Rock Cycle Processes & Products
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Module 2 The Rock Cycle - Processes and Products Grimsvotn Iceland The Rock Cycle Draw a simplified diagram showing the rock cycle and the processes which operate within in Definitions Surface processes: Weathering ...................................................... .................................................................... Erosion ........................................................... .................................................................... Transportation ................................................... .................................................................... Deposition ........................................................ .................................................................... Extrusion ......................................................... .................................................................... Below surface processes: Burial ............................................................. .................................................................... Diagenisis ....................................................... .................................................................... Recrystallisation ................................................. .................................................................... Metamorphism ................................................... .................................................................... Partial melting ................................................... .................................................................... Magma accumulation ............................................ .................................................................... Crystallisation ................................................... .................................................................... Intrusion ......................................................... .................................................................... Uplift ............................................................ .................................................................... Igneous sedimentary and metamorphic rocks Igneous How they form Temperature Pressure Characteristics Thin section drawing Sedimentary Metamorphic Geological time Eon Era Period Time (my) Mnemonic Sedimentary Processes and Products Weathering Definitions Chemical weathering ............................................ .................................................................... Hydrolysis ....................................................... .................................................................... Hydration ........................................................ .................................................................... Oxidation ........................................................ .................................................................... Carbonation ...................................................... .................................................................... Physical weathering ............................................. .................................................................... Frost shattering (freeze thaw) ................................ .................................................................... Draw a series of diagrams to explain this Exfoliation ....................................................... .................................................................... Draw a series of diagrams to explain this Biological weathering ............................................ .................................................................... Examples: Transportation Gravity: Grain sizeGrain shape- Thin section RoundnessSorting- Wind: Grain sizeGrain shape- Thin section RoundnessSorting- Ice: Grain sizeGrain shapeRoundnessSorting- Thin section Sea (near land): Grain sizeGrain shape- Thin section RoundnessSorting- Sea (off shore): Grain sizeGrain shape- Thin section RoundnessSorting- Rivers (at source): Grain sizeGrain shapeRoundnessSorting- Thin section Rivers (at mouth): Grain sizeThin section Grain shapeRoundnessSorting- The way grains are carried Definitions Traction .......................................................... .................................................................... Saltation ......................................................... .................................................................... Suspension........................................................ .................................................................... Solution .......................................................... Surface of water Draw how the grains move Riverbed Deserts Draw a diagram here to represent the 3 facies to a desert environment Add in thin sections of the sediment in each facies Deltas Draw a diagram here to represent the 3 facies to a desert environment from an aerial view Add in thin sections of the sediment in each facies Deltas Draw a diagram here to represent the 3 facies to a desert environment from a section view Add in thin sections of the sediment in each facies Shallow Clastic Seas Draw a diagram here to represent a simplified cross section though a shallow clastic sea Add a thin section for the littoral zone, close off shore and far off shore Shallow Carbonate Seas Draw a diagram here to represent a simplified cross section though a shallow carbonate sea Add a thin section for the material formed in each part of the reef Sedimentary Structures Structure Cross bedding Ripple marks Graded bedding Desiccation cracks Diagram correct way up Diagram inverted Environment How it forms Palaeoenvironment indicator Definitions Lithification ........................................................... .......................................................................... Diagenisis .............................................................. .......................................................................... Before Diagenisis Thin section After cementation Thin section After compaction Thin section Igneous Processes and Products Intrusion Batholith Sill Transgressive sill Dyke Depth Diagram Major or minor Hypabyssal or plutonic Concordant or discordant Definitions Chilled margin ........................................................... ............................................................................ How does it form? ...................................................... ............................................................................ Baked zone .............................................................. ............................................................................ How does it form? ...................................................... ............................................................................ Metamorphic aureole .................................................... ............................................................................ How does it form? ...................................................... ............................................................................ Draw a diagram here of a dyke and batholith to show the three features above Sills V Lava flows Sill Diagram Lava flow Diagram Differences Differences Grain sizes and cooling rates Extrusion Intrusion Hypabyssal Intrusion Plutonic Cooling rate Grain size Diagram Thin section Thin section Thin section Textures Equigranular: How does it form? ...................................................... ............................................................................ Thin section Porphyritic: How does it form? ......................................................... ............................................................................... Thin section Vesicular: How does it form? ......................................................... ............................................................................... Thin section Volcanoes At Constructive plate margins and hot spots Shield Volcano Draw a diagram of a shield volcano Characteristics: Products: Fissure Volcano (submarine) Draw a diagram of a fissure volcano Characteristics: Products: At Destructive plate margins Strato-volcano (Composite Volcano) Draw a diagram of a strato-volcano Characteristics: Products: Caldera formation Stage 1 Diagram Stage 2 Diagram Stage 3 Diagram Geysers Draw a fully labelled diagram to explain how these work Living in a volcanically active area Advantages Disadvantages Methods for predicting activity Method Historic pattern of activity Changes in ground level Changes in gas composition Precursor earthquake tremors Description Risk analysis Draw a hazard map for a known volcano here Metamorphic Processes and Products Complete this graph Pressure Kb Temperature degrees C Regional metamorphism Parent rock: Mudstone Slate Schist Thin section Minerals: Thin section Gneiss Thin section Contact metamorphism Parent rock: Mudstone Spotted slate Thin section Andalusite slate Thin section Hornfels Thin section Minerals: Contact and regional metamorphism of: Sandstone Thin section Minerals: Metaquartzite Thin section Limestone Marble Thin section Thin section Minerals: Metamorphic aureoles Metamorphic aureole Limestone Batholith Sandstone Shale Label the metamorphic rocks found within the aureole Factors which affect the size of the aureole:
