The Great Barrier Reef Ocean Observing System Moorings Array:
Monitoring Coral Sea Impacts on the Great Barrier Reef
Craig Steinberg, Felicity McAllister, Gary Brinkman,
Chris Pitcher, John Luetchford & Paul Rigby
Australian Institute of Marine Science
Introduction
Since 1987 Great Barrier Reef weather and water temperature observations have been
transmitted in near real time using HF radio from pontoons or towers on coral reefs by
AIMS. In contrast oceanographic measurements have however been sparse and
restricted to loggers serviced at quarterly to half yearly downloads.
The Great Barrier Reef Ocean Observing System (GBROOS) is a regional node of the
Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS). IMOS is an Australian Government
initiative established under the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure
Strategy and has been supported by Queensland Government since 2006. GBROOS
comprises real time observations from weather stations, oceanographic moorings,
underway ship observations, ocean surface radar, satellite image reception and reef
based sensor networks.
This paper focuses on an array of in-line moorings that have been deployed along the
outer Great Barrier Reef in order to monitor the Western Boundary currents of the
Coral Sea. The Westward flowing Southern Equatorial Current bifurcates into the
poleward flowing East Australian Current and the equatorward North Queensland
Current.
Mooring Configuration and capability
Four mooring pairs span the GBR. They consist of a continental slope mooring,
nominally in 200m of water and one on the outer continental shelf within the GBR
matrix in depths of 30 to 70m. The array is designed to detect any changes in
circulation, temperature response, mixed layer depth and ocean-shelf interactions.
Robust and proven instrumentation has been chosen to ensure high quality data
streams. Selected Shelf Moorings will have a surface buoy to allow near-real time
communications. Surface meteorological measurements will be made with a Vaisala
WXT-520 and incoming and outgoing short and long wave radiation will be made by
Kipp and Zonen cnr1 radiometers. Together these shall allow the atmosphere and
ocean heat exchanges to be observed. Both Shelf and Slope moorings will be
configured with pairs of Wetlabs Water Quality Monitors (WQMs). They measure
Temperature, Conductivity (Salinity), Pressure, Turbidity, Fluorometry and Dissolved
Oxygen. Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP) shall provide time series of
water currents of shelf waters and the upper 200m of the slope waters
Conclusions
Since 2007 new streams of high quality current meter and water quality measurements
have been collected over the breadth of the GBR. During 2009 the capability will be
enhanced by adding additional sensors including meteorological data. Near-real time
data delivery via the IMOS data portal will become progressively available later in the
year.
A review of likely impacts of climate change on the physical oceanography of the
GBR is providing a basis upon which to explore what processes may be affected by
climate change (Steinberg 2007).
Acknowledgements
GBROOS is a regional node of Australia’s Integrated Marine Observing System
(IMOS) - an initiative of the Australian Government being conducted as part of the
National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy, the Australian Institute of
Marine Science and supported by the Queensland State Government. The support of
the Tropical Marine Network (University of Sydney, Australian Museum, University
of Queensland and James Cook University) who run research stations at One Tree,
Lizard, Heron and Orpheus Islands, respectively, on the GBR is also acknowledged.
References
Integrated Marine Observing System web site: http://www.imos.org.au
Australian Institute of Marine Science web site: http://www.aims.gov.au
Lynch, T.P et al (2008) A National Reference Station infrastructure for Australia –
using telemetry and central processing to report multi-disciplinary data streams for
monitoring marine ecosystem response to climate change. Oceans 2008 MTS IEE
Oceans, Poles and Climate: Technological Challenges. Quebec City, Canada, 15-18
September 2008.
Steinberg C (2007) Impacts of climate change on the physical oceanography of the
Great Barrier Reef. Chapter 3, Climate Change and the Great Barrier Reef, eds.
Johnson JE and Marshall PA. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority & Australian
Greenhouse Office, pp 51-74.
Fig. 1 Mooring Designs for the real time shelf (left) and delayed mode slope
(right).
Fig. 2 Sample time series data of wind stress, sea level and temperature loggers
located on a mooring at depths of 13, 17, 27 and 44m in the Southern GBR. Cold
water bottom intrusions causing water column stratification are evident,
interrupted by a strong wind forced mixing event on September 25, 2008.