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Предмет: Теоретична фонетика (ТФ)
3 курс
Викладач О.О. Кульчицька
Theoretical Phonetics
Third Year. Second semester
Seminars (2014 -2015 academic year)
Seminar 1
1. The subject matter of phonetics.
The phonetic system of a language.
Aspects of sound phenomena.
Phonetics as a science.
2. Articulatory and acoustic analysis of English speech sounds.
Principles of classification of speech sounds.
The articulatory classification of vowels and consonants.
Seminar 2
3. Phonological analysis of English speech sounds.
The phoneme.
Modifications of phonemes in speech.
Phonological oppositions in English.
The interrelationships among the phonemes of a language.
Seminar 3
4. The syllable as a phonetic and phonological unit.
General notes on the syllable.
The phonetic aspect of the syllable.
The structural aspect of the syllable.
The functions of the syllable.
5. Stress.
The nature of the English stress.
Linguistically relevant degrees of word stress.
Stress patterns of English words.
The functions of word stress.
Seminar 4
6. Suprasegmental level
Intonation and prosody.
Prosodic units.
Prosodic subsystems.
Pitch.
Seminar 5
Utterance stress.
English rhythm.
Tempo.
Pauses.
7. The functions of Intonation.
Seminar 6
Test
Independent work
TASK 1.
Study the following topics (David Crystal. 2003a. The Cambridge Encyclopedia
of the English Language, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
David Crystal. 2003b. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, 2nd edn.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) and answet the questions:
‘Check Yourself’ Questions
A BASIC PERSPECTIVE. Phonetics. Phonology.
1.
What does phonetics study?
2.
What are the branches of phonetics?
3.
What does phonology study?
4.
What is the difference between phonetics and phonology?
5.
What is the main function of the phoneme?
6.
To what does a phonetician pay attention t?
7.
What is the main task of a phonologist?
8.
What is the sound system?
PHONEMES
1.
What is the basic principle of phonological analysis?
2.
What is the’minimal pair’ test?
3.
What does this test help to establish?
4.
How is ‘part of a language’ different from ‘physical sounds’?
ALLOPHONES
1.
What is the difference between phonemes and sounds?
2.
What are allophones/
3.
What is the relation between phonemes and allophones?
4.
Do sounds (allophones) work the same way in different languages?
DESCRIBING VOWELS
1.
What are the defining properties of vowels?
2.
What is the main quality of vowels?
3.
What is the position of a vowel in a syllable?
4.
What are the articulatory characteristics of English vowels?
THE VOWEL SYSTEM
1. What are the two basic classes of vowels?
2. How length is important in the production and perception of vowels?
3. With what vowels the factor of their position in a word is especially
important?
4. How do the classes of long and short vowels differ from each other?
TYPES OF DIPHTHONG / TRIPHTHONG
1. What do diphthongs and monophthongs have in common? How are they
different?
2. What are the criteria for the classification of diphthongs?
3. How can the first type of diphthongs be described?
4. What are the defining features of the second type of diphthongs?
5. What are the tongue movements in production of the diphthongs which
constitute the third type?
6. What are triphthongs?
DESCRIBNG CONSONANTS
1. What are the articulatory features of English consonants?
2. How can vowels be described from a phonological point of view?
3. What are voiced consonants?
4. How does the force of articulation affect the quality of consonant?
5. What are nasal consonants?
DESCRIBING CONSONANTS
1. What are the articulatory features of the English consonants?
2. How can vowels be described from a phonological point of view?
3. What are voiced consonants?
4. How does the force of articulation affect the quality of consonants?
5. What are nasal consonants?
TYPES OF CONSONANT
1. How are consonants made?
2. How many consonants are there in the English language?
3. What are the criteria of differentiating consonants?
4. What are the types of English consonants according to the place of
obstruction?
5. How do the organs of speech work to produce sounds of each particular
type?
6. What is the manner of articulation?
7. What are the three basic classes of consonant in terms of the manner of
articulation?
8. What types of consonant is described as ‘total closure’? What are the
features of each type?
9. What types of consonant is described as ‘partial closure’? What are the
features of each type?
PROSODIC FEATURES
1. What are the basic properties of sound?
2. What are the prosodic features of language?
3. What is the intonation system?
4. What is the difference between falling and rising pitch patterns?
5. What is the difference between loudness as a prosodic feature and syllable
loudness?
6. How can tempo convey meaning?
7. What is rhythm?
8. What are the peculiarities of English rhythm?
PARALINGUISTIC FEATURES
1. What is timbre?
2. What is paralanguage?
3. Do paralinguistic features convey the same meaning in different languages?
TASK 2
Study the tables of English vowels and consonants (file ‘Tables of
vowels and consonants’). The terms for the description of vowels and
consonants are listed below.
English Consonants
Terms
affricates – sounds /dʒ/, /tʃ/ produced with a slight friction at the end
alveolar – the tip of the tongue touches the alveolar ridge
apical – the tip of the tongue touches the teeth or the alveolar ridge
backlingual – the back part of the tongue is raised to the soft palate
bilabial – the lips are pressed together
cacuminal – the tongue is “rolled up”
constrictive – (see your lecture notes)
dental – the tip of the tongue is placed between the teeth
forelingual – the front part of the tongue is raised to the hard palate
glottal – sound
which occurs before a vowel at the beginning of the
syllable, e.g. happy, hello.The air passes through the open glottis
glottis – the space between the vocal cords
labio-dental – the obstruction is made by the lower lip and the upper
teeth
lateral – the tip of the tongue touches the alveolar ridge, the sides of the
tongue are lowered and the air escapes from the mouth cavity along the
sides of the tongue
lingual – produced with the tongue as the active speech organ
median – the sides of the tongue are raised and the air passes along the
median line of the tongue
mediolingual – the front part of the tongue is raised to the hard palate,
the air passes along the median line of the tongue
nasal – the air passes through the nasal cavity
noise – (see your lecture notes)
occlusive – (see your lecture notes)
palatal – the front part of the tongue is raised to the hard palate
palato-alveolar – the tip of the tongue touches the alveolar ridge and the
front part of the tongue is raised to the hard palate
plosive – sound produded with a slight plosion
post-alveolar – the tip of the tongue is raised to the back part of the
alveolar ridge
velar – the back part of the tongue touches the soft palate
English Vowels
Terms and Analysis Criteria
1. According to the position of the bulk (body) of the tongue means according to
the horizontal movement of the tongue.
Front vowels are produced in the front part of the mouth cavity.
Front-retracted vowels are produced in the front part of the mouth cavity, but the
tongue is slightly retracted to the central position.
Central vowels are produced in the central part of the mouth cavity.
Back-advanced vowels are produced in the back part of the mouth cavity, but the
tongue is slightly advanced to the central position.
Back vowels are produced in the back part of the mouth cavity.
2. According to the variation in the hight of the raised part of the tongue means
according to the vertical movement of the tongue.
The tongue is raised high in the mouth cavity for close (high) vowels. They are
called close because the tongue is close to the palate.
The tongue is raised to the medium position in the mouth cavity for mid-open
(mid) vowels. The passage between the tongue and the palate is medium, halfopen.
The tongue lies very low or almost flat in the mouth cavity for open (low) vowels.
They are called open because the passage between the palate and the tongue is very
wide and the mouth cavity is “open”.
Each of these three positions has variations – narrow variation and broad variation.
Narrow variation of close (high) vowels means that the tongue is raised very high
and the passage is very narrow. Broad variation means that that the tongue is raised
high, but a bit lower than for the narrow variation and the passage is a little bit
broader. Though, in general the position of the tongue is high.
The same goes for mid-open (mid) vowels. In general, the tongue takes the
medium position, but within this position it can be raised slightly higher (narrow
variation) or slightly lower (broad variation).
Open (low) vowels follow to the same principle: narrow variation means that the
tongue is raised just a little bit, broad variation means that it lies flat in the mouth
cavity.
So, according to the horizontal and vertical movement of the tongue, vowels can be
described in the following way:
e.g.
/ i:/ (as in team) is a front. Close (high) vowel, narrow variation;
e.g.
/ ʊ/
(as in put) is a back-advanced, close (high) vowel, broad variation
e.g.
/ɔ:/ (as in door) is a back, mid-open (mid) vowel, broad variation
e.g.
/æ / (as in bat) is a front, open (low) vowel, broad variation
TASK 3
Do the following ‘check yourself’ tests.
For reference use ‘Tables of Vowels and consonants’; ‘English Consonants.
Terms’; ‘English Vowels. Terms and Analysis Criteria’
1. Which of these sounds is a labial, bilabial; occlusive, noise, plosive consonant?
a. / h /
b. / tʃ /
c. / ʃ /
d. / p /
2. Which of these sounds is a labial, bilabial; occlusive, noise, plosive consonant?
a. / b /
b. / r /
c. / d/
d. / ɡ /
3. Which of these sounds is a labial, bilabial; occlusive, nasal sonant?
a. / m /
b. / w /
c. / l /
d. / θ /
4. Which of these sounds is a labial, bilabial; sonant, median?
a. / w /
b. / ŋ /
c. / k /
d. / ɡ /
5. Which of these sounds is a labial, labio-dental; constrictive, fricative consonant?
a. / r /
b. / ð /
c. / dʒ /
d. / f /
6. Which of these sounds is a labial, labio-dental; constrictive, fricative consonant?
a. /s /
b. / d /
c. / v /
d. / j /
7. Which of these sounds is a lingual, forelingual, apical, dental; costrictive,
fricative consonant?
a. / θ /
b. / ŋ /
c. /dʒ /
d. / h /
8. Which of these sounds is a lingual, forelingual, apical, dental; costrictive,
fricative consonant?
a. / ð /
b. / s /
c. / z /
d. / ʃ /
9. Which of these sounds is a lingual, forelingual, apical, alveolar; occlusive, noise,
plosive consonant?
a. / f /
b. / ɡ /
c. / j /
d. / t /
10. Which of these sounds is a lingual, forelingual, apical, alveolar; occlusive,
noise, plosive consonant?
a. / k/
b. / dʒ /
c. / d/
d. / ɡ /
11. Which of these sounds is a lingual, forelingual, apical, alveolar; nasal sonant?
a. / n /
b. / ŋ /
c. / r /
d. / l /
12. Which of these sounds is a lingual, forelingual, apical, alveolar; constrictive,
fricative consonant?
a. / s /
b. / ʃ /
c. / dʒ /
d. / tʃ /
13. Which of these sounds is a lingual, forelingual, apical, alveolar; constrictive,
fricative consonant?
a. / z /
b. / ʃ /
c. / ʒ /
d. / dʒ /
14. Which of these sounds is a lingual, forelingual, apical, alveolar; lateral sonant?
a. / l /
b. / m /
c. / n /
d. / ŋ /
15. Which of these sounds is a lingual, forelingual, apical, palato-alveolar;
occlusive, noise consonant, affricate?
a. / tʃ /
b. / ʃ /
c. / ʒ /
d. / z /
16. Which of these sounds is a a lingual, forelingual, apical, palato-alveolar;
occlusive, noise consonant, affricate?
a. / dʒ /
b. / z /
c. / ʒ /
d. / d/
17. Which of these sounds is a lingual, forelingual, apical, palato-alveolar;
constrictive, noise, fricative consonant?
a. / ʃ /
b. / z /
c. / s /
d. / dʒ /
18. Which of these sounds is a lingual, forelingual, apical, palato-alveolar;
constrictive, noise, fricative consonant?
a. / dʒ /
b. /z /
c. /s /
d. / ʒ /
19. Which of these sounds is a lingual, forelingual, cacuminal; median sonant?
a. / r /
b. / l /
c. / j /
d. / ŋ /
20. Which of these sounds is a lingual, mediolingual, palatal; median sonant?
a. / j /
b. / r /
c. / l /
d. / ŋ /
21. Which of these sounds is a monophthong?
a. / u: /
b. / oʊ /
c. / əʊ /
d. / aʊ /
22. Which of these sounds is a lingual, back-lingual, velar; occlusive, noise,
plosive consonant?
a. / k /
b. / ŋ /
c. / h /
d. / j /
23. Which of these sounds is a lingual, back-lingual, velar; occlusive, noise,
plosive consonant?
a. / ɡ /
b. / ŋ /
c. / h /
d. / j /
24. Which of these sounds is a lingual, back-lingual, velar; occlusive, nasal
consonant?
a. / ŋ /
b. / g /
c. / k /
d. / h /
25. Which of these sounds is a lingual, glottal; constrictive, noise, fricative
consonant?
a. / h /
b. / ɡ /
c. / k /
d. / ŋ /
26. Which of these sounds is a front; close vowel, narrow variation?
a. / ɪ /
b. / i:/
c. / e /
d. / æ /
27. Which of these sounds is a a front; mid-open vowel, narrow variation?
a. / æ /
b. / e /
c. / i: /
d. / ɪ /
28. Which of these sounds is a front-retracted; close vowel, broad variation?
a. / ɪ /
b. / i: /
c. / e /
d. / æ /
29. Which of these sounds is a central; mid-open vowel, narrow variation?
a. / a: /
b. / ə /
c. / ʌ /
d. / ɜ: /
30. Which of these sounds is a central; mid-open vowel, broad variation?
a. / ə /
b. / ɜ: /
c. / ʌ /
d. / a: /
31. Which of these sounds is a central; open vowel, narrow variation?
a. / ʌ /
b. / a: /
c. / ɒ /
d. / ɔ: /
32. Which of these sounds is a back-advanced; close vowel, broad variation?
a. / ɔ: /
b. / u: /
c. / ʊ /
d. / ɒ /
33. Which of these sounds is a back; close vowel, narrow variation?
a. / u: /
b. / ʊ /
c. / ɒ /
d. / ɔ: /
34. Which of these sounds is a back; mid-open vowel, broad variation ?
a. / ɔ: /
b. / ɒ /
c. / a: /
d. / ʌ /
35. Which of these sounds is a back; open vowel, broad variation?
a. / ɒ /
b. / a: /
c. / ʌ /
d. / ɔ: /
36. The sounds produced with a slight friction at the end are
a. / s /, / z /
b. / ʃ /, / ʒ /
c. / tʃ /, / dʒ /
d. / θ /, / ð /