APA (American Psychological Association)
APA (American Psychological Association) references are used in the social sciences, education, engineering and business. For detailed information, please see the Publication
Manual of the American Psychological Association , 5th edn. See also http://apastyle.apa.org/
EndNote for Windows and Macintosh is a valuable all-in-one tool used by researchers, scholarly writers, and students to search online bibliographic databases, organize their references, and create bibliographies instantly. There is now an EndNote output style available if you have access to the software in your library (please visit http://www.endnote.com/support/enstyles.asp
and look for TFA APA).
1. How to cite references in your text.
References are cited in the text in alphabetical order (the same way they appear in the reference list), separated by a semi-colon.
(Green, 2002; Harlow, 1983)
If you have two authors with the same last name, use first initials with the last names.
(E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998)
A work by two authors
Name both authors in the signal phrase or in the parentheses each time you cite the work. Use the word ‘and’ between the authors’ names within the text and use ‘&’ in the parentheses.
Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) showed...
(Wegener & Petty, 1994)
A work by three to five authors
List all the authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses the first time you cite the source.
(Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993)
In subsequent citations, only use the first author’s last name followed by et al. in the signal phrase or in parentheses.
(Kernis et al., 1993)
1

Six or more authors
Use the first author’s name followed by et al. in the signal phrase or in parentheses.
Harris et al. (2001) argued...
(Harris et al., 2001)
Several works by same author
If you have two sources by the same author in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year to order the entries in the reference list. Use the lower-case letters with the year in the in-text citation.
Research by Green (1981a, 1981b) illustrated that...
Citing indirect sources
If you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in your signal phrase. List the secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary source in the parentheses.
Johnson argued that... (as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102).
Work discussed in a secondary source
List the source the work was discussed in.
Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-distributed-processing approaches. Psychological Review, 100 , 589 –608.
Give the secondary source in the references list. In the text, name the original work, and give a citation for the secondary source. For example, if Seidenberg and
McClelland’s work is cited in Coltheart et al. and you did not read the original work, list the Coltheart et al. reference in the References. In the text, use the following citation:
In Seidenberg and McClelland’s study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993), ...
To cite a specific part of a source, indicate the page, chapter, figure, table, or equation at the appropriate point in text. Always give page numbers for quotations. Note that the words ‘page’ and ‘chapter’ are abbreviated in such text citations:
(Cheek & Buss, 1981, p. 332)_(Shimamura, 1989, chap. 3)
2

For electronic sources that do not provide page numbers, use the paragraph number, if available, preceded by the paragraph symbol or the abbreviation para. If neither paragraph nor page numbers are visible, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following it to direct the reader to the location of the material.
(Myers, 2000, ¶ 5)_(Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1)
2. How to organize references.
References are listed in alphabetical order.
3. Abstract.
As original source
Woolf, N.J., Young, S.L., & Butcher, L.L. (1991). MAP-2 expression in cholinoceptive pyramidal cells [Abstract]. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts , 17, 480.
From secondary source
Nakazato, K. (1992). Cognitive functions of centenarians. Japanese Journal of Developmental
Psychology , 3 , 9 –16. Abstract obtained from PsycSCAN: Neuropsychology , 1993, 2 , Abstract
No. 604.
Dissertation abstract
Yoshida, Y. (2001). Essays in urban transportation (Doctoral dissertation, Boston College,
2001). Dissertation Abstracts International, 62 , 7741A.
4. Audiovisual material.
Audio recording
Costa, P.T. (Speaker). (1988). Personality, continuity, and changes of adult life (Cassette
Recording No. 207-433-88A-B). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Music recording
Songwriter, W.W. (Date of copyright). Title of song [Recorded by artist if different from song writer]. On Title of album [Medium of recording]. Location: Label. (Recording date if different from copyright date)
Taupin, B. (1975). Someone saved my life tonight [Recorded by Elton John]. On Captain fantastic and the brown dirt cowboy [CD]. London: Big Pig Music Limited.
5. Book.
Author, A.A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle . Location:
Publisher.
3

No author
Merriam Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). 1993. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.
If the work does not have an author, cite the source by its title in the signal phrase or use the first word or two in the parentheses. Titles of books and reports are italicized or underlined; titles of articles and chapters are in quotation marks.
To include parenthetical citations of sources with no author named, use a shortened version of the source’s title instead of an author’s name. Use quotation marks and italics as appropriate.
A similar study was done of students learning to format research papers (‘Using APA’, 2001).
In the rare case that ‘Anonymous’ is used for the author, treat it as the author’s name
(Anonymous, 2001). In the reference list, use the name Anonymous as the author.
One author
Mandelbaum, M. (2002). The ideas that conquered the world: Peace, democracy, and free markets in the twenty-first century . New York: Public Affairs.
Organization as author
American Psychological Association. (2003).
If the author is an organization or a government agency, mention the organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source.
According to the American Psychological Association (2000),...
If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations.
First citation:
(Mothers Against Drunk Driving [MADD], 2000)
Second citation:
(MADD, 2000)
When the author and publisher are identical, use the word Author as the name of the publisher.
Chapter in edited book
Author, A.A., & Author, B.B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In A. Editor & B. Editor
(Eds.), Title of book (pages of chapter). Location: Publisher.
4

O’Neil, J.M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men’s and women’s gender role journeys: Metaphor for healing, transition, and transformation. In B.R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107 –123). New York: Springer.
Give initials and surnames for all editors. With two names use ‘&’ between names and no comma to separate. With three or more, separate names by commas. For a book with no editor, simply include the word ‘In’ before the book title.
Edited book
Duncan, G.J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of growing up poor . New
York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Plath, S. (2000). The unabridged journals (K.V. Kukil, Ed.). New York: Anchor.
Multiple editions
Helfer, M.E., Keme, R.S., & Drugman, R.D. (1997). The battered child (5th ed.). Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
Revised edition
Helfer, M.E., Keme, R.S., & Drugman, R.D. (1997). The battered child (Rev. ed.). Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
Multivolume work
Wiener, P. (Ed.). (1973). Dictionary of the history of ideas (Vols. 1 –4). New York: Scribner’s.
Merriam-Web ster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.
Multivolume work published over more than one year
Koch, S. (Ed.). (1959 –1963). Psychology: a study of science (Vols. 1 –6). New York: McGraw-
Hill.
Non-English book
Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1951). La genèse de l’idée de hasard chez l’enfant [The origin of the idea of chance in the child]. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
If the original version is used as the source, cite the original version. Give the original title, and, in brackets, the translation.
Translated book
Laplace, P.S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities . (F.W. Truscott & F.L. Emory,
Trans.). New York: Dover. (Original work published 1814)
If the English translation is used as the source, cite the English translation. In the text, cite the original publication date and the date of translation (Laplace, 1814/1951).
5

Republished work
When you cite a republished work in your text, it should appear with both dates:
Laplace (1814/1951).
Place of publication
For Location, you should always list the city, but you should also include the state if the city is unfamiliar or if the city could be confused with one in another state. The following locations can be listed without a state or country:
Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco,
Amsterdam, Jerusalem, London, Milan, Moscow, Paris, Rome, Stockholm, Tokyo, Vienna
If the publisher is a university and the name of the state or province is included in the name of the university, do not repeat the state or province in the publisher location.
Publisher name
Give the name in as brief a form as possible. Omit terms such as ‘Publishers’, ‘Co.’,
‘Inc.’, but retain the words ‘Books’ and ‘Press’. If two or more publishers are given, give the location listed first or the location of the publisher’s home office.
When the author and publisher are identical, use the word Author as the name of the publisher.
6. Conference proceedings, paper, poster session.
Deci, E.L., & Ryan, R.M. (1991). A motivational approach to self. In R. Dienstbier (Ed.),
Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 38. Perspectives on motivation (pp. 237 –288).
Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Treat regularly published proceedings as periodicals.
Paper presented at meeting
Lanktree, C. (1991, February). Early data on the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children
(TSC-C) . Paper presented at the meeting of the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children, San Diego, CA.
Poster session
Ruby, J., & Fulton, C. (1993, June). Beyond redlining: Editing software that works . Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Scholarly Publishing, Washington,
DC.
7. Database.
When you are referencing material obtained from an online database, provide the appropriate print citation information (formatted as a normal print citation would be).
6

Then give the date of retrieval and the proper name of the database, so that people can retrieve the print version if they do not have access to the database. (For more about citing articles retrieved from electronic databases, see page 278 of the Publication
Manual.)
Smyth, A.M., Parker, A.L., & Pease, D.L. (2002). A study of enjoyment of peas. Journal of
Abnormal Eating, 8 (3). Retrieved February 20, 2003, from the PsycARTICLES database.
8. Dissertation or thesis.
Doctoral dissertation abstracted in Dissertation Abstracts International and obtained from UMI
Bower, D.L. (1993). Employee assistant programs supervisory referrals. Dissertation
Abstracts International, 54 (01), 534B. (UMI No. 9315947)
Doctoral dissertation abstracted in DAI and obtained from university
Bower, D.L. (1993). Employee assistant programs supervisory referrals (Doctoral dissertation,
Cornell University, 1990). Dissertation Abstracts International, 54 , 417.
Unpublished
Wilfley, D.E. (1989). Interpersonal analyses of bulimia . Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
University of Missouri, Columbia.
Almeida, D.M. (1990). Fathers’ participation in family work: Consequences for fathers’ stress .
Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
9. Email or electronic newsgroup.
No personal communication (email, interview, letter, etc.) should be included in the reference list. In the text, cite the communicator’s name, the fact that it was personal communication, and the date of the communication.
(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).
A.P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (personal communication, November 3, 2002).
Online forum or discussion board posting
Include the title of the message and the URL of the newsgroup or discussion board.
Frook, B.D. (1999, July 23). New inventions in the cyberworld of toylandia [Msg 25]. Message posted to http://groups.earthlink.com/forum/messages/00025.html
If the author provides a real name, use their real name, but if only the screen name is available, then use that. Provide the exact date of the posting. Follow the date with the
7

subject line, the thread of the message (not in italics). Provide any identifiers in brackets after the title.
10. Film.
Producer, P.P. (Producer), & Director, D.D. (Director). (Date of publication). Title of motion picture [Motion picture]. Country of origin: Studio or distributor.
Smith, J.D. (Producer), & Smithee, A.F. (Director). (2001). Really big disaster movie [Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures.
If a movie or video tape is not available in wide distribution, add the following to your citation after the country of origin: (Available from Distributor name, full address).
Harris, M. (Producer), & Turley, M.J. (Director). (2002). Writing labs: A history [Motion picture]. (Available from Purdue University Pictures, 500 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN
47907)
11. Internet.
Direct readers as closely as possible to the information being cited. Whenever possible, reference specific documents rather than home or menu pages. Provide addresses that work. At a minimum, a reference of an Internet source should provide a document title or description, a date and an address (URL). When ever possible, identify the author as well. the URL is critical. If it doesn’t work, readers will not be able to find your cited material, and your credibility will suffer. Test the URLs in your references regularly. If the document you are citing has moved, update the URL so that it points to the correct location.
Web page
Author, A.A., & Author, B.B. (Date of publication). Title of document . Retrieved month date, year, from http://Web address
When an Internet document is more than one page, provide a URL that links to the home page or entry page for the document. If there is no date available for the document, use (n.d.).
Chapter or section of Web document
Author, A.A., & Author, B.B. (Date of publication). Title of article. In Title of book or larger document (chapter or section number). Retrieved month day, year from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Engelshcall, R.S. (1997). Module mod_rewrite: URL Rewriting Engine. In Apache HTTP
Server Version 1.3 Documentation (Apache modules.) Retrieved March 10, 2006, from http://httpd.apache.org/docs/1.3/mod/mod_rewrite.html
Use a chapter or section identifier and provide a URL that links directly to the chapter
8

section.
No author
GVU's 8th WWW user survey . (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/usersurveys/survey1997-10/
If the author of a document is not identified, begin the reference with the title of the document.
Document on university or department website
Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix, D.H. (1993). Technology and education: New wine in new bottles: Choosing pasts and imagining educational futures . Retrieved August 24,
2000, from Columbia University, Institute for Learning Technologies Web site: http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwine1.html
If a document is contained within a large and complex website (e.g. for a university or a government agency), identify the host organization and the relevant programme or department before giving the URL for the document itself. Precede the URL with a colon.
12. Interview.
No personal communication (email, interview, letter, etc.) should be included in the reference list. In the text, cite the communicator’s name, the fact that it was personal communication, and the date of the communication.
(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).
A.P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (personal communication, November 3, 2002).
13. Journal article.
Authors are named by last name followed by initials (closed up); publication year goes between parentheses, followed by a full stop (period). Only the first word and proper nouns in the title are capitalized. The periodical title has main words capitalized, and is followed by the volume number which, with the title, is also italicized.
Author, A.A., Author, B.B., & Author, C.C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number (issue number), pages.
Journals that are paginated by volume begin with page 1 in issue 1, and continue numbering issue 2 where issue 1 ended, etc.
Harlow, H.F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of
Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55 , 893 –896.
9

Journals paginated by issue begin with page 1 every issue; therefore, the issue number gets indicated in parentheses after the volume. The parentheses and issue number are not italicized.
Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15 (30), 5 –13.
One author
Green, T.J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions in
Psychological Science, 11 , 7 –10.
Multiple authors
Wegener, D.T., & Petty, R.E. (1994). Mood management across affective states: The hedonic contingency hypothesis. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 66 , 1034 –1048.
Kernis, M.H., Cornell, D.P., Sun, C.R., Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (1993). There’s more to selfesteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 65 , 1190 –1204.
If there are more than six authors, list the first six and then et al.
Harris, M., Karper, E., Stacks, G., Hoffman, D., DeNiro, R., Cruz, P., et al. (2001). Writing labs and the Hollywood connection. Journal of Film and Writing, 44 (3), 213 –245.
Two or more works by the same author
Use the author’s name for all entries and list the entries by the year (earliest first).
Green, T.J. (1981).
Green, T.J. (1999).
When an author appears both as a sole author and, in another citation, as the first author of a group, list the one-author entries first.
Green, T.J. (1999). Friends’ influence on students’ adjustment to school. Educational
Psychologist, 34 , 15 –28.
Green, T.J., & Keefe, K. (1995). Friends’ influence on adolescents’ adjustment to school.
Child Development, 66 , 1312 –1329.
References that have the same first author and different second and/or third authors are arranged alphabetically by the last name of the second author, or the last name of the third if the first and second authors are the same.
Wegener, D.T., Kerr, N.L., Fleming, M.A., & Petty, R.E. (2000). Flexible corrections of juror judgments: Implications for jury instructions. Psychology, Public Policy, & Law, 6 , 629 –654.
10

Wegener, D.T., Petty, R.E., & Klein, D.J. (1994). Effects of mood on high elaboration attitude change: The mediating role of likelihood judgments. European Journal of Social Psychology,
24 , 25 –43.
Two or more works by the same author in the same year
If you are using more than one reference by the same author (or the same group of authors listed in the same order) published in the same year, organize them in the reference list alphabetically by the title of the article or chapter. Then assign letter suffixes to the year. Refer to these sources in your text as they appear in your reference list, e.g.: ‘Green (1981a) makes similar claims...’
Green, T.J. (1981a). Age changes and changes over time in prosocial intentions and behavior between friends. Developmental Psychology, 17 , 408 –416.
Green, T.J. (1981b). Effects of friendship on prosocial intentions and behavior. Child
Development, 52 , 636 –643.
Special issue
Barlow, D.H. (Ed.). (1991). Diagnoses, dimensions, and DSM-IV [Special issue]. Journal of
Abnormal Psychology , 100 (3).
Supplement
Regier, A.A. (1990). The epidemiology of anxiety disorders. Journal of Psychiatric Research ,
24 (Suppl. 2), 3 –14.
Translated title
Isin g, M. (2000). Intensitätsabhängigkeit evozierter Potenzial in EEG: Sind impulsive
Personen Augmenter oder Reducer? [Intensity dependence in event-related EEG potentials:
Are impulsive individuals augmenters or reducers?]. Zeitschrift für Differentielle und
Diagnostische Psychologie , 21, 208 –217.
If the original version is used as the source, cite the original version. Use diacritical marks and capital letters for the original language if needed. If the English translation is used as the source, cite the English translation.
Online article
Online articles follow the same guidelines as printed articles. Include all information available, including issue number.
At present, the majority of the articles retrieved from online publications in psychology and the behavioral sciences are exact duplicates of those in their print versions and are unlikely to have additional analyses and data attached. This is likely to change in the future. In the meantime, the same basic primary journal reference can be used, but if you have viewed the article only in its electronic form, you should add
11

in brackets after the article title [Electronic version]:
VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates [Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliographic
Research , 5 , 117 –123.
Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web. A List Apart: For People Who Make
Websites, 149 . Retrieved May 2, 2006, from http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving
Kenneth, I.A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. Journal of Buddhist
Ethics, 8 . Retrieved February 20, 2001, from http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html
If you are referencing an online article that you have reason to believe has been changed (e.g., the format differs from the print version or page numbers are not indicated) or that includes additional data or commentaries, you will need to add the date you retrieved the document and the URL.
VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Research , 5 , 117 –123.
Retrieved October 13, 2001, from http://jbr.org/articles.html
If the article appears as a printed version as well, the URL is not required. Use
‘Electronic version’ in brackets after the article’s title.
Whitmeyer, J.M. (2000). Power through appointment [Electronic version]. Social Science
Research, 29 , 535 –555.
Internet-only
In an Internet periodical, volume and issue numbers often are not relevant. If they are not used, the name of the periodical is all that can be provided in the reference.
Whenever possible, the URL should link directly to the article. Break a URL that goes to another line after a slash or before a full stop (period). Do not insert (or allow your word-processing program to insert) a hyphen at the break.
Author, A.A., & Author, B.B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of online periodical, volume number (issue number if available). Retrieved month day, year, from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Fredrickson, B.L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and wellbeing.
Prevention & Treatment , 3 , Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html
Electronic copy of a journal article retrieved from database
Borman, W.C., Hanson, M.A., Oppler, S.H., Pulakos, E.D., & White
,
L.A. (1993). Role of early supervisory experience in supervisor performance. Journal of Applied Psychology , 78 ,
443 –449. Retrieved October 23, 2000, from the PsycARTICLES database.
When referencing material obtained by searching an aggregated database, follow the
12

format appropriate to the work retrieved and add a retrieval statement that gives the date of retrieval and the proper name of the database.
14. Newspaper or magazine article.
Henry, W.A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time, 135 , 28 –31.
Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. The
Country Today , pp. 1A, 2A.
Give the month for monthly publications and the day for weeklies. Unlike other periodicals, p. or pp. precedes page numbers for a newspaper reference.
No author
New drug appears to cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington
Post , p. A12.
In text, use a short title:
(‘New drug’, 1993)
Letter to the Editor
Moller, G. (2002, August). Ripples versus rumbles [Letter to the editor]. Scientific American,
287 (2), 12.
15. Personal communication.
No personal communication (email, interview, letter, etc.) should be included in the reference list. In the text, cite the communicator’s name, the fact that it was personal communication, and the date of the communication.
(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).
16. Reference work.
Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians (6th ed., Vols. 1 –
20). London: Macmillan.
Bergmann, P.G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopaedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501 –
508). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.
17. Report.
Technical report
Mazzeo, J. (1991) Comparability of computer and paper-and-pencil scores (College Board
Rep. No. 91). Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.
13

Report from a private organization
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with eating disorders (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Government report
National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illnesses (DHHS
Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
University report
Shuker, R., Openshaw, R., & Soler, J. (Eds.). (1990). Youth, media, and moral panic (Delta
Research Monograph No, 11). Palmerston North, New Zealand: Massey University,
Department of Education.
18. Review.
Baumeister, R.F. (1993). Exposing the self-knowledge myth [Review of the book The selfknower:
A hero under control ]. Contemporary Psychology, 38 , 466 –467.
Kraus, S.J. (1992). Visions of psychology: A videotext of classic studies [Review of the motion picture Discovering Psychology ]. Contemporary Psychology, 37, 1146 –1147.
19. Software.
Miller, M.E. (1993). The Interactive Tester (Version 4.0) [Computer software]. Westminster,
CA: Psytek Services.
20. TV or radio.
Broadcast
Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (1993, October 11). The MacNeil/Lehrer news hour
[Television broadcast]. New York and Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting Service.
Series
Miller, R. (Producer). (1989). The mind [Television series]. New York: WNET.
21. Unpublished work.
Book
Auerbach, J.S. (in press). The origins of narcissism. In J.M. Masling & R.F. Bornstein (Eds.),
Empirical studies of psychoanalytic theories: Vol. 4. Psychoanalytic perspectives on psychopathology . Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
In text, use (Auerbach, in press).
14

Journal article
A paper that has been submitted to a journal and accepted for publication is considered in press. Do not give a year, vol or page numbers until the article is published.
Zuckerman, M., & Kieffer, S.C. (in press). Race differences in face-ism: Does facial prominence imply dominance? Journal of Personality .
In text, use
(Zuckerman & Kieffer, in press)
In the reference list, place the in-press entry after other entries by the same author or group of authors. If there is more than one in-press entry, list them alphabetically by the first word after the date, and assign lower-case letters to the date element (e.g. in press-a).
For a paper in progress or submitted but not yet accepted, do not give the journal name or publisher.
Zuckerman, M., & Kieffer, S.C. (2006). Race differences in face-ism: Does facial prominence imply dominance? Manuscript submitted for publication.
Manuscript
Stinson, C., Milbrath, C., Reidbord, S., & Bucci, W. (1992). Thematic segmentation of psychotherapy transcripts for convergent analyses. Unpublished manuscript. or
Stinson, C., Milbrath, C., Reidbord, S., & Bucci, W. (1992). Thematic segmentation of psychotherapy transcripts for convergent analyses. Unpublished manuscript, University of
Massachusetts at Amherst.
Unpublished raw data
Bordi, F. (1992). [Auditory response latencies in rat auditory cortex]. Unpublished raw data.
15