Auxiliary Material Submission for Paper 2012GLXXXXXX
Climatic impact of the Millennium eruption of Changbaishan volcano in China: New insights
from high-precision radiocarbon wiggle-match dating.
Jiandong Xu1,3, Bo Pan1, Tanzhuo Liu2,3, Irka Hajdas4, Bo Zhao1, Hongmei Yu1, Ruoxin Liu1, and
Ping Zhao5
1
Key Laboratory of Active Tectonics and Volcano, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake
Administration (CEA), Beijing 100029, China
2
State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, CEA, Beijing 100029,
China
3
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
4
Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH, Schafmattstr. 20, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
5
China Earthquake Networks Center, CEA, Beijing 100045, China
Geophys. Res. Lett, XX, XXXXXX, doi:10.1029/2012GLXXXXXX, 2012
Introduction
The auxiliary material contains three sections describing the geological setting of Changbaishan
volcano, the radiocarbon sample pretreatment and measurements, and the OxCal-based
radiocarbon wiggle-match age determination in this study. The auxiliary material also contains 8
figures, 4 tables and 26 cited references which provide technical supports and scientific evidence
related to the discussion and conclusion in this study. The details are as follows.
Figure S.1 Schematic map showing the geographic location of Changbaishan volcano in northeast
China and the distribution of distal tephra from the Millennium eruption (B-Tm ash).
Figure S.2 Areal distribution of voluminous comenditic pumice fallouts and pyroclastic flow
deposits produced by the AD 946 large explosive eruption of Changbaishan volcano in northeast
China.
Figure S.3 Photos showing the location of the tree sample which was collected in pyroclastic flow
deposits from the millennium eruption in Xiaoshahe (XSH).
Figure S.4 Modeled outliers in radiocarbon measurements, using Outlier_Model (“SSimple”,
N(0,2), 0, “s”) with {Oultlier, 0.05} (with reference to the IntCal09 curve).
Figure S.5 Systematic regional offset in radiocarbon dates for the XSH sample set from the
calibration curves of IntCal09 (a) and IntCal98 (b).
Figure S.6 A typical output of calibrated WM age probability distribution, using the D-Sequence
model and the Delta_R function with a prior of 0 ± 10 yr against the calibration curves of IntCal09
(a) and IntCal98 (b).
Figure S.7 Distribution of modeled 14C WM ages from 18 model runs (against the IntCal09 and
IntCal98 calibration curves with and without account for 14C outliers and regional offset).
Figure S.8 A photocopy of the original historical record from the “Koryo History”, describing
“thunders from the heaven drum” (likely the detonation of the Millennium eruption) and “the
convicts were pardoned and set free” in AD 946.
Table S.1 High-precision radiocarbon dates of a larch tree (XSH) killed during the Millennium
eruption. The sample codes indicate tree-ring numbers counted inwards from the outermost ring
next to the bark (R1).
Table S.2 Radiocarbon wiggle-match dating results of the XSH sample set from different model
runs.
Table S.3 Model run details for tree ring samples from XSH (for IntCal09 curve only).
Table S.4 Major elemental concentrations (wt.%) of Changbaishan (CBS) volcanic rocks/tephras
deposited in different regions, which are collected from previously published references, and used
for the petrologic match in major chemical compositions between the glass shards layer B from
the GISP2 ice core and the volcanic ashes from the Millennium eruption.