DATE
ORCHESTRA
/INSTRUMENTS
MELODY
HARMONY
/TONALITY
RHYTHM
TEXTURE
NOTATION
MUSICIANS
MEDIEVAL…………
450-1450
Not yet.
Only groups of instruments and only in secular music: harp,lute, viol, bagpipes, drum, recorder
In sacred music the organ accompanied.
Modal scales.
Contour by steps.
Free-Flowing melodies.
Latin:sacred music;
Vernacular: secular m.
Ars nova: other languages
In 1 st polyphony: intervals heard: 4 th , 5 th , 8ª, Strongs discords.
but 3 rd and 6 th in Ars
Nova.
Gregorian: no pulse.
Sacred and polyphony: pulse.
Ars Antiqua: clear, based on patterns from poetry.
Ars nova: more flexible
At the beginning monodic.
Ars Antiqua: 1 st polyphony
(2 voices)
Ars Nova: more voices
At the beginning neumas.
Guido d´Arezzo invented the staff and the name of notes
Monks/Troubadours/
Jongleurs/ministrils
RENAISSANCE…
1450-1600
Not yet but increasing.
Consorts of viols, recorders and brassdrums;
Keyboards+lute+vihuel a (+medieval instruments)
Modal scales but with more freedom
More complexity.
Smoother treatment of discords.
Polyphony.:
IMITATIVE
COUNTERPOINT
More natural: freedom and variety.
Polyphonic: homophonic and counterpoint.
Fuller texture.
In 4 or more voices.
Bass voice-part added below tenor.
It improves.
Church, kings and nobility (Mecenas) paid for musicians and musical chapels
BAROQUE………
1600-1750
Predominance of string. Clavichord always present in the continuo part.
The orchestra is not fully formed but starts.
One of the most important elements.
Often virtuoso nature.
Melodies represent moods, feelings
”Doctrine of affects”.
No more modal system but tonal. Tonality= only major and minor scales.
No longer dependant on the text.
Time signature created.
Metric order
Accompanied melodies appear. The continuo always present (clave+ cello).
Sometimes imitative counterpoint as in fugues.
It´s like now.
DYNAMICS:
Terraced. Echoing
The same.

FRANCE:
Medieval: LEONIN, PEROTIN, GUILLAUME DE MACHAUT
Renaissance: JOSQUIN DESPRES, OCKEGHEM, JANEQUIN, ARCADELT
Baroque: LULLY, COUPERIN, RAMEAU.
Romantic: SAINT SAENS, BERLIOZ.
20 th : DEBUSSY, RAVEL, SCHAEFFER, MESSIAEN.
Important works………………………………………..
SPAIN:
Medieval: ALFONSO X EL SABIO (recopilador) TEOBALDO DE NAVARRA
Renaissance: TOMÁS LUIS DE VICTORIA, DIEGO ORTIZ, JUAN DEL ENCINA
Romantic: BRETÓN, SARASATE, ALBÉNIZ.
20 th : FALLA, RODRIGO.
Important works……………………………………………………….
GERMANY
Medieval: HILDEGARDE VON BINGEN
Renaissance: LASSUS
Baroque: SCHÜTZ, J.S. BACH, HAENDEL,TELEMANN.
Classical: CPE BACH, BEETHOVEN.
Romantic: BEETHOVEN, WEBER, SCHUMANN, SCHUBERT, MENDELSSOHN,
WAGNER, BRAHMS.
20 th : STOCKHAUSEN
Important works……………………………………………..
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ITALY
Medieval: GREGORIO I (recopilador), GUIDO D´ AREZZO(teórico) LANDINI
Renaissance: G. GABRIELLI, PALESTRINA, MONTEVERDI
Baroque: MONTEVERDI, VIVALDI, ALBINONI, SCARLATTI, CORELLI..
Classical:.SANMARTINI (create the sonata form)CRISTOFORI (invented the piano)
Romantic: VERDI, ROSSINI, DONIZETTI, PAGANINI.
20 th LIGETTI
Important works…………………………………
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ENGLAND
Medieval: ADAM DE LA HALLE, RICARDO CORAZÓN DE LEÓN.
Renaissance: TALLIS, BYRD, MORLEY, DOWLAND
Baroque: PURCELL.
Romantic: ELGAR.
20 th VAUGHAM WILLIAMS, BRITTEN.
Important works………………………………
AUSTRIA AND OTHERS
Classical: MOZART, HAYDN………………..
Romantic. LIZST (Hungría) CHOPIN (Polonia) RIMSKI KORSAKOV, TCHAIKOWSKY , ,
(Rusia), GRIEG(Noruega), DVORAK y SMETANA ( Rep checa), SIBELIUS (Finlandia),
MAHLER (Austria)………………..
20 th : SCHÖNBERG, WEBERN, BERG(Austria) GERSHWIN, CAGE (USA); STRAVINSKY,
PROKOFIEV,SHOSTAKOVITCH (Rusia)KODALY y BARTOK
(Hungría)……………………….
Important works………………………………………………………
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