the other 3
quarters. The in vitro drug susceptibility profile of the organism revealed
resistance to nalidixic acid, tetracycline, ampicillin, cotrimazine, lomefloxacin,
and penicillin. The organism was susceptible to chloramphenicol,
chlortetracycline, and gentamicin. Based on the antibiogram, gentamicin was
subsequently prescribed twice daily for 4 days as intramammary infusions, as
well as intramuscular injections with success.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Isolation and characterization of Staphylococcus species from
intramammary infections in buffaloes.
Year of publication:
979
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2002; 18(3): 355-360 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Tuteja, F C; Kapur, M P; Anshu Sharma
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A total of 115 Gram positive and catalase positive staphylococci were
obtained from 420 quarter milk samples from 108 apparently healthy
buffaloes. The isolates were then characterized up to the species level by
physiological and biochemical tests. It was shown that 11 of the isolates were
coagulase positive while 104 were coagulase negative staphylococci.
Staphylococcus haemolyticus (37.48%) was the most frequently isolated,
followed by S. saprophyticus (10.43%), S. hyicus (9.56%), S. gallinarum
(7.83%), S. aureus (5.22%), S. auricularis (4.35%), S. arlettae (4.35%), S.
warneri (3.48%), S. chromogenes (3.48%), S. cohnii (3.48%), S. intermedius
(2.60%), S. capitis (2.60%), S. xylosus (2.60%), S. hyicus subsp. hyicus
(1.74%), S. caprae (0.86%), S. hominis (0.86%), S. kloosii (0.86%) and S.
sciuri (0.86%).
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Comparison of various indirect tests for the detection of
subclinical mastitis.
Year of publication:
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2002; 18(2): 267-271 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Vivek Saxena; Anshu Sharma; Ravinder Sharma; Ashok
Kumar
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
In the present study, a rapid colorimetric assay based on tetrazolium salt
(MMT) was used to detect subclinical mastitis (SCM) in buffaloes.
Sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of 3 indirect tests viz. somatic cell
count, electrical conductivity and MTT dye reaction reduction assay were
compared, taking the cultural examination test as the standard. A total of 688
quarter milk samples collected from 175 apparently healthy lactating buffaloes
were used. One hundred and forty-nine milk samples had an SCC of more
than 500 000 per ml milk. Of these, 89 were culturally positive. The electrical
conductivity test detected 143 milk samples with high conductivity levels,
indicating SCM; of these, 91 were culturally positive. However, fifty-five milk
samples having normal conductivity showed positive results in culture. One
hundred and thirty-two milk samples were detected by the MTT reduction
assay; of these, 118 were culturally positive. Out of the 556 quarter milk
samples which were considered negative by the MTT assay, 515 were also
found culturally negative, whereas 41 were culturally positive. False positive
relations were more for the EC test (7.55%) compared to the MTT dye
reduction assay (2.03%). MTT dye reduction assay had the highest sensitivity
(74.21%), specificity (97.35%) and predictive value of positive test (89.39%).
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Bacteria isolated from nasal and lung samples of diseased and
980
clinically healthy buffaloes in Himachal Pradesh, India.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2003; 19(3): 337-340 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Vipasha Kapoor; Katoch, R C; Mandeep Sharma
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The bacterial flora of the respiratory tract of buffaloes was determined based
on 26 nasal swab samples and 6 lung tissue samples collected from diseased
and healthy buffaloes. Forty-two isolates were recovered from all the nasal
swab samples. The isolates included Staphylococcus aureus (30.76%),
Streptococcus spp. (30.76%), Acinetobacter spp. (23.07%), Proteus spp.
(23.07%), Bacillus cereus (15.38%), Staphylococcus spp. (15.38%),
Escherichia coli (15.38%), Streptococcus pyogenes (7.69%) and Actinomyces
pyogenes (7.69%). Three lung tissues samples were positive for Pasteurella
multocida. Four blood samples from sick animals suspected for haemorrhagic
septicaemia were also bacteriologically processed and a single isolate of P.
multocida was recovered. The isolates were further tested using PCR and were
serotyped as P. multocida A:1.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Bacteriology and comparative efficacy of LPS and CST based
antibiotics in puerperal metritis in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2004; 20(3): 271-278 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sidhu, S S; Kulbir Singh; Prahlad Singh
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Bacteriology and treatment of puerperal metritis was investigated in 25
buffaloes (15 normal calving and 10 suffering from puerperal metritis) at the
Dairy Farm and Veterinary Clinics of Punjab Agricultural University,
Ludhiana. Normal calving buffaloes (n=15) were divided into three sub
groups: Group A (n=5, treated with 40 ml sterile normal saline, intrauterine,
once only), Group B (n=5, treated with 250 micro g E. coli LPS dissolved in
40 ml normal saline as single intrauterine infusion) and Group C (n=5, given
intramuscular injection of antibiotic based on culture and sensitivity test CST, for 7 days). Clinical group (n=10) was further divided into two sub
groups D (n=5, given LPS as in Group B) and E (n=5, given antibiotics as in
Group C). Bacterial load in sub groups A, B and C increased significantly
(P<0.05) from day 0 to 3 (0.0054+or-0.0054x103 to 0.221+or-0.054x103,
0.006+or-0.006x103 to 0.0516+or-0.0132x103 and 0.0086+or-0.0086x103 to
0.0992+or-0.0098x103 CFU per ml respectively). After day 3, in Group A,
decrease in bacterial load was significant (P<0.05), whereas, in Groups B and
C the reduction in bacterial load on day 3 was non-significant. Bacterial load
in clinical Group D was much higher than in normal calving buffaloes. Group
D indicated a significant (P<0.05) decline in bacterial load from day 0
(76.42+or-18.98x103 CFU per ml) to day 3 (6.58+or-3.43x103 CFU per ml).
In clinical Group E the significant (P<0.05) decline in bacterial load was
981
evident from day 3 (40.98+or-16.99x103 CFU per ml) to day 7 (18.34+or8.26x103 CFU per ml). Reduction in bacterial load on days other than
specified was non-significant in both the clinical Groups D and E. Clinical
group buffaloes revealed mixed infections with predominance of Coliform,
Pseudomonas, and Corynebacterium (Actinomyces) organisms, besides some
incidental microbes (Staphylococci, Streptococci and Bacillus). Pseudomonas
and Corynebacterium persisted till later stages of infection in clinical group. It
was concluded that the therapy initiated immediately at parturition in normally
calving and puerperal metritic buffaloes enhanced expulsion of infection from
the uterus. The therapy initiated with LPS was more effective than antibiotics
for early clearing of uterine infections.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Normal somatic cell count and subclinical mastitis in Murrah
buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2004; 20(3): 261-270 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Dhakal,I P
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted to investigate the normal somatic cell count and to
define subclinical mastitis in Murrah buffaloes. Data were collected from sixty
clinically normal buffaloes stationed at five farms of Chitwan Nepal and
Buffalo Research Center, Hissar, India. Somatic cell count was measured
using the Newmann-Lampert staining technique. The upper limit of somatic
cell count was determined >=200,000/ml of milk based on the mean+or-2sd of
a total somatic cell count. Abnormal data of the somatic cell count was
repeatedly removed which lie beyond the values of more than m+2sd until all
the data come to lie within (m+2sd). Averages of somatic cell count of right
front and right hind quarters were significantly higher than left front and left
hind quarters. Subclinical mastitis was diagnosed on the basis of samples with
somatic cell counts >=200,000/ml with positive bacterial cultures. Subclinical
mastitis was found in 21.7% buffaloes and 8% of the quarter foremilk
samples. Neutrophil counts were significantly higher in subclinical mastitis
milk.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Experimental rabies in buffalo calves: a pathogenetic approach
on early spread of street rabies virus.
Year of publication: 1998
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 1998; 68(6): 509-511 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Singh, C K; Grewal, G S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The symptoms, progressive spread of rabies virus, and patho-anatomical
alterations in buffalo calves experimentally infected with street rabies virus
were studied. Four buffalo calves were experimentally inoculated with 125
982
462 MICLD50 of street rabies virus via linear laceration on the muzzle.
Analysis of tentative progression in quantum and direction of rabies virus
indicated that hippocampus, cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata are
much more dependable sites to attempt isolation of rabies virus in buffalo
species especially when a rabid buffalo has been killed during the early phase
of the disease. On histopathological examination, typical non-suppurative
encephalomyelitis was observed. The central neural transport mechanism of
rabies virus was monitored by specific immunofluorescence histopathological
findings, Seller's staining and mice inoculation tests on various central nervous
tissues. Ocular involvement in the form of conjunctivitis was observed among
the early symptoms of the disease.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Isolation of mycobacteria from suspected cases of pulmonary
tuberculosis in buffaloes slaughtered for food.
Year of publication: 1998
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 1998; 68(6): 555-556 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kumar, G S; Parihar, N S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted to determine the incidence of tuberculosis in
buffaloes slaughtered for consumption, and to identify the type of
mycobacteria associated with tuberculous lesions in the lungs of buffaloes.
The lungs and bronchial/mediastinal lymph nodes of 2028 slaughtered Murrah
buffaloes and their crosses were examined, and the 12 specimens showing
lesions suggestive of tuberculosis were collected for isolation of mycobacteria
and histopathological examination. Out of the 2028 buffaloes, 17 (0.84%) had
tuberculous lesions. Acid-fast bacilli were isolated from 8 cases. These
isolates favoured growth at 37 degrees C and were slow growers requiring 3-4
weeks for the first appearance of visible colonies. Primary isolation was better
on Stonebrink's medium though isolates grew luxuriantly in pyruvate
containing L-J medium. The biochemical characteristics of these
mycobacterial isolates confirmed Mycobacterium bovis and M. tuberculosis
complex in 2 and 4 cases, respectively. The identification of 4 isolates as M.
tuberculosis complex instead of M. bovis or M. tuberculosis indicated a
possible modulation in the nature and speciation of mycobacteria from those
normally characteristic to bovine infection. Caseous or caseo-calcified lesions
varying in size from 2-3 cm were observed in the lungs. Distribution of
tuberculous lesions in one or both lungs with predominant occurrence in the
dorsocaudal aspects of the diaphragmatic lobes was observed. The bronchial
and mediastinal lymph nodes were enlarged 3-10 times. Microscopically, lung
samples showed many caseonecrotic granulomatous foci of varying sizes. The
bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes revealed changes mainly in the
cortical regions. Sections of lungs and lymph nodes revealed acid-fast bacilli
within macrophages, Langhan's giant cells, and in the necrotic mass. Results
indicated that there is a perceptible decline in the prevalence of tuberculosis
among the buffalo population in the Rohilkhand region, Uttar Pradesh, India.
The isolation of M. tuberculosis complex adds a new dimension in the
epidemiological approach of studying tuberculosis in animals and man.
983
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Development of a new dot-ELISA kit for detection of antibodies
in bovine brucellosis.
Year of publication: 1998
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 1998; 68(5): 458-459 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Batra, H V; Agarwal, G S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A comparative evaluation of the Dot-ELISA kit, for the diagnosis of
brucellosis, in relation to routinely used serological tests, was done. A total of
663 blood/serum samples were obtained from various cattle and buffalo farms
in India (Haryana, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh), where brucellosis is
endemic. Results show that the sensitivity of the Dot-ELISA kit was similar to
that of complement fixation test (CFT); both methods detected 53 animals that
were positive. The sensitivity of the serum agglutination test (SAT) was lower,
as compared to the 2 other methods; SAT detected only 33 cases that were
positive for brucellosis; 4 of these, tested negative when the kit and CFT were
used (false positive results). Furthermore, the specificity of the Dot-ELISA kit
was found to be comparable to CFT, considered to be a confirmatory test. The
Dot-ELISA kit is thus suggested for use under field conditions, since it is also
easy and convenient to use.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Clinico-pathological and pathomorphological changes of induced
rabies in buffalo calves.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 1999; 69(12): 1014-1017 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Singh, C K; Grewal, G S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Buffalo calves (n=15) experimentally inoculated through different routes with
varied doses of street rabies virus showed high erythrocyte sedimentation rate
(ESR),
leukocytosis
due
to
high
lymphocyte
counts
and
hypohaemoglobinaemia. A significantly high leukocyte count was observed in
CSF. Rabies virus was detected in all natural secretions. Pathomorphological
lesions suggesting non-suppurative encephalitis with evidence of neuronal
degeneration, gliosis and intracytoplasmic inclusions were observed.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Pathogenetic studies on rabies in peripheral nerves and nonnervous tissues.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 1999; 69(12): 1028-1031 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Singh, C K; Grewal, G S
Institution:
984
Organization:
Content :
The aim of this study was to record the histopathological, histoenzymatic,
histochemical and immunofluorescent alterations in the peripheral nerves and
non-nervous tissues of buffalo calves along the progression of the disease,
wherein the spread of the rabies virus in the various tissues is based on
findings of fluorescent antibody technique (FAT). The buffalo calves were
divided into 3 groups (5 animals per group); 4 buffalo calves were inoculated
with 10% infected mice brain tissue suspension, whereas the fifth buffalo calf
received 10% normal mice brain tissue suspension (control). Group 1 buffalo
calves were inoculated with 6, 27, 310 MICLD50 of street rabies virus (SRV)
i.m.; the control buffalo calf received 5 ml normal mice brain tissue
suspension. Group 2 buffalo calves were given orally 3, 76, 386 MICLD50 of
SRV; the control was given 3 ml normal mice brain. Group 3 buffaloes were
inoculated with 1, 25, 462 MICLD50 of SRV; control buffaloes received 1 ml
normal mice brain tissue suspension. Hyperplasia of Schwann cells and
myelin was observed in the musculo-cutaneous and sciatic nerve. The
musculo-cutaneous and sciatic nerves exhibited moderate nonspecific
esterases (NSE) activity, whereas the hepatocytes and acinar cells of the
parotid salivary gland presented weak NSE activity. In all the experimentally
inoculated buffalo calves, immunofluorescence was observed at 14 days post
inoculation and the rabies virus did not spread to any visceral organ until the
7th day postinoculation.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Detection of bovine rotavirus in diarrhoeic samples using
polyclonal antibody based sandwich-ELISA, a commercial one-step test
and RNA polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 1999; 69(11): 938-941 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Grover, Y P; Patnayak, D P; Pandey, R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A sandwich polyclonal antibody based ELISA was developed for the detection
of rotavirus in faecal samples. The method was compared with RNA-PAGE
and a commercially available monoclonal antibody based one-step test kit.
Diarrhoeic faecal samples, 65 from calves and 18 from buffalo calves, were
collected from various farms in and around Hisar and Ambala in Haryana and
Meerut in Uttar Pradesh (India) and were tested using all the 3 methods. In
ELISA, 41 samples were detected positive, whereas 42 were detected
negative. The RNA-PAGE analysis also detected 41 positive samples, all of
which were typical Group A rotavirus, and 42 negative samples. The results of
ELISA corresponded well with that of RNA-PAGE. The relative sensitivity
and specificity of the ELISA was 100% when compared with RNA-PAGE.
Similarly, the positive and negative predictive values were 100%. The onestep test, although more simple to perform, detected only 38 samples as
positive. Only, 37 samples were positive using the one-step method when
compared with RNA-PAGE; one sample was positive by the one-step test but
was negative in the RNA-PAGE test. The false positive sample had a very low
985
absorbance (0.098), which was even less than the pooled negative control in
ELISA. The sensitivity of the one-step test, when compared with RNA-PAGE
and ELISA were 90.2 and 97.0%, respectively; the positive and negative
predictive values were 97.7 and 91.0%. In conclusion, the described method
for polyclonal antibody based ELISA was effective. It can be used in the
initial screening of diarrhoeic samples, so that positive samples can be further
tested by RNA-PAGE.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Efficacy of vaccines prepared from Pasteurella multocida cells
grown in chemically defined media.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2000; 70(2): 114-117 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Srivastava,S K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The immunogenicity of Pasteurella multocida serotype B:2 (strain P52) was
studied after growth in chemically defined medium (CDM), CDM
supplemented with iron (CDM.Fe) and brain heart infusion broth (BHIB).
Cells grown in CDM expressed maximum outer membrane protein (OMP) as
demonstrated by congo red binding of the bacterial cells. These cells, when
used as a vaccine, protected 100% of mice, as compared with 78% and 72%
for cells grown in CDM.Fe and BHIB, respectively. In buffalo calves, the
CDM.Fe and BHIB vaccines elicited higher anti-protein passive
haemagglutination antibody responses than the CDM vaccine. Cells grown in
CDM.Fe induced more agglutination than those grown in CDM or BHIB. It is
suggested that P. multocida cells grown in CDM or CDM.Fe media possessed
different antigens, resulting in higher seroreactivity.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Detection of rabies antigen in experimental buffalo calves by
DAS-ELISA.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2002; 72(11): 963-964 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Archana ; Singh, C K; Senthil, V S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Street rabies virus isolated from a spontaneous case in a dog was
experimentally inoculated into buffalo calves (n=6) via oral and intra-thecal
routes. DAS-ELISA detected rabies antigen in all brain tissues, except the
cerebrum in one group and medulla oblongata in the other group at 30 days
post-inoculation (DPI). However, at 60 DPI, all the brain tissues were positive
for rabies.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Effect of foot-and-mouth disease vaccination on the semen quality
of buffalo bulls.
986
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2003; 73(12): 1319-1323 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Singh, R; Verma, H K; Kumar, S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The present study was undertaken to observe the effect of FMD vaccination
on the various seminal attributes of buffalo bulls (n=4). Seminal attributes
were studied by observing the spermiogram such as concentration, motility,
live sperm count and sperm morphology. Biochemical parameters, viz.
methylene blue reduction test and hypoosmotic swelling tests were also
studied. FMD vaccination produced adverse effects on the semen quality of
the buffalo bulls and the effect was observed up to 1 month after vaccination.
To avoid the failure of conception, semen collection should be avoided for 1
month after FMD vaccination.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Confirmation of Chlamydia psittaci isolates by dot-enzyme linked
immunosorbant assay (dot-ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence
(IMIF).
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2003; 73(5): 506-507 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Joshi, V B; Nagal, K B; Katoch, R C; Batta, M K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Dot-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (Dot-ELISA) and indirect
immunofluorescence (IMIF) tests were used for the examination of 169
isolates of Chlamydia psittaci recovered from different conditions like
pneumonia (n=57), enteritis (n=7), conjunctivitis (n=6), mastitis (n=2),
septicaemia (n=1), apparently healthy animals (n=3) and abortions (n=93)
from cattle (n=16), sheep (n=34), goats (n=111), wild birds (n=3), yaks (n=2)
and one each from buffalo, pig and horse, from Himachal Pradesh, India,
using group-specific monoclonal antibodies [date not given]. The results
showed that dot-ELISA can be performed for the confirmation of C. psittaci
when other highly sophisticated and expensive equipment are not available in
the laboratory. AP-Micro
PCR based diagnosis of an outbreak of
haemorrhagic septicaemia.Dhand,-N-K; Arora,-A-K; Virmani,-S; Sandhu,-KS Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004; 74(11): 1124-1125 AB: An
investigation of an outbreak of haemorrhagic septicaemia in a buffalo farm in
Moga district of Punjab is reported in which high cumulative incidence (0.6 in
young and 0.42 in adults), cumulative mortality (0.4 in young and 0.15 in
adults) and case fatality (0.67 in young and 0.36 in adults) was recorded (April
2003). The disease was provisionally diagnosed as haemorrhagic septicaemia
based on the history and clinical symptoms and was treated accordingly. The
confirmation of the disease was done by isolation and identification of
Pasteurella multocida. The organisms were also characterized by PCR using P.
multocida B:2 specific primers and the organisms typically showed the
presence of two bands corresponding to approximately 460 bp and 590 bp.
987
The pathogenicity of the organisms was studied by mice inoculation test. It
caused mortality in mice within 24 h indicating high pathogenicity of the
strain. The organisms were again isolated in pure form from the mice and
bipolar organisms were demonstrated in the smears made from the heart blood
of the dead mice.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Antibacterial activity of buffalo polymorphonuclear cationic
peptides on Pasteurella multocida.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2003; 73(10): 1114-1117
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Roy, S C; More, T
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
An assessment of the non-oxidative microbicidal system of buffalo
polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) against P. multocida was conducted (India).
In this study, our observations suggested that bacterial incorporation of
cationic peptides formed one of the bases of antibacterial activity of PMNs.
These studies with the partially purified peptides yielded a valuable insight
into the potential antimicrobial constituents of PMNs against P. multocida.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Pathogenicity test of Pasteurella multocida A;1 in mice.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004; 74(5): 495-496 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Vipasha Kapoor; Katoch, R C; Mandeep Sharma; Asrani, R
K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The pathogenic potential of four isolates of Pasteurella multocida A:1 from
cattle and buffalo lungs was tested in 4 mice. The mice died within 24-36 h,
proving that all the isolates were pathogenic. Gross changes in the vital organs
are noted and histopathological changes are presented.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Suitability of Lander's transport and enrichment media for
isolation of Campylobacter fetus.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004; 74(10): 1037-1038 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Joshi, K; Sharma, N S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted to determine the suitability of the Lander's transport
and enrichment media for the isolation of Campylobacter fetus from preputial
988
samples. Out of 20 samples of preputial washings from cattle and buffalo
breeding bulls, collected and transported in Lander's transport and enrichment
media, 6 samples were positive for C. fetus. Out of the 20 samples of preputial
washings collected without TEM, only one sample was positive. Samples for
isolation of C. fetus should be collected in Lander's TEM, because it improved
the diagnostic efficiency of samples containing few C. fetus organisms and
large number of resistant contaminating organisms.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: PCR based detection and analysis of Pasteurella multocida
isolates causing haemorrhagic septicaemia in India buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences (India). (Jun 2004). v. 74(6) p.
577-580. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Dutta, T.K.; Gautam, R.; Singh, V.P.; Kumar, A.A.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
In India, haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) in buffalo is caused by serotype B:2
of Pasteurella multocida. A total of 32 P. multocida isolates from buffalo with
the symptoms of HS were tested for their detection by PM-PCR and HSBPCR assays. Except 1, all the isolates were of serotype B:2 as confirmed by
conventional serotyping and HSB-PCR assay. PCR was conducted using
various preparations as template DNA for its application in the field
conditions. All the 32 isolates were experimentally inoculated in mice and
rabbit and the spleen, bone marrow, as well as heart blood were applied as
template for both PCR assays after simple processing. Inoculated organisms
were reisolated in pure culture from all the experimental animals after death.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Carryover and persistence of maternal antibodies against
brucellosis in buffalo calves.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2005; 75(2): 194-195 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Dhand, N K; Randhawa, S S; Singh, G
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The present study was conducted to determine the ideal time of persistence of
Brucella antibodies in buffalo calves. The results revealed that maternal
antibodies are present in colostrum of dams vaccinated against brucellosis and
transfer of these antibodies to calves starts from the day of birth. It is
recommended to vaccinate the buffalo calves any time after 3 months of age.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Antibiotic resistance of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli
(VTEC): a matter of public health concern.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Journal of Comparative Microbiology, Immunology and
989
Infectious Diseases. 2001; 22(1): 87-88 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Banerjee, R; Kapoor, K N; Ghatak, S; Dutta, T K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A total of 173 E. coli isolates from 222 faecal samples from cattle, buffaloes,
sheep, goats, pigs and chickens and 109 food samples including buffalo meat,
chicken meat, pigmeat, kebab and fish in India [date not given] were obtained.
Verotoxin production of 36 isolates was confirmed using Vero cell cytotoxic
assay. Resistance against ampicillin, cefalexin, co-trimoxazole, gentamicin,
kanamycin, nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, streptomycin and tetracycline were
tested. The highest resistance was found against ampicillin (69.44%), followed
by streptomycin (61.11%), co-trimoxazole (44.44%), cefalexin (41.67%) and
tetracycline (38.89%). 31 VTEC isolates showed resistance to 2 or more
antibiotics, of which one strain (O86) from cattle was resistant to all 9
antibiotics and 2 others were resistant to 7 antibiotics. None of the VTEC
strains belonged to the O157 serotype. An immediate check on improper and
indiscriminate use of antibiotics in the treatment of human and animal diseases
besides their use as growth promoters in livestock and poultry is needed to
avoid the emergence of drug resistant microbes.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Correlation between enterohaemolysin production and
verotoxicity of Escherichia coli.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Journal of Comparative Microbiology, Immunology
and Infectious Diseases. 2001; 22(1): 96-97 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Banerjee, R; Kapoor, K N; Ghatak, S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
In the present study, 41 verotoxin producing E. coli (VTEC) strains isolated
from man, cattle, buffaloes and food of animal origin in India [date not given]
were tested for their enterohaemolysin (E-Hly) production. Ten other nonverotoxic E. coli were tested for comparison. Sheep erythrocytes were used as
substrates for the haemolysis experiments. It was shown that a significant
percentage (68.29%) of the VTEC isolates, representing 17 serotypes,
produced E-Hly. The highest percentage positive of E-Hly was from human
diarrhoeal isolates (75.0%), followed by cattle (72.72%), food (71.43%) and
buffalo (63.64%) isolates. None of the non-VTEC isolates produced E-Hly but
3 of them showed alpha -haemolysis. None were positive for alpha haemolysin. It is suggested that E-Hly may be a virulence factor.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Enterohaemolysin production: an important screening test for
detection of verotoxic Escherichia coli.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Comparative Microbiology, Immunology and
Infectious Diseases. 2002; 23(2): 197-198 AB:
990
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rathore, R S; Bachhil, V N; Agarwal, R K; Kapoor, K N
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The present study was undertaken to examine enterohaemolysin (E-Hly)
production in verotoxic Escherichia coli (VTEC) recovered from various cases
of human diarrhoea, urinary tract infection (UTI), diarrhoeal and
asymptomatic healthy cattle and buffaloes and from foods of animal origin
(raw beef, buffalo meat, goat meat and kebab). The isolates were characterized
culturally and biochemically. Serotypes showing cytopathic effects (CPE) in
?50 cells were considered verotoxic. Out of the 37 VTEC tested, 33 (89%)
samples from human, animals and foods of animal origin, were found positive
for E-Hly production. A close association and significant correlation between
verotoxicity and enterohaemolysin was observed. The study suggest that
enterohaemolytic property of verotoxic E. coli may be used as a virulence
marker for screening VTEC in diarrhoeal and asymptomatic healthy cattle, as
well as from foods of animal origin.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Mastitis pathogens from apparently healthy buffaloes and their
relationship to somatic cell count of milk.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Journal of Comparative Microbiology, Immunology and
Infectious Diseases. 2001; 22(2): 162-163 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Tuteja, F C; Kapur, M P; Sharma, A; Manuja, B
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The relationship of different mastitis pathogens with somatic cell count (SCC)
of milk in buffaloes was studied. 420 quarter milk samples from 108
apparently healthy buffaloes of an organized herd were examined culturally.
SCC of all milk samples was determined. 153 quarters were culturally positive
and only 42 quarters had an SCC >500 000 per ml of milk. Of the 161 isolates
obtained, 7 different mastitis pathogens were identified. Of these, 100% of
Streptococcus dysgalactiae were from quarters having an SCC of >500 000
per ml of milk, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (54.4%), S. epidermidis
(23.59%), Corynebacterium spp. (20.0%), unclassified streptococci (16.66%),
and micrococci (5.20%). The mean SCC of quarters with different infections
was highest for Streptococcus dysgalactiae (32.32x105), followed by S. aureus
(13.96x105), S. epidermidis (5.67x105), unclassified streptococci (2.38x105),
Corynebacterium spp. (2.12x105), Streptococcus agalactiae (2.08x105), and
micrococci (1.87x105). The mean SCC for major mastitis pathogens except
Streptococcus agalactiae was found to be more than 5x105 per ml of milk.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Dot-ELISA for detection of rabies antibodies in experimentally
inoculated buffalo calves.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Comparative Microbiology, Immunology
991
and Infectious Diseases. 2002; 23(2): 157-159 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Asha Rani; Singh, C K; Kumar, V S S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Dot ELISA has been standardized for detection of anti-rabies antibodies in
buffalo calves experimentally inoculated with street rabies virus by intrathecal and oral routes wherein nitrocellulose sheet was used as a solid support
for absorbing the antigen. Dot-ELISA detected antibodies earliest at 14 DPI in
orally inoculated buffalo calves and at 10 DPI in those inoculated intrathecally. The study emphasizes the significance of dot-ELISA for potential
application as a simple and inexpensive field test for rapid detection of rabies
antibodies for analysis of bulk sera samples to assess the prevalence of antirabies antibodies as well as for ante-mortem diagnosis of rabies in animal
population.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Vaccination trial in ruminants with Clostridium perfringens
epsilon toxoid.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2001; 21(1): 32-34 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rahman, M S; Rahman, M M
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A vaccination trial was conducted in ruminants with Clostridium perfringens
epsilon toxoid to determine their antibody level. Maximum neutralizing
antibody titre of log 102.10+or-0.03 was recorded on day 21 post-vaccination
in sheep. Minimum antibody titre of log 101.20+or-0.06 was observed in the
above mentioned period in buffalo. Statistically significant (P<0.01) rise in
antibody production was observed from day 14 to day 21 post-vaccination.
The precipitating antibody was detected by agar gel immunodiffusion test on
day 21 post-vaccination in cattle, sheep and goat. Better level of humoral
immune response of the vaccine was observed in small ruminants than the
large ruminants used in the study.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Indirect ELISA for detection of rabies antibodies: an
experimental study.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Veterinary Pathology. 2002; 26(1/2): 22-23 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Asha Rani; Singh, C K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
An experimental study was carried out in 6 buffalo calves that were divided
into two groups of three animals each. Two buffalo calves from each group
were inoculated with street rabies virus either via oral or intra-thecal route.
992
Serum samples were collected and the presence of rabies antibodies was
determined using indirect ELISA. Rabies antibodies were detected earliest at
10 DPI in orally inoculated buffalo calves and at 7 DPI in intra-thecally
inoculated buffalo calves. Feasibility of this approach for ante-mortem
diagnosis was discussed.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Sensitivity of indirect tests in detection of subclinical mastitis in
buffaloes.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 1999; 76(10): 912-915 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Tijare, D B; Singh, A K; Chaturvedi, V K; Dhanesar, N S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The 467 quarter milk samples collected from 119 apparently healthy buffaloes
in Jabalpur were assessed for subclinical mastitis by the strip cup test, the
bromothymol blue indicator card test, the modified Whiteside test (MWT), the
modified Aulendorfer mastitis probe (MAMP) test, the California mastitis test,
the chloride test, and cultural examination; 210 quarter milk samples from 54
animals were assessed by the electrical conductivity test (ECT). Taking
cultural examination as the standard, the most accurate indirect test was the
electrical conductivity test. The percentage prevalence of subclinical mastitis
among the samples was 70.37 by ECT, and 70.59 by the MW and MAMP
tests. The predominant organisms isolated were Staphylococcus spp. and
Bacillus spp.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: SDS-PAGE analysis of an Indian isolate of cowpox virus soluble
antigens.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2000; 77(8): 727-728 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Jana, D; Mehrotra, M L
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
SDS-PAGE was used to analyse cowpox virus (CPV) soluble antigens.
Soluble antigens prepared from the processed field isolate of CPV were
negative for the presence of infectious virus particles in developing chick
embryos, rabbits and buffalo and cow calves. SDS-PAGE of the soluble
antigens revealed more than 15 visible bands of polypeptides of varying
molecular weights ranging from 113.5 KD to 14.3 KD out of which 5
polypeptides were similar to those of soluble extracts prepared from the
healthy uninfected CAMs in the same way. Polypeptide profile The scanning
of the slab gel of the solouble eanitigens showed more than 20 polypeptides,
out of which a few proteins were found to be membrane derived. The SDSPAGE analysis of the soluble antigens . It is suggested that the soluble
antigens could be safely used.
993
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Rapid diagnosis of haemorrhagic septicaemia by PCR assay.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2001; 78(2): 101-103 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Shivshankara, N; Saxena, M K; Singh, V P
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The study was conducted to study the efficacy of polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) in identification and differentiation of Pasteurella multocida isolates.
Haemorrhagic septicaemia specific PCR was performed by using KTSP 61KTT 72 oligos. These oligos amplified the genomic DNA from only B:2
serotypes from cattle, buffaloes and swine. The amplified product was
approximately 590 bp. The oligos did not amplify the other serotypes viz.
F:3,4 (cattle), A:3 (buffalo, sheep and goat), A:1 (calves), A:3,4,12 (goat), D:3
(sheep) and A:3,4 (sheep), confirming that oligos are specific to only B:2
serotypes since only DNA from B serotypes have been amplified.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Studies on the efficacy of Haemorrhagic septicaemia vaccine
prepared from conventional infusion broth and papain digest medium.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2001; 78(7): 647-648 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rafeek, S M; Srinivasan, E V R; Asokan, G V; Rajendran, M
P
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted to assess the suitability of papain digest medium as
an alternative to the infusion broth for the production of haemorrhagic
septicaemia vaccine (HSV). The optical density of the conventional meat
infusion broth haemorrhagic septicaemia cultures ranged between 0.14 to
0.24. Out of the 9 batches of HSV produced, all 3 vaccinated animals survived
the challenge in 5 batches and 2 animals out of 3 batches. One batch did not
pass the potency test as all the 3 animals died. Optical density values of papain
digest haemorrhagic septicaemia cultures ranged between 0.08 to 0.60. Of the
9 batches tested, 3 animals survived in only 2 batches and 2 animals in 4
batches. Three batches did not pass the potency test. Out of 27 buffalo calves
subjected to challenge, 23 survived with conventional infusion broth HSV,
whereas only 17 survived with papain digest HSV. It is concluded that the
papain digest medium is not suitable as an alternative to infusion broth for
HSV.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Comparative efficacy of indirect tests for the detection of mastitis
in buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2001; 78(9): 801-803 AB:
Country of Origin: India
994
Author’s name: Praveen Kumar; Thakur, D K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Three indirect tests: MAUM test, MCMT and BMB indicator card test were
utilized in 442 milk samples to determine their accuracy in detecting buffalo
mastitis. MAUM test detected a maximum of 46 positive samples (10.41%),
whereas MCMT 38 (8.60%) and BMB indicator card test detected 34 (7.69%)
positive samples. The discrepancy in positivity between cultural examination
and MAUM test was least. All the three indirect test were suitable for
diagnosis of mastitis, but MAUM tests was the best among the three because
MCMT and BMB indicator card test failed to detect 10.8% and 19.57%
positive cases, respectively.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Counter-Immuno Electrophoresis for detection of rabies
antibodies: an experimental study.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2002; 79(11): 1127-1128 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Asha Rani; Singh, C K; Monika
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
An experimental study was carried out in six buffalo calves that were divided
into two groups of three buffalo calves each and were infected with rabies
virus by oral or ivitrathecal route. Antibodies were detected earliest to 20 DPI
in the former and at 17 DPI in latter. Feasibility of this approach for simpler,
rapid, inexpensive and reliable detection of antirabies antibodies has been
discussed.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Mycotic causes of otitis externa in buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2002; 79(11): 1209-1210 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kiran Phutane; Joseph, E
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was undertaken to identify mycotic causes of otitis externa in
buffaloes. 40 specimens were collected from buffalo otitic ears and 10 from
apparently healthy ears. Moulds and yeasts were identified following standard
procedures. Fungal isolates from buffalo otitic ears comprised both moulds
and yeasts, whereas in apparently healthy ears, only moulds were isolated. The
predominant species of moulds isolated belonged to the genus Aspergillus. As
for yeasts isolated from otitic ears, the predominant species belonged to the
genus Candida. Of these, C. albicans comprised 53.33%, C. tropicalis 33.33%,
and C. krusei 13.34%. The yeasts Candida, Trichosporon, and Geotrichum
isolated from otitic ears in the present study had not been reported by earlier
workers. Direct smears prepared from otitic ears showed the presence of
995
yeasts along with bacteria.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Counter-immuno electrophoresis for detection of rabies
antibodies: an experimental study.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal (India). (Nov 2002). v. 79(11) p.11271128.
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rani, A.; Singh, C.K.; Monika
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Different workers have employed different techniques for the detection of
rabies antibodies viz. Rapid Fluorescent Inhibition Technique and Enzyme
Linked Immuno sorbant Assay. However, since RFFIT needs cell culture
facilities and ELISA requires sensitive ELISA plates as well as specific
conjugates, present study a relatively much simpler, rapid, inexpensive and
reliable technique viz. Counter Immmuno Electrophoreses has been
standardised and utilized after conducting a systematic experimental study in
buffalo calves.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Comparative study on early detection on Rabies antigen in
buffalo calves experimentally infected with street rabies virus.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2003; 80(1): 26-28 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Archana ; Singh, C K; Monika
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Street rabies virus (SRV) isolated from a dog in India [date not given] were
used to infect 2 buffalo calves, while 1 calf remained as an uninfected control.
Fluorescent antibody technique (FAT), Seller's staining, mice inoculation test
(MIT) and double-antibody sandwich ELISA (DAS-ELISA) were used to
detect the rabies virus antigen in the calves and were compared for their
sensitivity of detection at 30 days postinoculation. It was shown that the rabies
antigen was detected in all the brain tissues by DAS-ELISA, in a few samples
by FAT and was not detected in any sample by Seller's staining and MIT. In
conclusion, DAS-ELISA is the most sensitive laboratory technique for rabies
diagnosis.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Comparative study on early detection on rabies antigen in buffalo
calves experimentally infected with street rabies virus.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal (India). (Jan 2003). v. 80(1) p.26-28.
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Archana; Singh, C.K.; Monika
996
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Experimental studies of rabies on Buffalo calves was carried out to find out
the most sensitive diagnostic techniques for the detection of Rabies virus
antigen at the stage of as early as 30 days post-inoculation (DPI). The rabies
antigen was detected in all the brain tissues by ELISA, few by FAT and no
antigen was detected by Seller's stain and Mice Inoculation Test. On
comparsion of these techniques ELISA was found to be most sensitive
laboratory diagnostic techniques.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Characterization of capripox virus isolated from field outbreak in
goats.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2004; 81(3): 241-244 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sanjay Shakya; Rao, V D P; Rajesh Chandra
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A field isolate of Capripoxvirus (CPV) from goats was characterized in this
study. This was designated as the Pantnagar isolate. The virus was sensitive to
heat, pH and lipid solvents and showed marked decline in residual infectivity
titres. It did not infect sheep, chicken, rabbit, mice and buffalo calf. The virus
failed to agglutinate the erythrocytes of sheep, goat, pig, rabbit, dog, chicken
and human type O cells. On chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of
embryonated chicken eggs, the virus produced non-haemorrhagic pock lesions
of about 2.0 mm in diameter. The histopathological examination of infected
skin showed hydropic degeneration and eosinophilic intracytoplasmic
inclusion bodies in epidermal cells. The indirect fluorescent antibody
technique (FAT) revealed intense fluorescence with homologous serum,
whereas weak fluorescence was recorded with heterologous sera against the
Sambalpur and Uttarkashi strain of CPV.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Comparative analysis of nitric oxide induction in blood
mononuclear cells obtained from buffalo calves immunized with foot-andmouth disease+haemorrhagic septicaemia combined vaccine or FMD
alone vaccine.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Journal-of-Immunology-and-Immunopathology. 2002; 4(1/2): 5761 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rajesh Chhabra; Sharma, R; Kakker, N K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The present study describes the comparative immunogenicity of FMD virus
antigens in buffalo calves vaccinated either with combined FMD+HS vaccine
or FMD vaccine alone. The immune response was monitored by nitric oxide
997
production in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures. Considerably higher
nitrous oxide production was observed in the group of calves vaccinated with
combined FMD+HS vaccine as compared to calves immunized with the FMD
vaccine alone, with the difference being significant on 21 DPV in the case of
FMD virus types A and Asia 1.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: The occurrence of pathogenic Listeria monocytogenes and
antibodies against listeriolysin-O in buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B. 2002; 49(4): 181-184
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Barbuddhe, S B; Chaudhari, S P; Malik, S V S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The occurrence of L. monocytogenes in meat and milk samples, and antilisteriolysin-O (ALLO) antibodies in sera of buffaloes were studied. Isolation
of the pathogen was attempted from the samples by selective enrichment in
University of Vermont Medium and plating onto Dominguez-Rodriguez
isolation agar. The pathogenicity of the isolates was tested by Christie, Atkins,
Munch Petersen test and mouse inoculation test. Of 167 meat samples, 2.4 and
10.17% were positive for L. monocytogenes and Listeria sp., respectively. Of
the 64 milk samples, 6.25 and 26.13% were positive for L. monocytogenes
and Listeria sp., respectively. A total of 284 serum samples were tested by
listeriolysin O (LLO)-based indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, of
which 25.35% were found to be seropositive. The culture positivity for L.
monocytogenes and detection of ALLO did not show any agreement ( kappa
=0.035). The prevalence of pathogenic L. monocytogenes in milk and meat
and the occurrence of anti-LLO antibodies is of concern from the public health
point of view.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Presence of predacious fungi in fresh faeces of ruminants from
Western India.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Journal of Veterinary Parasitology. 2000; 14(2): 133-135 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sanyal,P.K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
During January-December 1998, one hundred faecal samples were obtained
per rectum from 19 sheep, 5 goats, 23 native cattle (Bos indicus), 23 crossbred
cattle (B. taurus X B. indicus) and 30 buffaloes in west India (Gujarat and
Rajasthan). About 5000 Haemonchus contortus larvae were added to agar
plates of each sample as prey for predacious fungi. The plates were examined
twice weekly for 4 weeks. A total of 4 isolates of Arthrobotrys oligospora and
2 of Duddingtonia flagrans were recovered, primarily during the monsoon and
postmonsoon months (July to November). 4 isolates were from sheep, and one
998
each of A. oligospora and D. flagrans were from crossbred cattle and buffalo,
respectively.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Seroprevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica in selected cattle and
buffalo population.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Mysore Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2001; 35(1): 72 -76 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rao, M S; Shrikrishna Isloor
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Screening of cattle sera by rapid plate test (RPT) showed that 32 out of 600
samples reacted with coloured 'OH' antigen of Y. enterocolitica 0:9, 0:8, 0:3
and 0:5, 27. Although, 15 out of these 32 gave 40 international units (iu)
antibody titres with Y. enterocolitica 0:9 (OH) and B. abortus S-99 plain
antigens by Standard Tube Test (STT), only 9 of 15 sera had 40 iu titre with
Y. enterocolitica 0:9 (H) antigen by STT resulting in 1.5 per cent (9/600)
seroprevalence of yersiniosis in cattle. The remaining 6 of the 15 samples,
were attributed to the Brucella antibodies. Furthermore, screening of buffalo
sera showed 21 out of 200 samples reacting with coloured 'OH' antigens of Y.
enterocolitica 0:9, 0:8, 0:3 and 0:5, 27. However, only 9 of these 21 samples
showed a titre of 40 iu with Y. enterocolitica 0:9 (OH) and B. abortus plain
antigens. Of these, only 6 showed predominant titres ranging from 40 to 80 iu
when tested by STT using Y. enterocolitica 0:9 (H) antigen, resulting in 3 per
cent (6/200) seroprevalence of yersiniosis in buffaloes. The remaining 3 of the
9 samples, were attributed to the Brucella antibodies. The present
investigation indicated the prevalence of both yersiniosis and brucellosis in the
same organized farm.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Genomic diversity and prevalence of Rotavirus in cow and
buffalo calves in northern India.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Revue Scientifique et Technique Office International des
Epizooties. 2000; 19(3): 871-876 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Jindal, S R; Maiti, N K; Oberoi, M S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Faecal samples were collected from 78 diarrhoeic cow and buffalo calves
between November 1998 and February 1999 to study the genomic diversity
and prevalence of Rotavirus infection by ribonucleic acid polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis (RNA-PAGE) and ELISA. In the organized dairy farm (where
daily production and health records were maintained), the overall prevalence
of infection with Rotavirus, recorded by RNA-PAGE and ELISA, was 27.02%
(10/37) in both cow and buffalo calves. In unorganized dairy herds (where no
production or health records were maintained), RNA-PAGE and ELISA
detected infection with Rotavirus in 26.8% (11/41) of cow and 19.5% (8/41)
999
of buffalo calves. Five distinct electropherotypes were found to circulate in
cow and buffalo calves. All were short electropherotypes except the single
long electropherotype observed in a buffalo calf in an unorganized dairy herd.
Some differences in RNA migration pattern were observed when these
electropherotypes were compared with the neonatal calf diarrhoea virus strain
of Rotavirus. Some electropherotypes were restricted to one farm while others
were found in both organized and unorganized dairy herds and in both cow
and buffalo calves.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhoea virus antibodies in India.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Revue Scientifique et Technique Office International des
Epizooties. 1999; 18(3): 667-671 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sudharshana, K J; Suresh, K B; Rajasekhar, M
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of bovine viral diarrhoea
virus (BVDV) antibodies in bovine sera which tested negative for rinderpest
and peste des petits ruminants virus antibodies. 439 samples (327 from cattle
and 112 from buffalo from 17 states of India), collected between January 1996
and December 1997, were tested using a commercial ELISA kit. The mean
prevalence of BVDV antibodies in cattle in 16 states was 15.29% (50/327)
compared with 23.21% (26/112) in buffalo in 9 states, with an overall
prevalence of 17.31% (76/439) in 17 states. This disease is of particular
interest in terms of the differential diagnosis of BVDV from rinderpest, as
India has been provisionally declared free from rinderpest disease. Active
serosurveillance is to begin in 2000 to achieve certification of freedom from
rinderpest infection by the Office International des Epizooties.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Development and field validation of an avidin-biotin enzymelinked immunosorbent assay kit for bovine brucellosis.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Revue Scientifique et Technique Office International des
Epizooties. 2001; 20(3): 749-756 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Renukaradhya, G J; Isloor, S; Crowther, J R; Robinson, M;
Rajasekhar, M
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The avidin-biotin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (A-B ELISA) for use
in surveillance for bovine brucellosis in India was developed and calibrated
using the indirect brucellosis ELISA kit of the International Atomic Energy
Agency (IAEA) as a reference. The reagents used in the A-B ELISA were as
follows: the smooth lipopolysaccharide of Brucella abortus strain 99 (antigen);
biotinylated anti-bovine immunoglobulin G (detection antibody); avidinhorseradish peroxidase (conjugate); and O-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride
1000
(chromogen). The test results were interpreted using the IAEA software EDI
version 2.1.1 which was modified for use in the A-B ELISA. The cut-off
percentage positivity value was established using 500 brucellosis-positive and
500 brucellosis-negative serum samples confirmed with reference to the
sample data using the indirect ELISA kit. The overall specificity of A-B
ELISA was 98.8% and overall sensitivity was 98.2%. Field validation of the
A-B ELISA kit was undertaken in six laboratories in India. Screening of 7040
cattle and 678 buffalo serum samples from 12 states revealed serological
evidence of brucellosis in 8.7% of cattle and 10.2% of buffaloes. This kit
proved to be robust and performed with a similar sensitivity and specificity to
the indirect ELISA. The kit can be supplied at a lower cost than current
commercial ELISA kits.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Detection of anti-listeriolysin O and Listeria monocytogenes in
experimentally infected buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis).
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2001; 33(4): 285-293
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Chaudhari, S P; Malik, S V S; Rekha, G B; Barbuddhe, S B
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The kinetics of antibody production against listeriolysin O (ALLO) and the
recovery pattern of Listeria monocytogenes from bacteriological samples were
studied following oral infection of buffalo calves with 3 x 109 cells each of
pathogenic L. monocytogenes. Antibodies to LLO appeared by 7-10 days post
infection (PI), with a shallow peak between days 16 and 36 PI, when tested by
indirect plate-ELISA. The titres of ALLO in all the animals then declined
slowly but remained detectable up to day 70 PI. In dot-ELISA, ALLO could
be detected by days 5 to 7 PI, and with higher titres than with the plateELISA. The pathogen was recovered at low rates as ALLO first appeared but
was absent in the faecal, nasal and blood cultures as production of ALLO
peaked.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in
intestinal and lymph node tissues of water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) by
PCR and bacterial culture.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Veterinary Microbiology. 2005; 108(3/4): 263 - 270 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sivakumar, P; Tripathi, B N; Nem Singh
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The efficacy of bacterial culture and IS900-specific polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) was compared for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp.
paratuberculosis (MAP) from the intestinal and mesenteric lymph node tissues
of water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) showing lesions of paratuberculosis
1001
(Johne's disease). Out of 20 (4.9%) animals showing histological lesions
suggestive of paratuberculosis, 14 (70%) and 6 (30%) were positive in the
PCR and bacterial culture, respectively. The results of this study suggested
that PCR was more sensitive than bacterial culture in detection of subclinical
paratuberculosis in water buffaloes. The bacterial concentration from large
amount of tissues by differential and density gradient centrifugation method
was found to facilitate the diagnosis by smear examination and PCR. The
specificity of the PCR was confirmed by the product size and restriction
digestion pattern of the amplicons. The sequence analysis of the amplified
products (626 bp of IS900 gene) from buffalo strain showed more than 97%
homology with the published sequences.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Comparative analysis of the outer membrane protein profiles of
isolates of the Pasteurella multocida (B:2) associated with haemorrhagic
septicaemia.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Veterinary Research Communications. 2002; 26(7): 513-522
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Tomer, P; Chaturvedi, G C; Minakshi ; Malik, P;
Monga, D P
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Outer membrane proteins (OMP) of P. multocida (serotype B:2) field isolates
(n=6) and a vaccine strain (P-52) were extracted by a sarkosyl method and
characterized using SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. About 20 polypeptide
bands were observed in the profile of the vaccine strain with MW ranging
from 16 to 90 kDa and, based on band thickness and intensity of staining,
three polypeptides of MW 31, 33 and 37 kDa were considered to be the major
OMPs. The profiles of the field isolates showed minor differences when
compared with that of the vaccine strain. The OMP of 33 kDa was only
expressed by the vaccine strain. Four field isolates expressed an OMP of 39
kDa, which did not appear in the profiles of the remaining two field isolates
and the P-52 strain. Similarly, an OMP of 25 kDa was exclusively seen in the
profile of a single isolate. By immunoblotting studies, using anti-P. multocida
(P-52) whole-cell hyperimmune serum raised in rabbits as well as buffalo
immune sera, it became evident that the polypeptide of 37 kDa was the most
antigenic OMP in the profiles of all the isolates, including the P-52 strain.
Other polypeptides were either weakly antigenic or visible in the profile of
only a few of the isolates. The study thus identified the major OMP of P.
multocida (B:2) and suggested that this highly antigenic 37 kDa OMP has
potential for further protective and immunodiagnostic studies.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Humoral and delayed-type hypersensitive responses against
Listeria monocytogenes phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C in
experimentally infected buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Veterinary Research Communications. 2004; 28(7): 569-579 AB:
1002
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Chaudhari, S P; Malik, S V S; Barbuddhe, S B
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The kinetics of antibody production against phosphatidylinositol-specific
phospholipase C (PI-PLC) and the isolation pattern of Listeria monocytogenes
from bacteriological samples were studied following oral infection of buffalo
calves with 3x109 cells each of pathogenic L. monocytogenes. Antibodies to
PI-PLC appeared by 4-8 days post infection (PI), with a peak between days 7
and 16 PI, when tested by indirect plate-ELISA. Subsequently, antibody titres
in all the animals declined and became undetectable on days 26-35 PI onwards
until the study concluded on day 211 PI. Dot-ELISA could detect the
antibodies to PI-PLC 1-2 days earlier and at higher titres as compared to plateELISA. L. monocytogenes could be recovered from faeces, nasal swabs and
haemocultures from days 2 to 33, days 2 to 21 and days 11 to 17 PI,
respectively. Antibodies to PI-PLC were detected during the course of active
infection but their titres declined sharply once animals became culturally
negative. Sonicated antigen elicited the highest delayed-type hypersensitivity
response, followed by PI-PLC and listeriolysin O.
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Prevalent serotypes of Pasteurella multocida isolated from
different animal and avian species in India.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Veterinary Research Communications. 2004; 28(8): 657-667 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kumar, A A; Shivachandra, S B; Biswas, A; Singh, V P;
Singh, V P; Srivastava, S K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Identification and estimation of the prevalence of Pasteurella multocida
organisms in different animal and avian species in India during November
2000 to July 2003 was carried out. Out of 418 samples collected from
different outbreaks suspected to be caused by P. multocida, a total of 206
bacterial cultures were identified as P. multocida on the basis of cultural,
morphological and biochemical characteristics. All the 206 cultures were
isolated from different domestic animal species (cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat,
pig and rabbit), avian species (chicken, duck, quail, turkey, goose) and wild
animals such as leopard and deer. Serotyping of P. multocida cultures revealed
the presence of various serotypes (A:1, A:3, A:1,3, A:4, B:2, D:1and -:1)
among the livestock population. P. multocida polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) assay applied on different forms of bacterial cultures (bacterial culture
lysate, direct bacterial colony and mixed bacterial culture lysate) yielded an
amplified product of ~460 bp specific for P. multocida. The results of PCR
assay correlated well with conventional methods of identification. The present
investigation revealed the presence of varied serotypes among livestock and
PCR assay was found to be useful for rapid, sensitive and specific diagnosis of
pasteurellosis in animals and avian species.
1003
Specialization: Microbiology
Subject: Cloning and characterization of tbpA gene encoding transferrinbinding protein (TbpA) from Pasteurella multocida serogroup B:2 (strain
P52).
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Veterinary Research Communications. 2005; 29(6): 537-542 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Shivachandra, S B; Kumar, A A; Amaranath, J; Joseph, S;
Srivastava, S K; Chaudhuri, P
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The tbpA gene was studied in a standard vaccine strain B:2, 20 field isolates
causing haemorrhagic septicaemia and 15 strains of P. multocida from
different hosts (cattle, buffalo, chicken, duck, turkey, quail, goose, pig, sheep,
goat, rabbit, lion and tiger) isolated from outbreaks of pasteurellosis in India
[date not given]. Genomic DNA was analysed using polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) and visualized by electrophoresis. The ~2334 bp product
indicated that the gene was present in all strains regardless of the serogroup
and host origin. The sequence of the tbpA gene of P. multocida serogroup B:2
showed 96.5% homology and 3.4% divergence of amino acid sequence
between the TbpA protein from serogroups A:1 and B:2. The TbpA protein
also had a very high antigenic index, hydrophobicity and surface probability.
The mature protein had 777 amino acids accounting for a 89.16-kDa protein
with a pI of 9.35. These findings suggest that recombinant TbpA has the
desired characteristics of a subunit antigen and could be used as a candidate
antigen in the development of vaccines against haemorrhagic septicaemia in
cattle and buffaloes and other infections caused by P. multocida in other
animal species. Sequence data for P. multocida serogroup B:2 tbpA has been
deposited with the EMBL/GenBank Data Libraries under Accession Number
AJ558182.
17.MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: A comparative gross and lipid composition of Murrah breed of
buffalo and cross-bred cow's milk during different lactation stages.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Archiv fur Tierzucht. 2000; 43(2): 123-130 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sharma, K C; Sachdeva, V K; Sudarshan Singh
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A comparison of milk from buffaloes and crossbred cows showed that total
lipid contents in buffalo milk were higher in early and mid-lactation and were
2 fold higher in late-lactation than in cow milk. Total protein, lactose and SNF
contents were higher in buffalo than in cow milk. The calcium, phosphorus
and mineral contents were higher in mid- and late-lactation than in early1004
lactation in both species. Triglycerides constituted the major fraction and
phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin were the major phospholipids
followed by phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol in both species and
remained at similar levels during the whole of the lactation period. Short-chain
fatty acids (C4-C10) were higher during mid- than early- and late-lactation,
whereas total unsaturated fatty acids were lower during early and midlactation than late-lactation in both species.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Influence of milk yield, parity, stage of lactation and body weight
on urea and protein concentration in milk of Murrah buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2003; 16(9):
1285-1290 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Roy, B; Mehla, R K; Sirohi, S K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of test day milk
yield, test day evening milk yield, parity, stage of lactation and body weight
on milk urea and milk protein concentration. A total of 319 milk samples was
collected from buffaloes over four month's period and subjected to urea and
protein analysis. Milk urea concentration (mg/dl) was significantly (P<0.01)
higher with increasing test day milk yield. The lowest value (57.03+or-1.13)
was observed in the milk yield group <less or =>4.5 kg/day and the highest
value (64.15+or-1.13) in the group 7.7-10.7 kg/day. However, test day
evening milk yield had no significant effect on milk urea concentration. Milk
protein did not vary significantly with the test day milk yield as well as test
day evening milk yield. A clear decreasing trend of milk urea concentration
(mg/dl) was found with increasing parity. The highest MU concentration
(64.03+or-1.14) was found in the first parity and the lowest (55.67+or-1.22)
was found in the sixth and above parity. Whereas, stage of lactation had no
effect on milk urea concentration. Moreover, parity and stage of lactation did
not have any significant effect on milk protein concentration. Body weight
(kg) was also found negatively (P<0.05) related to urea content (mg/dl) in
milk. The highest mean MU concentration (64.34+or-0.88) was found when
body weight was between 532 and 598 ka and lower mean values (59.24+or0.94 and 59-33+or-1.23) were observed in 599 to 665 kg and <more or =>666
kg group. Body weight also had significant (p<0.05) effect on milk protein
content. The highest milk protein content (%) was found in <more or =>666
kg group and the lowest in <531 kg group. It is concluded that proper
interpretation of milk urea values to monitor protein nutrition status of the
buffaloes parity, milk yield and body weight should be considered.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Importance of mycotoxins in food and feed in India.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology. 2003; (68): 147-154 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Waliyar, F; Reddy, S V; Subramaniam, K; Reddy, T Y;
1005
Devi, K R; Craufurd, P Q; Wheeler, T R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Various food and feed samples including groundnut seed, maize, sorghum,
soyabean cake, groundnut cake, cotton cake, poultry feed, buffalo milk, cow
milk and milk powders were collected from farmers' field, farmer's stores, oil
millers storage, traders' storage, retail shops and supermarkets. More than
2000 samples were analysed by ELISA and most of the commodities, with the
exception of sorghum seed, contained high levels of aflatoxin. Groundnut cake
was one of the major cattle feed ingredient in the peri-urban area of
Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh, India) and >75% of the samples contained >100
micro g kg-1 aflatoxin leading to a high level of aflatoxin M1, in milk
samples. Strategies to reduce aflatoxin levels especially in groundnut with
management interventions at preharvest, harvest and storage, are discussed.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Milk coagulant retention in Mozzarella cheese and curd [from
buffalo milk.
Year of publication: 1991
Journal: Australian Journal of Dairy Technology (Australia). (Nov 1991).
v. 46(2) p. 49-52. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Gangopadhyay, S.K.; Thakar, P.N.
Institution:
Organization:
Content
In an investigation of various manufacturing parameters, the use of raw rather
than pasteurized buffalo milk resulted in significantly lower coagulant in curd.
Mozzarella cheese made with calf rennet had significantly lower retention
irrespective of the fact that its curd had significantly higher coagulation
retention. When the curd was plasticized using moulding water at 80 rather
than 98 deg C, the resultant cheese contained significantly higher coagulant.
Proteolysis of fresh as well as stored cheese, prepared by using either direct
acidification or calf rennet, was significantly lower than in controls. Use of
lower temperature moulding water for curd plasticizing resulted in
significantly higher proteolysis in fresh and stored product.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Influence of manufacturing parameters on rheology of
Mozzarella cheese made from buffalo milk.
Year of publication: 1991
Journal: Australian Journal of Dairy Technology (Australia). (Nov 1991).
v. 46(2) p. 53-56. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Thaker, P.N.; Gangopadhyay, S.K.; Miyani, R.V.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
In evaluations on 10 mm cubic samples, the products from raw milk or calf
rennet in comparison with heated milk or Meito rennet respectively, were
1006
significantly harder, and more gummy and chewy. Raw milk cheese was also
more cohesive and springy. Whey drainage at 0.5-0.52 percent acidity rather
than at 0.40-0.42 percent produced cheese with significantly lower hardness,
springiness and chewiness. Direct acidification compared to the use of starter
gave significantly lower hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness.
When curd was plasticized at 80 rather than at 98 deg C, the resultant cheese
was significantly more springy.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: The effect of homogenization conditions on the textural and
baking characteristics of buffalo milk mozzarella cheese. Research paper.
Year of publication: 1991
Journal: Australian Journal of Dairy Technology (Australia). (May 1991).
v. 46(1) p. 27-30.AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Jana, A.H.; Upadhyay, K.G.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Homogenation led to a significant reduction in the hardness, cohesiveness,
and textural qualities of the resulting cheese, and also reduced the fat leakage
and meltability during baking. Compared to controls the cheese was inferior
in stringiness.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Effect of lactose hydrolysis on some nutritional characteristics of
spray-dried lactose-hydrolysed infant formula.
Year of publication: 1993
Journal: Australian Journal of Dairy Technology (Australia). (Nov 1993).
v. 48(2) p. 49-51. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Paul, S.C.; Mathur, B.N.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The effect of concentration of buffalo skim milk on the degree of lactose
hydrolysis was studied with a view to establishing a suitable total solids (TS)
level for the manufacture of lactose-hydrolysed infant formula (LHIF). Milk
with 20 percent TS was found most suitable for achieving the desired levels
of lactose hydrolysis and was subsequently used for manufacturing LHIF.
Prepared samples of LHIF with 20, 35 and 50 percent lactose hydrolysis
showed proximate compositions close to the target level of 3.0 percent
moisture, 13.25 percent protein, 20 percent fat, 61.1 percent total
carbohydrate and 2.65 percent total ash. The available lysine content
decreased proportionally with the increase in the degree of lactose hydrolysis
while hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) showed a corresponding increase. The
loss of available lysine and the increase in HMF resulted in a decrease in the
nutritive value of the prepared LHIF-samples with the greatest degree of
lactose hydrolysis.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
1007
Subject: Texture and microstructure of chhana and rasogolla made from
buffalo milk.
Year of publication: 1993
Journal: Australian Journal of Dairy Technology (Australia). (Nov 1993).
v. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Adhikara, A.K.; Mathur, O.N.; Patil, G.R.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Rasogolla, a popular Indian sweetened dairy product, was made from buffalo
milk chhana (which is a soft cottage cheese analogue) by adding 2 percent
wheat flour, 0.02 percent baking powder and flavouring. Chhana, in the form
of balls was cooked in a 60 percent sugar syrup for 1 h and then stored
overnight at 22 deg C. Textural studies demonstrated significantly higher
hardness and gumminess, but lower springiness and chewiness in chhana than
in rasogolla. Market rasogolla had textured properties closer to those of
laboratory made samples. Moisture content was significantly negatively
correlated with all the Instron textural parameters, while protein, ash and
calcium contents exhibited significant positive correlation with all the textural
characteristics except springiness for both chhana and rasogolla. No
correlation was found with fat, lactose or sucrose contents and any of the
textural parameters. Composition, texture and microstructure of both chhana
and rasogolla were found to be interrelated.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Effects of fungal rennet substitutes on flavour and biochemical
changes in buffalo milk Cheddar cheese during ripening.
Year of publication: 1994
Journal: Australian Journal of Dairy Technology (Australia). (Nov 1994).
v. 49(2) p. 82-85. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Jha, Y.K.; Singh, S.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The effects of three commercial fungal rennet substitutes (Marzyme, Noury,
Modilase) in the manufacture of Cheddar cheese from buffalo milk were
studied. Flavour development and biochemical changes in the trial cheeses
were compared with those of controls made with calf rennet during ripening at
8deg C. Cheese prepared using Modilase showed superior flavour as
compared to those made using Marzyme or Noury rennet. The flavour
development in all microbial cheeses was faster than in the controls. The
biochemical changes in terms of glycolysis, proteolysis and lipolysis over 10
months of ripening were greatest in cheese made with Modilase. The titratable
acidity, lactic acid, soluble protein and free fatty acids in Modilase cheese
were 1.34, 0.074, 7.56 percent and 26.18 microM fat per g whereas the control
sample showed 0.97, 0.72, 5.48 percent and 19.36 microM fat per g,
respectively.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
1008
Subject: Effect of processing variables on the quality and shelf-life of
processed cheese from buffalo milk Cheddar cheese.
Year of publication: 1994
Journal: Australian Journal of Dairy Technology (Australia). (Nov 1994).
v. 49(2) p. 75-78.AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sachdeva, S.; Singh, S.; Tiwari, B.D.; Ram, J.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Processed cheese was made from a blend of microbial rennet buffalo milk
Cheddar cheese of different ages. Among different emulsifying salts, a
mixture of trisodium citrate and disodium hydrogen phosphate in the ratio of
1:2 and added at the rate of 3 percent was found to be the most suitable.
Commonly used commercial formulations of emulsifying salts yielded an
acidic and coarse product when used in buffalo milk processed cheese.
Potassium sorbate, Delvocid and Nisaplin were added as preservatives to
processed cheese packed in cans and stored at 30 deg. C. No marked effect of
preservatives on the shelf life was observed; the cheese remained acceptable
for 4 months at 30 deg. C and more than 12 months at 8 deg. C.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Physico-chemical properties of native and reassembled casein
micelles from buffalo (Bubalis bubalis) milk.
Year of publication: 1994
Journal: Australian Journal of Dairy Technology (Australia). (Nov 1994).
v. 49(2) p. 79-81. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Varindra; Singh, S.; Sood, S.M.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The physico-chemical properties of native and reassembled casein micelles
from submicelles of skimmed buffalo milk were compared. Submicelles were
prepared from both native large casein micelles (LCM) and small casein
micelles (SCM) and were used for the formation of reassembled LCM and
SCM, respectively. The solvation values of reassembled LCM and SCM were
2.82 and 3.80 while that of the native LCM and SCM were 2.47 and 3.34 g
H2O per g micellar casein respectively. The corresponding values for calcium
content were 61.2, 60.0, 90.0 and 75.0 mg per 100 mL suspension. The
inorganic phosphorus content of reformed casein micelles was lower than that
of native casein micelles. The data suggest that during the reassembling
process the micellar equilibrium is disturbed resulting in casein micelles
which significantly differ in composition, properties and also may be smaller
in size than the native casein micelles.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Effect of soymilk supplementation and additives on sensory
characteristic and biochemical changes of yogurt during storage.
Year of publication: 1994
Journal: Australian Journal of Dairy Technology (Australia). (May 1994).
1009
v. 49(1) p. 34-38. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Yadav, V.B.; Jha, Y.K.; Garg, S.K.; Mital, B.K.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Soyogurt samples prepared from different buffalo milk and soymilk blends
were analysed for their sensory attributes and biochemical changes during
storage. Soyogurt made from buffalo milk supplemented with soymilk in the
ratio 65:35 was rated acceptable by sensory panels. Addition of sodium
alginate at the level of 0.2 percent improved the textural characteristics
compared to carboxymethyl cellulose and control. Potassium sorbate at 0.03
percent increased shelf-life of soyogurt up to 15 days at 7 plus or minus 1 deg.
C influencing biochemical and microbiological aspects and showed a positive
relationship with sensory characteristics.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: A novel pentasaccharide from immunostimulant oligosaccharide
fraction of buffalo milk.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, General Subjects. 1999;
1428(2/3): 433-445 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rina Saksena; Desh Deepak; Anakshi Khare; Ragini Sahai;
Tripathi, L M; Srivastava, V M L
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A processed oligosaccharide mixture of buffalo milk induced significant
stimulation of antibody, delayed-type hypersensitivity response to sheep red
blood cells in BALB/c mice. This also stimulated non-specific immune
response of the animals measured in terms of macrophage migration index. A
novel pentasaccharide was isolated from the oligosaccharide containing
fraction having immunostimulant activity of buffalo milk. This compound was
isolated by a combination of gel filtration chromatography, silica gel column
chromatography of derivatized oligosaccharides while the homogeneity was
confirmed by HPLC. The results of structural analyses, i.e. proton nuclear
magnetic resonance, fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, chemical
transformations and degradations are consistent with the following structure:
GlcNAc beta (1->3)Gal beta (1->4)GlcNAc beta (1->3)Gal beta (1->4)Glc.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: New Asian products threaten the "Mozzarella di Bufala
Campana" denomination.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Bubalus Bubalis. 1999; 5(4): 79-82 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Petrone, M A; Clemente, I M-de
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
1010
An account is given of the characteristics of imitation Mozzarella cheeses
made using blends of soya milk + buffalo milk. Such products may pose a
threat to traditional Italian Mozzarella cheeses.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Composition and mineral levels of the milk of Kuttanad dwarf
buffaloes of Kerala.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin. 2003; 22(3): 67-70 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Anilkumar, K; Mohan, K M S; Ally, K; Sathian, C T
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted to determine the composition and mineral contents
of milk from Kuttanad dwarf buffaloes in Kerala, India. Milk samples were
collected from 41 dwarf buffaloes in different phases of lactation. The milk
parameters assessed were fat, total solids, protein and lactose. The minerals
estimated were calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, iron and zinc. The
average fat and solids not fat in milk samples analysed were 6.1 and 9.68,
respectively. The protein content in buffalo milk was 3.9 g%. The average
total solids and lactose content of the analysed milk samples were 17.4 and 3.2
g%, respectively. Low levels of Ca (between 0.124 to 0.162 g%) were
observed in milk samples. The levels of P in the buffalo milk estimated were
between 0.097 to 0.150 g%. The Mg level in the milk was 0.023 g%. The
levels of Zn, Cu and Fe were 5.0, 0.2 and 1.7 mg%, respectively. The
composition of milk from the dwarf buffaloes in the Kuttanad region was
similar to that of other water buffaloes. Variations observed in some
parameters were mainly due to poor nutrition and local conditions.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Various body measurements and their correlation with milk yield
and fat percentage: 2. Studies in surti buffaloes.
Year of publication: 1990
Journal: Buffalo Bulletin International Buffalo Information Center
(Thailand). (Jun 1990). v. 9(2) p. 35-38. AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Jogi, Kumar R.V.; Patel, G.U.
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Study was carried out to find out the association between physical traits and
production characteristics in 25 Surti buffaloes. Out of the six traits studied
only height at withers (r=-0.446) and distance between pin-bones (r=+0.455)
were found to be significantly related the milk yield but their regression
coefficient was of little practical value. None of the other characters studied
showed any association with milk yield or fat percent in Surti buffaloes.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Effect of replacement of buffalo skim milk by sweet butter milk
on the quality of shrikhand.
1011
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2000; 16(1): 31-40 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Karthikeyan, S; Desai, H K; Upadhyay, K G
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Shrikhand is an important summer dessert in many Indian states with a good
shelf-life. Investigation of the possibility of partial and total replacement of
buffalo skim milk (BSM) with sweet butter milk (BM) in the manufacture of
shrikhand was conducted in an attempt to improve the textural and flavour
characteristics. Compositional analysis indicated that as the proportion of
replacement by BM increased the moisture and the reducing sugar contents
increased significantly while the protein content decreased significantly; no
significant differences were noted in fat, non-reducing sugar contents and
acidity. The composition of experimental shrikhand complied with the
requirements of the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act and the Bureau of
Indian Standards. Their consistency as measured by penetration, however, was
weakened with increasing levels of replacement. A BM replacement level of
50% was organoleptically superior to controls and other experimental
replacement levels.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Effect of replacement of buffalo skim milk by sweet buttermilk
on storage changes of Shrikhand.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2000; 16(3): 307-322 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Karthikeyan, S; Desai, H K; Upadhyay, K G
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The effect of buffalo skim milk replacement (BSM) by sweet buttermilk
(SBM) on quality of the Shrikhand during 30 days storage at 7 +or- 2 degrees
C was investigated. A significant (P<less or =>0.05) increase in titratable
acidity and decrease in pH were recorded at and above 50% replacement while
tyrosine content decreased significantly (P<less or =>0.05) at above 25%
replacement. The titratable acidity and the tyrosine content also increased as
the storage time increased from 0 to 10, 20 and 30 days. Significant (P<less or
=>0.05) increase in free fatty acid contents with increasing storage time, and
at and above 75% replacement was also noted. Colour and appearance, body
and texture and flavour scores did not vary much with the SBM replacement,
neither with the storage time except for body and texture scores. All Shrikhand
samples remained acceptable organoleptically up to 30 days of storage, with
50% SBM replacement being the most superior. Microbiologically, all
Shrikhand samples were free from coliforms during the 30 day storage, while
the yeast and mould counts increased significantly at the end of 30 day
storage.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Improvement in quality of reduced-fat paneer from buffalo milk
1012
through sodium chloride incorporation.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2000; 16(2): 153-162 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sanyal, M K; Yadav, P L
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Attempts were made to improve the quality of reduced-fat paneer through
incorporation of sodium chloride into milk. Reduced-fat paneer was prepared
from buffalo milk (2% fat, 9% SNF) after separately adding 0, 0.25, 0.50 and
0.75% sodium chloride to milk prior to coagulation at 60, 60, 70 and 80
degrees C, respectively. Yield and moisture content in the products ranged
from 15.64 to 17.22% and 60.42 to 64.12% respectively. Addition of 0.25,
0.50 and 0.75% sodium chloride to milk increased the yield of the products by
11.70, 9.08, and 10.10%, respectively over and above that of the control.
Levels of sodium chloride added to milk highly significantly (P<0.01)
influenced yield, contents of moisture, fat, protein, lactose ash, sodium
chloride, calcium and phosphorus as well as shear force value, flavour, body
and texture and significantly (P<0.05) affected content of fat on dry matter
basis (FDM), solids recovery and pH of the products. Addition of sodium
chloride to milk caused significant (P<0.05) decrease in solids recovery in the
products, increase in loss of milk solids in whey and improvement in flavour,
body and texture of raw as well as fried and cooked samples of the products as
compared to the control. Frying and cooking of the samples enhanced the
sensory quality of raw products. On sensory evaluation, raw as well as fried
and cooked samples of reduced-fat paneer made from milk added with 0.25
and 0.50% sodium chloride were rated as good while those mof controls were
rated as fair. The product made by adding 0.75% sodium chloride to milk was
rated as fair in its raw form and good when fried and cooked. Addition of
0.25% sodium chloride to buffalo milk (2% fat, 9% SNF) prior to coagulation
at 60 degrees C was recommended for making ma good quality reduced-fat
paneer containing about 30% FDM.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Detection of cytolysin producing coagulase negative
Staphylococci (CNS) of buffalo intramammary origin by synergistic
Haemolysin assay (SHA).
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Buffalo Journal. 2002; 18(3): 367-369 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Vivek Saxena; Anshu Sharma; Ravindra Sharma; Ashok
Kumar
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A total of 108 CNS were collected from 688 quarter milk samples from 175
Murrah buffaloes and were tested for cytolysin production using the
synergistic haemolysis assay (SHA). It was shown that 26.85% of the strains
were SHA-positive. Synergistic haemolysis was demonstrated in 12
Staphylococcus haemolyticus, 6 S. warneri, 2 S. chromogenes, 2 S.
1013
auricularis, 2 S. sciuri, 2 S. simulans, 1 S. saprophyticus, 1 S. hyicus and 1 S.
epidermidis. S. haemolyticus, S. warneri, S. auricularis, S. saprophyticus, S.
simulans and S. epidermidis contained a higher frequency of SHA-positive
strains than S. hyicus, S. chromogenes and S. sciuri. This study shows that
SHA allows the rapid screening of CNS strains for cytolysin production.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Studies on the performance of cultures of lactic acid bacteria in
lactose hydrolysed buffalo skim milk.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Cheiron. 2001; 30(3/4): 81-84 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Geetha, R; Prasad, V
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Seven selected cultures of lactic acid bacteria including simple and mixed
strains were screened for their acid production, flavour production, pH,
proteolytic activity and viable count in lactose hydrolyzed buffalo skim milk
at the end of 24 h of incubation of 37 degrees C. L. bulgaricus and B. bifidum
developed maximum acidity among single strains. All the three mixed strains
of starters also performed well. S. thermophilus, B. bifidum and the other
three mixed cultures produced an appreciable amount of diacetyl while L.
bulgaricus produced the least. The mixed strain of cultures among single
strains, L. bulgaricus and B. bifidum showed the best proteolytic activity.
With regard to the viable count, the growth rate was found to be
comparatively poor in mixed cultures than single cultures.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Studies on milk clotting property of Streblus asper.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Cheiron. 2002; 31(1/2): 51-53 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kumar, C N; Kumar, S S; Sahayaraj, P A
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The milk clotting activity of the crude extract of twigs/leaves of Streblus asper
was studied (India). The twigs extract showed better clotting activity than that
of leaves. The clotting activity was found to be superior in raw cow milk as
compared to boiled or pasteurized cow milk. The clotting activity was higher
in buffalo milk than that of cow milk. The extraction of the active principle
was carried out by using 70% ethanol, 40% acetone or 5% sodium chloride.
The 70% ethanol extractant exhibited higher milk clotting activity as
compared to other extractants.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Preservation of milk samples with formalin - effect on milk
constituents.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Cheiron. 2003; 32(1/2): 1-5 AB:
1014
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Radha, K; Sathian
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was undertaken to assess the effect of formalin on the percentage of
fat, total solids, and solids not fat in cow and buffalo milk. Formalin was
added at a concentration of 0.4%. Formalin treated cow and buffalo milk
samples were preserved up to 90 days without curdling. No colour change was
observed in the milk samples. The pH values of control samples were 6.58+or0.02 and 6.76+or-0.01 for cow and buffalo milk, respectively. The values
decreased significantly (P<0.01) from day 0 to day 90 of storage. On addition
of formalin, the titratable acidity of both cow and buffalo milk increased, and
on subsequent storage, the acidity continued to increase slowly. At 90 days,
the values became 0.27+or-0 and 0.25+or-0.01, with the change being
significant (P<0.01). Both cow and buffalo milk samples remained clot on
boiling test (COB) negative for the entire storage period of 3 months at room
temperature. On addition of formalin, the fat percentage decreased to 3.32+or0.1 and 6.13+or-0.22 in cow and buffalo milk samples, respectively. At 90
days of storage, the values became 3.38+or-0.09 and 6.18+or-0.22 in cow and
buffalo milk, respectively. This change observed through the Gerber method
was insignificant. Using the Milko-Tester, a slight decrease in fat percentage
was observed on addition of formalin (3.33+or-0.10 and 6.13+or-0.21). Up to
30 days of storage, there was no significant change in fat percentage. On
addition of formalin, the total solids in cow and buffalo milk samples were
12.46+or-0.13 and 15.58+or-0.49, respectively. At 90 days of storage, the
values were 12.51+or-0.12 and 15.59+or-0.49. The content of total solids did
not show any significant change neither on addition of formalin nor during
storage. On addition of formalin, the solids not fat percentages of cow and
buffalo milk samples increased, with values of 9.14+or-0.12 and 9.45+or-0.29
on day 0, respectively. At 90 days of storage, the values were 9.12+or-0.10
and 9.41+or-0.28, respectively. However, the change was insignificant. On
addition of formalin, lactometer reading decreased to 29.0+or-0.53 and
27.5+or-1.09 on day 0 in cow and buffalo milk, respectively. At 90 days of
storage, the values became 28.67+or-0.42 and 27.50+or-1.09, respectively.
Changes in lactometer reading were insignificant.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Studies on adultration in mixing of milk from different species.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Cheiron. 2004; 33(1/2): 37-44 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sathyan, S; Subramanian, V S; Narasimhan, R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted to detect and quantify the adulteration of cow milk
with milk from other species using radioimmunodiffusion (RID), PAGE and
gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Fresh milk samples were obtained from
Tamil Nadu, India. Buffalo, sheep and goat milk were each mixed with cow
milk at 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0 and 50.0% levels. 50-ml samples were centrifuged
1015
at 3000 rpm for 15 min and stored at 4 degrees C, after which these were
analysed using the 3 methods. It was shown that the accuracy and specificity
of RID in detecting cow milk in buffalo and sheep milk was 10% and 5% in
detecting cow milk in goat milk. The electrophoretic mobility of buffalo,
sheep and goat milk casein fractions were slower compared to cow milk when
PAGE was used; consequently, it only had a 5% accuracy in detecting
adulteration. The accuracy of GLC, which was based on the lauric:capric acid
ratio was about 2.5%. RID could not detect cow milk when it was 10% and
below in sheep and buffalo milk. In terms of accuracy, GLC was better than
PAGE. Although RID is the simplest technique to perform and requires no
special reagents and equipment, PAGE and GLC are better in detecting
adulteration in milk samples in terms of rapidity.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: In-vitro digestibility of acid casein from cow, buffalo and sour
buffalo milk.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Egyptian Journal of Dairy Science. 2004; 32(1): 39-47 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sharma, H K; Singhal, R S; Kulkarni, P R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The physicochemical properties and in vitro digestibility of cow, buffalo and
sour buffalo milk from Punjab, India, were investigated in this study. It was
shown that differences between the moisture, fat and protein contents of fresh
cow and buffalo milk were small. The total ash contents of the casein samples
from buffalo milk and 0.2+or-0.02, 0.3+or-0.02 and 0.4+or-0.02% acidified
milk were 2.26, 2.28, 2.28 and 2.34%, respectively. The fat content increased
while nitrogen content decreased in the acidified milks. Total plate and yeast
and mould counts in fresh cow and buffalo milk were 14.21x103 and
14.28x103 and 14 and 14/g, respectively, and increased as the acidity
increased. There were no significant differences in the in vitro protein
digestibility and alpha -amino nitrogen content between cow and buffalo milk
casein and between fresh and sour milk.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Studies on Shrikhand prepared by fortification of papaya pulp in
buffalo milk Chakka.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Farm Science Journal. 2004; 13(2): 185-186 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kharag Sen; Maurya, M K; Satish Kumar; Dwivedi, H B
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The sensory quality of fresh and stored shrikhand, an indigenous fermented
milk product from India, was investigated in this study. Shrikhand was
produced using a mixed starter culture (Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, L.
lactis subsp. diacetylactis and L. lactis subsp. cremoris at a 1:1:1 ratio) and
buffalo milk chakka with the addition of 0 (P0, control), 20 (P1), 40 (P2) and
1016
60% (P3) papaya pulp and 30% ground sugar. The finished product was stored
at 7+or-2 degrees C and the sensory attributes were measured at 4-day
intervals up to the 20th day of storage. It was shown that the addition of 40%
papaya pulp improved the organoleptic quality of shrikhand with respect to
flavour, colour, appearance and overall suitability. However, the addition of
papaya pulp at more than 40% decreased product quality, while addition of
less than 40% did not result in a desirable quality. Average product colour and
appearance scores were significantly higher in sample P2, while average body
and texture scores significantly decreased with increasing papaya pulp levels
and storage period. P2 shrikhand samples had the highest flavour scores;
flavour scores significantly decreased with increasing storage period. Overall
sourness scores increased significantly with increasing papaya pulp levels and
storage period. P2 shrikhand also had the highest average overall suitability
scores. In conclusion, papaya pulp can be utilized with buffalo milk chakka
for the preparation of high-quality shrikhand.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Bacteriological analysis of different milk samples.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Flora and Fauna Jhansi. 2003; 9(2): 115-116 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Preeti Bandyopadhyay; Roymon, M G
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Bacterial load were analysed in 7 milk samples using Methylene Blue
Reductase Test (India). Results showed that powdered milk and condensed
milk had less bacterial load than in cow milk and buffalo milk.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Heat stability and flow behaviour of buffalo milk added with corn
starch.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Food Hydrocolloids. 2004; 18(3): 379-386 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Nayak, S K; Makrariya, A; Singh, R R B; Patel, A A;
Sindhu, J S; Patil, G R; Priyanka Tomar
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
In this study, heat stability and flow behaviour of buffalo skim milk and its
concentrate added with corn starch and then gelatinized at 85 degrees C were
evaluated with regard to level of corn starch (1 and 2%) and gelatinization
time (10-80 min). Heat stability measured in terms of the heat coagulation
time (HCT) at 130 degrees C of the starch-milk mixtures declined with
increasing gelatinization time, the decline being slight in case of 1% starch but
significant (P<0.01) with 2% starch. The apparent viscosity ( eta a, shear rate
500 s-1) of the heat-treated, i.e. gelatinized un-concentrated milk-starch
mixtures was distinctly higher than that of heat-treated milk alone, but
increasing gelatinization time from 10 to 80 min resulted in a relatively small
rise in viscosity. However, in case of skim milk concentrate added with both 1
1017
and 2% starch, the increase in viscosity induced by gelatinization beyond 10
min was significant (P<0.01). The skim milk-starch systems showed a power
law behaviour. An increase followed by a decrease in the consistency
coefficient (K) with increasing gelatinization time was noticed in the unconcentrated system, whereas the concentrate-starch mixtures exhibited
steadily increasing K with increasing gelatinization time at 85 degrees C. The
flow behaviour index (n) of the mixtures was in the shear thinning range, but
this characteristic was more prominent in un-concentrated system, the value of
n decreasing with increasing gelatinization time. The heat treatment of milkstarch mixtures resulting into gelatinization-induced increase in viscosity was
conceived to be due to water uptake by starch granules accompanied by
increased concentration of the non-starch phase leading to rapid aggregation
(coagulation of colloidal casein micelles during subsequent heating at 130
degrees C) and thus causing the HCT to decline. The HCT was directly
correlated with pH, and negatively with apparent viscosity and consistency
coefficient, the former correlation being highly significant (P<0.01) in the
milk-based system, while the latter correlations were so in the concentratebased-one.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Current scenario of buffalo milk production.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Dairyman. 2000; 52(1): 19-24 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Ganguli, N C
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Buffalo milk production in Asia is reviewed, with particular reference to India.
The subject is discussed under the following broad headings: Buffalo
backdrop; Milk production (the buffalo as milk producer; factors affecting
lactation yield; feeding regime for milk production; lactation and factors
affecting milk secretion); Milk enhancement - the prime factors (farming
systems; milk quality; milk care at the farm; milk quality at the farm;
environment and milk; protection through processing; testing facilities;
international considerations). Recommendations for improving milk yields
and quality are made. [This is a shortened version of a paper given at the 5th
World Buffalo Congress, Caserta, Italy, October 1997].
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Modernization of traditional Indian dairy products and
improving their quality.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Dairyman. 2000; 52(10): 9-15 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rajorhia, G S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This article examines traditional products made in India by type of processing
and type of product, discusses the role of buffalo milk in traditional products
1018
and then examines the problems involved in upgrading the technology used to
produce these products. Methods of industrial processing of khoa, paneer,
chhana, shrikhand, burfi, peda, rasogolla, sandesh and gulabjamun.
Development of convenience versions of traditional milk products are
examined, as is the question of ghee quality and of building quality into the
total production system.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Technological advances in paneer making.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Dairyman. 2000; 52(10): 45-50 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kanawjia, S K; Singh, S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The availability of paneer on the Indian market is limited due to relatively
high production costs and short shelf-life. In recent years, paneer-like products
have been manufactured using different types of vegetable proteins and fats to
increase availability and lower the production costs. A brief description is
given of the following types of paneer: conventional (buffalo milk); low-fat;
cow milk; recombined and reconstituted; filled; protein-enriched filled;
vegetable; soya; groundnut; ultrafiltration; and long-life paneer; and paneer
curry. The application of brine, H2O2 and pimaricin, or use of heatsterilization, to improve the shelf-life of paneer, is discussed.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Technological perfection for buffalo milk cheddar cheese.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Dairyman. 2000; 52(12): 77-81 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Singh, S; Kanawjia, S K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The use of biotechnology in enhancing and accelerating the process of
ripening or developing the charaacteristic flavour of cheese made from buffalo
milk is presented. Cheese production, problems associated with the buffalo
milk cheese, development of a process for cheddar cheese manufacture,
sensory characteristics of cheddar cheese made by different methods and
biochemical changes in buffalo milk cheddar cheese are discussed. The need
for an accelearted ripening of cheese as well as the methods in achieving it are
also discussed in the paper.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Mechanised processing of Indian dairy products: Chhana,
Paneer, Sandesh and Rasogolla.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Dairyman. 2000; 52(12): 83-85 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Das, H
1019
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The quality enhancement of Indian dairy products such as chhana, paneer,
sandesh and rosogolla through hygienic mechanized processing is described.
Detailed production flowcharts are given and the production of these dairy
products are discussed.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Milk production in India: perspective 2020.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Dairyman. 2000; 52(1): 25-37 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kurup, M P G
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Prospects for improving cow and buffalo milk production in India are
examined, under the general headings: Introduction; Macroeconomic
dimensions; Constraints facing milk production; Infrastructure for milk
production and institutional set-up; Technology upgradation[sic] and quality
assurance; Prerequisites for milk production enhancement; and Productivity
and production enhancement. Particular emphasis is placed on improving
selection and AI programmes.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: XXX Dairy Industry Conference, Calcutta, India, 8-9 December
2000.
Year of publication: Indian Dairyman. 2000; 52(12): 155 AB:
Journal: Indian Dairyman. 2000; 52(12): 155 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name:
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
All the topics centred on one theme, the "Paradigm Shift in Dairying - Its
Impact on the Dairy Industry". The following topics are included: sustainable
milk production and productivity enhancement to match global competition;
cost effectiveness of milk production vis-a-vis quality; chracterization of a
novel-sperm motility-promoting glycoprotein from buffalo blood serum;
futuristic technologies for amelioration of processing efficiencies and product
attributes; technological protection for buffalo; milk cheddar cheese;
mechanized processing of Indian dairy products and systemic design of dairy
equipments. Other topics are: spinning cone column technology for deodourization of milk, cream and UHT milk; packaging challenges of liquid
milk; quality challenges for sustenance of Indian dairy sector and industry;
turn around process to face quality challenges for sustenance of Indian dairy
industry; shaping rural India through electronics, renewable nergy and IT
solutions; compatibility of Indian dairy industry with the global market;
milking the market; and World Trade Organization (WTO) and the Indian
dairy industry.
1020
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Fat rich dairy products from buffalo milk.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Dairyman. 2001; 53(3): 17-25 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Gokhale, A J; Upadhyay, K G; Pandya, A J
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The fat composition of buffalo milk and cow's milk is compared and the dairy
products made from buffalo milk are presented.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Ayurveda and milk.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Dairyman. 2002; 54(12): 37-38 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Vatsyayan, R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This article discusses the benefits and uses of milk and curd based on the
Ayurveda (India).
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Cost effectiveness of various Khoa manufacturing methods.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Dairyman 2002; 54(5): 29-33 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Solanki, D C; Samit Dutta; Bandyopadhyay, P
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The study was conducted to study the cost of labour and utility of various
conventional methods along with the mechanized Khoa manufacturing
method. All trials were conducted using buffalo milk. Results showed that the
mechanized system of Khoa manufacturing has advantages that could enable
the Indian dairy industry to cater the demand of national as well as
international markets.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Ghee: a traditional nutraceutical.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Dairyman. 2002; 54(10): 67-75 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Pandya, N C; Kanawjia, S K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Ghee is a pure clarified fat derived solely from either milk, desi (cooking)
1021
butter or cream. In India, cow or buffalo milk is used in ghee production.
Different methods of production have different effects on the nutritional
properties of ghee, which ultimately gives different health benefits upon
consumption. The health benefits from ghee can be fundamentally categorized
as, those that are obtained from consuming ghee as a food and those that are
obtained by using ghee as a medicine. This article discusses the health benefits
from ghee, like its anticarcinogenic effects, hypocholesterolaemic effects, and
other beneficial effects. The method of ghee production and preparation are
also presented.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Significance of protein polymorphism in milk processing.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Dairyman. 2002; 54(12): 51-55 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sindhu, J S; Sumit Arora; Nayak, S K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This article discusses the importance of protein polymorphism in milk
processing. Topics include the following: benefits of variant specific milk;
protein polymorphism in buffaloes and zebu cattle; and the need for producing
variant specific milk in India.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Make your solid not fat (SNF) calculations easy.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Dairyman. 2003; 55(4): 51-53 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sandhu, S S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The introduction of a new short form of solid not fat (SNF) chart in the Indian
dairy industry and the modification of Richmond formula to accurately
calculate buffalo milk fat percentage are discussed.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Milk production by forest dwellers: a case of Vangujjars of
Uttranchal.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Dairyman. 2003; 55(5): 49-51 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Tanmay Samajdar; Mahesh Chander
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The contribution of forest dwellers, such as the Vangujjars, on India's total
milk production is discussed. Vangujjars reside in different parts of northern
India; their livelihood depends totally on livestock rearing in forested areas.
The Vangujjars of Uttaranchal (Uttar Pradesh, India) rear mainly buffaloes.
1022
Moves by the private sector to provide education and training to the
Vangujjars in scientific milk production, in order for them to have sustainable
lives in their areas, are described.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: XXXII Dairy Industry Conference, Chandigarh, India, March 79, 2003.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Dairyman. 2003; 55(3): 172 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name:
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This issue of Indian Dairyman comprised the papers presented in the 11
technical sessions as well as those presented in the poster session of the 32nd
Dairy Industry Conference. The macro and micro issues connected with
positioning Indian dairying globally are deliberated, leading to the formulation
of the final recommendations. Topics included in the 11 technical sessions are
global image building, research and product development, international
competitiveness in manufacturing and production system, building brand
equity and promoting trade ethics, policy and regulations influencing milk
producers, emerging issues in Indian dairying, global challenges faced by
small holders and commercial milk producers, dairying in Asia and Africa,
and policy imperative for building India's global dairy positioning. The
following are discussed during the poster session: rheological properties of
phosphorylated buffalo whey protein concentrate, role of probiotics in
antibiotic-treated patients, calcium fortification of milk using calcium
chloride, antioxidative activity of Lactobacillus spp., physicochemical quality
of whole milk powder stored in tins and HDPE bags, quality of raw milk
analysis on bactoscan and somatic cell count, antimicrobial drugs in milk from
Southern India, evaluations of serological test procedures used to diagnose
brucellosis in cattle, process standardization for production of low cholesterol
khoa and khoa powder, standardization of a method for preparation of value
added dairy-based confectionery product and probiotic dahi, development of a
method for preparation of yoghurt and production of rossogolla with
maximum sponginess, milk production scenario in India, need to strengthen
marketing, effects of subsidies on prices of milk and milk products under
World Trade Organization (WTO) regime, development of high therapeutic
value added spiced buttermilk from yoghurt and bio-yoghurt fortified with
fibre, compositional and physicochemical characteristics of crossbred cow
milk with low SNF, progeny testing of crossbred bulls under field conditions,
effect of various cooling rates on cryopreservation of Murrah buffalo semen in
tris- and milk-based extenders, effects of feeding probiotic acidophilus milk
on gastrointestinal microflora of tribal children, and pesticide residues in milk.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Seasonal variations in buffalo milk production in Ranga Reddy
District of Andhra Pradesh.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics. 2002; 57(2): 235-240
1023
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Prasad, D S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This paper examines seasonal variations in milk production of selected buffalo
breeds (local, graded, and Murrah) in Ranga Reddy district, Andhra Pradesh,
India, and suggests suitable measures to stabilize milk yields in different
seasons. Primary data were obtained from 240 milk producers in the study
area. The reference period for the study was 1990-91.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Modification of buffalo milk with two stabilizers for sandesh
making.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Health. 1999; 38(1): 51-55 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sen, D C; Rajorhia, G S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Among the 3 levels of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) used, sandesh samples
made from milk with 0.08% CMC had the highest scores for body and texture
(7.4) and overall acceptability (7.5). Incorporation of CMC at the same rate by
weight of milk improved the yield of channa up to 3.0%. Similarly, sandesh
samples made from milk treated with 0.05% guar gum secured maximum
scores of 8.11 and 8.20 for body, texture and overall acceptability,
respectively. Therefore, from the sensory scores of sandesh, it is concluded
that the treatment of buffalo milk with guar gum produced better results than
CMC, whereas, the control or untreated sandesh samples had the lowest
ratings for body and texture including overall acceptability.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Quality of laboratory made cow and buffalo milk peda.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Health. 1999; 38(2): 171-173 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Ray, P R; Bandyopadhyay, A K; Ghatak, P K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Chemical, microbiological and sensory attributes of cow and buffalo milk
peda were determined. The average TS, fat, protein, sucrose, lactose and
mineral contents in cow milk peda were 83.75+or-1.25%, 23.83+or-0.85%,
15.86+or-0.15%, 29.32+or-1.10%, 14.67+or-0.55% and 2.46+or-0.02%
respectively. Corresponding values for buffalo milk peda were 85.35+or1.03%, 31.74+or-0.93%, 16.79+or-0.12%, 21.54+or-1.53%, 15.83+or-0.38
and 2.87+or-0.01%. There was wide variation for standard plate count, yeast
and mould count, and coliform count. Buffalo milk peda was slightly harder
than cow milk peda.
1024
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Comparative sensory evaluation of rasogolla made from cow and
buffalo milk.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Health. 2000; 39(1): 18-20 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Soumen Saha; Sen, D C
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Rasogolla prepared from both cow and buffalo milk were compared on the
basis of sensory evaluation. The sensory evaluation was done by a panel of six
judges for appearance and colour, odour, body and texture and taste. It was
noted that out of total score of 100, rasogolla made from cow milk (CM) and
buffalo milk (BM) obtained scores of 83.5 and 70.33, respectively. In both
cases chhana balls were cooked for 25 minutes in 500 brix sugar solution.
Chemical composition of both CM and BM as well as rasogollas were were
comparable.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Composition of milk yielding and young animals in dairies of
central plain zone of Uttar Pradesh.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Health. 2003; 42(2): 124-128 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Tripathi, S C; Saraswat, B L; Singh, A K; Sharma, A K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The current status of milk production in Uttar Pradesh, India is presented.
Data were obtained by surveying the milk producers in selected villages [date
not given]. It was shown that the composition of milking animals shifted from
cows to buffaloes irrespective of area. The overall mean cow and buffalo
rearing was 14.79 and 62.54%, respectively. Urban dairy owners were not
maintaining dry and long parturition animals for regular want of milk.
Purebred animals were very few, and owners generally kept graded and
nondescript animals because of their easy availability. The mortality of young
animals was very high, particularly in urban dairies. This might be due to
diseases, but were mainly because of poor management practices.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Effect of fermented skimmed milk incorporation into buffalo
milk on quality of reduced-fat paneer.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2000; 70(6): 628-631 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sanyal, M K; Yadav, P L
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
1025
Reduced-fat paneer (RFP) was prepared from partially lipolysed buffalo milk
(2% fat, 9% SNF) with 0.25% added sodium chloride after separately adding 0
(i), 2.5 (ii), 5.0 (iii) and 7.5% (iv) cultured skim milk (CSM) to milk prior to
coagulation. Addition of (ii), (iii) and (iv) CSM to milk increased the yield of
RFP by 3.65, 5.88 and 8.39%, respectively, over and above that of control (i).
Level of CSM significantly affected yield, moisture, fat, protein, flavour, and
body and texture of RFP and amount of coagulant used and also significantly
influenced recovery of solids, colour and appearance of the products. Sensory
quality of raw and fried and cooked RFP was good for (i) and (ii), and poor for
(iv), while that of (iii) was fair in raw form and good upon frying and cooking.
Addition of 2.5% CSM to milk is recommended for making a good quality
RFP with increased yield.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Effect of milk protein modification on some physico-chemical
characteristics of fresh cheddar cheese made from buffalo milk.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2002; 72(8): 715-717 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Reddy, K V N; Bhat, G S; Kempanna, C
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The effect of enzymatic modification of milk protein on some
physicochemical characteristics of cheese made from buffalo milk was
compared with those of cheese made from cow milk. The effect of milk
protein modification on rennet clotting time, yield and hardness of buffalo
milk cheese was also studied. Rennet clotting time decreased significantly in
protein modified milk. There was no significant difference in the yield and
composition of cheeses made from modified and control milk samples.
Hardness of cheese as measured by rate of penetration were 67, 50, 60 and 73,
respectively, for cow milk, control and modified buffalo milk cheese using
immobilized and free neutrase enzyme.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Factors influencing major milk constituents in Murrah buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2003; 73(1): 107-109 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Bhonsle, D; Chourasia, S K; Mohan Singh; Jain, R K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The overall fat percentage was 6.6+or-0.031% (average); the differences
among seasons, stage of lactations and parities were statistically significant.
Higher fat content was observed during spring (7.205) and lower (6.318)
during autumn. The results also revealed that fat percentage of late lactation
was significantly higher compared to early or mid-lactation. Fat content
increased from 1st to 5th parity. The average value for solids not fat (SNF)
was 10.183+or-0.055%. SNF percentage was higher during winter followed
by autumn and spring. This finding indicated that like fat, SNF is influenced
1026
by non-genetic sources like climatological variations and management. The
total solids (TS) percentage was 16.840+or-0.034; the differences due to
season, stage of lactation and parity were significant. Overall mean protein
content was 4.226+or-0.018%. Significantly higher protein content was
observed during winter (4.317+or-0.029). Protein content also differed
significantly among the stages of lactation and parity. Higher levels were
observed during earlier and later stages of lactation; lower levels were
observed during mid-lactation. The least squares mean values for parity
ranged from 3.990+or-0.039% (1st parity) to 4.444+or-0.039% (5th parity).
The lactose level was 5.029+or-0.37%. Highly significant and negative
correlation was found between fat content and SNF (0.438), whereas
significant and positive correlation was observed between fat and TS (0.04)
and fat and protein (0.170). The correlation between SNF and TS (0.569) and
SNF and lactose (0.148) were positive and highly significant. There was a
positive and significant (P<0.05) correlation between protein and lactose.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Relationship of serum zinc and copper status with somatic cell
count in buffalo milk.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004; 74(1): 54-55 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Tuteja, F C; Anshu Sharma; Kapur, M P; Mehta, S C; Lal, D
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted to determine the serum zinc and copper status in
different types of mastitis and their relationship to somatic cell count of milk
in buffaloes (India). Results showed that mean serum zinc and copper
concentrations in all the non-clinical mastitic groups did not vary significantly
in buffaloes.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and ascorbic
acid or sorbitol on microbiological and sensory characteristics of buffalo
meat.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004; 74(8): 899-901 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Uday Saha; Murthy, T R K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The study evaluates the possibility of extending the microbiological and
colour shelf life of buffalo meat by using 1% EDTA (pH 5.8-6.1), 1%
EDTA+1% ascorbic acid (E+A) (pH 3.8-4.0) and 1% EDTA+2% sorbitol
(E+S) (pH 6.0). All the treated samples showed significantly lower microbial
counts than the control during refrigerated storage. The colour and the
microbiological shelf life of E+A treated samples increased by 5 days
compared with the control at refrigeration temperature.
1027
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Effect of various heat processing treatments on vitamin C content
in buffalo and cow milk.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy and Biosciences. 1999; 10: 113-116 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rajan Sharma; Darshan Lal
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The LTLT pasteurization, boiling (microwave as well as conventional) and inbottle sterilization of buffalo and cow milk resulted in the loss of total vitamin
C ranging between 13.51 to 54.45%. Among the various heat processing
treatments given to milk, losses of total vitamin C were least during
pasteurization followed by microwave boiling, conventional boiling and inbottle sterilization. Losses of total vitamin C were relatively higher in cow
than in buffalo milk.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Studies on the shelf-life of buffalo milk rosogolla in metallised
polyester package.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy and Biosciences. 1999; 10: 38-43 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sur, A; Ghatak, P K; Bandyopadhyay, A K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A method was standardized for the manufacture of rasogolla from buffalo
milk. Compositional analysis revealed that total solids, fat, protein, sucrose
and ash were 44.83, 5.39, 6.32, 32.13 and 0.33% respectively. A gradual
increase in syrup acidity, volatile fatty acidity and peroxide value and decrease
in sodium chloride-soluble protein and sensory attributes were noticed with
the increase in temperature and period of storage. The shelf-life of buffalo
milk rasogolla in metallized polyester packaging was observed to be 14 days
when stored at 30 degrees +or-1 degrees C and up to 28 days when stored at 7
degrees +or-1 degrees C.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Determination of fat in formalin preserved milk samples.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy and Biosciences. 2000; 11: 138-141 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rajan Sharma; Sarwar
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The following study assessed whether treatment of formaldehyde-preserved
composite raw buffalo and cow milk samples with proteolytic enyzmes
(Rennin, Nutrase, Trypsin and Pronase) before the Gerber or Rose-Gottlieb
test would facilitate fat separation and consequently result in the accurate
1028
estimation of fat. Both the Gerber test and Rose-Gottlieb method were found
to give lower estimates of fat. Generally, enzymatic treatment did not improve
the precision of the Rose-Gottlieb analysis of preserved milk samples. When
homogenized milk was preserved with formaldehyde, enzymatic treatment
also failed to give reliable and reproducible estimates of fat by both the Gerber
and Rose-Gottlieb methods. An additional step of proteolysis achieved by
incubating formaldehyde-preserved milk with pronase (50 mg/100 ml) for 30
min at 37 degrees C prior to fat estimation improved the ease and reliability of
the Gerber but not the Rose-Gottlieb test.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Study on the quality of chakka made from the partial and full
replacement of buffalo skim milk by sweet cream buttermilk.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy and Biosciences. 2000; 11: 62-66 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Karthikeyan, S; Desai, H K; Upadhyay, K G
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The influence of partial and full replacement of buffalo skim milk (BSM) by
sweet cream buttermilk (SCBM) on the rate of syneresis, yield, quality and
sensory aspects of chakka was studied. Five chakka samples including control
(buffalo skim milk chakka) were prepared by replacing BSM with SCBM in
different proportions. The curd samples were examined for rate of whey
syneresis and the chakka samples were evaluated for chemical and
organoleptic qualities. The rate of syneresis decreased significantly (P<less or
=>0.05) as the level of replacement of BSM by SCBM increased and the
control curd had the highest rate of syneresis. The average % yield, yield on
dry matter and the recovery of total solids in chakka also decreased
significantly with increased replacement of BSM by SCBM. A significant
(P<less or =>0.05) decrease in total solids and protein contents, and an
increase in fat content of chakka samples were observed with increases in the
level of replacement. Chakka made from 50% replacement of BSM by SCBM
had improved body with smoother texture and flavour, and no adverse effect
on chemical composition.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: A comparative study of the quality of market and laboratory made burfi.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy and Biosciences. 2001; 12: 32-37 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sarkar, K; Ghatak, P K; Bandyopadhyay, A K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Thirty five samples of burfi collected from different markets of Kolkata city
and its suburbs, and 10 laboratory-made samples from each cow and buffalo
milk were evaluated chemically, microbiologically and organoleptically.
Market samples showed wide variations in the chemical, microbiological and
1029
sensory qualities. Overall quality of laboratory-made burfi prepared from
buffalo milk was superior to that obtained from cow milk, as well as that
collected from markets.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject:Calcium
binding
and
solubilising
abilities
of
caseinophosphopeptides isolated from neutrase hydrolysed caseins of cow
and buffalo milk.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy and Biosciences. 2002; 13(2): 43-47 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kumar, M D M; Jayaprakasha, H M; Bhat, G S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Caseinophosphopeptides (CPPs) were isolated from neutrase hydrolysed cow
and buffalo milk whole casein. The yield of CPPs obtained at extensive
hydrolysis (10% degree of hydrolysis) of cow and buffalo milk whole casein
were 12.45 and 12.75%, respectively, whereas relatively lower yields were
obtained at lesser degrees of hydrolysis. The calcium-binding ability of CPPs
correlated well with the extent of hydrolysis of whole casein. The CPPs
obtained by extensive hydrolysis of casein could show calcium-binding ability
of about 0.4 mg per mg of CPPs. The calcium solubilizing ability of CPPs
depended on the extent of hydrolysis of whole casein, as well as calcium ion
concentration. Maximum calcium-solubilizing ability was observed at an
added calcium concentration of 8, 10 mg and 12 mg per mg of CPPs obtained
from whole casein hydrolysed to 3, 5 and 10% degree of hydrolysis,
respectively.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Effect of butylated hydroxy anisole on the stability of fat soluble
vitamins in ghee during heating.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy and Biosciences. 2002; 13(1): 35-42 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Samit Dutta; Darshan Lal
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Stability of fat soluble vitamins (A, D and E) in buffalo ghee in the presence
of the antioxidant, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) at three concentrations,
viz., 0.01, 0.02 and 0.03% by weight, in relation to thermal oxidation at 150,
175 and 200 degrees C was studied. Ghee samples containing BHA exhibited
slower rates of peroxide development as compared to control. A progressive
decrease in the content of all the three fat-soluble vitamins was observed
during heating, the decrease being slow at lower temperatures (150 and 175
degrees C). Addition of BHA improved the stability of fat soluble vitamins
during heating of ghee, increased the concentration of antioxidant in ghee, and
decreased vitamin losses. Among the three fat soluble vitamins studied,
vitamin D was most stable during heating, followed by vitamin E and vitamin
A.
1030
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Mechanization and process innovation of paneer making - a
review.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy and Biosciences. 2002; 13(2): 10-17 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Makhal, S; Bhavana Vashishtha; Shashi Prabha; Sen, D C
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
In recent years following a spurt in the production and consumption of paneer,
there is a need for mechanization and innovations in paneer technology. With
the increased scientific interest in paneer production due to its nutritional and
economical importance, endeavours have been made on the mechanization and
diversification of paneer-making with an aim to produce paneer on an
industrial scale and to reduce its cost of production so that it can be made
available to all segments of the population. Mechanization of paneer-making
using the centrifugal process, ultrafiltered milk and in-package texturization
concept has been developed. Process innovations in paneer manufacture such
as use of buttermilk, caseinate-enriched milk, buffalo milk blended with whey
solids, low fat milk, recombined milk, reconstituted milk, soya milk, coconut
milk, milk fortified with vegetable fat, among others, have been discussed.
New concepts and mechanized methods are being explored for lateral
diversification of paneer-making.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Development of low-fat spread from safflower milk blended with
buffalo milk.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy and Biosciences. 2002; 13(2): 60-64 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Deshmukh, M S; Patil, G R; Sontakke, A T; Mitkari, K R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Good quality low-fat spread can be prepared from safflower and buffalo milk
blend (50:50) with the addition of 1.5% common salt, 1.0% emulsifier and
10.0% ripened cheese and pH adjusted to 5.5. The resultant low-fat spread
scored 8.11 for colour and appearance, 8.51 for flavour, 8.35 for body and
texture, 8.21 for spreadability and 8.15 for overall acceptability on a 9-point
Hedonic scale indicating high acceptability of the product.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Influence of ascorbic acid fortification and removal of oxygen on
the stability of water soluble vitamins in buffalo milk.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy and Biosciences. 2002; 13(1): 53-58 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Rajan Sharma; Darshan Lal
Institution:
1031
Organization:
Content :
The influence of the fortification of buffalo milk with ascorbic acid at 400
mg/litre and removal of oxygen on the stability of water-soluble vitamins in
milk during in-bottle sterilization and subsequent storage at 30 degrees C was
studied. The losses of folic acid and vitamin C during in-bottle sterilization of
buffalo milk and subsequent storage can be reduced either by removal of
dissolved oxygen or by fortification of milk with ascorbic acid. The losses of
thiamin, riboflavin and vitamin B6 in milk during processing and storage were
independent of the fortification of milk with ascorbic acid as well as removal
of dissolved oxygen from the milk.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Manufacture of sapota-pulp burfi.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy and Biosciences. 2003; 14(1): 23-27 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Wakchaure, S K; Patange, U L; Karanjkar, L M; Khandare,
NO
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Interest in blending of milk with fruits to formulate cheaper and tasty milk
based products is on the rise. In this study attempt has been made to
standardize a formulation for the preparation of milk sapota (Achras sapota)
burfi in India. Burfi was prepared from buffalo milk blended with sapota pulp
at 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0% by weight and compared with traditional burfi for
sensory and chemical quality. Burfi prepared from 5% sapota milk blend was
similar in acceptance to traditional burfi, but use of sapota pulp beyond 7.5%
adversely affected overall acceptance. Increase in sapota pulp content was
observed to increase the moisture content and decrease the carbohydrate
content of burfi. The shelf life studies indicated that the superior blend of 5%
sapota pulp remained acceptable for 4 days at room temperature (~30 degrees
C).
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Calcium and magnesium ions activity in milk as influenced by
processing treatments.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 1999; 52(5): 315-319 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Vandana Sharma; Sindhu, J S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Composite milk samples of buffalo, zebu and crossbred cattle were analysed
to determine the calcium and magnesium ions (free Ca++ and Mg++) activity.
The effect of heating, cooling and holding, concentration and homogenization
on the calcium and magnesium ions activity in buffalo milk was also
determined. The concentration of ionic calcium in mM/litre of milk was 4.19,
4.69 and 4.67 in buffalo, zebu and crossbred cows respectively. The ionic
1032
magnesium was higher in buffalo (2.16 mM/litre) than in zebu (1.29) and
crossbred (1.09) cows. Pasteurization and preheating of buffalo milk caused a
considerable decrease in the ionic calcium and magnesium, while cooling and
holding at 4-6 degrees C for 24 and 48 h, concentration (2:1) and
homogenization caused a considerable increase in the activity of these ions.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Optimisation of the processing parameters for manufacture of
paneer from filled milk.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 1999; 52(6): 346-350 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Roy, S K; Singh, S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Paneer was made using filled milk (buffalo skim milk + vegetable oils).
Homogenization did not yield an acceptable product. The use of a domestic
mixer as well as a centrifugal pump were satisfactory for proper blending of
vegetable oils and skim milk. Out of the 3 oils used, hydrogenated vegetable
oil and groundnut oil were equally good, while soya oil resulted in an
unacceptable product. Effect of fat level (3.5, 4.5 and 5.5%) revealed that the
higher the fat level in filled milk, the better the product. A final heating
temperature of 90 degrees C (without holding) was the most suitable for the
manufacture of paneer. A lower final heating temperature (<80 degrees C)
resulted in a product with poor consistency.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Biochemical changes in buffalo milk Cheddar cheese as affected
by the incorporation of goat milk and goat milk fat fractions.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2000; 53(1): 19-25 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sumit Arora; Rai, T
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Goat milk fat was fractionated into liquid and solid fractions at 24 degrees C,
and was incorporated into buffalo milk to improve the quality of resultant
cheese. Addition of either goat milk or its fractions to buffalo milk resulted in
lowering the initial pH but increasing the final pH of the cheese. Goat milk
had a stimulatory effect whereas its fat fractions slowed down the changes in
titratable acidity during ripening. Significant improvement in degree of
proteolysis in buffalo cheddar cheese was brought about by incorporating goat
milk, whereas the fat fractions slightly lowered proteolysis. Supplementation
either with goat milk or goat milk fat fractions noticeably improved the
lipolysis in buffalo cheddar cheese and also improved its flavour, body and
texture. It is suggested that the addition of goat milk liquid fat fractionswas
more effective than using goat's milk for improving the quality of buffalo
cheddar cheese.
1033
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Detection of non-starter lactic acid bacteria in milk and milk
products.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2000; 53(1): 67-70 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Nageswara Rao, K; Malik, R K; Mathur, D K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
25 different milk and milk products (5 buffalo raw milk, 2 cream, 3 dahi and
15 Cheddar cheese samples) were analysed for the presence of non-starter
lactic acid bacteria belonging to the genera Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc and
Pediococcus. Of the 1030 colonies examined from Rosga (SL) acetate agar
plates, 885 were lactobacilli (85.9%), 100 leuconostocs (9.7%) and 45
pediococci (4.4%). The lactobacilli predominated over the other 2 genera in all
the products. Pediococci were absent in cream and dahi samples.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Restoration of buffalo milk constituents during mastitis
treatment with tri-sodium citrate.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2000; 53(4): 323-325 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Dhillon, K S; Sudarshan Singh; Varindra ; Singh, T J
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Ten well-nourished high-yielding buffaloes maintained for domestic milk
production, but suffering from mastitis were each orally treated with 15 g trisodium citrate in 250 ml water, once a day until milk pH returned to the 6.5
level. As a result of treatment, total proteins and lactose in milk increased to
32.88 and 50.02%, respectively (P<0.05). There was a highly significant
increase in milk citrate to 130.77% (P<0.01). Milk fat increased by 48.1%
(P<0.05), and milk pH ranged between 7.5-8.5 before treatment and dropped
to the normal value of 6.5 upon recovery in all quarters. Of all the
constituents, milk citrate displayed the greatest increase, indicating its vital
role in milk synthesis. Oral administration of tri-sodium citrate replenished
citrate deficiency in the animals, and resulted in the restoration of milk
constituents.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Effect of heating and chilling of recombine milk on fatty acid
composition of fat globule membrane lipids.
Year of publication: 2000
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2000; 53(3): 231-234 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Janbandhu, T J; Khedkar, C D; Ajit Singh
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
1034
Recombine milk was prepared from anhydrous milk fat (butter oil), buffalo
skim milk powder (spray dried) and water. The effect of heating and chilling
on fatty acid composition of the fat globule membrane (FGM) lipids of
recombine milk was studied. It has been observed that the progressive heat
treatment (pasteurization, boiling and sterilization) caused remarkable changes
in the concentration of total saturated and unsaturated fatty acids of MFGM
lipids isolated from recombine milk. On the other hand, chilling caused mild
changes.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Protein enriched rasogolla.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2001; 54(6): 305-310 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Mathur, G K; Singh, V B
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Protein-enriched rasogolla were manufactured using soyaprotein isolate,
deoiled soyaflour and skim milk powder added to cow milk, buffalo milk, goat
milk and mixed milk. Maximum chhana yield was observed through the
addition of 1.5% incremental protein in the form of deoiled soyaflour to
various milk types. The protein content of rasogolla increased by 47%, as
compared with the control, when 1.5% soyaprotein isolate was added to mixed
milk. The sensory attributes of the protein-enriched rasogolla was comparable
with the control. The results suggests new dimensions in the proteinenrichment of filled rasogolla and rasogolla analogues, by overcoming the
reported beany flavour when soyamilk is used.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Ripening behaviour of buffalo milk cheddar cheese made with
different whey draining acidities.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2002; 55(3): 136-141 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Patel, H G; Upadhyay, K G; Pandya, A J
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The whey acidity at running did not significantly (P<0.05) influence the pH,
MNFS (moisture in non-fat substance), MI (maturity index), PTA-soluble N
(phosphotungstic acid soluble nitrogen), TVFA (total volatile fatty acid)
contents, flavour, body and texture and total score during the ripening of the
experimental cheese. The period of ripening did not significantly influence
MNFS and body and texture score of the cheese. In contrast, the pH, SM (salt
in moisture), MI, PTA-soluble N and TVFA content increased progressively
with age except for the sensory scores which increased up to 6 months of
ripening only. Increase in values was significant throughout the ripening in the
case of MI and TVFA, whereas, for others it was significant at some stages
only. The highest flavour, body and texture and total score was noticed in D2,
C and D2 cheese at 6 months of ripening.
1035
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Preparation of Kheer from safflower milk blended with buffalo
milk.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2003; 56(4): 197-202 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Narwade, S G; Patil, G R; Sontakke, A T; Patil, R A
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The preparation of Kheer from different proportions of safflower milk and
buffalo milk with different levels of sugar, 6, 7 and 8%, was studied. It was
observed that Kheer prepared from 75 parts buffalo milk and 25 parts
safflower milk was closer to the control in terms of acceptability. The Kheer
prepared from 50 parts buffalo milk and 50 parts safflower milk was also
acceptable, wherein it scored between like moderately to like very much, for
all the sensory attributes. Sugar at 8% was found to be the most acceptable
level. The cost of production of Kheer from 50:50 buffalo milk: safflower
milk blend was 28.72% lower than the control.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Physico-chemical characteristics of sodium caseinate prepared
from roller dryer at different steam pressures.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2003; 56(1): 54-55 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sharma, H K; Singhal, R S; Kulkarni, P R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Sodium caseinate is mostly prepared by spray drying technique. Since the
viscosity of sodium caseinate solutions is relatively high at moderate
concentrations, the drying costs are also relatively higher. An alternative
method for the manufacture of sodium caseinate is the roller drying technique.
In the present investigation, some important physical and functional properties
of sodium caseinate prepared from buffalo milk casein have been determined
at different steam pressure using roller drier. The moisture content was found
to vary from 6.92 to 5.82, 4.98, 3.91 and 3.0 at 13 to 16, 19, 23 and 26 psi
steam pressure, respectively. Change in other parameters, like fat, protein, ash
and lactose percent, were also observed at different steam pressure. The
packed and loose density were found to be in the range of 0.380 to 0.287 and
0.310 to 0.241 for 13 to 26 psi steam pressure, respectively. The flow
behaviour index and viscosity were not changed with the pressure.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Bronopol as milk sample preservative-effect on composition and
physicochemical properties of cow and buffalo milk samples.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2004; 57(4): 276-278 AB:
Country of Origin: India
1036
Author’s name: Radha, K; Sathian, C T; Mukundan, M
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Bronopol (2-bromo-2-nitro-1, 3 propanediol) at 0.1% concentration was
evaluated as a milk sample preservative. Cow and buffalo milk samples
preserved with bronopol could be stored for 24 and 16 days at room
temperature, respectively. No significant change was noticed in the fat, total
solids and solids not fat percentages of both cow and buffalo milk samples. An
increasing trend was observed in titratable acidity from day 0 to the last day of
storage. Furthermore, this study revealed the short-term preservative effect of
bronopol and its suitability for both conventional and instrumental methods to
estimate fat percentage.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Effect of sequence of homogenization on the quality of Basundi.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2004; 57(3): 163-166 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Patel, H G; Upadhyay, K G
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
This study was conducted to determine the beneficial effects of
homogenization on the manufacture of basundi, an indigenous milk product
from western India. Buffalo milk and/or its concentrate was homogenized at
75 kg/cm2 pressure and 65 degrees C temperature. The treatments comprised
of no homogenization (control) and homogenization of milk after fore
warming but before concentration and homogenization of basundi, which was
prepared using previously standardized processes. It was shown that
homogenization did not affect the composition of basundi except its ash
content. The free fatty acids (FFA), hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), viscosity
and insolubility indices and organoleptic properties were significantly affected
by homogenization. In conclusion, homogenization after concentration of milk
could be advantageous for improving the viscosity of the product, with low
browning and superior organoleptic characteristics and no adverse effect on
the composition of basundi.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Effect of tertiary butyl hydroquinone on the stability of fat
soluble vitamins (A, D and E) in buffalo ghee during heating at high
temperatures (150-200 degrees C).
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2004; 57(1): 12-16 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Dutta,S; Darshan Lal
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The stability of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D and E) in buffalo ghee in the
presence of tertiary butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), a synthetic diphenolic
1037
antioxidant, at three concentrations, viz., 0.01, 0.02 and 0.03 percent by
weight, during continuous heating at 150, 175 and 200 degrees C was
investigated. Addition of antioxidant to ghee imparted considerable protection
to ghee against thermal oxidation at lower temperatures of heating (150 and
175 degrees C) as assessed by the peroxide value. At 200 degrees C, the
protection provided was less. Higher concentration of the antioxidant resulted
to lesser peroxide development. During continuous heating, a progressive
decrease in the content of all the three fat soluble vitamins was observed, the
decrease being more at higher temperature of heating (200 degrees C).
Addition of TBHQ considerably reduced the losses of fat soluble vitamins
during heating at 150 and 175 degrees C but at 200 degrees C, the beneficial
effect observed was less. Higher concentration of the antioxidant in ghee
resulted to greater stability of the vitamins. Among the three fat-soluble
vitamins studied in ghee, vitamin D was the most stable to heat, followed by
vitamin E and vitamin A.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Heat stability of buffalo milk - a review.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2004; 57(3): 153-162 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Pandya, A J; Acharya, M R; Goel, B K; Upadhyay, K G
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Cow milk is considered as a better raw material than buffalo milk because of
its ability to withstand high temperatures involved in the production of
concentrated milks, whereas buffalo milk poses various problems, particularly
lower heat stability during the manufacture of concentrated milks. Research
workers have tried their best to improve the heat stability of buffalo milk. This
review highlights the research carried out on various aspects of heat stability
of buffalo milk, such as pH, stage of lactation, season, compositional makeup,
additives,
processing
treatments
e.g.
preheating,
concentration,
homogenization, etc.; possible causes for poor heat stability of buffalo milk
and measures suggested for its improvement, so that buffalo milk can be
utilized for the manufacture of concentrated milks.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Lipid composition of skim milk membranes isolated from buffalo
milk during different seasons.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2001; 54(1): 9-13 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sharma, K C; Jatinder Singh; Sudarshan Singh
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The composition and properties of skim milk membrane lipids in buffalo milk
during different seasons (3 buffaloes per season) were analysed. The protein to
lipid ratios were 3.17, 4.7 and 3.34 during summer, monsoon and winter,
respectively. The total neutral lipids and phospholipids were almost similar
1038
during summer, monsoon and winter. Triglycerides (TG) constituted the major
fraction of neutral lipids, followed by diglycerides, free fatty acids,
cholesterol, monoglycerides and cholesteryl esters during these seasons. The
proportion of high melting (HMW) and low melting (LMW) TG were slightly
higher
during summer than monsoon
and winter
seasons.
Phosphatidylethanolamine,
phosphatidylcholine
and
sphingomyelin
constituted the major phospholipids followed by phosphatidylserine and
phosphatidylinositol. The fatty acid distribution in total lipids of skim milk
membranes revealed that C16:0 and C18:1 were the major fatty acids during
these seasons. The other fatty acids detected in increasing order were C20:4,
C10:0, C12:0, C14:1, C16:1, C18:0 and C14:0 during summer and monsoon,
and C10:0, C12:0, C14:1, C20:4, C16:1, C18:0 and C14:0 during winter. The
proportion of total saturated fatty acids were comparatively higher during
monsoon than summer and winter.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Role of naturally occurring milk thiocyanate on activation of
lactoperoxidase system.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2004; 57(3): 177-180 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sharma, A D; Pailan, G H
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Cattle and buffalo fed mustard cake (MSC) and groundnut cake (GNC)containing diets, for achieving varying levels of thiocyanate content in their
milk, were evaluated for storage quality of milk at 30 degrees C. The milk
samples were treated with 15 ppm H2O2 or 25:15 ppm SCN: H2O2 for
activation of the LP-system. The storage quality of milk was tested on the
basis of titrable acidity, clot on boiling test and methylene blue reduction test.
The storage quality of LP-treated raw cow and buffalo milk was found to be
extended by 6-8 h, in comparison to untreated milk. Naturally, occurring
thiocyanate present in the milk activated the LP-system due to addition of 15
ppm H2O2, and therefore increased the storage quality of milk. Feeding of
MSC-containing diet increased the milk thiocyanate content, which had some
positive influence on the storage quality of raw milk.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Substitution of milk solids by sweet cream butter milk solids in
the manufacture of Basundi.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2004; 57(4): 272-275 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Patel, H G; Upadhyay, K G
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Sweet cream butter milk (SCBM), a byproduct of the butter industry,
resembling skim milk except for its source and lower total solids content can
serve as an alternate cheaper source of milk solids in the manufacture of the
1039
product. To ascertain whether it could serve the purpose, SCBM solids at 0
(control), 25, 50, 75 and 100% levels were used for replacing buffalo milk
solids in the manufacture of basundi. Substitution of buffalo milk solids at all
levels studied had no marked adverse effect on any major compositional
attributes of basundi, except for a significant decrease in the lactose and ash
contents. However, it adversely affected the physicochemical properties such
as free fatty acid (FFA) and hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) contents, resulting
to an adverse influence on its acceptance as well as shelf life. No substitution
levels influenced any of the organoleptic properties. Therefore, keeping the
level of substitution of buffalo milk solids with SCBM solids well below 25%
was found to guard against adverse effect on these properties.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Standardization of processing parameters for the manufacture of
Basundi - pre-heating of milk.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2004; 57(2): 89-93 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Patel, H G; Upadhyay, K G
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The raw buffalo milk, fresh or chilled (stored overnight at 5+or-1 degrees C),
was divided into three lots and subjected to preheating prior to concentration.
The preheating treatment was studied taking raw standardized milk as control
and other two treatments comprised of heat treating the milk at pasteurization
(63 degrees C, 30 min) and forewarming (90 degrees C, 10 min) temperatures.
These milks were further processed to get Basundi employing the process
parameters standardized previously. The products obtained were analyzed for
fat, protein, lactose, ash, SNF, sucrose, total solids, acidity, pH, FFA, HMF,
water activity, specific gravity, viscosity, insolubility index and organoleptic
attributes, viz. colour and appearance, body and texture and flavour. It was
observed that the preheat treatments studied did not alter major compositional
attributes of Basundi made either from fresh or chilled milk. The most affected
physico-chemical properties of Basundi were FFA, HMF, viscosity and
insolubility index. Chilling of milk soon after receipt and thereafter processing
minimized the extent of changes. However, organoleptic evaluation revealed
that milk either fresh or chilled, forewarmed at 90 degrees C for 10 min.
yielded a superior product owing to development of optimum viscosity and
pleasant cooked nutty flavour.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Effect of souring and neutralization on browning index of milk.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2005; 58(5): 337-340 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Haresh Tharwani; Darshan Lal; Vivek Sharma
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The effect of souring and neutralization on the development of browning in
1040
cow and buffalo milks during sterilization heat treatment (15 psi for 15 min)
was studied. It was shown that in general, buffalo milk developed more
browning during heating than cow milk when fresh, soured and neutralized
(pre- and post) milk samples were compared. Souring of both cow and buffalo
milk at 37 degrees C studied up to 9 h showed an increase in the acidity with a
corresponding decrease in pH and concomitant decrease in browning index
upon sterilization. Pre- as well as post-neutralized milk samples developed
higher browning than control (fresh un-neutralized) milk samples. When
soured milk was neutralized, the browning development such milk during heat
treatment was faster as compared to un-neutralized sour milk.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Preparation of whey based milk drink.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2005; 58(5): 321-325 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Anil Kumar; Tiwari, B D
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A study was conducted to use whey in the production of refreshing beverages,
with the objective of developing suitable technology for the manufacture of
whey-based dairy drinks. The drink was prepared by admixing 60, 70, 80 and
90% of Cheddar cheese whey (made from cow milk) and 50, 60 and 70%
paneer whey (made from buffalo milk) with milk. However, paneer whey
required neutralization before use in the beverage. Guar gum was added at
0.025, 0.05, 0.075 and 0.1% to improve the consistency of the drink. It was
shown that the drink made by admixing 80% Cheddar cheese whey, 70%
paneer whey and 0.075% guar gum yielded an acceptable whey-milk
beverage. The paneer whey-based drink kept well up to 9 days of storage and
the cheese whey-based drink also remained good for up to 6 days at
refrigeration temperature.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: A comparative study on the quality of channa podo prepared
from cow and buffalo milk.
Year of publication: 1999
Journal: Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics. 1999; 36(7): 353-356
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Dash, D K; Ghatak, P K; Amiya Das
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Channa podo prepared from cow and buffalo milk was examined for its
chemical and sensory quality. Channa podo made from cow milk was
preferred to that made from buffalo milk. The former had a soft body, smooth
texture, good slicing properties, brown colouration and slightly cooked
flavour.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
1041
Subject: A review on types of milk used for preparation, yield, chemical
composition and quality attributes of paneer.
Year of publication: 2001
Journal: Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2001; 38(2): 64-72 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Agrawal, A K; Das, H
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A review of published reports on the suitability of milk used in the
manufacture of paneer is presented. The traditional method of preparing
paneer is described. The attributes of cow milk and/or buffalo milk used in the
preparation of paneer are compared. Paneer yield is examined and its chemical
composition is briefly analysed. The textural properties of paneer as well as
the effect of frying and cooking on its quality and acceptability are evaluated.
It is concluded that the standardization of composition and textural qualities of
paneer is urgently required. In addition, the production process should be
modified in such a way that it would produce high quality paneer at a lower
cost.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Effect of coagulation temperatures and strength of coagulant
used on the composition of paneer.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2002; 39(12): 548-550
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Tariq Masud
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The effect of coagulation temperatures and strength of coagulant on the
quality and quantity of paneer (an indigenous (Pakistan) coagulated milk
product prepared by the addition of organic acid to milk) prepared from
buffalo milk. The coagulation temperatures affects the amount of coagulant
required for completing the coagulation process. The coagulation temperature
also affects paneer with respect to its yield, cost of production and sensory
characteristics. Coagulation temperature of 85 degrees C is recommended for
acceptable yield and recovery of maximum milk solids in paneer. Paneer made
at 85 degrees C had the highest organoleptic evaluation scores.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Effect of enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins on reduction in
antigenicity (allergenicity) and enhancement of nutritional quality of
milk.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2002; 39(12): 533-540
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Pushpa, B P; Shobha, B; Bhat, G S; Jayaprakasha, H M
Institution:
1042
Organization:
Content :
The effect of enzymatic hydrolysis and heat treatment on the antigenicity and
allergenicity of casein and whey protein in cow and buffalo milk is discussed
together with the effect of enzymatic hydrolysis on the nutritional
characteristics of skim milk protein. Boiling reduced the allergenicity of whey
proteins but casein was found to be more stable. Enzymatic hydrolysis
reduced the allergenicity of proteins by 68%.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Enhancement of shelf-life of buffalo milk burfi with sodium and
potassium metabisulphites.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2003; 40(5): 174-178
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sarkar, K; Sikder, B; Ray, P R; Ghatak, P K
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A study was conducted to explore the possibilities of further extending the
shelf life of buffalo milk burfi by using sodium meta bisulfite (Na2S2O5) and
potassium metabisulfite (K2S2O5). At 30+or-1 degrees C, the net decrease in
moisture content in control, Na2S2O5 and K2S2O5 added samples were
21.24, 21.55 and 21.06%, respectively on the 20th day, whereas at 7+or-1
degrees C, the decrease was 24.49, 24.53 and 24.16%, respectively on the 50th
day. The initial titratable acidity of treated samples (0.675 and 0.685%) was
also higher than the control untreated samples (0.450%). The free fatty acid
content increased with increase in storage period irrespective of temperature of
storage. It is concluded that optimum period of shelf life acceptable for safe
commercial exploitation can be obtained by storing buffalo milk burfi for 50
days at 7+or-1 degrees C using sodium or potassium metabisulfite as
preservative without showing any perceptible defects in texture, organoleptic
attributes, mould growth and chemical changes.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Enhancement of shelf-life of kalakand with food additives.
Year of publication: 2003
Journal: Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2003; 40(6): 212-217
AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Ghatak, P K; Sarkar, K; Moulick, S; Ray, P R
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A study was conducted to investigate the effect of addition of nisin and
potassium metabisulfite on the shelf-life of kalakand. The titratable acidity
(TA) in nisin- and potassium metabisulphite-treated kalakand and control
samples was found to increase with the increase in storage period and
temperature. The increase in TA was observed to be higher at 30+or-1 degrees
C than at 7+or-1 degrees C. Free fatty acids (FFA) content of all samples
1043
stored at 30+or-1 degrees C increased more sharply than those at 7+or-1
degrees C, irrespective of additives added. Among the treated buffalo milk
kalakand samples, nisin (0.03%) showed less increase in FFA content over
potassium persulphite throughout the storage period at both storage
temperatures. The change in tyrosine value observed was found to be more
rapid in the product stored at 30+or-1 degrees C than at 7+or-1 degrees C,
suggesting that the proteolysis was directly related to storage temperature. The
increase in peroxide value was significantly higher in the case of control than
the treated samples throughout the storage period but the extent of increase
was higher at 7+or-1 degrees C.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Effect of activation of lactoperoxidase system (LP-system) on the
keeping quality of raw buffalo milk.
Year of publication: 2005
Journal: Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2005; 42(1): 30-37 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Tapre, A R; Kadam, P S; Agarkar, B S
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Investigations were made to study the effect of LP-system on the keeping
quality of local (Marathwadi) buffalo milk in a view to standardize the level of
KSCN:H2O2, titratable acidity, bacterial activities and heat stability for
preservation of raw milk. LP-system activated at 70:30 ppm level of
KSCN:H2O2 had exhibited maximum preservation effect (12 h) with titratable
acidity 0.181 per cent, antibacterial effect and heat stability both at 30 degrees
C temperature which increased from 3 h to 7 h and 4 h to 12 h, respectively.
LP-system has thus proved to be an effective alternative method for the
preservation of raw milk where lack of cooling facilities exist in rural areas.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Chemical properties of colostrum of Purnathadi buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2002
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2002; 79(11): 1164-1167 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Kadam, P M; Pingle, S S; Deshmukh, A B; Atkare, V G;
Bidwe, K U
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
The physicochemical properties of colostrum of the Purnathadi buffalo, which
is the prominent milch breed of Akola district, were studied. Colostral milk as
well as normal milk samples from 11 buffaloes were analysed for protein,
lactose, ash, total solids, fat, and specific gravity. The protein, fat, ash, total
solids, and specific gravity decreased as the day advanced after calving in
contrast to lactose and water content, which were increased. Variations in
specific gravity, water, total solids, fat, protein, lactose, and ash were all
significant (P<0.05). It is concluded that a reduction trend from colostrum to
normal milk can be observed except for lactose and moisture content, which
increases as the lactation period advances. Moreover, about 8 to 10 days
1044
period is required for change of colostrum to normal milk.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Screening for antimicrobial residues in milk by disc assay.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2004; 81(12): 1400-1401 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Sushrut Arora; Daljeet Chhabra
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
A total of 105 raw milk samples (45 cow milk, 45 buffalo milk and 15 goat
milk) were collected from dairies in Mhow and Indore, India. Bacillus subtilis
disc assay was used to analyse the samples. Results showed that 25 (23.80%)
of the samples (13 (28.89%) in cow milk samples, 11 (24.44%) in buffalo
milk samples and 1 (6.67%) in goat milk samples) were positive for
antimicrobial residues.
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Excretion of aflatoxin B1 into milk as M1 in cows and buffaloes.
Year of publication: 2004
Journal: Indian Veterinary Journal. 2004; 81(3): 334-335 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Garg, M R; Murthy, T N; Bhanderi, B M; Sherasia, P L
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Sixteen mutiparous lactating buffaloes and crossbred cows were fed 5.0 kg
compounded cattle feed, 0.5 kg groundnut cake, 4 kg paddy straw and 12 kg
green maize fodder for three weeks. All feeds and fodders were analysed for
aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The compounded cattle feed and groundnut cake
contained 20 and 274 ppb AFB1, respectively. Total intake of AFB1 was 235
micro g/animal/day. After two weeks, milk samples were collected for three
consecutive days and analysed for AFM1. AFB1 excretion in milk as AFM1
of cows and buffaloes ranged from 2.06 to 4.65% and 0.95 to 2.27%, with an
overall mean of 2.61+or-0.14% and 1.56+or-0.14%, respectively. AFB1
excretion in milk was significantly higher in cows compared to buffaloes
(P<0.05).
Specialization: Milk and Milk Products
Subject: Effect of chemical phosphorylation on solubility of buffalo milk
proteins.
Year of publication: 2006
Journal: International Dairy Journal. 2006; 16(3): 268-273 AB:
Country of Origin: India
Author’s name: Nayak, S K; Sumit Arora; Sindhu, J S; Sangwan, R B
Institution:
Organization:
Content :
Buffalo milk proteins (casein, co-precipitate or whey protein concentrate)
were phosphorylated with phosphorus oxychloride (POCl3) at three different
1045
pH values (5.0, 7.0 and 9.0). The solubilities of phosphorylated milk proteins
were examined over the pH range 3.0-9.0 in water and ionic (0.1 M NaCl or
10-70 mm Ca2+) systems. The solubili