Table of Contents
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
1. Functions and Components of a Computer System
THE STRUCTURE OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM
THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
Control Unit
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
HOW THE CPU WORKS
Inside the Control Unit: Bus Interface
Inside the Control Unit: Decode Unit
Inside the Arithmetic and Logic Unit: Registers
PERFORMANCE RATING OF THE CPU
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
Reduced Instruction Set Computers
Parallel Processing
Symmetric Multiprocessors
Massive Parallel Computers
THE FASCINATING WORLD OF MICROPROCESSOR MANUFACTURING
THE FUTURE OF MICROPROCESSORS
CONCLUSION
2. The Memory Unit
WHAT IS CPU MEMORY?
A Word on Bits and Bytes
The Significance of Word Length
MEMORY VARIETY
Random Access Memory
Read-Only Memory
Cache Memory
Buffer Memory
Virtual Memory
WHAT IS MEMORY MADE OF?
Semiconductor Memory
Core Memory
Read-Only Memory
Flash Memory
Memory of the Future
CONCLUSION
3. Mass Storage Devices
MAGNETIC DISK STORAGE DEVICES
Storage by the Gigabytes
Safeguard the Stored Information
Optimizing the Hard Disk Performance
File Defragmentation
Random Access Memory Disk
Floppy Disks
OPTICAL DISKS
Read-Only Optical Disks
Write-Once Read-Many Disks
Erasable Optical Disks
MAGNETIC TAPE DRIVES
Table Cartridges
THE FUTURE OF MASS STORAGE TECHNOLOGY
Perpendicular Recording
CONCLUSION
4. Input/Output Devices
KEYBOARD TERMINALS
MODEMS AND ACOUSTIC COUPLERS
Acoustic Couplers
Modems
ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTERS
SCREEN-POINTING DEVICES
Mouse, Trackball, and Joystick
IMAGE DISPLAY MONITORS
Monochrome Display Monitors
Refresh Rate
Color Monitors
Shadow Mask and Aperture Grille
Video Image Resolution
Formation of Video Image
FLAT-PANEL DISPLAYS
Liquid Crystal Display Technology
Color Flat-Panel Display
Gas Plasma Display
PRINTERS
Daisy Wheel Printers
Dot-Matrix Printers
Laser Printers
Dye Sublimation Printers
Inkjet Printers
CONCLUSION
5. An All-Digital Nuclear Medicine Department
COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
Types of Local-Area Networks
Network Transmission Media
METHODS OF DATA TRANSMISSION
LOCAL-AREA NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Star Network
Ring Network
Bus Network
Communication protocol
The Internet
Internet Resources
Picture Archiving and Communication Systems
Image Display
Digital Image Storage System
Image Compression
Problems with State-of-Art PACS
Computers and Health Hazards
CONCLUSION
6. Computer Software
TYPES OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE
OPERATING SYSTEM
Graphical User Interface
PROGRAMMING SOFTWARE
Low-Level Computer Programming Languages
Machine language
Assembly language
High-Level Computer Programming Languages
FORTRAN
COBOL
PL/1
Pascal
Ada
BASIC
C
C++ and OOP
Java
HTML, Javascript, and the Web
Implementation of a High-Level Language
CONCLUSION
7. Image Acquisition Methods
METHODS OF DATA ACQUISITION
Frame Mode Acquisition
Size of Acquisition Matrix
Byte Mode Versus Word Mode Acquisition
Dynamic Frame Mode Acquisition
Multiple Gated and List Mode Acquisition
CONCLUSIONS
8. Qualitative Image Analysis
CONVOLUTION METHODS OF IMAGE ENHANCEMENT
Image-Smoothing Filters
Edge-Enhancement Filters
FOURIER METHODS OF IMAGE ENHANCEMENT
Fundamentals of Fourier Analysis
Fourier Image Filters
POINT PROCESSING OPERATIONS
Background Subtraction
Interpolated Background Subtraction
Grayscales for Video Image Display
Color Translation Table
True Color Display
Color Presentation of Radionuclide Images
FRAME PROCESSING OPERATIONS
Geometric Operations
CONCLUSION
9. Basic Quantitative Image Analysis
CREATING REGIONS OF INTEREST
CURVE GENERATION AND ANALYSIS
The Moving Average Method
The Weighed Moving Average Method
Curve Smoothing by Analytical Methods
Miscellaneous Curve Manipulation Techniques
CONCLUSION
10. Nuclear Cardiology
METHODS OF DATA ACQUISITION
List Mode Acquisition
Multiple-Gated Acquisition
Temporal Resolution
Artifacts from Arrhythmia
Buffered Gated-Beat Acquisition
Artifacts from Delayed Gating
Quantitative Analysis of Multiple-Gated Blood Pool Images
Temporal Smoothing
Frame Normalizations
QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSES
Left Ventricular Regions of Interest
The Time–Activity Curve
Functional Images
Phase Analysis
Presentation of Phase Analysis Results
Amplitude Analysis
FIRST-PASS CARDIAC STUDIES
Data Acquisition Technique
METHODS OF DATA REFORMATTING FOR FIRST-PASS STUDIES
Reformatting of ECG-Gated List Mode Data
Reformatting of Non-Electrocardiographically Gated List Mode Data
Reformatting of Rapid Dynamic Frames
Ventricular Function Evaluations
Detection of Intracardiac Shunts
CONCLUSION
11. Emission Computed Tomography
SPECT INSTRUMENTATION: A SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The Computer System
MATHEMATICS OF TRANSVERSE IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION
The Simple Backprojection Method
Filtered Backprojection Method
What Is That Window Doing on the Ramp?
Iterative Reconstruction Algorithms
PHYSICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE QUALITY OF SPECT IMAGES
Linear Sampling Criteria
Angular Sampling Criteria
Photon Attenuation Correction
Compton-Scattered Photons
Noncircular Detection Motion
Image Noise
QUALITY ASSURANCE OF THE SPECT SYSTEM
Camera Field Uniformity
Center of Rotation
Pixel Size
Gated SPECT
Three-Dimensional Image Reconstruction
Multimodality Image Fusion
CONCLUSION
Appendices
APPENDIX A: DIGITAL NUMBER SYSTEMS
APPENDIX B: HOW ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION WORKS
APPENDIX C: FOURIER TRANSFORM
References