Supplementary information: Nomenclature
The lack of a unified name for this technology could impede its wider adoption and
makes reviewing the literature on the subject very difficult. Optical injection has been
described using over a dozen different names or phrases (Table S1). Some trends in
the literature are clear. The first term of the technique is invariably a derivation of
word laser, optical, or photo, and the second term is usually in reference to injection,
transfection, poration, perforation or puncture. Like many cellular perturbations,
when a single cell or group of cells is treated with a laser, three things can happen: the
cell dies (overdose), the cell membrane is permeabilised, substances enter, and the
cell recovers (therapeutic dose), or nothing happens (underdose). There have been
suggestions in the literature to reserve the term optoinjection for when a therapeutic
dose is delivered upon a single cell (Krasieva et al. 1998; Rhodes et al. 2007;
Venugopalan et al. 2002), and the term optoporation for when a laser generated
shockwave treats a cluster of many (10s to 100s) cells (Krasieva, et al. 1998; Rhodes,
et al. 2007; Soughayer et al. 2000; Venugopalan, et al. 2002). The first definition of
optoinjection is uncontroversial. The definition of optoporation, however, has failed
to be adopted, with a similar number of references using the term to denote the dosing
of single cells (Mohanty et al. 2003; Palumbo et al. 1996; Schneckenburger et al.
2002; Uchugonova et al. 2008) as those using the term to denote the simultaneous
dosing of clusters of many cells (Krasieva, et al. 1998; Rhodes, et al. 2007;
Soughayer, et al. 2000; Venugopalan, et al. 2002).
As the field stands, it is the opinion of the authors that the term optoinjection always
be included as a keyword in future publications, regardless of their own naming
preferences.
Table S1: Nomenclature of optical injection. All terms in the table refer to the same
concept, where a focussed laser is used to transiently permeabilise a cell or group of
cells.
The many names of optical injection
laser beam gene transduction (Zeira et al. 2003)
laser induced optical breakdown (Zohdy et al. 2006)
laser mediated gene transfer (Gao et al. 1995)
laser mediated transfection (Rhodes, et al. 2007)
laser microbeam cell surgery (Tsukakoshi et al. 1984)
laser micropuncture (Badr et al. 2005; Tao et al. 1987)
laser manipulation {Kohli, 2008 #3111}
laser nanosurgery (Kohli & Elezzabi 2009)
laser surgery {Kohli, 2008 #3111}
laser transfection (Kohli et al. 2007; Kurata et al. 1986)
laser-assisted microinjection (Lei et al. 2008; Mohanty, et al. 2003)
laserfection (Rhodes, et al. 2007)
laser-induced transfection (Sagi et al. 2003)
laser poration (Kohli, et al. 2007)
optical nanoinjection (Stracke et al. 2005)
optical permeabilisation (Kohli et al. 2005)
optical transfection (Stevenson et al. 2006; Tsampoula et al. 2007; Tsampoula et al. 2008;
Uchugonova, et al. 2008)
optoinjection (Clark et al. 2006; Krasieva, et al. 1998; Peng et al. 2007; Rhodes, et al. 2007;
Venugopalan, et al. 2002)
opto-injection (Kohli, et al. 2007){Kohli, 2009 #3392}
opto-perforation (Baumgart et al. 2008)
optoporation (Mohanty, et al. 2003; Palumbo, et al. 1996; Schneckenburger, et al. 2002;
Soughayer, et al. 2000; Uchugonova, et al. 2008; Venugopalan, et al. 2002)
optotransfection (Nikolskaya et al. 2006)
photoporation (Paterson et al. 2005; Stevenson, et al. 2006; Tsampoula, et al. 2007)
phototransfection (Barrett et al. 2006; Miyashiro et al. 2009; Sul et al. 2009)
single-cell nanosurgery (Zeigler & Chiu 2009)
Terms agreed by consensus
Optoinjection (or any derivations of laser injection, optical injection, photoinjection): The
transfer of any membrane impermeable substance into a cell using light. A general term that also
encompasses optical transfection.
Optical transfection (or any derivations of laser transfection, optotransfection,
phototransfection): A specific type of optical transfection - the transfer of nucleic acids into a cell
using light for the purposes of eliciting protein translation from those acids. To be in line with the
current definition of transfection in the biological community, non-nucleic acids (such as
fluorophores) cannot, by definition, be optically transfected (only optically injected).
Photoporation (or any derivations of [laser-] or [optical-] or [opto-] or [photo-] AND [-poration]
or [-permeabilisation] or [-puncture] or [-perforation]): The generation of a transient hole or
holes on the plasma membrane (or cell wall) of a cell usually for the purpose of optical injection.
See possible exception: Optoporation
-surgery (such as cell nanosurgery, laser nanosurgery, laser surgery): A general term that
incorporates all of the above definitions, but also includes the concepts of the ablation or optical
manipulation of cell material for other purposes besides pore generation. Examples include
selective cell ablation to purify cell populations, chromosome dissection, cytoskeleton disruption,
organelle ablation, axotomy{Kohli, 2009 #3392}, or the optical tweezing or isolation of
intracellular material.
Terms under deliberation
Optoporation: Has been suggested to mean the dosing of a cluster of cells with a shockwave
mediated mechanism, which usually results in a doughnut shaped therapeutic zone (Krasieva, et al.
1998; Rhodes, et al. 2007; Soughayer, et al. 2000; Venugopalan, et al. 2002). On the contrary, has
also been synonymously used with the term photoporation(Mohanty, et al. 2003; Palumbo, et al.
1996; Schneckenburger, et al. 2002; Uchugonova, et al. 2008).
Laserfection: Has been suggested to mean the dosing of a cluster of cells with a circularly shaped
therapeutic zone. Term reserved for Cyntellect’s laser-enabled analysis and processing (LEAP)
system.
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