Microorganisms, Fungi, and Plants
Chapter 1
Lesson 2: The Necessity of Life
* Almost all organisms have the same basic needs: water, air, shelter, food
A. Water (p.8)
1. The human body is made up of approximately 70% water.
2. Most chemical reactions involved in metabolism (all of an organism’s
chemical processes) require water.
B. Air (p.8)
1. Most living things use oxygen in the chemical process that releases
energy from food.
2. Organisms living on land get oxygen from the air while organisms
living in water take in dissolved oxygen from the water or come to
the surface to get oxygen.
3. Plants produce food and oxygen by photosynthesis. Photosynthesis
converts energy in sunlight to energy stored in food.
C. A Place to Live (p.9)
1. Organisms need a place to live that contains all of the things they
need to survive.
2. Since there is limited space on Earth, many animals find a place to
live and then try to keep other animals away.
D. Food (p.9)
1. Food gives organisms energy and materials needed to carry on life
processes.
2. Nutrients from food are used to replace cells and build body parts.
3. Organisms are grouped into three different groups depending on
how they get their food:
a. producers - make food
ex. plants use energy from sun to make food
b. consumers – eat other organisms/plants
ex. frogs get energy from eating insects
c. decomposers – eat dead organisms or animal waste
ex. mushroom
E. Putting It All Together (p.10)
1. All organisms need to break down food in order to use the nutrients
in the food.
2. A molecule is a substance made when two or more atoms combine.
Compounds are molecules made of different kinds of atoms.
3. Molecules found in living things usually are made of six elements:
a. carbon
b. hydrogen
c. nitrogen
d. oxygen
e. phosphorus
f. sulfur
* These six elements combine to form: proteins, carbohydrates,
lipids, ATP, and nucleic acids.
F. Proteins (p.10)
1. Proteins are large molecules that are made up of smaller molecules
called amino acids.
2. Proteins are broken down in food to supply cells with amino acids.
Amino acids are put together to form new proteins.
3. Proteins have different functions:
a. form structures that can be seen
ex. spider webs, hair, horns, feathers
b. help cells do their job
c. protect cells
d. (enzymes) start or speed up chemical reactions in cells
G. Carbohydrates (p.11)
1. Carbohydrates are molecules made of sugar. Carbohydrates are
used as a source of energy and for energy storage.
2. Cells break down carbohydrates to release energy stored in them.
3. Two kinds of carbohydrates:
a. simple carbohydrates – made up of one or a few sugar
molecules
ex. table sugar, sugar in fruits
b. complex carbohydrates – made of hundreds of sugar
molecules
ex. potato (starch)
H. Lipids (p.12)
1. Lipids are compounds that cannot mix with water.
ex. fats and oils
2. Lipids:
a. store energy
b. form the membranes of cells
3. All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane. Phospholipids are the
molecules that form much of the cell membrane.
4. After all carbohydrates are used, organisms can get energy from
the fats and oils that store energy.
I. ATP (p.12)
1. ATP is a molecule that is the major energy-carrying molecule in the
cell. Energy must be transferred (from carbohydrates and lipids)
to ATP which provides fuel for cell activities.
J. Nucleic Acids (p.13)
1. Nucleic acids are large molecules made up of smaller molecules
called nucleotides. Nucleic acids are called the blueprints of life
because it contains all the information a cell needs to make a protein.
2. DNA is a nucleic acid that tells the cell the order of amino acids
that are put together to make a protein.
Microorganisms, Fungi, and Plants
Chapter 1
Lesson 1: Characteristics of _______________ _______________
A. Living Things Have ___________ (p.4)
1. All living things are __________ of one or more cells.
2. A _________ is a structure that contains all of the materials
necessary for ____________. The __________ surrounds a cell
and separates the contents of the cell from the cell’s environment.
3. Most cells are too __________ to be seen with the naked eye.
4. In an organism with many cells, different _______ perform
different functions. In a organism with only one cell, different
_________ of the cell perform different functions.
B. Living Things __________ and ____________ to Change (p.5)
1. All organisms can sense change in their ________________ and
respond to that change.
2. A change that affects the activity of the organism is called a
____________________.
ex. chemicals, ____________, light, ____________, hunger
3. Even if an organisms _______________ changes, its _________
inside must stay the same. Chemical reactions __________ an
organism help it to maintain a _________ internal condition. The
maintenance of a stable internal environment is called _________
4. When your body gets ________, your body responds by sweating.
When your body gets cold, it responds by _________________.
5. Animals control their body temperature by __________ from one
environment to another.
ex. too warm – move to _________
too __________ – move to sunlight
C. Living Things ________________ (p.6)
1. Organisms make other organisms ____________ to themselves in
two ways:
a. sexual reproduction – two parents produce offspring that will
_________ characteristics of both parents
b. asexual reproduction – a single parent produces offspring
that are _____________ to the parent
D. Living Things Have DNA (p.6)
1. Cells of all living things contain DNA. _______ controls the
structure and ____________ of cells.
2. The passing of ____________ from one generation to the next is
called heredity.
E. Living Things Use _____________ (p.6)
1. Energy is used to carry out the activities of _______ in organisms.
ex. _________ food, breaking down food, moving materials in
and out of cells, ____________ cells
2. An organism’s ______________ is the total of all of the chemical
activities that the organism performs.
F. Living Things Grow and _____________ (p.7)
1. All living things ________.
a. single-celled organisms – _______ gets larger and divides
b. many-celled organisms – _________ of cells gets larger and
organism get bigger
Microorganisms, Fungi, and Plants
Chapter 1
Lesson 2: The ________________ of Life
* Almost all organisms have the same _______ needs: water, air, shelter,
food
A. Water (p.8)
1. The human body is made up of approximately _______% water.
2. Most chemical reactions involved in metabolism (all of an organism’s
chemical processes) require __________.
B. Air (p.8)
1. Most living things use __________ in the chemical process that
releases ___________ from food.
2. Organisms living on land get oxygen from the ____ while organisms
living in ________ take in dissolved oxygen from the water or
come to the surface to get oxygen.
3. Plants produce _______ and oxygen by photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis converts energy in sunlight to _________ stored
in food.
C. A __________ to Live (p.9)
1. Organisms need a place to ________ that contains all of the
things they need to ___________.
2. Since there is ____________ space on Earth, many animals find a
place to live and then try to keep other animals _________.
D. Food (p.9)
1. Food gives organisms _________ and materials needed to carry on
________ processes.
2. ______________ from food are used to replace cells and build
body parts.
3. Organisms are grouped into three different groups depending on
______ they _______ their food:
a. _____________ - make food
ex. plants use _________ from sun to make food
b. _____________ – eat other organisms/plants
ex. frogs get energy from eating insects
d. _____________ – eat dead organisms or animal waste
ex. ________________
E. Putting It All Together (p.10)
1. All organisms need to ________ _________ food in order to use
the nutrients in the food.
2. A molecule is a _________ made when two or more atoms combine.
_____________ are molecules made of different kinds of atoms.
3. Molecules found in living things usually are made of six elements:
a. carbon
b. ________________
c. nitrogen
d. ________________
e. phosphorus
f. ________________
* These six elements combine to form: ___________,
carbohydrates, ____________, ATP, and nucleic acids.
F. Proteins (p.10)
1. ______________ are large molecules that are made up of smaller
molecules called ___________ acids.
2. Proteins are broken down in food to __________ cells with amino
acids. Amino acids are put _____________ to form new proteins.
3.Proteins have different ________________:
a. form structures that can be ___________
ex. spider webs, hair, horns, ____________
b. help _________ do their job
c. ___________ cells
d. (___________) start or speed up chemical reactions in cells
G. Carbohydrates (p.11)
1. Carbohydrates are molecules made of _______. Carbohydrates
are used as a source of __________ and for energy storage.
2. Cells break down ____________ to release energy stored in them.
3. _______ kinds of carbohydrates:
a. _________ carbohydrates – made up of one or a few sugar
molecules
ex. table sugar, sugar in fruits
b. _________ carbohydrates – made of hundreds of sugar
molecules
ex. potato (___________)
H. Lipids (p.12)
1. Lipids are ______________ that cannot mix with water.
ex. fats and _________
2. Lipids:
a. store _________
b. form the ________________ of cells
3. All cells are ______________ by a cell membrane. Phospholipids
are the molecules that _________ much of the cell membrane.
4. After all carbohydrates are used, organisms can get __________
from the _________ and oils that store energy.
I. ATP (p.12)
1. _______ is a molecule that is the major energy-carrying molecule
in the cell. Energy must be _________________ (from
carbohydrates and lipids) to ATP which provides ________ for cell
activities.
J. Nucleic Acids (p.13)
1. Nucleic acids are _______ molecules made up of smaller molecules
called nucleotides. Nucleic acids are called the _______________
of life because it contains all the ______________ a cell needs to
make a protein.
2. _______ is a nucleic acid that tells the cell the order of amino
acids that are put _______________ to make a protein.