Addition reaction
Alkanals
‘Aldehydes’
Alkanes
Alkanoic acids
‘Carboxylic acids’
Alkanols
‘Alcohols’
Alkanones
‘Ketones’
Alkenes
Alkyl groups
Alkynes
Amides
A small molecule, say AB, adds to the
multiple bond so that A joins to one
atom and B to the other.
Alkanes are a series of saturated
hydrocarbons, all of which fit the
general formulaCnH2n+2.
Alkanols are a homologous series of
alcohols based on the series of alkanes by
replacing one hydrogen atom by a hydroxyl
group.
Alkenes are a series of unsaturated
hydrocarbons which contain one C=C
bond and which fit the general
formula CnH2n.
Alkynes are a series of unsaturated
hydrocarbons containing one
bond and which fit the general
formula CnH2n-2.
Alkanals are a homologous
series of aldehydes based
on the corresponding
alkanes by changing one of
the terminal carbon atoms into a
carbonyl group.
are a homologous series of carboxylic
acids based on the parent alkanes in
which one of the terminal carbon
atoms is part of a
carboxyl group
Alkanones are a homologous
series of ketones based on
the corresponding alkanes by
changing one of the middle chain
carbon atoms into a carbonyl group.
An alkyl group is an alkane molecule
minus one hydrogen atom; a
substituent.
Amides, containing the CO-NH- link, can be
formed in a condensation
reaction between amines
and carboxylic acids.
Amino acids
Condensation
Cured resin
Denatured
Enzymes
Ester exchange
Fibrous
Functional group
Globular
Homologous series
Amino acids are
compounds
containing an amino
group (-NH2) and a
carboxyl group (-COOH).
A condensation reaction
is one in which two
molecules combine to
form a larger molecule
at the same time
eliminating a small
molecule such as water.
A cured polyester resin
sets to a rigid solid,
because the curing
process produces cross
linking between the linear
polyester chains.
When a protein
molecule loses its highly
ordered three
dimensional shape it is
said to be denatured.
Ester exchange is a chemical process, in
which one
alcohol displaces
Enzymes are protein molecules which another alcohol
act as catalysts in biological processes.
from an ester.
Fibrous proteins are
proteins that form long
coils or align themselves in
parallel to form long, water
insoluble fibers.
Globular proteins are proteins in
which long coils fold into compact
roughly
spherical shapes.
The functional group is that part of a
molecule which gives the substance its
characteristic properties.
A homologous series is a family of
compounds which have similar
chemical properties and which all fit
the same general formula.
Hydrocarbon
Hydrogenation
Hydrolysis
Isomer
Oxidation
Peptide
Proteins
Reduction
Reforming
Saponification
These are compounds containing the
elements carbon and hydrogen only.
Hydrolysis is the breakdown of a molecule
by reaction with water.
When applied to carbon compounds,
oxidation reactions result in an increase in
the oxygen to hydrogen ratio.
Proteins are biological polymers of
small molecules called amino acids.
Reforming is a catalytic process where
straight chain alkanes in the naphtha
distillation fraction are converted to
branched alkanes, cycloalkanes and
aromatic hydrocarbons, without necessarily
changing the number of carbon atoms. This
produces a higher octane fuel.
Hydrogenation is the addition of
hydrogen to a carbon to carbon
multiple bond
Isomers have the same molecular
formula but different structural
formula, i.e. they contain the same
number and type of atoms but the
atoms are arranged differently.
Peptide bonds are the C-N bonds
resulting from the condensation
reaction between a carboxyl group of
one amino acid and the amino group of
a second amino acid.
When applied to carbon compounds,
reduction reactions result in a decrease in
the oxygen to hydrogen ratio.
Saponification is the process by which soaps
are made from fats and oils in a hydrolysis
reaction ‘alkaline hydrolysis’.
Steam cracking
Synthesis gas
Thermoplastic
Thermosetting plastic
Triglycerides
Unsaturated
Volatile
Essential amino acid
Hydration
Dehydration
Steam cracking is used to produce
ethene and propene from gaseous
feedstock (ethane and propane) or
from naphtha.
Synthesis gas is a mixture of carbon
monoxide and hydrogen obtained by
steam reforming methane or coal.
Thermoplastic polymers melt or soften
on heating. They consist of polymer Thermosetting plastics do not soften or
chains which have only weak forces melt on heating on account of a highly
(typically van der Waals’) between
cross-linked structure.
them.
Triglycerides are
molecules formed
through the
condensation of
one glycerol
molecule with
three fatty acid molecules.
An unsaturated molecule has at least
one carbon to carbon double bond. An
unsaturated hydrocarbons does not
contain the maximum number of
hydrogen atoms for a given carbon
atom framework.
A volatile substance evaporates very
easily to form a gas.
An essential (in the sense of an amino
acid) is a necessary material required
by living organisms for normal growth.
Addition reaction of an alkene with
water to form an
alcohol.
Elimination of a water molecule from
an alcohol to form an
alkene.
Ester
Aromatic
‘Benzene’
Formed by a condensation reaction
between carboxylic acid and alcohol.
The molecular formula is C6H6.
Each carbon atom in the ring uses
three of its four outer electrons to form
covalent bonds to the two neighbouring carbon
atoms and one hydrogen atom, producing a planar,
hexagonal ring. This leaves a ’spare’ electron on
each carbon atom. These electrons are able to move
from atom to atom around the ring.