CHRONOLOGY OF SOUTHEAST ASIA: 1250 CE TO 1750 CE
1220 CE
Late 13th century CE
1284, 1287, 1293 CE
14th century CE
1350 CE
15th century CE
15th– 18th century CE
15th– 18th century CE
15th– 18th century CE
15th– 18th century CE
1405 – 1407 CE
1428 CE
1430s CE
1450s CE
1460 – 1497 CE
16th Century CE
Early 1500s CE
1511 CE
1520s CE
1521 CE
1527 CE
1530 CE
1531 – 1560 CE
1550 CE; 1579 CE
1565 CE, 1571 CE
Mid-16th century CE
1590 CE
1592 CE
Late 16th Century CE
17th century CE
1600 – 1620 CE
1620 CE
1624 CE, 1630 CE
1641 CE, 1666 CE
1650 CE, 1690 CE
Mid-1600s CE
1699 CE
Early 18th century CE
1718 CE
1722 CE
1730 CE
1755 CE, 1774 CE
1768 CE
1771 – 1802 CE
1783 CE
Khmer Empire loses Champa Kingdom in Southern Vietnam; Champa with Hindu institutions, strongly commercial
Vietnamese develop own script; invasion of Vietnam defeated by Vietnamese guerrilla warfare
Mongol loots Pagan, destroys its power in Burma; Mongol invasion of Java driven off by Mahapahit state
Mahapahit builds commercial empire in Java, Borneo, Sumatra, Philippines; trade with India, China
Thai forces Khmer Empire to abandon Angkor Wat, agriculture, new capital Phnom Phen, concentrate on commerce
Thai-Shan migration divides Burma, Thailand into petty states, bring Theravada Buddhism, Chinese political structures;
maritime trade adopted; adopt Mon-Khmer bureaucracy, administration;
Muslim commercial operations out of Malacca; 20 states in archipelago have Muslim rulers, people not yet Muslim
Muslim trading states in Southern Philippines, Muslim sultans allied with local nobles, military, economic cooperation
State structures involves two identities: loyalty to traders’ indigenous cultural identities and local ruler, local law; state
Controls center, rule direct through sultan; middle territories controlled by noble families, periphery by allies, tribute
Cambodia (Khmer people) alternate between independence, Thai overlordship
SE Asian : considerable roles in local politics, commerce, trade; control local markets; travel as merchants abroad
Wet rice agriculture spreads to Sumatra, Java under Muslim Indian influences; trade increases circulations of coins
Muslims dominate spice trade to India, SW Asia; Chinese, European, Japanese merchants arrive to challenge monopoly
Ming naval expeditions, tributary relationships with Malay states;
Vietnam defeats Ming armies; Le Dynasty founded, builds university, examination system; equal field redistributes land
Khmer people abandon Hindu priestly traditions, switch to Buddhist monastic traditions
Siam uses Hindu divine kingship, royal absolutism, Theravada Buddhism expands, king dominates monks; trade grows
Vietnamese reforms set up bureaucracy, Champa conquered; new elite military clans, Neo-Confucian scholar officials
In Philippines, Celebes, Moluccas: local communities under hereditary chieftains, who arose from local noble class; chiefs
Presided over courts, controlled communal property, received part of harvest, owed military service; unfree classes inc.
Debt bondage, those born into debt bondage, slavery; trade entrepots for internal trade; piracy as commerce common
Regional trade mercantilist, benefits local ruler; Malacca supported capitalistic tradition, international trade ; monetary
Economy introduced through trade with China, South Asia
Portuguese capture Malacca, establish fortified ports, factories to control trade; no trade without Portuguese licenses
Muslim Northern Sumatra leads anti-Portuguese coalition against Portuguese in Malacca, Hindu states in Java
Sharia courts (Muslim law tradition) introduced into Sumatra, Muslim states; rise of native Muslim intellectual leaders
Magellan reaches Philippines by crossing Pacific, killed by locals
Imperial Dynasty in Vietnam figurehead; rival Nguyen, Trinh families dominate state; Confucianism adopted by elites
Malacca moves capital inland to Johor; royal absolutism develops, sultan assisted by Orang Kaya (Council of Nobles) of
powerful Malay families who control ceremony, military, license local trade, patronized by merchants
Burman dynasty centralizes state, codifies laws, integrates diverse peoples; trade declines, economy monetarized, kings
Support Buddhism, repair monasteries, temples; exchanged diplomats, expands into Thai-Shan areas (Siam)
Siam adopts European firearms, fortresses, learns tactics from Portuguese; China recognizes Siam as important
Spanish seize control of Philippines, establish Manila; Spain monopolizes trade routes between China, SE Asia
Archipelago sea lanes dominated by Orang Laut (Malay groups) who control trade goods, provide naval protection
Siamese regain independence from Burma; centralizes state, allow Europeans to trade in Siam
Trinh run northern Vietnam with Chinese bureaucrats, education; Nguyen mix Hindu, Chinese traditions in South
Manila silver trade from Mexico established; Spanish allow Philippines to trade only with China, Mexico; Catholic friars
Proselytizing in local vernacular convert Philippines; friars rival Spanish royal influence; Friars introduce sugar to isles
Rice agriculture expands in Burma, new crops of tea, cotton introduced; population grows, internal industries expand
Portuguese, Dutch trade missions to Vietnam; Chinese merchant families settle in Vietnamese, Filipino, Siamese cities
Philippines ruled by Spanish elites through local elites; ethnic urban Chinese traders; countryside largely unfree
Islam introduced to Moluccas in 15th century, spreads widely amongst Eastern most islands, fight Portuguese, Spanish
English, Dutch destroy Portuguese monopolies, gain access to archipelago trade; Dutch begin conquest of Java, Sumatra
Vietnamese intervene in Cambodia to counter Siamese influence; many wars between Siam, Vietnam over Cambodia
Catholic Jesuits in Vietnam, 100,000 convert; Vietnamese elite utilize priests to acquire Western technical knowledge
Dutch capture Malacca, Celebes, license Council of Nobles for local trade; drive English trade out, dominate archipelago
Openness of Siam to new ideas leads to European especially French intrigue; civil war follows, Siam turns anti-European
Sufi scholars help spread Islam amongst non-elite Sumatrans, Javanese, Malay; Muslims ally with Ottomans
Orang Kaya, Orang Laut engage in civil war after last male ruler of Johor dies; by date, most Malayans were Muslim
Vietnamese provincial elites acquire public land, avoid taxation; Vietnamese colonists settled in southern lands
Spain establishes control of southern Philippine archipelago, makes wars on local Muslim sultanates
Rise of new dynasty in Johor with help of Celebes mercenaries, pirates who replace Orang Kaya, Orang Laut
1/3 of Vietnamese peasants abandon land, famines ensued, rebellions break out; decline of social norms; Vietnamese
Abandon Confucianism, switch to Buddhism, monks form opposition; Vietnamese women lead criticism of state
Non-Christian Chinese expelled from Philippines; King orders friars replaced with local clergy; popular resentment of
Church grows as Church controls most land in Philippines, all moneylending activities; peasants in debt to church
British cooperate with Sulu Sultanate, piracy, slavery disrupt, depopulate much of Philippines, Eastern Moluccas
Vietnamese Tay-Son rebellion defeats Trinh, Nguyen, Chinese, overthrows dynasty; new dynasty rebuilds economy
Returns land to peasants; Confucian bureaucrats returned but now had to be proficient in Vietnamese norms, too
In Treaty of Paris, British secured rights to trade throughout Dutch East Indies