Supplementary Table 1 Basic information of each study site Study sites Coordinates Forest/soil type Elevation Annual rainfall (mm)1 Average monthly 2 temperature Conservation Remarks (oC)1 Sohoton National Park, Basey, Samar 11° 21’ N, 125° 11’ E Limestone 207 2694 27.8 Declared protected area Conalum Forest, Inopacan, Leyte 10° 31‘ N, 124° 48‘ E Limestone 563 3127 27.8 One of project sites of DENR Magsaysay National Park, Bilar, Bohol 9° 45’ N, 124° 12’ E Limestone 425 1616 28.3 Declared protected area Nug-as Forest, Alcoy, Cebu 9 44’ N, 123 25’ E Limestone 776 1661 28.0 Protected by LGU and PO through co-management agreement with DENR Argao Watershed, Argao Cebu 9° 54’ N, 123° 32’ E Limestone 452 1661 28.0 Declared watershed area Brgy. Imelda and Katipunan Forest, Silago Southern Leyte 10° 33’ N, 125° 07’ E Non-limestone (volcanic) 321 2977 27.9 One of project sites of DENR Palayan Forest, Almeria, Biliran 11° 39’ N, 124° 26’ E Non-limestone (volcanic) 813 2694 27.8 Part of declared watershed area Lake Danao National Park, Ormoc, Leyte 11° 03’ N, 124° 41’ E Non-limestone (volcanic) 779 3127 27.8 Declared protected area Balinsasayao Twin Lake Natural Park, ° 9 21’ N, 123° 11’ E Sibulan, Negros Oriental Non-limestone (volcanic) 1040 1408 27.7 Declared protected area 11° 9’ N, 125° 38’ N Non-limestone (Ultramafic) 107 3437 27.7 Managed by LGU through comanagement agreement with DENR Salcedo Forest, Eastern Samar ° ° 1 based on airport weather station data or local meteorological station data at a University; always in the lowlands and distantly located from the study sites DENR-Department of Environment and Natural Resources; LGU-Local Government Unit; PO-People’s Organizations 2 1