AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function Topics Textbook Correlations Reproduction, growth, & development Concepts: 21.1-21.4, 46.1-46.5, 47.1-47.3 Structural, physiological, and behavioral adaptations Response to the environment Concepts: 40.1-40.5, 41.1-41.5, 42.1, 42.2, 42.5, 44.2-44.6, 48.1-48.5, 51.3, 51.5 Concepts: 40.4, 40.5, 41.5, 43.143.5, 44.1, 44.2, 44.5, 44.6, 45.1-45.5,49.1-49.7, 51.3 Key Terms 1. actin 2. myosin 3. sacromere 4. action potential 5. peristalsis 6. pepsin 7. pyloric sphintcter 8. trypsin 9. villi 10. spiracles 11. alveolus 12. B-lymphocyte 13. T-lymphocyte 14. antigen 15. systole 16. diastole 17. macrophage 18. antibodies 19. nitrogenous wastes 20. nephron 21. filtrate 22. ganglia 23. neuron 24. axon 25. depolarization 26. synapse 27. myelin 28. peripheral nervous system 29. fight-or-flight response 30. sacroplasmic reliculum Recommended work: Chapter section and review questions 1 AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function Animals are complex systems of cells working in a coordinated fashion to monitor changing external conditions while maintaining a constant internal environment. To accomplish these tasks, animal cells are organized into systems that are specialized for particular functions. This unit focuses on the structure of these various systems and how they accomplish particular tasks. Cells are organized in the following ways: 1. Tissues: Define tissue: Describe each of the following four general categories of tissues. Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Nervous tissue Muscle tissue 2. Organ: Define organ: 3. Organ system: Define organ sysytem: The function of many animal systems is to contribute toward homeostasis. Define homeostasis: 2 AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function Describe how homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback, include the following terms in your description: receptor, integrator, and effector. Describe a positive feedback and give two examples. Thermoregulation Animals can be grouped into two groups based upon how body temperature is maintained: Ectotherms (poikilotherms) and Endotherms. Describe ectotherms (poikilotherms): Describe endotherms: 3 AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function Animals regulate their body temperature by employing the following mechanisms: Describe and give examples of evaporative cooling: Describe and give examples of warming by metabolism. Describe and give examples of adjusting surface area to regulate temperature, include the terms vasodilation, vasoconstriction, and countercurrent exchange. 4 AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function The Respiratory System Animal cells require O2 for aerobic respiration. If cells are not directly exposed to the outside environment, then some mechanism must provide gas exchange to internal cells, delivering O2 and removing waste CO2. The movement of gases into and out of the entire organism is called respiration. Describe the following gas exchange mechanisms and give examples of animals that employ the mechanism. 1. Direct with the environment 2. Gills, include the concept of countercurrent exchange 3. Tracheae 4. Lungs Gas exchange in humans. Trace the pathway of air through the human respiratory system from the nose to the alveolus 5 AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function Describe how gas exchange occurs between alveolar chambers and blood. Describe how oxygen to transport throughout the body. Describe how carbon dioxide is transport throughout the body, and in your description write out the equation of the blood buffer system and the function of carbonic anhydrase. Describe the mechanism of respiration, include the diaphragm, intercostals muscles, and pressure differences. 6 AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function Describe how respiration is controlled, include the role of chemoreceptors and their location, and use the blood buffer system in your description. The Circulatory System Large organisms require a transport system to distribute nutrients and oxygen and to remove wastes and CO2 from cells distributed throughout the body. Two kinds of circulatory systems accomplish this internal transport. Describe an open circulatory system. Describe closed circulatory system. Compare and contrast arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, and include the present of oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood. 7 AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function Draw and label a diagram of the human heart, include the four chambers and the major vessels into and out of the heart. Describe the lymphatic system and its relationship to the circulatory system. Describe the following contents of the blood. 1. Red blood cells 8 AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function 2. White blood cells 3. Platelets 4. Plasma The Excretory System In general, excretory systems help maintain homeostasis in organisms by regulating water balance and by removing harmful substances. Osmoregulation is the absorption and excretion of water and dissolved substances so that proper water balance is maintained between the organism and its surroundings. Describe how marine fish handle osmoregulation. Describe how fresh water fish handle osmoregulation. Various excretory mechanisms have evolved in animals for the purpose of osmoregulation and for the removal of toxic substances. Toxic substances include byproducts of cellular metabolism, such as nitrogen products of protein breakdown. Describe the following excretory mechanisms and the type of animals they are found in. 9 AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function 1. Contractile vacuoles 2. Flame cells 3. Nephrida 4. Malpighian tubules 5. Kidney Draw and label the nephron of the human kidney, give a brief description of each part and display where filtration, secretion, and reabsorption occurs. 10 AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function Two hormones influence osmoregulation by regulating the concentration of salts in the urine. Describe the function of each of the following: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Aldosterone Nitrogen forms a major waste product in animals. When amino acids and nucleic acids are broken down, they release toxic ammonia (NH4). To rid the body of this toxin, several mechanisms have evolved, each appropriate to the habitat or survival of the animal. Describe the environment and give examples of animals that secrete type of nitrogenous waste. 1. NH3 or NH4 directly into the surrounding water. 2. Urea 3. Uric acid The Digestive System Digestion is the chemical breakdown of food into smaller molecules. In an individual cell, digestion is accomplished by ________________digestion when a______________ containing digestive _________________ merges with a food vacuole. In most animals, however, the food ingested is too large to be engulfed by individual cells. Thus, food is digested in a _________________________ cavity by ______________________ digestion and absorbed by individual cells. 11 AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function During digestion, four different groups of molecules are commonly encountered. Each is broken down into its molecular components (monomers) by specific enzymes Complete the following chart. Nutrient compound Monomer Name one enzyme that aids in the breakdown Starches Proteins Fats or Lipids Nucleic acid Draw, label, and briefly describe each part of the human digestive tract, include the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and the large intestine. 12 AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function Complete the following chart on enzymes. Enzyme Salivary amylase Origin Site of action Functional pH Action Pepsin Proteases e.g. Aminopeptidase Maltase Lactase Phosphatases Trypsin Chymotrypsin Lipase Pancreatic amylase 13 AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function The Nervous System The basic structural unit of the nervous system is a nerve cell or neuron. Draw, label, and describe the function of two neurons end to end, include of the three parts of the neuron: cell body, dentrite, and axon. And myelin sheath, Schwann cells, nodes of Ranvier, synapse (synaptic cleft) Neurons can be classified into three groups by their functions. Describe the function of the following neurons: 1. Sensory neuron (afferent neurons) 2. Motor neuron (efferent neurons) 3. Interneuron (association neurons) 14 AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function The transmission of a nerve impulse along a neuron from one end to the other occurs as a result of chemical changes across the membrane of the neuron. Describe the following events of an action potential in a neuron. 1. Resting potential 2. Action potential 3. Repolarization 4. Hyperpolarization 5. Refractory period A nerve impulse propagates from neuron to neuron across a synapse. Describe how this function occurs; include presynaptic membranes, postsynaptic membrane, and neurotransmitter. 15 AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function The nervous system of humans and other vertebrates consists of two parts that could be further divided into several more subdivisions. Create a flow chart demonstrating how each of the following are related: central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system, sympathetic nervous system, and parasympathetic nervous system. The Muscular System Draw and label a muscle fiber (cell), include sacromere, myosin, actin, and Z-line. 16 AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function Describe muscle contraction as describe by the sliding-filament model. Describe the role of acetylcholine in muscle contraction. Compare and contrast the three types of muscles: Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. 17 AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function Essay # 1 Describe a negative feedback loop involved in the maintenance of homeostasis. 18 AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function Essay #2 Design an experiment to measure the effect of a drug on animal physiology. Include the following in your answer: (a) A description of the animal, drug, equipment, and procedure to be used in the experiment. (b) A graph describing the results you would expect from your experiment. (c) An explanation for your expected results. 19 AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function Essay #3 Discuss how each of the following affects or contributes to the process of contraction in a striated muscle. (a) (b) (c) (d) Acetylcholine O2 Ca2+ A decrease in the pH pf the blood 20