Cell Life Cycle and Reproduction (Mitosis & Meiosis)
Name__________________________________________ assign.#_ __
Notes
1 1.
Unit Goals:
•
Describe the phases of the
cycle.
•
Describe the process of
.
–
Describe the functions of mitosis.
Unit Goals:
•
Describe the process of
.
–
Describe the functions of meiosis.
–
Explain the consequences of mistakes.
2. ***Why not just one large cell? Difficult to get ___________________ in and waste out.
The cell cycle is a series of
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
The Cell Cycle
(slides 6,7)
•
•
•
•
•
Chromosomes _________________.
Chromosomes are inherited genetic information
Chromosomes are made up of _____________.
Can only be seen when cells are _____________.
Chromosomes ____________
-or copy is made
• The two copies are
-_____________ together at a
point called a _____________.
-are called sister
_____________.
5.
G1 phase
Cell undergoes
________.
(Slide 9)
M phase
10.
11.
S phase- DNA synthesis
•
Cell division (Mitosis and cytokinesis)
Two parts:
1. Nuclear division
–
_____________________
2. Cytoplasmic Division
–
_____________________
MITOSIS
•
In eukaryotes, it is the main process by which
____________ and tissue ______________ is
accomplished.
•
Mitosis is also the main process by which single-celled and
many multi-celled eukaryotes reproduce ______________.
G2 phase
Preparation for Mitosis. Organelles are
________________.
G1, S, and G2 are known together as
______________________.
3.
4.
 Gametes are ______ cells.
 Somatic cells are “___________” body cells.
 Mitosis is
__________________ division.
4 Steps of Mitosis (PMAT)
Prophase:
 Chromosomes condense and attach
to the ____________ fibers at
their ________________.
 Nuclear Membrane breaks down.
 Centrioles move to opposite sides
of the cell and organize the
spindle fibers.
Metaphase:
 Chromosomes
________ up in
the __________
of the cell.
Anaphase:
Chromosomes
separate-Move to
____________ sides
of the cell
Telophase:
 Nuclear Envelope _________
 There are now TWO nuclei in one
cell!
 …And they contain the
___________ genetic
information *SAME
_____________ OF
CHROMOSOMES
GA Biology Standards: SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. b. Explain the role of DNA in storing and
transmitting cellular information. e. Compare the advantages of sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction in different situations.
1
19.
Notes
Cytokinesis:
•
•
•
•
•
24.
_________________ division
Each cell gets __________ of the organelles.
After mitosis: cell _______________ in half to form two new cells.
Animal cells pinch.
Cytokinesis in plant cells is different from that in animal cells.
•
In plant cells a _______ _________ forms from the inside out.
Final Results
of
Mitosis & Cytokinesis
•
new cells.
• The new cells- called daughter cells- have the ________
number of chromosomes as the mother cell.
• This occurs in all
cells in your body.
• You have _______chromosomes in all of your somatic cells_____ __________!
BOOK WORK: on your own
Advantages of Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
Single-celled and many multi-celled organisms reproduce asexually by a process called mitosis, which is simple cell division. In
mitosis, DNA is divided equally between two daughter cells. In mitosis in eukaryotes, the DNA is sorted into the two new nuclei
formed. A separate process divides the cytoplasm in two. Mitosis keeps the number of chromosomes constant from one cell
generation to the next. In multicellular organisms, cell division allows them to grow (i.e., increase the size of the organism),
develop from a single cell into a multi-cellular organism, and make other cells to repair and replace worn-out cells.
Asexual reproduction does not require another partner, is quicker than sexual reproduction, and the resulting organism is
identical genetically to the parent organism. Organisms that reproduce asexually can produce many identical offspring in a
short period of time. Asexual reproduction is an advantage in a stable environment where the parental genotype is well-suited.
Many colonizers of new environments reproduce asexually.
Sexual reproduction involves much more time than asexual reproduction. Gametes must be formed through the process of
meiosis and mating must occur between two organisms of different sexes. There is also time involved in the growth and
development of the offspring. The benefit of sexual reproduction is the genetic variability that results from the process of
meiosis. Genetic recombination allows offspring greater diversity and increases the likelihood that some offspring will have
more advantageous traits than the parents. Sexual reproduction is an advantage in a rapidly changing environment because the
diversity of the population increases the possibility that some organisms will both survive and reproduce.
Prompt: In complete sentences (at least 4), explain one advantage and one disadvantage of sexual reproduction. Also explain one
advantage and one disadvantage of asexual reproduction. _________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
GA Biology Standards: SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. b. Explain the role of DNA in storing and
2
transmitting cellular information. e. Compare the advantages of sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction in different situations.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Mitosis Review
1) The purpose of mitosis is to ensure that:
a) each new cell is genetically different from its parent
b) each new cell receives the proper number of
chromosomes
c) gametes are available for reproduction
d) DNA is replicated without errors
2. The image to the right illustrates
what phase of mitosis
a) anaphase
b) teleophase
c) metaphase
d) prophase
7. Cytokinesis begins after which phase?
a) telophase
b) prophase
c) anaphase
d) metaphase
8. Describe the 2 main purposes of mitosis
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
9. How many times does the cell divide during mitosis?
__________________________________________
3. Which of the following is NOT part of mitosis
a) prophase
b) metaphase
c) telophase
d) interphase
10. What kind of cells (somatic or Gametes) are
produced at the end of mitosis?
__________________________________________
4. Which of the following is the term used for the
"connector" between two sister chromatids?
a) chromosome
b) chromatid
c) centromere
d) spindle fiber
11. What are sister chromatids? When are they
produced?___________________________________
__________________________________________
5. A cell that has 20 chromosomes undergoes mitosis.
Which of the following is true?
a) two daughter cells will be created, each have 20
chromosomes
b) two daughter cells will be created, each have 40
chromosomes
c) 4 daughter cells will be created, each having 10
chromosomes
d) 2 daughter cells will be created, each having 10
chromosomes
6. Most cells spend the majority of their time in:
a) prophase
b) metaphase
c) interphase
d) telophase
12. Label the cell to the right:
1) Sister Chromatid
2) Spindle Fibers
3) Centromere
4) Centrol
13) Which phase of mitosis is the cell to the right in?
_______________________
14) If a human skin cell goes through mitosis, how many
chromosomes will the two new daughter cells have?____
15) If an alligator has 12 chromosomes in a somatic cell,
how many will it have after a somatic cell undergoes
mitosis? ____________
Starter #1:
1.
What is the cell cycle…what happens…. what is its purpose?
2.
What is mitosis?
3.
What kinds of cells go through (or are made during) mitosis?
4.
Why do cells go through mitosis?
5.
Are the cells diploid or haploid at the beginning of mitosis? At the end?
6.
Are the daughter cells genetically identical after mitosis
Mitosis
GA Biology Standards: SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. b. Explain the role of DNA in storing and
transmitting cellular information. e. Compare the advantages of sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction in different situations.
3
Notes:
Meiosis:



30 & 31
Reproduction of Sex Cells
cells- __________and ________
Process is called ____________
Similar to Mitosis
MEIOSIS = CHROMOSOME REDUCTION DIVISION
34






Cell _________ ____________
First division is like mitosis and then the cell
divides again to create 4 ________ cells.
31. Diploid
In Humans, starts with ___ and ends up with ____.
Why? Fertilization creates the _________ condition again
Sperm formation- 4 haploid sperm cells are formed.
Egg formation-most of the cytoplasm is used in one cell and
the other three disintegrate. One haploid egg cell is formed.
37.
• Sometime during
meiosis the
chromosomes can
___________
information
• Major source of
___________
___________ in
species.
Crossing Over
Homologous Chromosomes: chromosomes that contain
different "versions" of genes for the same traits; one came
Haploid
from mother, its matching homolog came from the father;
__________ genetically identical!
Contains _____of the genetic information.
Regulation of the Cell Cycle
39.
Prokaryotic Cell Division
• __________
_____________
• DNA is ________
and then the cell
_________ in half.
• ______________
Reproduction
Starter #2
• How do cells know when to divide? When to stop dividing?
• _______________-___________ that regulate the cell cycle.
• Unregulated cell growth can form masses of cells called tumors-40.___________.
•
What is Nondisjunction:
Meiosis
1.
What is meiosis?
2.
What kinds of cells go through meiosis?
3.
Why do cells go through meiosis?
4.
Are the cells diploid or haploid at the beginning of meiosis? At
the end?
GA Biology Standards: SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. b. Explain the role of DNA in storing and
transmitting cellular information. e. Compare the advantages of sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction in different situations.
5.
Are the daughter cells genetically identical after meiosis?
4
Mitosis and Meiosis Summary
Cell division
When a cell divides, its two daughter cells must receive the required number of DNA molecules. In eukaryotes, DNA is sorted
into two nuclei in the process of mitosis. A separate process divides the cytoplasm in two. Mitosis is the process in which
threadlike nuclear material is divided equally between two daughter cells. Mitosis keeps the number of chromosomes constant
from one cell generation to the next. In eukaryotes mitotic cell division is the main process by which growth and tissue repair is
accomplished. Mitosis is also the main process by which single-celled and many multi-celled eukaryotes reproduce asexually.
Mitosis
Mitosis can be broken into four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. (Continues on next page)
� During prophase, the duplicated chromosomes become distinct and spindle fibers radiate across the cell. The nuclear envelope
starts to break up.
� During metaphase, the duplicated chromosomes line up randomly in the center of the cell between the spindles at the spindle
equator.
� During anaphase, the duplicated chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell. Every chromosome that was present in
the parent cell is now represented by the daughter chromosome at the poles.
� During telophase, a nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes at each end of the cell. The spindle fibers disappear
and the chromosomes disperse and become less distinct. Each nucleus has the same chromosome number as the parent cell. The
process of mitosis is now complete.
Cell division produces two new cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the original cell. These cells are called
diploid cells. In humans, the diploid number is 46. Most of your body cells are produced by cell division and contain 46
chromosomes or 23 pairs of homologous (similar) chromosomes
Cytokinesis
At the end of telophase, the cytoplasm begins to divide. In animal cells, the plasma membrane forms a groove and “pinches in” at
the middle of the cell. This separates the two new nuclei and splits the cell in half. In plant cells, the rigid cell wall prevents a
groove from forming. Instead, a cell plate forms along the center of the cell and cuts the cell in half. The cell plate forms new
cell walls. Two daughter cells are formed as a result of cytokinesis. They are identical to their parent cell. Cell division allows
unicellular organisms to duplicate themselves in a process called asexual reproduction. In multi-cellular organisms, cell division
allows them to grow (i.e., increase the size of the organism), develop from a single cell into a multi-cellular organism, and make
other cells to repair and replace worn out cells.
****Questions*****
1. In which phase do the chromosomes line up in the middle?
2. When does the cell actually split?
3. What are the two new cells called?
4. Are the two new cells genetically identical or not?
5. Give 2 reasons why a cell might go through mitosis? (I think this would be a great test question. Don’t you?)
A few cells are produced differently through a process called meiosis. The cells that are produced as a result of meiosis are
called gametes or sex cells. The cell divides two times to form 4 cells.
 The first meiotic division produces two cells containing half the number of doublestranded chromosomes.
 The 2nd meiotic division results in the formation of four cells, each containinghalf the number of single-stranded chromosomes.
The prefix hap- means “half” so haploid cells contain only one half of each of the pairs of similar chromosomes. In humans,
haploid cells contain 23 chromosomes. These cells are called sperm and egg cells. The following are overviews of sperm and egg
formation.
♂ During sperm formation, each primary sperm cell develops into four haploid cells of equal size. As they mature, the cells
lose most of their cytoplasm and develop a long whip-like tail used in movement.
♀ During egg formation, each primary egg cell that undergoes meiosis develops into one large haploid cell and three smaller
haploid cells called polar bodies. The first meiotic division produces one large cell and the first polar body. After the
second meiotic division, the large cell forms an egg cell and another polar body. The first polar body may undergo a second
meiotic division to produce two more polar bodies. The polar bodies disintegrate. So what is the advantage of uneven
cytokinesis? The final egg cell is provided with a larger supply of stored nutrients.
GA Biology Standards: SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. b. Explain the role of DNA in storing and
****Question***
In what ways is Meiosis different from Mitosis?
transmitting cellular information. e. Compare the advantages of sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction in different situations.
5
Mitosis Lab
Name_________________________________________Assign#_______
I. Prepared Slides with microscopes (glass):
“Onion Root Tip” Mitosis: 
Sketch and label at least 2 different cells undergoing Mitosis.
***Give the name of the phase the cells are in.
Phase:_____________
Mag_____
Phase:_____________
Mag_____
Animal Cell “Fish Blastula” Mitosis:
Sketch and label at least 2 different cells undergoing Mitosis.
***Give the name of the phase the cells are in.
Animal Cell “Uterus” Mitosis:
Phase:_____________
Mag_____
Phase:_____________
Mag_____
(below)
Sketch and label at least 2 different cells undergoing Mitosis.
Phase:_____________
Mag_____
Phase:_____________
Mag_____
II. Microslide Viewers: (small black microscopes)-The book that comes with the slides gives you information about each slide.
“Animal Mitosis”
a) Slide #2: Sketch and label the chromosomes. b) Slide #3: Sketch and label the chromosomes
Mag:
Phase:__________
Phase:__________
Mag:
.
c) Slide #6: Sketch and label the chromosomes. d) Slide #7: Sketch and label the chromosomes.
Mag:
Phase:__________
Post lab questions:
Phase:__________
Mag:
Word bank for Vinn Diagram
 Cell divides
 2 cells @ end
 4 cells @ end
Mitosis
Meiosis
 Sex cells
 Somatic cells
 Crossing over
 Divides once
 Divides twice
 Makes new cells
 Diploid @ end
 Haploid @ end
2.
Discuss the reasons why cells go through Mitosis?
 Chromosome reduction
division
GA Biology Standards: SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. b. Explain the role of DNA in storing and
6
Cells same @ end
transmitting cellular information. e. Compare the advantages of sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction in different 
situations.
 Cells different @ end
1.
Fill in the vinn diagram by comparing and contrasting Mitosis and Meiosis:
1.
3.
Discuss the reasons why cells go through Meiosis?
4.
What molecules regulate the cell cycle? What happens when the cell cycle is uncontrolled?
5.
What is nondisjunction? When does it happen? What does it cause?
Cell Cycle Vocabulary
cell division: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. centromere: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. interphase: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. cell cycle: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. mitosis: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. prophase: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. centriole: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
8. spindle: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
9. metaphase: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
10. anaphase: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
11. telophase: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
12. cytokinesis: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
13. cyclin: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
14. cancer: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
15. meiosis: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
16. sister chromatid: _______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
17. Gametes; _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
18. Somatic Cells: __________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
19. Haploid: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
20: Diploid: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
GA Biology Standards: SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. b. Explain the role of DNA in storing and
transmitting cellular information. e. Compare the advantages of sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction in different situations.
7
Cell Cycle Online
1) Why must a cell divide?
a) Why must cells divide?
Click next and watch the cell.
2) Cell Cycle Video
a) What are the 4 parts of the cycle?
Label them in the rectangles in the circle
b) What happens during each (be brief)?
Describe under each rectangle. 
M
Phase
c) What controls the cell cycle? What
molecules?
d) What can happen if the cell cycled is
uncontrolled?
3) Mitosis Video Clip
a) In mitosis a cell reproduces by
____________ into ____ genetically
___________________ cells.
b) Make a sketch of a cell from each phase. (Hint: pause it when the words come up and draw) Give the name of the phase:
_______________
________________
________________
_______________
c) Are the cells genetically identical after the split? __________
4) Biology in Motion
Mitosis
a) Click “practice mitosis.” Make the cell go through mitosis.
Draw the final 2 cells .
b) Click “practice meiosis.” Make the cell go through meiosis.
Draw the final 4 cells .
Meiosis
c) How are mitosis and meiosis different?
5) Meiosis Video
a) Meiosis is the process by which a ______ nucleus divides ____ to produce ____ __________ nuclei.
b) What are the products of meiosis in animals?
c) When homologous chromosomes exchange pieces of DNA the process is called ____________________.
d) How is meiosis different from mitosis? _________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
e) What is the end result of meiosis? _____________________________________________________________
GA Biology Standards: SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. b. Explain the role of DNA in storing and
transmitting cellular information. e. Compare the advantages of sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction in different situations.
8
6) Mitosis vs. Meiosis
Click through the animation and just watch the cells divide. (You only need
to look at the pictures)
1) How are the two processes similar?
2) How are the two processes different?
7) Mitosis Labeling:
Label on the screen, and then label this picture to the right
8) Mitosis Overview labeling
Label on the screen, and then label this picture below
9) Plant Cell Mitosis Labeling
Label on the screen, and then label this
picturebelow
10) Meiosis Labeling (below)
Label the diagram correctly. How many points did you get? _____
GA Biology Standards: SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. b. Explain the role of DNA in storing and
transmitting cellular information. e. Compare the advantages of sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction in different situations.
9
11) Mitosis animation (Click ‘narrated”)
-Label the diagrams as you go through the animation.
(click on the “Q”. Take the quiz. Write the questions with the correct answer.
1)____________________________________________________________________________________________
2) ____________________________________________________________________________________________
3) ____________________________________________________________________________________________
12) Meiosis Animation. Watch the animation. Click “narrated.” Label the diagram. 
1) How many cell divisions take place? _____________
2) Why is one sister chromatid red and the other one blue? ____
3) Are the cells genetically identical at the end? ____________
Post 0nline lab questions:
1) What are the two major purposes of mitosis? (why do cells go through this process?)
2) What types of cell are produced during meiosis? Are the cell genetically the same or
different?
3) Give two ways mitosis and meiosis are similar?
4) Give two ways that mitosis and meiosis are different?
Starter #3: COMPARING MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
GA Biology Standards: SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. b. Explain the role of DNA in storing and
transmitting cellular information. e. Compare the advantages of sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction in different situations.
10