Updated 13 August 2014 DMG CURRICULUM VITAE DON MARSHALL GASH, PH.D. BUSINESS ADDRESS: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology University of Kentucky College of Medicine Room MN220, Medical Science Building Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0298 Phone: (859) 323-5820 Fax: (859) 323-5946 E-mail: dongash@email.uky.edu EDUCATION: B.S. in Zoology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 1967 Ph. D. in Biology, Dartmouth College Hanover, New Hampshire, 1975 Postdoctoral Fellowship in Cancer Research University of Southern California, 1975-77 RESEARCH AND PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: 2013-present Director/Test Facility Manager, GLP Neuroscience Service Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Anatomy and Neurobiology 1993-present Alumni Professor and Chair, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Anatomy and Neurobiology 1999-2007 Director, Research Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine 1996-1998 Acting Director, Research Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine 1987-93 Professor, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Neurobiology and Anatomy 1982-87 Associate Professor, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Neurobiology and Anatomy 1977-81 Assistant Professor, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, Anatomy and the Center for Brain Research 1975-77 Postdoctoral Research Training Fellow, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, Department of Anatomy 1971-75 Graduate Studies, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, Departments of Biology and Anatomy 1968-71 Captain, USAF, Deputy Director of Material, AFSPPF; provided managerial support for national level research projects 10 May 2012 Don M. Gash HONORS: 2007 2001 2000-2007 1993-present 1985-1992 1967 William R Willard Dean’s Recognition Award, College of Medicine Albert D. and Elizabeth H. Kirwan Memorial Prize for Research and Scholarly Achievement Wethington Research Award, University of Kentucky Endowed Alumni Chair, University of Kentucky Medical Center Javits Neuroscience Investigator Award John W. Oswald Award for Outstanding Undergraduate Research and Creativity GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE TRAINING: 19-20 May 2010: GLP Management Training and Consultation. Lexington KY Conducted by Deborah Eyer Garvin, Pacific Rim Consulting, Inc. 11-12 January 2010: GLP Essentials for Technical Staff and GLPs for Study Directors and Management. Lexington KY Conducted by Deborah Eyer Garvin, Pacific Rim Consulting 8-9 August 2011: Annual GLP Training for Technical Staff, Study Directors and Management, Lexington KY Conducted by Hal Patterson, Director of Quality Assurance, ISTA Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 22-23 April 2012: Developing a GLP Compliant Program in a University Setting. Society for Quality Assurance, Miami, Florida INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG STUDIES: Investigator – Sponsor of IND 10111: Methionyl Glial Cell-Line Derived Neurotrophic Factor (human, recombinant, E. Coli, Amgen) Delivered with Medtronic SynchroMed Infusion System, Intraputamenal. 2001 – 2002. Amgen (Thousand Oaks, CA) assumed responsibility for the IND in November, 2002. PATENTS & PATENT APPLICATIONS (IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN): Steven S. Gill, Don M. Gash, Greg A. Gerhardt. Method of Treating Parkinson’s Disease by Intraputamenal Infusion of Glial Cell-Line Derived Neurotrophic Factor. United States and European patent pending Steven S. Gill, Don M. Gash, Greg A. Gerhardt. Method of Treating Parkinson’s Disease by Convection- Enhanced Infusion of Glial Cell-Line Derived Neurotrophic Factor to the Putamen. United States and European patent pending Luke Bradley, Don M. Gash, Greg A. Gerhardt, John D. Glass. Amidated Dopamine Neuron Stimulating Peptides for CNS Dopaminergic Upregulation. United States and European patent pending RECENT RESEARCH SUPPORT: Medtronic Master Research Agreement (DM Gash, PI) Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, MN. Delivery of Selected Small Molecules to the Brain Medtronic and Eli Lilly Master Research Agreement (DM Gash, co-PI with GA Gerhardt) Page 2 of 21 10 May 2012 Don M. Gash Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, MN and Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, IN Pre-clinical Testing of GDNFv Alnylam Master Research Agreement (DM Gash, co-Investigator; R Grondin, PI) Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Boston. Pre-clinical Testing of Alpha-synuclein siRNA COMPLETED FUNDING SUPPORT (LAST 5 YEARS): P01 AG13494 (D.M. Gash, Director) NIH-NIA Aging of Central Dopaminergic Systems in Primates 02/18/97 - 1/31/10 The central hypothesis of this Program Project is that changes in central dopaminergic pathways constitute a fundamental component of age-associated motoric declines. Currently, our studies are focusing on dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra and their projections to the caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus of the basal ganglia. Neurochemical, electrophysiological and MRI studies are underway analyzing key junctures in the neural circuitry regulating motor functions in the basal ganglia of behaviorally characterized female rhesus monkeys ranging in age from young adulthood to old age (5 – 25+ years old). P50 NS39787 (G.A. Gerhardt, Director) NIH-NINDS Restoration of Dopamine Function in Parkinson’s Disease (Project 3: Quantitative Morphometric and Immunocytochemical Analysis of Functional Recovery in Parkinson Rhesus Monkeys. D.M. Gash - PI 09/30/99 - 07/31/10 The central hypothesis of this Parkinson’s Disease Research Center Grant is that site-specific, chronic delivery of the trophic factor GDNF into the parkinsonian brain will protect and restore injured CNS dopamine neurons. Ongoing studies are focused on behavioral, neurochemical and MRI analysis rhesus monkeys with pronounced parkinsonian features receiving intracerebral infusions of GDNF. NATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL MEETINGS AND INVITED PRESENTATIONS: 1998 – 2013 William Harvey Research Conference on Novel Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration: Neurotrophins, Cytokines and Inflammation, London, England, January 29-30, 1998 GDNF National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, April 7, 1998 First Joint Meeting of the European Neuropeptide Club and the Summer Neuropeptide Conference, Gent Belgium, May 6-9, 1998 National Institute of Aging Workshop on Age-Related Neurobehavioral Research: An Integrative Cognitive Neuroscience Agenda for the 21st Century, June 3-5, 1998. GDNF Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, September 24, 1998 GDNF Investigators Meeting, Sponsored by Amgen, Inc., New York, New York October 12, 1998 Winter Conference for Brain Research, Workshop on Trophic Factors and the Human Brain: Is Site Specific Delivery Important and is it Possible? Snowmass Village, Colorado, January 29, 1999 GDNFSanders Brown Center on Aging Seminar Series, Lexington, Kentucky, March 5, 1999 University Brain Awareness Week Lecture, Lexington Kentucky, March 17, 1999 International Symposium: Degeneration and Repair in the nervous System, Seville, Spain, November 18-23, 1999 Page 3 of 21 10 May 2012 Don M. Gash National Institute on Aging and National Center for Research Resources Workshop, Aging Nonhuman Primate Resources, Bethesda Maryland January 18-19,2000 Society for Neuroscience, “Behavioral recovery in parkinsonian rhesus monkeys: chronic infusion of GDNF upregulates ventral striatal and dopamine functions.” New Orleans, Louisiana, November 4-9, 2000 Neurochemistry Winter Conference, Keynote Lecture, “Programmed chronic delivery of GDNF for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease,” Sölden, Austria, March 17-22, 2001 American Society for Neurotransplantation and Repair, “Pharmacological MRI mapping of basal ganglia circuitry in awake rhesus monkeys: changes in aging and Parkinson’s disease.” Clearwater, Florida, May 3-6, 2001 American Aging Association: Preconference Symposium: Nonhuman Primate Models of Aging, Madison, Wisconsin, May 31-June1, 2001. John Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, “GDNF: Regeneration and Functional Recovery in the Aged and Parkinsonian Brain,” October 23, 2001 National Institute on Aging, Gerontology Research Center, “Universal Motor Slowing in Aging” Baltimore, MD, January 7, 2002 National Neurology Forum, Controversies in Neurology, Plenary Address “GDNF Therapy for Parkinson’s Disease,” Madrid, Spain, February 9, 2002 University of Navarra, “GDNF Therapy for Parkinson’s Disease,” Pamplona, Spain, February 11, 2002 Medical College of Georgia, “fMRI Studies in Awake Nonhuman Primates,” Augusta, GA, March 12, 2002 Amgen, Inc. “Overview of GDNF Studies in Nonhuman Primates” Thousand Oaks, CA, September 18, 2002 Sanders Brown Center on Aging “Aging, Parkinson’s Disease and GDNF Therapy,” University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, October 4, 2002 Society for Neuroscience, “Chronic intracerebral GDNF infusion improves motor functions and upregulates the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in aged rhesus monkeys,” Orlando, FL, November 6, 2002 Winter Conference on Brain Research.“Trophic Factor Therapy, What Works and What Does Not?” Panel organizer and speaker, Snowbird, UT, January 30, 2003 Life Sciences without Boundaries Conference. Neuroscience, Panelist, Cincinnati, Ohio, March 10, 2002 Cell Transplantation and Parkinson’s Disease: Where Do We Go From Here? (MJ Fox Foundation and Kinetics Foundation) Preclinical Models (Co-chair) San Francisco, CA, March 25 & 26, 2003 Baltic Summer School: Trophic Factor Therapy for Parkinson’s Disease. University of Kiel, Germany, August 27, 2003 Amgen Phase 2 GDNF Clinical Trial Outcome Evaluation Meeting, Chicago, IL, August 4-5, 2004 Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Disease. GDNF Summit, New York, NY, Oct 14-15, 2004 Amgen DSMB and Investigators’ Meeting, Thousand Oaks, CA, Nov 11, 2004 Udall Centers for Excellence for Parkinson’s Disease Research – 6th Annual Meeting, Washington, DC Nov 30-Dec 2, 2004 Winter Conference on Brain Research: Special Poster Presentation: Unilateral intraputamenal GDNF improves bilateral motor functions in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Copper Mountain, CO, January 24-30, 2004 Winter Conference on Brain Research. Chair of Panel Session: Cells, “Genes or Machines: What’s best for treating Parkinson’s disease?” Breckenridge, CO Jan 26, 2005 Page 4 of 21 10 May 2012 Don M. Gash University of Helsinki, GDNF: The Human Dimension; Helsinki, Finland, September 6, 2005 Udall Centers for Excellence for Parkinson’s Disease Research – 7h Annual Meeting, Boston, MA; September 20-22, 2005 Amgen. GDNF Preclinical Data Meeting. Thousand Oaks, CA November 11, 2005 Winter Conference on Brain Research. Workshop: Translational Neuroscience and Parkinson’s Disease: Obstacles to Progress. Steamboat, CO Jan 26, 2006. Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville. GDNF for Parkinson’s Disease: From Nonhuman Primates to Patients. Jacksonville, FL March 3, 2006 Banbury Conference on Parkinson’s Disease: Insights from Genetic and Toxin Models. “Toxininduced and age-associated parkinsonism in rhesus monkeys.” Cold Spring Harbor, NY May 15, 2006 1ST International Conference on the Biology and Therapeutic Potential of GDF-5: Use of Neurotrophic Factors in PD. Boston, MA , October 25, 2006 Udall Centers Meeting : Trichloroethylene, Mitochondrial Toxicity and Parkinsonism, University of Pittsburgh, PA, September 25-27, 2007 Aging Symposium on the Role of Genes, Environment and Chance in Determining Aging. CNS Mitochondrial Dysfunctions and Age-associated Motor Declines in Rhesus Monkeys. 37th Annual Meeting of the American Aging Association, Boulder CO May 30-June 2, 2008 Hereditary Disease Foundation, Progress towards a Clinical Trial of RNAi-based Therapy in HD, July 16-17, 2008, New York, New York Organizer of the Lexington Conference on Translational Neuroscience: Models of Aging, Lexington, KY, Oct 8-10, 2008 Udall Centers Annual Meeting, DNSP-11, Chicago, IL Oct 21-23, 2008 Lundbeck Foundation Symposium: GDNF: Lessons Learned and Future Prospects, Copenhagen, May 18, 2009 videocast www.lundbeckfonden.dk/en/donm.gash.asp Institute of Biotechnology, GDNF: Lessons Learned and Future Prospects University of Helsinki, Finland, May 20, 2009 World Congress on Huntington’s Disease; Developing RNAi Therapeutics targeting Huntingtin with Local CNS Delivery: Nonhuman Primate Studies. (Poster Presentation) Vanvouver BC, September 15, 2009 Lilly/Medtronic Advisory Meeting: Intraparenchymal Delivery for the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease. Dallas/Fort Worth; February 18, 19, 2010 NIH Meeting: Optimizing the Use of Sham Neurosurgical Procedures in Clinical Trials for Neurodegenerative Diseases: Scientific and Ethical Considerations. Bethesda, MD; June 30July 1, 2010 Neurology Grand Rounds: Back to the Future: Targeted Drug Delivery for Parkinson’s Disease. Continuing Education University of Kentucky College of Medicine. 23 August 2011 Neuroscience Symposium: Intracranial Drug Delivery Systems for Treatment of Neurological Disease. Continuing Education University of Kentucky College of Medicine. 19 November 2011 Targeted Drug Delivery Conference: Intraputamenal Infusion of siRNA for Huntington’s Disease. San Francisco. 4-5 May 2012 Page 5 of 21 10 May 2012 Don M. Gash OTHER PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES: Scientific Advisory Board of the American Paralysis Association, 1986 - 1994. Member of the Neuroscience, Behavior and Sociology of Aging Review Subcommittee A, National Institute on Aging. 1990 - 1994, Chair of Committee, 1994. Review manuscripts for Nature, PNAS, Neuroscience, Journal of Neuroscience, Neuroscience Letters, Annals of Neurology, Experimental Neurology University of Kentucky Research Foundation Board of Directors, Executive Committee Member, 1999-2001 Board of Scientific Counselors, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, January 2003 -2006, Chair 2005-2006 NIH Reviewer: Recent Examples NIDA Board of Scientific Counselors, Baltimore, MD, Jan 11, 2007 NINDS Training Grant and Career Development Review Committee, Bethesda, MD Jan 24-24, 2007 NINDS K99R00 Review Panel, Washington, DC, July 2. 2007 NIA Special Emphasis Panel, Animal Resources, Phone Review, Feb 11, 2008 NINDS NSD-B Study Section, Baltimore, MD Feb 28, 2008 NNA-NIA Program Review, May 19, 2008 NIDA-BSC Program Review, May 31-June 1, 2009 Member of Neurological Sciences Training (NST-2) Subcommittee r, NINDS-NIH October 30, 2008 thru June 30, 2011 DOCTORAL STUDENTS TRAINED: Pre (P) Post (G) Trainee Year Completed Subsequent Training or First Faculty Position G J. Wiseman (MS) 1979 Senior scientist Ciba-Geigy Pharmaceuticals, NJ Physician G D. Roher (MS) 1983 SUNY Medical School Neurosurgeon P J. Scholer (w/ J. Sladek) 1981 Asst. Professor Anatomy LSU Private Business, New Orleans, LA Asst. Professor, State Medical School Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Psychologist, NY Mental Retardation & Developmental Disabilites Private Practice Janeiro, Brazil Assoc. Professor Medical School Current Position (if different) Private Practice P G. Brito (w/G.J. Thomas) S. Sharoun (w/M. Notter) P T. Collier (PhD) (w/ J. Sladek) 1985 G J. Herman (PhD) 1986 G J. Lopez-Lozano (PhD) 1986 Scientist University of Rochester Medical Center Postdoc, Univ. of Michigan Mental Health Research Inst. Asst. Professor, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Univ. Autonoma, Madrid, Spain P J. Kordower (PhD) 1987 Asst. Research Professor University of Rochester Professor Rush Presbyterian Medical School, Chicago P H. White (MD) 1988 Asst. Professor Medical College of Virginia Chief, Rehabilitation Medicine, Jewish Home & Hospital NY, NY P 1982 1984 Rio de Rush Professor, University of Cincinnati Page 6 of 21 10 May 2012 Don M. Gash P M. Fiandaca (MD) 1988 Asst. Professor, Univ. of Massachussetts Medical Center Private Practice Maryland P M. Kaniucki (MD, PhD) 1988 Asst. Professor Capital Federal, Argentina Private Practice Argentina DOCTORAL STUDENTS TRAINED (CON’T): Pre (P) Post (G) Trainee Year Completed Subsequent Training or First Faculty Position G F. Marciano (MD, PhD) 1989 Medical Student SUNY Albany P 1989 P G. Bing (MD, PhD) V. Theerapancharoen (MD) G S. Pearlman (PhD) 1991 P R. Smith (PhD) 1991 G/P F. Junn (MD) 1993 Postdoc, NYU Professor Mahidol University, Thailand Technical Writer, Fisons Pharmaceuticals Rochester NY Scientist, Schering Plough Bloomfield, NJ Dept. of Neurosurgery, Univ. of Toronto P Z. Zhang (MD) 1993 P Y. Ai (MD) 1994 P M. Bresjanac (MD) P G. Seigel (PhD) 1990 Current Position (if different) Neurosurgeon, Barrows Research Inst. Phoenix, Arizona Assoc. Professor, Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of KY Program Specialist, NIA Baltimore, MD Chief Resident Neurosurgery University of Toronto 1994 Capital Inst. of Medicine Beijing, China Capital Inst. of Medicine Beijing, China Ljubljana School of Medicine, Slovenia Assoc. Professor Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of KY Scientist III Anatomy & Neurobiology ,University of KY Asst. Professor, Ljubljana School of Medicine, Slovenia 1994 SUNY Albany Scientist, University of Rochester Asst. Professor Okayama Medical School Okayama, Japan Associate Professor Moravian College K. Kakai (MD) (w/ J. Hansen) 1994 P P C. Kearns (PhD) Y. Miyoshi (MD) 1997 1997 Okayama Medical School Okayama, Japan Asst. Professor Wingate University NC Neurosurgeon Okayama, Japan P/G 2001 University of KY College of Pharmacy P Gloria Umberger N. Maswood (PhD) (w/ G. Gerhardt) 2001 P/G R. Grondin (PhD) 2001 P J. Zhang (MD) 2003 P/G Y. Chen 2005 P Xiuquan He 2007-2009 P A. Richardson 2009 Scientist, NIA Baltimore, MD Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie Quebec, Canada Capital Inst. of Medicine Beijing, China Postdoctoral scholar, Anatomy & Neurobiology University of KY Shandong University China MD/PhD Program Assistant Professor, Anatomy & Neurobiology University of KY P J. Sonne 2013 P M. Stenslik 2014 G L. Potts 2015 Research Scientist Meyers-Squibb Bristol- Assoc. Professor Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of KY Biotech Consultant US Army Officer Current graduate student, Anatomy & Neurobiology University of KY Post-Doctoral Scholar, Anatomy and Neurobiology Page 7 of 21 10 May 2012 Don M. Gash PEER REVIEWED, BOOK CHAPTERS, REVIEWS AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS: 1. Gash, DM Electrophoresis pattern in mouse serum proteins due to dieldrin, endrin, and DDT poisoning. Undergraduate Research and Creativity, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; pp. 4-17 (1967). 2. Gash, DM Properties of Rathke's pouch and surrounding ectoderm transplanted into the adult rat. Doctoral Dissertation, Dartmouth College; p. 117, 1975. 3. Gash, DM, T Roos and W Chambers. Development of Rathke's Pouch tissue transplanted into adult hypophysectomized female rats. Neuroendocrinology 19:214-226, 1975. 4. Gash, DM and W Chambers. Development of intratesticular implants of rat pituitary primordia. Experientia 33:1512-1513 (1977). 5. Gash, DM, N Ahmad and J Schechter. Cytodifferentiation of pituitary primordia transplanted to the kidney capsule of adult hosts. Anat. Rec. 189:149-160, 1977. 6. Schechter, J, DM Gash and N Ahmad. Neuroembryogenesis of ventral hypothalamus transplanted to kidney capsule. Cell Tiss. Res. 190:247-254, 1978. 7. Gash, DM, C Sladek and D Scott. Cytodifferentiation of the supraoptic nucleus correlated with vasopressin synthesis in the rat. Brain Res. 181:345-355, 1980. 8. Gash, DM, N Ahmad, R Weiner and J Schechter. Development of presumptive mammotrophs in isografts is dependent on the endocrine state of the host. Endocrinology 106:1246-1252, 1980. 9. Gash, DM and JR Sladek, Jr. Vasopressin neurons grafted into Brattleboro rats: viability and activity. Peptides 1:11-14, 1980. 10. Hoffman, GE, LB Dick and DM Gash. Development of somatostatin neurons: Examination by the technique of combined autoradiography and immunocytochemistry. Peptides 1, Suppl. 1:79-83, 1980. 11. Gash, DM, CD Sladek and JR Sladek, Jr. A model system for analyzing functional development of transplanted peptidergic neurons. Peptides 1, Suppl. 1:125-134, 1980. 12. Sladek, CD, DM Gash, H Khachaturian, DE Scott and JR Sladek, Jr. Maturation of the supraoptic nucleus: A multidisciplinary analysis. Peptides 1, Suppl. 1:51-67, 1980. 13. Gash, DM, JR Sladek, Jr. and CD Sladek. Functional development of grafted vasopressin neurons. Science 210:1367-1369, 1980. 14. Gash, DM and DE Scott. Fetal hypothalamic transplants in the third ventricle of the adult rat brain: Correlative scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Cell Tiss. Res. 211:191206, 1980. 15. Gash, DM Brain transplants are next. Psychology Today, December, p. 116 (1981). 16. Brito, GNO, GJ Thomas, SI Gingold and DM Gash. Behavioral characteristics of vasopressindeficient rats (Brattleboro strain). Brain Res. Bull. 6:71-75, 1981. 17. Gash, DM, N Ahmad and J Schechter. Comparison of gonadotroph, thyrotroph and mammotroph development in situ, in transplants, and in organ culture. Neuroendocrinology 34:222-228, 1982. 18. Schechter, J, DM Gash and N Ahmad. Estradiol stimulation of pituitary primordia transplanted to the kidney capsule. Cell Tiss. Res. 227:41-53, 1982. Page 8 of 21 10 May 2012 Don M. Gash 19. Scott, D, DM Gash, JR Sladek, Jr., C Clayton, JA Mitchell, S Caldron and WK Paull. Organization of the mammalian cerebral ventricular system: ultrastructural correlates of CSF Neuropeptide secretion. Front. of Hormone Res. 9:15-35 (1982). 20. Brito, GNO, GJ Thomas, DM Gash and JH Kitchen. The behavior of Brattleboro rats. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 394:740-748 (1982). 21. Gash, DM, PH Warren, LB Dick, JR Sladek, Jr. and J Ison. Behavioral modification in Brattleboro rats due to vasopressin administration and neural transplantation. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 394:672-681 (1982). 22. Warren, PW and DM Gash. Hyperreflexive Behavior in Brattleboro rats. Peptides 4:421-424, 1983. 23. Gash, DM, GJ Boer, MFD Notter and JR Sladek, Jr. Transplanted vasopressin neurons and central nervous system effects of vasopressin. Prog. Brain Res. 60:189-195 (1983). 24. Gash, DM, G Boer, MFD Notter and JR Sladek, Jr. Development and function of transplanted vasopressin neurons. Psychopharm. Bull. 19:308-310 (1983). 25. Gash, DM and GJ Thomas. What is the importance of vasopressin in memory processes? Trends NeuroSci. 6:197-198 (1983). 26. Scharoun, SL, DM Gash and MFD Notter. In vitro and in vivo studies on development and regeneration of vasopressin neurons. Peptides 5 (Suppl. 1):157-167 (1984). 27. Scott, DE, D Sherman, FP Gibbs, WK Paull and DM Gash. The neuroanatomical and neurovascular organization of normal fetal hypothalamic explants in the third cerebral ventricle of Brattleboro rats with homozygous diabetes insipidus. Peptides 5(Suppl. 1):169-183 (1984). 28. Notter, MFD., DM Gash, CD Sladek and SL Scharoun. Vasopressin in reaggregated cell cultures of the developing hypothalamus: Brain Res. Bull. 12:307-313, 1984. 29. Boer, GJ, N Schluter and DM Gash. A procedure for small volume brain grafting; vasopressin cells in neonatal and adult Brattleboro rats. J. Neurosci. Methods 11:39-45, 1984. 30. Sladek, JR, Jr., DM Gash and TJ Collier. Transplantation of peptidergic and aminergic neurons. In: Catecholamines: Neuropharmacology and Central Nervous System - Therapeutic Aspects, A.R. Liss, Inc., New York, 1984, pp. 211-217. 31. Gupta, M, DL Felten and DM Gash. MPTP alters central catecholamine neurons in addition to the nigrostriatal system. Brain Res. Bull. 13:737-742, 1984. 32. Gash, DM Neural transplants in mammals: A historical overview. In: Neural Transplants: Development and Function, (JR Sladek, Jr. and DM Gash, Editors), Plenum Press, New York, 1984, pp. 1-12. 33. Sladek, JR, Jr. and DM Gash. Morphological and functional properties of transplanted vasopressin neurons. In: Neural Transplants: Development and Function (JR Sladek, Jr. and DM Gash, Editors), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 243-282, 1984. 34. Gash, DM and JR Sladek, Jr. Functional and non-functional transplants: Studies with grafted hypothalamic and preoptic neurons. Trends NeuroSci. 7:391-394, 1984. 35. Gash, DM, SJ Wiegand, FF Marciano and JR Sladek, Jr. Plasticity of vasopressin neurons in fetal hypothalamic transplants. In: Fetal Neuroendocrinology, Proceedings of a Symposium (F Ellendorff, PD Gluckman, and N Parvizi, Editors), Perinotology Press, Ithaca, New York, 1984, pp. 71-82. Page 9 of 21 10 May 2012 Don M. Gash 36. Gupta, M, MFD Notter, S Felten and DM Gash. Differentiation characteristics of human neuroblastoma cells in the presence of growth modulators and antimitotic drugs. Develop. Brain Res. 19:21-29, 1985. 37. Gash, DM, MFD Notter, LB Dick, AL Kraus, SH Okawara, S Wechkin and RJ Joynt. Cholinergic neurons transplanted into the neocortex and hippocampus of primates: Studies on African Green monkeys. In: Neural Grafting in the Mammalian CNS, (A Bjorklund and U Stenevi, Editors), Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1985, pp. 595-603. 38. Kaplan, AS, DM Gash, D Flood and PD Coleman. A Golgi study of hypothalamic transplants in young and old host rats. Neurobiology Aging 6:205-211, 1985. 39. Marciano, FF, DM Gash and JR Sladek, Jr. Transplanted vasopressin neurons: Structural and functional correlates. In: Neural Grafting in the Mammalian CNS, (A Bjorklund and U Stenevi, Editors), Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1985, pp. 617-627. 40. Collier, TJ, DM Gash, V Bruemmer and JR Sladek, Jr. Impaired regulation of arousal in old age and the consequences for learning and memory: Replacement of brain norepinephrine via neuron transplants improves memory performance in aged F344 rats. In: Homeostatic Functions and Aging (BB Davis and WG Wood, Editors), Raven Press, New York, 1985, pp. 99110. 41. Thomas, GJ and DM Gash. Mammillothalamic tracts and representational memory. Behav. Neurosci. 99:621-630, 1985. 42. del Cerro, M, DM Gash, GN Rao, MFD Notter, SJ Wiegand and M Gupta. Intraocular retinal transplants. Inv. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 26:1182-1185, 1985. 43. Lyness, J, AG Robinson, MN Sheridan and DM Gash. Antidiuretic effects of oxytocin in the Brattleboro rat. Experientia 41:1444-1446, 1985. 44. Boer, GJ, DM Gash, LB Dick and N Schluter. Vasopressin neuron survival in neonatal Brattleboro rats; Critical factors in graft development and innervation of the host brain. Neuroscience 15:1087-1109, 1985. 45. Gash, DM, TJ Collier and JR Sladek, Jr. Neural transplantation: A review of recent developments and potential applications to the aged brain. Neurobiology Aging 6:131-150 (1985). 46. Schechter, J, DM Gash and N Ahmad. Mesenchymal influences on the development of the adenohypophysis in the rat. Cell Tiss Res. 241:67-76, 1985. 47. Kordower, JH and DM Gash. Animals and experimentation: An evaluation of animal models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Integrative Psych. 4:64-80 (1986). 48. Gash, DM, MFD Notter and JH Kordower. Cognitive dysfunctions and neural implants. In: Treatment Development Strategies for Alzheimer's Disease (T Crook, R Bartus, S Ferris and S Gershon, Editors) Mark Rowley Assoc., Inc., Conn., pp. 567-584, 1986. 49. Notter, MFD, M Gupta and DM Gash. Neuronal properties of monkey adrenal medulla in vitro. Cell Tiss. Res. 244: 69-76, 1986. 50. Herman, JP, GJ Thomas, JF Laycock, IB Gartside and DM Gash. Behavioral variability within the Brattleboro and Long Evans rat strains. Physiol. Behav. 36:713-721, 1986. 51. Herman, JP, GJ Thomas and DM Gash. Behavioral characteristics of Roman high avoidance rats homozygous for diabetes insipidus (RHA:di/di). Behav. Brain Res. 20: 27-38, 1986. 52. Marciano, FF and DM Gash. Structural and functional relationships of grafted vasopressin neurons. Brain Res. 370:338-342, 1986. Page 10 of 21 10 May 2012 Don M. Gash 53. Herman, JP, CD Sladek, JT Hansen and DM Gash. Characterization of a new rodent model of diabetes insipidus: The Roman high avoidance rat homozygous for diabetes insipidus. Neuroendocrinology 43:340-347, 1986. 54. Kordower, JH, SY Felten, DL Felten and DM Gash. Behavioral sequelae following MPTP administration in mice. In: MPTP: A neurotoxin producing a Parkinsonian syndrome (S Markey, N Castagnoli, Jr, A Trevor and I Kopin, Editors), Academic Press, New York, pp. 413-417, 1986. 55. Thomas, GJ and DM Gash. Differential effects of posterior septal lesions on dispositional and representational memory. Behav. Neurosci. 100:712-719, 1986. 56. Herman, JP, FF Marciano and DM Gash. Vasopressin administration prevents functional recovery of the vasopressinergic neurosecretory system following neurohypophysectomy. Neuroscience Letters 72:239-246, 1986. 57. Gash, DM, MFD Notter, SH Okawara, AL Kraus and RJ Joynt. Amitotic neuroblastoma cells used for neural implants in monkeys. Science 233:1420-1422, 1986. 58. Collier, TJ, DM Gash and JR Sladek, Jr. Norepinephrine deficiency and behavioral senescence in aged rats: Transplanted locus coeruleus neurons as an experimental replacement therapy. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 495:396-403, 1987. 59. Kordower, JH, MFD Notter and DM Gash. Neuroblastoma cells in neural transplants: neuroanatomical and behavioral analysis. Brain Research 417:85-98, 1987. 60. del Cerro, M, DM Gash, GN Rao, MFD Notter, SJ Wiegand, S Sathi and C del Cerro. Retinal transplants into the anterior chamber of the rat eye. Neuroscience 21:707-723, 1987. 61. Schechter, J, DM Gash and N Ahmad. Rathke's pouch grafts in adult brain sites. Am. J. Anat. 178:55-64 (1987). 62. Bohn, MC, FF Marciano, L Cupit and DM Gash. Adrenal medulla grafts enhance recovery of striatal dopaminergic fibers. Science 237:913-916, 1987. 63. Herman, JP, FF Marciano, SJ Wiegand and DM Gash. Selective cell death of magnocellular vasopressin neurons in neurohypophysectomized rats following chronic administration of vasopressin. J. Neurosci. 7:2564-2575, 1987. 64. Notter, MFD, JH Kordower and DM Gash. Differentiated neuronal cell lines as donor tissue for transplantation into the central nervous system. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 495:767-770, 1987. 65. Wiegand, SJ and DM Gash. Intraventricular transplants of anterior hypothalamus: Neurochemical and connectional specificity in morphologically distinct subtypes of neurophysincontaining neurons. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 495:807-810, 1987. 66. Kordower, JH, MFD Notter, HH Yeh and DM Gash. An in vivo and in vitro assessment of differentiated neuroblastoma cells as a source of donor tissue for transplantation. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 495:606-621, 1987. 67. del Cerro, M, DM Gash, MFD Notter, GN Rao, SJ Wiegand, LQ Jiang and C del Cerro. Transplanting strips of immature retinal suspensions of dissociated retinal cell into normal and extensively damaged eyes. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 495:692-695, 1987 68. Marciano, FF, SJ Wiegand, and DM Gash. The role of target-graft interactions in the functional development of transplanted vasopressin neurons. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 495:760-763, 1987. 69. Lopez-Lozano, JJ, DM Gash, JF Leary, and MFD Notter. Survival and integration of transplanted hypothalamic cells in the rat CNS after sorting by flow cytometry. Ann. NY Acad.Sci. 495:736-739, 1987. A Page 11 of 21 10 May 2012 Don M. Gash 70. Gash, DM, JP Herman and GJ Thomas. Vasopressin and animal behavior. In: Vasopressin: Principles and Properties (DM Gash and GJ Boer, Editors), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 517547, 1987. 71. Gash, DM. Neural implants: A strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. In: Alzheimer's Disease: Problems, Prospects, and Perspectives (H Altman, Editor), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 165-170, 1987. 72. Joynt, RJ and DM Gash. Neural Transplants: Are We Ready? Ann. Neurol. 22:455-456 , 1987. 73. Gash, DM. Neural transplantation: Potential therapy for Alzheimer's disease. J. Neural Trans., Suppl. 24:301-308, 1987. 74. Sladek, JR, Jr. and DM Gash. Nerve cell grafting in Parkinson's disease. J. Neurosurg. 68: 337351, 1988. 75. Wiegand, SJ, WF Silverman, DM Gash and JR Sladek, Jr. Transplanted vasopressin neurons form appropriate connections with the host brain. In: Recent Progress in Posterior Pituitary Hormones (S Yoshida and L Share, Editors), Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 23-31, 1988. 76. Gash, DM, MFD Notter, JT Hansen, G Bing and S-H Okawara. Human organ donor adrenals: Fine structure, plasticity and viability. In: Transplantation into the Mammalian CNS, (DM Gash and JR Sladek, Jr., Editors), Elsevier, Amsterdam, Prog. Brain Res. 78: 559-565, 1988. 77. del Cerro, M, MFD Notter, DA Grover, DM Gash, L Qi Jiang and C del Cerro. Retinal transplants into adult eyes affected by phototoxic retinopathy. In: Transplantation into the Mammalian CNS (DM Gash and JR Sladek, Jr., Editors), Elsevier, Amsterdam, Prog. Brain Res. 78:125-130, 1988. 78. Hansen, JT, G Bing, MFD Notter and DM Gash. Paraneuronal grafts in unilateral 6hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats: morphological aspects of adrenal chromaffin and carotid body glomus cell implants. In: Transplantation into the Mammalian CNS (DM Gash and JR Sladek, Jr., Editors), Elsevier, Amsterdam, Prog. Brain Res. 78:507-511 (1988). 79. Bohn, MC., FF Marciano, L Cupit and DM Gash. Recovery of dopaminergic fibers in striatum of the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated mouse is enhanced by grafts of adrenal medulla. In: Transplantation into the Mammalian CNS (DM Gash and JR Sladek, Jr., Editors) Elsevier, Amsterdam, Prog. Brain Res. 78:535-542 (1988). 80. Notter, MFD., DM Gash and JF Leary. Flow cytometric analyses and sorting of neural cells for transplantation. In: Transplantation into the Mammalian CNS (DM Gash and JR Sladek, Jr., Editors) Elsevier, Amsterdam, Prog. Brain Res. 78:605-611 (1988). 81. Gash, DM, MS Fiandaca, JH Kordower and JT Hansen. Adrenal medulla transplants in rodents and nonhuman primates: Regenerative responses in the host brain. In: Progress in Parkinson Research (F Hefti and WJ Weiner, Editors), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 181-186, 1988. 82. Wiegand, S. and DM Gash. Organization and efferent connections of transplanted suprachiasmatic nuclei. J. Comp. Neurol. 267: 562-579, 1988. 83. Wiegand, SJ and DM Gash. Characteristics of vasculature and neurovascular relations of intraventricular anterior hypothalamic transplants. Brain Res. Bull. 20:105-124, 1988. 84. Bing, G, MFD Notter, JT Hansen and DM Gash. Comparison of adrenal medullary, carotid body and PC-12 cell grafts in 6-OHDA lesioned rats. Brain Res. Bull. 20:399-406, 1988. 85. Collier, .J, DM Gash and JR Sladek, Jr. Transplantation of norepinephrine neurons into aged rats improves performance of a learned task. Brain Res. 448:77-87, 1988. 86. Notter, MFD, I Irwin, JW Langston and DM Gash. Neurotoxicity of MPTP and MPP+ in vitro: Characterization using specific cell lines. Brain Res. 456:254-262, 1988. Page 12 of 21 10 May 2012 Don M. Gash 87. Thomas, GJ and DM Gash. Differential effects of hippocampal ablations on dispositional and representational memory in the rat. Behav. Neurosci. 102:635-642, 1988. 88. Fiandaca, MS, JH Kordower, JT Hansen, S-S Jiao and DM Gash. Adrenal medullary autografts into the basal ganglia of Cebus monkeys: Injury-induced regeneration. Exp. Neurol. 102:76-91, 1988. 89. Hansen, JT, JH Kordower, MS Fiandaca, S-S Jiao, MFD Notter and DM Gash. Adrenal medullary autografts into the basal ganglia of Cebus monkeys: Graft viability and fine structure. Exp. Neurol. 102:65-75, 1988. 90. Kordower, JH, JR Sladek, Jr., MS Fiandaca, G Bing and DM Gash. Tyrosine hydroxylaseimmunoreactive somata within the primate subformical organ: Species specificity. Brain Res. 461:221-229, 1988. 91. Yeh, HH, MFD Notter, JH Kordower and DM Gash. Synapse-competence of LA-N-2 human neuroblastoma cells in coculture with rat striated muscle cells. Neurosci. 27:309-315, 1988. 92. Hansen, JT, MFD Notter, S-H Okawara and DM Gash. Organization, fine structure and viability of the human adrenal medulla: Considerations for neural transplantation. Ann. Neurol. 24:599609, 1988. 93. Kordower, JH and DM Gash. Animal models of age-and disease related cognitive decline: perspectives on the models and therapeutic strategies. Neurobiology Aging 9:685-689, 1988. 94. Kordower, JH, RT Bartus, M Bothwell, G Schatteman, and DM Gash. Nerve growth receptor immunoreactivity in the non-human primate (Cebus apella): Distribution, morphology, and colocalization with cholinergic enzymes. J. Comp. Neurol. 277:465-486, 1988. 95. Fiandaca, MS, JH Kordower, JT Hansen and DM Gash. Adrenal Medullary tissue grafting in Parkinson's disease. J. Neurosurg. 69:150-152, 1988. 96. Gash, DM and JR Sladek, Jr. Neural transplantation: problems and prospects - where do we go from here? Mayo Clin Proc. 64:363-367, 1989. 97. White, H. and DM Gash. Neural transplants: Potential applications for treating brain damage. In: Neurotrauma: Treatment, Rehabilitation and Related Issues (ME Miner and KA Wagner, Editors.) Butterworths, Stoneham, MA, pp. 3-13, 1989. 98. Hansen, JT, G Bing, MFD Notter, JH Kordower, MS Fiandaca and DM Gash. Adrenal chromaffin cells as transplants in animal models of Parkinson's disease. J. Elect. Micr. Tech. 12:308-315, 1989. 99. Gash, DM Direct comparisons of CNS directed therapies are needed. Neurobio. Aging 10:645646, 1989. 100. Kordower, JH, MS Fiandaca, MFD Notter, JT Hansen and DM Gash. Scientific basis for dopaminergic brain grafting. In: Therapy of Parkinson's Disease, (WC Koller and G Paulson, Editors), Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 443-472,1989. 101. Kordower, JH, RT Bartus, FF Marciano and DM Gash. Telencephalic cholinergic system of the new world monkey (Cebus, apella): Morphological and cytoarchitectonic assessment and analysis of the projection to the amygdala. J. Comp. Neurol. 279:528-545, 1989. 102. Marciano FF, SJ Wiegand, JR Sladek, Jr. and DM Gash. Fetal hypothalamic transplants promote survival and functional regeneration of axotomized adult supraoptic magnocellular neurons. Brain Res. 483:135-142, 1989. 103. Kordower, JH, DM Gash, M Bothwell, L Hersh and EJ Mufson. Nerve growth factor receptor and choline acetyltransferase remain colocalized in the nucleus basalis (Ch4) of Alzheimer's patients. Neurobiology Aging 10:287-294, 1989. Page 13 of 21 10 May 2012 Don M. Gash 104. Notter, MFD, JT Hansen, S Okawara and DM Gash. Rodent and primate adrenal medullary cells in vitro: phenotypic plasticity in response to coculture with C6 glioma cells or NGF. Exp. Brain Res. 76:38-46, 1989. 105. Earnest, DJ, CD Sladek, DM Gash and SJ Wiegand. Specificity of circadian function in transplants of the fetal suprachiasmatic nucleus. J. Neurosci. 9:2671-2677, 1989. 106. Lopez Lozano, JJ, MFD Notter, DM Gash and JF Leary. Selective flow cytometric sorting of viable dopamine neurons. Brain Res. 486:351-356, 1989. 107. Bing, G, MFD Notter, JT Hansen, C Kellogg, JH Kordower and DM Gash. Cografts of adrenal medulla with C6 glioma cells in rats with 6-OHDA-induced lesions. Neurosci. 34:687-697, 1990. 108. Grafstein, B and DM Gash. Research on recovery from CNS injury. Exp. Neurol. 107:111-112, 1990. 109. Hansen, JT, MS Fiandaca, JH Kordower, MFD Notter and DM Gash. Striatal adrenal medulla/sural nerve cografts in hemiparkinsonian monkeys. In: Neural Transplantation, (SB Dunnett and S-J Richards, Editors), Elsevier, Amsterdam, Prog. Brain Res. 82:573-580, 1990. 110. Kordower, JH, MS Fiandaca, MFD Notter, JT Hansen and DM Gash. NGF-like trophic support from peripheral nerve for grafted rhesus adrenal chromaffin cells. J. Neurosurg. 73:418-428, 1990. 111. Thomas, GJ and DM Gash. Movement-associated neural excitation as a factor in spatial representational memory in rats. Behav. Neurosci. 104:552-563, 1990. 112. Pearlman, SH, P Rubin, HC White, SJ Wiegand and DM Gash. Fetal hypothalamic transplants into whole brain irradiated rats: Graft morphometry and host behavioral responses. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 19:293-300, 1990. 113. Hansen, JT and DM Gash. Functional aspects of mammalian neural transplantation. CRC Crit Rev. Neurobiol. 6:79-93,1991. 114. Gash, DM, JH Kordower, MS Fiandaca and JT Hansen. Adrenal medullary transplants in primates. In: Intracerebral Transplantation in Movement Disorders (O Lindvall, A Bjorklund and H Widner, Editors) Elsevier, Amsterdam, Restorative Neurol. 4:15-26, 1991. 115. Kurlan, R, MH Kim and DM Gash. Oral levodopa dose-response study in MPTP-induced hemiparkinsonian monkeys: Assessment with a new rating scale for monkey parkinsonism. Mov. Disord. 6:111-118, 1991. 116. Pearlman, SH., M Levivier, TJ Collier, JR Sladek Jr. and DM Gash. Striatal implants protect the host striatum against quinolinic acid toxicity. Exp. Brain Res. 84:303-310, 1991. 117. Kurlan, R, MH Kim and DM Gash. The time course and magnitude of spontaneous recovery in MPTP-induced parkinsonian monkeys. Ann. Neurol. 29:677-679, 1991. 118. Herman, JP, G J Thomas, SJ Wiegand and DM Gash. Lesions of parvocellular subdivisions of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: Effects on open field behavior and on performances of memory-indicating tasks. Brain Res. 550:291-297, 1991. 119. Notter, MFD, M Kaniucki, SY Felten, JT Hansen and DM Gash. Effect of MPTP on primate chromaffin cells in vitro : Relevance for adrenal medullary cell transplantation. Restorative Neurol. Neurosci. 3:1-10, 1991. 120. Przedborski, S, M Levivier, V Kostic, V Jackson-Lewis, A Dollison, DM Gash, S Fahn and JL Cadet. Sham transplantation protects against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced dopaminergic toxicity in rats: behavioral and morphological evidence. Brain Res. 550:231-238, 1991. Page 14 of 21 10 May 2012 Don M. Gash 121. Levivier, M, SH Pearlman, DM Gash and J Brotchi. Effet protecteur des greffes intrastriatales dans un modele expérimental de maladie de Huntington. Corrélation comportementale et morphologique. Neurochirurgie 37:148-159, 1991. 122. Klockgether, T, L Turski, T Honoré, ZM Zhang, DM Gash, R Kurlan and JT Greenamyre. The AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX has antiparkinsonian effects in monoamine-depleted rats and MPTP-treated monkeys. Ann. Neurol. 30:717-723, 1991. 123. Greenamyre, JT, T Klockgether, L Turski, ZM Zhang, R Kurlan and DM Gash. Glutamate receptor antagonism as a novel therapeutic approach in Parkinson's disease. In: Excitatory Amino Acids (R Simon, Editor), Thieme Medical Publishers, New York, pp. 195-198, 1992. 124. Kordower, JH, DL Felten and DM Gash. Neural grafting for Parkinson's disease. In: The Scientific Basis for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease, (CW Olanow and AN Lieberman, Editors), Parthenon Pub., Lancs, England, pp. 175-224, 1992. 125. Fiandaca, MS and DM Gash. New insights and technologies in brain grafting. Clin Neurosurg 39:482-508, 1992 126. Miller, RW, R Kurlan, JD Wyatt and DM Gash. A jejunal pouch technique in the Rhesus monkey and related clinical observations. J. Med. Primatol. 21: 366-370, 1992. 127. Levivier, M, S Przedborski and DM Gash. Neurotrophic factors, intracerebral transplantation and neuronal protection against excitotoxicity (letter). J. Neurosurg. 79:638-641, 1993. 128. Gash, DM. Book Review: Fetal tissue transplants in medicine. 329:513, 1993. New Eng. J. of Medicine, 129. Smith, RD, ZM Zhang, R Kurlan, M McDermott and DM Gash. Developing a stable bilateral model of parkinsonism in rhesus monkeys. Neurosci. 52:7-16, 1993. 130. Pearlman, S, M Levivier and DM Gash. Striatal implants of fetal striatum or gelfoam protect against quinolinic acid lesions of the striatum. Brain Res. 613:203-211, 1993. 131. Gash, DM, M Bresjanac, F Junn and ZM Zhang. Trophic mechanisms mediating functional recovery following intrastriatal implantation. In: Functional Neural Transplantation, (SB Dunnett and A Bjorklund, Editors). Raven Press, Ltd., New York, pp. 139-156, 1994. 132. Junn, F, T Collier, S Felten and DM Gash. Rats with partial unilateral nigrostriatal lesions as a model to study CNS plasticity. NeuroProtocols 4:168-176, 1994. 133. Hansen, JT, and DM Gash. Adrenal medulla in neural grafting and neural plasticity. Micro. Research & Tech. 29: 155-160, 1994. 134. Coderre, J, P Rubin, A Freedman, JT Hansen, TS Wooding, D Joel and DM Gash. Selective ablation of rat brain tumors by boron neutron-capture therapy. Int. J. Rad. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 28(5):1067-1077, 1994. 135. Sakai, K and DM Gash. Effect of a bilateral 6-OHDA lesion in the substantia nigra on locomotor activity in the rat. Brain Res. 633:144-150, 1994. 136. Seigel, GM, F Junn, and DM Gash. Neurotrophic effects of amnion explants cocultured with rat mesencephalon. Dev. Brain Res. 77:137-139, 1994. 137. Greenamyre, JT, RV Eller, ZM Zhang, A Ovadia, R Kurlan and DM Gash. Antiparkinsonian effects of remacemide hydrochloride, a glutamate antagonist, in rodent and primate models of Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol. 35:655-661, 1994. 138. Rubin, P, DM Gash, JT Hansen, DF Nelson and JP Williams. Disruption of the blood-brain barrier as the primary effect of CNS irradiation. Radiotherapy & Onco. 31:51-60, 1994. Page 15 of 21 10 May 2012 Don M. Gash 139. Cass, WA, GA Gerhardt, ZM Zhang, A Ovadia and DM Gash. Increased dopamine clearance in the non-lesioned striatum of rhesus monkeys with unilateral 1-methly-4phenyl-1,2,3,6tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) striatal lesions. Neurosci. Ltrs. 185:52-55, 1995. 140. Kearns, CM and DM Gash. GDNF protects nigral dopamine neurons against 6hydroxydopamine in vivo. Brain Res. 672:104-111, 1995. 141. Levivier, M, DM Gash and S Przedborski. Time Course of the Neuroprotective Effect of Transplantation on Quinolinic Acid-Induced Lesions of the Striatum. Neurosci. 69:43-50, 1995. 142. Ovadia, A, ZM Zhang and , DM Gash. Increased susceptibility to MPTP toxicity in middle-aged rhesus monkeys. Neurobio. Aging 16:931-937, 1995. 143. Gerhardt, GA, WA Cass, M Henson, ZM Zhang, A Ovadia, BJ Hoffer and DM Gash. Agerelated changes in potassium-evoked overflow of dopamine in the striatum of the rhesus monkey. Neurobio. Aging 16:939-946, 1995. 144. Gash, DM, ZM Zhang, WA Cass, A Ovadia, L Simmerman, D Martin, D Russell, F Collins, BJ Hoffer and GA Gerhardt. Morphological and functional effects of intranigrally administered GDNF in normal rhesus monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 363:345-358, 1995. 145. Gerhardt, GA, J Hudson, WA Cass, BJ Hoffer, ZM Zhang, A Ovadia, L Ketonen and DM Gash In vivo electrochemical studies of dopamine overlow and clearance in normal and MPTPlesioned striatum of rhesus monkeys. J. Neurochem. 66:579-588, 1996. 146. Gash, DM, ZM Zhang, A Ovadia, WA Cass, A Yi, L Simmerman, D Russell, D Martin, P Lapchak, F Collins, BJ Hoffer and GA Gerhardt. Functional recovery in parkinsonian monkeys treated with GDNF. Nature 380:252-255, 1996. 147. Chen, Q, AH Andersen, ZM Zhang, A Ovadia, DM Gash and MJ Avison. Mapping drug-induced changes in cerebral R2 * by multiple gradient recalled echo functional MRI. Mag. Res. Imag. 14:5:469-476, 1996. 148. Lapchak, PA, DM Gash, S Jiao, PJ Miller and D Hilt. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor: a novel therapeutic approach to treat motor dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease. Exp. Neurol. 144:29-34, 1997. 149. Lapchak, PA, DM Gash, F Collins, D Hilt, PJ Miller, and DM Araujo. Pharmacological activities of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF): preclinical development and application to the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Exp. Neurol. 145:309-321, 1997. 150. Miyoshi, Y, ZM Zhang, A Ovadia, P Lapchak, F Collins, D Hilt, C Lebel, R Kryscio and DM Gash. GDNF-Levodopa interactions and reduction of side effects in parkinsonian monkeys. Ann. Neurol. 42:208-214, 1997. 151. Bresjanac, M, J Sagen, G Seigel, C Paino, J Kordower and DM Gash. Xenogeneic adrenal medulla graft-rejection rather than survival leads to increased rat striatal tryosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity. J. Neuropath. Exp. Neurol. 56:490-498, 1997. 152. Zhang, ZM, Y Miyoshi, PA Lapchak, F Collins, D Hilt, C Lebel, R Kryscio and DM Gash. Dose response to intraventricular GDNF administration in parkinsonian monkeys. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 282:1396-1401, 1997. 153. Kearns, CM, WA Cass, K Smoot, R Kryscio, and DM Gash. GDNF protection against 6-OHDA: Time dependence and requirement for protein synthesis. J. Neurosci. 17:7111-7118, 1997. 154. Cass, WA, C Kearns and DM Gash. Protective and regenerative properties of GDNF in the central nervous system. In: Neuroprotective Signal Transduction (M Mattson, Editor) Humana Press,Totowa, New Jersey 145-161, 1998. Page 16 of 21 10 May 2012 Don M. Gash 155. Gash, DM, GA Gerhardt and BJ Hoffer. Effects of GDNF on the nigrostriatal dopamine system in rodents and nonhuman primates. Adv. Pharmacol. 42: 911-915, 1998. 156. Yurek, DM, SB Hipkens, MA Hebert, DM Gash and GA Gerhardt. Age-related decline in striatal dopamine release and motoric function in brown Norway/Fischer 344 F1 hybrid rats. Brain Res 791:246-245, 1998. 157. Lapchak, PA, DM Araujo, DC Hilt, S Jiao, F Collins, Y Miyoshi, ZM Zhang and DM Gash. Topographical distribution of [125I]- glial cell line -derived neurotrophic factor in unlesioned and MPTP-lesioned rhesus monkey brain following a bolus intraventricular injection. Brain Res. 789:9-22, 1998. 158. Gash, DM, Z Zhang and GA Gerhardt. Neuroprotective and neurorestorative properties of GDNF. Ann. Neurol. 44 (Suppl. 1):S121-125, 1998. 159. Grondin, R and DM Gash. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF): a drug for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. J. Neurology 11(suppl. 3): P35-42, 1998. 160. Hoffman, AF, MA Hebert, BJ Hoffer, Z Zhang, WA Cass, DM Gash and GA Gerhardt. Functional effects of GDNF on dopamine neurons in animal models of Parkinson's disease. In: Progress in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases (Fisher et al., Eds) Plenum Press, New York, 1998. 161. Hebert, MA, BJ Hoffer, ZM Zhang, WA Cass, AF Hoffman, DM Gash and GA Gerhardt. Functional effects of GDNF in normal and parkinsonian rats and monkeys. for (MH Tuszynski, JH Kordower and K Bankiewicz, Editors) CNS Regeneration: Basic Science and Clinical Applications Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1999. 162. Zhang, ZM, M Zhang, C Avison, and DM Gash. monkeys. Exp Neurol. 155:140-149, 1999. MPTP-induced pallidal lesions in rhesus 163. Gerhardt, GA, WA Cass, P Huettl, S Brock, ZM Zhang and DM Gash. GDNF improves dopamine function in the substantia nigra, but not the putamen of unilateral MPTP-lesioned rhesus monkeys. Brain Res. 817:163-171, 1999. 164. Gash, DM, ZM Zhang, G Umberger, K Mahood, M Smith, C Smith and GA Gerhardt. An automated movement analysis panel for upper limb motor functions in rhesus monkeys and humans. J. Neurosci. Methods 89:111-117, 1999. 165. Smith, C, GH Umberger, EL Manning, JT Slevin, DR Wekstein, WR Markesbery, ZM Zhang, GA Gerhardt and DM Gash. A critical decline in fine motor hand movements in human aging. Neurology 53:1458-1461, 1999. 166. Andersen AH, DM Gash, and MJ Avison. Principal component analysis of the dynamic response measured by fMRI: a generalized linear systems framework. Magn Reson. Imag. 17: 795-815, 1999 167. Andersen AH, ZM Zhang, M Zhang, DM Gash and MJ Avison. Age-associated changes in rhesus CNS composition identified by MRI. Brain Res. 829: 90-98, 1999. 168. Chen, Q, AH Andersen, ZM Zhang, A Ovadia, WA Cass, DM Gash and MJ Avison. Functional MRI of basal ganglia responsiveness to levodopa in parkinsonian rhesus monkeys. . Exp Neurol. 158: 63-75, 1999. 169. Duan, Wenzhen, Z Zhang, DM Gash and Mark Mattson. Participation of Prostate Apoptosis Response-4 in degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in models of Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol. 46:587-597, 1999. Page 17 of 21 10 May 2012 Don M. Gash 170. Zhang, ZM, AH Andersen, MJ Avison, GA Gerhardt and DM Gash. Functional MRI of apomorphine activation of the basal ganglia in awake rhesus monkeys. Brain Res. 852: 290296, 2000. 171. Zhang, Z, A Andersen, C Smith, R Grondin, GA Gerhardt and DM Gash. Motor slowing and parkinsonian signs in aging rhesus monkeys mirror human aging. . J. Gerontology: Biol. Sci. 55A:B473-B480, 2000. 172. Grondin, R, Z Zhang, GA Gerhardt and DM Gash. Dopaminergic therapy improves upper limb motor performance in aged rhesus monkeys. Ann Neurol 48: 250-253, 2000. 173. Grondin R, Z Zhang, D Elsberry, GA Gerhardt and DM Gash. Chronic intracerebral delivery of trophic factors via a programmable pump as a treatment for parkinsonism. In: Parkinson's Disease-Methods and Protocols (MM Mouradian, ed) Humana Press 62: 257-267, 2001. 174. Fox, C, DM Gash, K Smoot and WA Cass. Neuroprotective effects of GDNF against 6-OHDA in young and aged rats. Brain Res. 896: 56-63, 2001. 175. Zhang, Z, AH Andersen, R Grondin, T Barber1, R Avison, GA Gerhardt and DM Gash. Pharmacological MRI Mapping of Age-associated Changes in Basal Ganglia Circuitry of Awake Rhesus Monkeys. NeuroImage 14: 1159-1167, 2001. 176. Maswood N and DM Gash. Biology of glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor. In: The Role of the TGF- Superfamily in Inflammation (SN Breit and S Wahl, eds) Birkhauser Publishing, 2002. 177. Gerhardt GA, WA Cass, A Yi, Z Zhang and DM Gash. Changes in somatodendritic but not terminal dopamine regulation in aged rhesus monkeys. J Neurochem 80:168-177, 2002 . 178. Andersen AH, Z Zhang, T Barber, WS Rayens, JL Zhang, R Grondin, P Hardy, GA Gerhardt and DM Gash. Functional MRI studies in awake rhesus monkeys: methodological and analytical strategies. J Neurosci Meth 118:141-152, 2002. 179. Maswood N, R Grondin, Z Zhang, JA Stanford, SP Surgener, DM Gash and GA Gerhardt. Effects of chronic intraputamenal infusion of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in aged rhesus monkeys. Neurobiol. Aging 23:881-889, 2002 . 180. Grondin, R, Z Zhang, A Yi, N Maswood, WA Cass, W Markesbery, AH Andersen, DD Elsberry, MC.Klein, GA Gerhardt and DM Gash. Chronic controlled GDNF infusion promotes structural and behavioral recovery in advanced parkinsonian monkeys. Brain 125:2191-2201, 2002. 181. Andersen, A, Z Zhang, MJ Avison and DM Gash. Automated segmentation of multispectral brain MR images. J Neurosci Meth 122:13-23, 2002. 182. Grondin R, Z Zhang, Y Ai, DM Gash and GA Gerhardt. Intracranial delivery of proteins and peptides as a therapy for neurodegenerative diseases. In: Peptide Transport and Delivery into the CNS. Birkhauser Verlag AG, (L. Prokai and K. Prokai-Tatrai, Editors) 61: 101-123, 2003. 183. Grondin R, WA Cass, Z Zhang, JA Stanford, DM Gash and GA Gerhardt. GDNF Infusion Increases Motor Speed and Stimulus-Evoked Dopamine Release in Aged Rhesus Monkeys. J Neurosci 23:1974-1980, 2003. 184. Ai Y, W Markesbery, Z Zhang, R Grondin, D Elseberry, GA Gerhardt and DM Gash. Intraputamenal infusion in aging rhesus monkeys: distribution and dopaminergic effects. J Comp Neurol 461:250-261, 2003. 185. Chen H-L, PM Lein, J-Y Wang, DM Gash, BJ Hoffer and J-H Chiang. Expression of bone morphogenetic proteins in the brain during normal aging and in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned animals. Brain Res 994: 81-90, 2003. Page 18 of 21 10 May 2012 Don M. Gash 186. Salvatore MF, JL Zhang, DM Large, PE Wilson, CR Gash, TC Thomas, JW Haycock, G Bing, JA Stanford, DM Gash, and GA Gerhardt. Striatal GDNF administration increases tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation in the rat striatum and substantia nigra. J Neurochem. 90:245-54., 2004. 187. Maswood N, J Young, E Tilmont, Z Zhang, DM Gash, GA Gerhardt, R Grondin, GS Roth, MA Lane, R Carson, RM Cohen, PM Mouton, C Quiqley, MP Mattson, and DK Ingram. Calorie restriction increases neurotrophic factor levels and attenuates neurochemical and behavioral deficits in a primate model of Parkinson’s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci 101:18171-18176, 2004. 188. Smith CD, A Walton, AD Loveland, GH Umberger, RJ Kryscio and DM Gash. Memories that last in old age: motor skill learning and memory preservation. Neurobiol Aging Jun;26(6):88390, 2005. 189. Slevin JT, GA Gerhardt, CD Smith, DM Gash, RJ Kryscio, and AB Young. Unilateral intraputamenal GDNF improves bilateral motor functions in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Neurosurg. Feb;102(2):216-22, 2005. 190. Slevin JT, GA Gerhardt, CD Smith, DM Gash, RJ Kryscio, and AB Young. Letter to the Editor: Research on Parkinson’s Disease. J Neurosurg Feb;102(2):401, 2005 191. Gash DM, Zhang Z, Ai Y, Grondin R, Coffey R, Gerhardt GA. Trophic factor distribution predicts functional recovery in parkinsonian monkeys. Ann Neurol. 2005 Aug; 58(2):224-33. 192. Coffey R, J Slevin, G Gerhardt, B Schlutz and DM Gash. Commentary on “A crossroads in GDNF therapy for Parkinson’s disease. A concensus conference report.” By Todd B. Sherer et al. Ann Neurol. 2005 193. Chen Y, Ai Y, Slevin JR, Maley BE, Gash DM. Progenitor proliferation in the adult hippocampus and substantia nigra induced by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. Exp Neurol. 2005 Nov;196(1):87-95. 194. Hardy PA, Gash DM, Yokel R,Andersen A, Ai Y, Zhang Z. Correlation of R2 with total iron concentration in the brains of rhesus monkeys. J Mag Res Imag 21:118-127, 2005 195. Zhang J, DM Stanton, ZV Nguyen, M Liu, Z Zhang, DM Gash, G Bing. Intrapallidal lipopolysaccharide injection increases iron and ferritin levels in glia in the rat substantia nigra and induces locomotor deficits. Neurosci 135:829-838 (2005). 196. Walton A, Branham A, Gash DM, Grondin R. Automated video analysis of age-related motor deficits in monkeys using EthoVision. Neurobiol Aging 27:1477-1483 (2006) 197. Cass WA, Grondin R, Andersen AH, Zhang Z, Hardy PA, Hussey-Andersen LK, Rayens WS, Gerhardt GA, Gash DM. Iron accumulation in the striatum predicts aging-related decline in motor functions in rhesus monkeys. Neurobiol Aging Jan 25, 2006 198. Chebrolu H, Slevin JT, Gash DM, Gerhardt GA, Young B, Given CA, Smith CD. MRI volumetric and intensity analysis of the cerebellum in Parkinson’s disease patients infused with glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). Exp Neurol. 198:450-456, 2006 199. Penn RD, Dalvi A, Slevin J, Young B, Gash DM, Gerhardt G, Hutchinson M. GDNF in treatment of Parkinson’s disease: response to editorial. Lancet Neurol. 5:202-203, 2006 200. Slevin JT, Gash DM, Smith CD, Gerhardt GA, Kryscio R, Chebrolu H, Walton A, Wagner R, Young AB. Unilateral intraputamenal glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with Parkinson’s disease:response to 1 year each of treatment and withdrawal. Neurosurgery Focus May 15, 2006 20 (5) HARD COPY VERSION APPEARED IN J Neurosurg 106: 614-620, 2007 Page 19 of 21 10 May 2012 Don M. Gash 201. Slevin JT, Gerhardt GA, Smith CD, Gash DM, Young AB. Reply: GDNF poses troubling questions for doctors, drug maker. Ann Neurol 59:989-990, 2006 202. Zhang Z, Andersen AH, Ai Y, Loveland A, Hardy PA, Gerhardt GA, Gash DM. Assessing nigrostriatal dysfunction by pharmacological MRI in parkinsonian rhesus monkeys. NeuroImage 33:636-643, 2006 203. Salvatore M, Ai Y, Fischer B, Zhang A, Grondin R, Zhang Z, Gerhardt, GA, Gash DM. Point source concentration of GDNF may explain failure of phase II clinical trial. Exp Neurol 202:497505, 2006 204. Stanford JA, Salvatore MF, Joyce BM, Zhang H, Gash DM, Gerhardt GA. Bilateral effects of unilateral intrastriatal GDNF on locomotor-excited and nonlocomotor-related striatal neurons in aged F344 rats. Neurobiol Aging. 28: 156-165 (2007). 205. Gash DM, Chen Y, Gerhardt GA. Neurotrophic factors and Parkinson’s Disease in (WC Koller and E Melamed, Eds) Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders; Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 3rd Ed pp 521-533, 2007 206. Smith CD, Walton A, Slevin JT, Gerhardt GA, Umberger G, Smoot K, Schultze E, Gash DM. Validation studies of the human movement panel for hand/arm performance. J Neurosci Methods Epub ahead of print June 22, 2007 207. Hovland DN, Boyd RB, Butt MT, Engelhardt JA, Moxness MS, Ma MH, Emery MG, Ernst NB, Reed RP, Zeller JR, Gash DM, Masterman DM, Potter BM, Cosenza ME, Lightfoot, RM. Sixmonth continuous intraputamenal infusion toxicity study of recombinant methionyl Human Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (r-metHuGDNF) in rhesus monkeys. Toxicologic Pathology 35: 676-692, 2007 208. Quintero JE, Day BK, Zhang Z, Grondin R, Stephens ML, Huettl p, Pomerleau F, Gash DM, Gerhardt GA. Amperometric measures of age-related changes in glutamate regulation in the cortex of rhesus monkeys. Exp Neurol 208:238-246, 2007 209. Hunter RL, Choi DY, Kincer JF, Cass WA, Bing G, Gash DM. Fenbendazole treatment may influence lipopolysaccharide effects in rat brain. Comp. Med. 57:487-492, 2007 210. Gash DM, Rutland K, Hudson NL, Sullivan PG, Bing G, Cass WA, Pandya JD, Liu M, Smith CD, Slevin JT, Prince TS. Trichloroethylene: Parkinsonism and Complex 1 Mitochondrial Neurotoxicity. Ann Neurol. 63:184-192, 2008 (EPub ahead of print, Dec. 21, 2007). 211. Xin T, Ai Y, Gerhardt GA, Gash DM, Zhang Z. Globus pallidus plays a critical role in neurotrophic factor induced functional improvements in hemiparkinsonian monkeys. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 370:434-9, 2008 212. Grondin R, Zhang Z, Ai Y, Ding F, Walton AA, Surgener SP, Gerhardt GA, Gash DM. Intraputamenal infusion of exogenous neurturin protein restores motor and dopaminergic function in the globus pallidus of MPTP-lesioned rhesus monkeys. Cell Transplant. 17: 373381, 2008 213. Luan L, Ding F, Ai Y, Andersen A, Hardy P, Forman E, Gerhardt GA, Gash DM, Grondin R, Zhang Z. Pharmacological MRI (phMRI) monitoring of treatment in hemiparkinsonian rhesus monkeys. Cell Transplant. 17: 417-425, 2008 214. Ding F, Luan L, Ai Y, Walton A, Gerhardt GA, Gash DM, Grondin R, Zhang Z. Development of a stable, early stage unilateral model of Parkinson’s disease in middle-aged rhesus monkeys. Exp. Neurol. 212:431-439, 2008 Page 20 of 21 10 May 2012 Don M. Gash 215. Choi DY, Liu M, Hunter RL, Cass WA, Pandya JD, Sullivan PG, Shin EJ, Kim HC, Gash DM, Bing G. Striatal neuroinflammation promotes parkinsonism in rats. PloS ONE 2009; 4(5):e5482. 216. Liu M, Choi DY, Hunter RL, Pandya JD, Cass WA, Sullivan PG, Kim HC, Gash DM, Bing G. Trichloroethylene induces dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Fischer 344 rats. J Neurochem. Epub Nov 17, 2009 217. Gash DM, Gerhardt GA, Slevin JT. GDNF (including Nurturin) In: Kompoliti K, and Verhagen Metman L (eds.) Encyclopedia of Movement Disorders, vol. 1, pp534-537 Oxford: Academic Press, 2010. 218. Bradley LH, Fuqua J, Richardson A, Turchan-Cholewo J, Ai Y, Kelps KA, Glass JD, He X, Zhang Z, Grondin R, Littrel OM, Huettl P, Pomerleay F, Gash DM, Gerhardt GA. Dopamine neuron stimulating actions of a GDNF propeptide. PLoS One March 18;5(3):e9752, 2010 219. Kelps KA, Turchan-Cholewo J, Hascup ER, Taylor TL, Gash DM, Gerhardt GA, Bradley LH. Evaluation of the physical and in vitro protective activity of three synthetic peptides derived from the pro- and mature GDNF sequence. Neuropeptides. 45: 213-218, 2011 220. Stiles DK, Zhang Z, Ge P, Nelson B, Grondin R, Ai Y, Hardy P, Nelson PT, Guzaev AP, Butt MT, Charisse K, Kosovrasti V, Tchangov L, Meys M, Maier M, Nechev L, Manoharan M, Kaemmerer WF, Gwost D, Stewart GR, Gash DM, and Sah DWY. Widespread suppression of huntingtin with convection-enhanced delivery of siRNA. Exp. Neurol. 233: 463-471 (2012) 221. Littrell OM, Fuqua JL, Richardson, AD, Turchan-Cholewo J, Hascup ER, Huettl P, Pomerleau F, Bradley LH, Gash DM and Gerhardt, GA. A synthetic five amino-acid propeptide increases neuron differentiation and neurochemical function. Neuropeptides 47: 43-49, 2013 222. Fuqua JL, Littrell OM, Lundblad M, Turchan-Cholewo J, Abdelmoti LG, Galperin E, Bradley LH, Cass WA, Gash DM, Gerhardt GA. Dynamic changes in dopamine neuron function after DNSP-11 treatment: effects in vivo and increased ERK 1/2 phosphorylation in vitro. Peptides 54: 1-8 (2014) PMID: 24406899 BOOKS: 1. 2. 3. JR Sladek, Jr. and DM Gash, Editors Neural Transplants: Development and Function. Plenum Press, New York, 1984. DM Gash and GJ Boer, Editors, Vasopressin: Principles and Properties, Plenum Press, New York, 1987. DM Gash and JR Sladek, Jr., Editors, Transplantation into the Mammalian CNS., (Progress in Brain Research, volume 78) Elsevier, Amsterdam,: 1988. Page 21 of 21