FATIGUE
Possible uses for this information will include:
 Providing useful information to self-learners;
 Providing focus for the developers of short courses, text books and other learning
material;
 Providing a basis for the production of self-test quizzes and examinations;
 Providing the basis for registers of suitably qualified and experienced persons.
Recommended Competences
Category
&
Code Number
Pre-Requisites
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Knowledge
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STATEMENT OF COMPETENCE
Standard
or
Advanced
and
EQF Level
Resource
Reference
Code
All learning outcomes in category FEA as
appropriate to industry, application and level.
All learning outcomes in category MESM as
appropriate to industry, application and level.
List the conditions necessary for fatigue failure.
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Comprehension
FATco1
List the possible sources of cyclic loading in your
company products.
List potential sites for fatigue in your company
products.
Sketch a sinusoidal stress variation and show the
maximum stress, minimum stress, mean stress,
alternating stress (or stress amplitude), stress
range and stress ratio.
List common sources of harmful tensile residual
stress in your company products.
List ways of inducing beneficial compressive
stresses into your company products.
Sketch a fatigue diagram, showing the Modified
Goodman, Gerber, Soderberg and Langer/Yield
lines.
Sketch typical welds, highlighting features
detrimental to fatigue performance.
Sketch a typical butt weld, illustrating membrane,
bending and peak (or notch) stress components
of stress distribution.
List typical weld details in order of fatigue
performance.
Define the terms Nominal stress, Maximum stress,
Notch stress, Equivalent stress and Weld-Throat
stress.
Define the term FAT class as used in the
Eurocodes.
Discuss the initiation, propagation and fast fracture
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stages of Fatigue in metallic materials.
Describe how the data used to construct an S-N
curve are obtained.
Discuss the term high cycle fatigue, highlighting a
common source in your company products.
Discuss the statistical nature of fatigue and explain
how this is handled in relevant design standards
and codes of practice.
Discuss the salient features of an S-N diagram for
steels and explain the terms endurance limit,
infinite life and low cycle fatigue.
Discuss the typical appearance of a fatigue failure
surface in a metallic component and explain how
the source of the fatigue failure is commonly
identified.
Discuss the observed relationship between
endurance limit and static tensile strength for
steels and explain why this relationship does not
hold for welded steels.
Discuss the philosophy of Safe Life Design.
Explain the term Damage Tolerant Design.
Contrast the Stress-Life and Strain Life / MansonCoffin approached to fatigue assessment.
Explain the use of Endurance Limit Modifying
Factors in Stress-Life based fatigue assessment.
Discuss how temperature, plate thickness and
modulus effects are typically handled in relevant
design standards and codes of practice and
explain why this is necessary.
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Discuss the effects of corrosion on fatigue life and
highlight how this is typically handled in relevant
design standards and codes of practice
Discuss the term Fatigue Strength Reduction Factor
in relation to stress concentrations and explain
how this has traditionally been handled in
relevant design standards and codes of practice.
Discuss the concept of cumulative damage and
explain how this is commonly handled.
Explain why a multiaxial stress field can complicate
an analysis and discuss approaches to handling
this.
Discuss the significance of the choice of equivalent
stress used in the fatigue assessment of welded
joints
Outline a conservative approach to situations where
the directions of principal stresses vary during a
stress cycle.
Discuss the nature of residual stresses in welded
joints.
Consider why no credit is given for post-weld stress
relief in some fatigue design rules.
Discuss why weld toe grinding can be beneficial
and explain how design standards and codes of
practice will typically allow for this improvement.
Explain why the fatigue strength of welded
components is generally much lower than nonwelded and illustrate the effects of this on a
sketch of an S-N curve.
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Discuss typical locations of fatigue cracks in a weld
and highlight the stress quantity that would
normally be used to assess performance.
Discuss the philosophy of weld detail classification
inherent in UK and European codes of practice
and explain how these reference details are
used.
Reflect on why fatigue is such a long-standing and
persistent cause of failure.
Discuss the nature of and typical locations for,
stress singularities in a finite element model and
explain how they would typically be handled in a
fatigue analysis.
Describe the approximations inherent in a
plate/shell idealisation of welded joints and how
these could influence fatigue assessment.
Discuss the term Effective Notch Stress and
Nominal Stress.
Explain how a Cyclic Stress-Strain Curve is
constructed and used.
Explain Neuber’s Rule and its limitations and why
corrections to the elastic strain range from an
elastic analysis may be necessary.
Discuss the term Local Plastic Strain Amplification
Coefficient and Elastic Follow-Up.
Discuss the possible effects of radiation on fatigue
life.
Explain why corrections for residual stresses and
mean strain are often unnecessary for low cycle
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Application
FATap1
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fatigue.
Explain the term ultra high cycle or gigacycle fatigue
and discuss findings in relation to the concept of
endurance limit.
Discuss the term endurance limit for many nonferrous metals, steels in a corrosive environment
and the possible effects of load sequencing.
Discuss any particular characteristic fatigue
properties and behaviour for any materials being
considered in analyses and assessment.
Reflect on how variable amplitude load sequencing
can affect the prediction of damage accumulation
and fatigue life.
Employ a fatigue diagram, consisting of Modified
Goodman and Langer lines, to assess fatigue
performance of components.
Carry out elastic fatigue assessment using design
standards and code guidelines for components
and structures including any special procedures
for ancillary components such as bolts,
Modify the results of an elastic analysis for the
effects of plasticity, where necessary.
Conduct plastic analyses as necessary, to evaluate
equivalent plastic strain ranges in components
and assess using design standard and code
guidelines.
Use Reservoir Counting / Rainflow Method or
similar to specify the necessary stress ranges,
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Analysis
FATan1
Synthesis
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number of cycles and loading history for any
component to be analysed.
Employ a finite element analysis system for the
fatigue analysis of a component or structure.
Use hot spot stress techniques (extrapolation
and/or linearization) to determine structural
stresses for fatigue assessment.
Determine whether a fatigue assessment is
necessary using design standard and code
guidelines.
Determine whether any allowance needs to be
made for fabrication effects such as
misalignment.
Determine appropriate stress/strain ranges for a
given loading spectrum and analyze the results
from fatigue analyses to determine whether they
satisfy the requirements of a design standard or
code of practice.
Prepare a fatigue analysis specification, highlighting
any assumptions relating to geometry, loads,
boundary conditions and material properties.
Plan a fatigue analysis, specifying necessary
resources and timescale.
Prepare quality assurance procedures for fatigue
analysis activities within an organisation.
Specify whether a Fracture Mechanics approach is
more appropriate.
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Evaluation
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Specify appropriate idealisation(s) for welds, which
are consistent with the objectives of fatigue
analyses and available computing resources.
Assess the significance of neglecting any feature or
detail in any idealisation being used for fatigue
assessment.
Assess the fatigue significance of simplifying
geometry, material models, loads or boundary
conditions.
Assess the need for consideration of fatigue-creep
interaction.
Assess the need for Ratcheting assessment.
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REFERENCES:
FATref1
Forrest P G: ‘Fatigue of Metals’, Pergamon Press, Oxford, ISBN 62-19278, 1962, p2.
Fuchs H O and Stephens R I: ‘Metal Fatigue in Engineering’, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, ISBN 0-47105264-7, 1980. p14.
Gurney T R: ‘Fatigue of Welded Structures’, Cambridge University Press, 2nd Edition, ISBN 0 521 22558 2, 1979. p1.
Maddox S J: ‘Fatigue Strength of Welded Structures’, Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, ISBN 1 85573 013 8,
1991. p3.
Gurney T R: ‘Cumulative Damage of Welded Joints’, Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, ISBN-13: 978-1-85573938-3, 2006. p5.
FATref2
Spence J and Tooth A S (Ed.): ‘Pressure Vessel Design-Concepts and Principles’, E & F N Spon, London, ISBN 0
419 19080 5, 1994. p342.
BS PD 5500 ‘Specification for Unfired Fusion Welded Pressure Vessels’, Annex C ‘Assessment of vessels subject to
fatigue’, BSI, London, 2007. C.1.2.1.
FATref3
BS EN 13445-3: ‘Unfired pressure vessels’, Part 3 ‘Design’, BSI, London, 2002.
Maddox S J: ' Assessment of pressure vessel design rules on the basis of fatigue test data' in Banks W M and Nash
D H (Ed.): ‘Pressure Equipment Technology - Theory and Practice’, Professional Engineering Publishing Ltd., Bury St
Edmunds, ISBN 1 86058 401 2, 2003. p239.
BS PD 5500 ‘Specification for Unfired Fusion Welded Pressure Vessels’, Annex C ‘Assessment of vessels subject to
fatigue’, BSI, London, 2007.
FATref4
Fuchs H O and Stephens R I: ‘Metal Fatigue in Engineering’, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, ISBN 0-47105264-7, 1980. p61.
Maddox S J: ‘Fatigue Strength of Welded Structures’, Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, ISBN 1 85573 013 8,
1991. p8-9.
BS 3518-1: ‘Methods of fatigue testing-Part 1: Guide to general principles’, BSI, London, 1993.
FATref5
Fuchs H O and Stephens R I: ‘Metal Fatigue in Engineering’, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, ISBN 0-47105264-7, 1980. p133.
Gurney T R: ‘Cumulative Damage of Welded Joints’, Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, ISBN-13: 978-1-85573938-3, 2006. p75.
Spence J and Tooth A S (Ed.): ‘Pressure Vessel Design-Concepts and Principles’, E & F N Spon, London, ISBN 0
419 19080 5, 1994. p252.
FATref6
Fuchs H O and Stephens R I: ‘Metal Fatigue in Engineering’, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, ISBN 0-47105264-7, 1980. p126.
Gurney T R: ‘Cumulative Damage of Welded Joints’, Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, ISBN-13: 978-1-85573938-3, 2006. p75.
Maddox S J: ‘Fatigue Strength of Welded Structures’, Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, ISBN 1 85573 013 8,
1991. p148.
FATref7
Forrest P G: ‘Fatigue of Metals’, Pergamon Press, Oxford, ISBN 62-19278, 1962, p4.
Fuchs H O and Stephens R I: ‘Metal Fatigue in Engineering’, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, ISBN 0-47105264-7, 1980. p72.
Fuchs H O and Stephens R I: ‘Metal Fatigue in Engineering’, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, ISBN 0-47105264-7, 1980. p110.
FATref8
Gurney T R: ‘Fatigue of Welded Structures’, Cambridge University Press, 2nd Edition, ISBN 0 521 22558 2, 1979.
Maddox S J: ‘Fatigue Strength of Welded Structures’, Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, ISBN 1 85573 013 8,
1991.
Gurney T R: ‘Cumulative Damage of Welded Joints’, Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, ISBN-13: 978-1-85573938-3, 2006.
Blodget: ‘Design of Welded Structures’, 1982. ch2.
FATref9
Maddox S J: ‘Fatigue Strength of Welded Structures’, Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, ISBN 1 85573 013 8,
1991. p5.
FATref10
BS EN 13445-3: ‘Unfired pressure vessels’, Part 3 ‘Design’, BSI, London, 2002. section 18.2.
FATref11
Maddox S J: ‘Fatigue Strength of Welded Structures’, Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, ISBN 1 85573 013 8,
1991. Part 1 Table 1, Part 2 Table 1.
Blodget: ‘Design of Welded Structures’, 1982. ch2.
FATref12
Hobbacher A (Ed): ‘Fatigue Design of Welded Joints and Components’, International Institute of Welding, Abington
Publishing, Abington, Cambridge, 1996.
FATref13
Forrest P G: ‘Fatigue of Metals’, Pergamon Press, Oxford, ISBN 62-19278, 1962.
Fuchs H O and Stephens R I: ‘Metal Fatigue in Engineering’, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, ISBN 0-47105264-7, 1980.
Gurney T R: ‘Fatigue of Welded Structures’, Cambridge University Press, 2nd Edition, ISBN 0 521 22558 2, 1979.
Maddox S J: ‘Fatigue Strength of Welded Structures’, Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, ISBN 1 85573 013 8,
1991.
Gurney T R: ‘Cumulative Damage of Welded Joints’, Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, ISBN-13: 978-1-85573938-3, 2006.
Anderson T L: ‘Fracture Mechanics - Fundamentals and Applications’, 2nd Ed., 1995. ch1.
FATref14
Forrest P G: ‘Fatigue of Metals’, Pergamon Press, Oxford, ISBN 62-19278, 1962, p12.
Fuchs H O and Stephens R I: ‘Metal Fatigue in Engineering’, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, ISBN 0-47105264-7, 1980. p62.
BS 3518-1: ‘Methods of fatigue testing-Part 1: Guide to general principles’, BSI, London, 1993.
Maddox S J: ‘Fatigue Strength of Welded Structures’, Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, ISBN 1 85573 013 8,
1991. p10.
Maddox S J; ‘Fatigue design rules for welded structures’, Prog. Struct. Engng Mater. Vol.2, 2000, p6-15.
Gurney T R: ‘Fatigue of Welded Structures’, Cambridge University Press, 2nd Edition, ISBN 0 521 22558 2, 1979. p8.
FATref15
BS PD 5500 ‘Specification for Unfired Fusion Welded Pressure Vessels’, Annex C ‘Assessment of vessels subject to
fatigue’, BSI, London, 2007. C.1.2.1.
Spence J and Tooth A S (Ed.): ‘Pressure Vessel Design-Concepts and Principles’, E & F N Spon, London, ISBN 0
419 19080 5, 1994. p342.
Wintle J B (Ed): ‘Pressure Systems Casebook-Causes and avoidance of failures and defects’, Professional
Engineering Publishing, Bury St. Edmunds, ISBN 1 86058 421 7, 2004.
FATref16
ASTM STP 91-A, ‘A Guide for Fatigue Testing and the Statistical Analysis of Fatigue Data’, 1963.
BS EN 13445-3: ‘Unfired pressure vessels’, Part 3 ‘Design’, BSI, London, 2002.
BS PD 5500 ‘Specification for Unfired Fusion Welded Pressure Vessels’, Annex C ‘Assessment of vessels subject to
fatigue’, BSI, London, 2007.
Forrest P G: ‘Fatigue of Metals’, Pergamon Press, Oxford, ISBN 62-19278, 1962, p44.
Gurney T R: ‘Fatigue of Welded Structures’, Cambridge University Press, 2nd Edition, ISBN 0 521 22558 2, 1979.
p343.
Maddox S J; ‘Fatigue design rules for welded structures’, Prog. Struct. Engng Mater. Vol.2, 2000, p6-15.
Gurney T R and Maddox S J: ‘A re-analysis of fatigue data for welded joints in steel', Welding Research International,
Vol.3, No.4, 1973.
FATref17
Fuchs H O and Stephens R I: ‘Metal Fatigue in Engineering’, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York,
ISBN 0-471-05264-7, 1980. Ch5.
Gurney T R: ‘Fatigue of Welded Structures’, Cambridge University Press, 2nd Edition, ISBN 0 521 22558 2, 1979.
p14 & 342.
FATref18
Forrest P G: ‘Fatigue of Metals’, Pergamon Press, Oxford, ISBN 62-19278, 1962, p2.
Fuchs H O and Stephens R I: ‘Metal Fatigue in Engineering’, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, ISBN 0-47105264-7, 1980. p15.
Gurney T R: ‘Fatigue of Welded Structures’, Cambridge University Press, 2nd Edition, ISBN 0 521 22558 2, 1979. p5.
Spence J and Tooth A S (Ed.): ‘Pressure Vessel Design-Concepts and Principles’, E & F N Spon, London, ISBN 0
419 19080 5, 1994. p5.
FATref19
Maddox S J; ‘Fatigue design rules for welded structures’, Prog. Struct. Engng Mater. Vol.2, 2000, p6-15.
Maddox S J: ‘Fatigue Strength of Welded Structures’, Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, ISBN 1 85573 013 8,
1991. p31.
Fuchs H O and Stephens R I: ‘Metal Fatigue in Engineering’, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York,
ISBN 0-471-05264-7, 1980. p70 & 84.
Miller K J: ‘Metal Fatigue - Past, Current and Future’, 27th John Player Lecture, Proc. I.Mech.E, March 1991.
FATref20
Fuchs H O and Stephens R I: ‘Metal Fatigue in Engineering’, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, ISBN 0-47105264-7, 1980. p9.
Gurney T R: ‘Fatigue of Welded Structures’, Cambridge University Press, 2nd Edition, ISBN 0 521 22558 2, 1979.
p339.
Bishop N W M and Sherratt F: ‘Finite Element Based Fatigue Calculations’, NAFEMS, East Kilbride, 2000. p15.
BS 7608:1993: 'Code of practice for Fatigue Design and Assessment of Steel Structures', BSI, London (1993). A4.
FATref21
BS 7608:1993: 'Code of practice for Fatigue Design and Assessment of Steel Structures', BSI, London (1993). A3
FATref22
BS EN 13445-3: ‘Unfired pressure vessels’, Part 3 ‘Design’, BSI, London, 2002. Ch 18.
Fuchs H O and Stephens R I: ‘Metal Fatigue in Engineering’, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, ISBN 0-47105264-7, 1980. p66 & 76.
Gurney T R: ‘Fatigue of Welded Structures’, Cambridge University Press, 2nd Edition, ISBN 0 521 22558 2, 1979.
p282.
Bishop N W M and Sherratt F: ‘Finite Element Based Fatigue Calculations’, NAFEMS, East Kilbride, 2000. p23 & 45.
FATref23
Bishop N W M and Sherratt F: ‘Finite Element Based Fatigue Calculations’, NAFEMS, East Kilbride, 2000. p16.
FATref24
BS EN 13445-3: ‘Unfired pressure vessels’, Part 3 ‘Design’, BSI, London, 2002.
BS PD 5500 ‘Specification for Unfired Fusion Welded Pressure Vessels’, Annex C ‘Assessment of vessels subject to
fatigue’, BSI, London, 2007.
Spence J and Tooth A S (Ed.): ‘Pressure Vessel Design-Concepts and Principles’, E & F N Spon, London, ISBN 0
419 19080 5, 1994.
FATref25
BS EN 13445-3: ‘Unfired pressure vessels’, Part 3 ‘Design’, BSI, London, 2002.
BS PD 5500 ‘Specification for Unfired Fusion Welded Pressure Vessels’, Annex C ‘Assessment of vessels subject to
fatigue’, BSI, London, 2007.
BS PD 5500 ‘Specification for Unfired Fusion Welded Pressure Vessels’, Annex C ‘Assessment of vessels subject to
fatigue’, BSI, London, 2007. p129.
Forrest P G: ‘Fatigue of Metals’, Pergamon Press, Oxford, ISBN 62-19278, 1962, p205.
FATref26
Fuchs H O and Stephens R I: ‘Metal Fatigue in Engineering’, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York,
ISBN 0-471-05264-7, 1980. p116.
Draper J: ‘Modern Metal Fatigue Analysis’, EMAS Publishing Ltd., Warrington, ISBN: 0947817794, 2007. p122.
Langer B F: ‘Design of pressure vessels for low-cycle fatigue’, J Basic Eng, (Trans ASME Series B), Vol. 84, 1962,
p111.
Gurney T R: ‘Fatigue of Welded Structures’, Cambridge University Press, 2nd Edition, ISBN 0 521 22558 2, 1979.
p71.
FATref27
Fuchs H O and Stephens R I: ‘Metal Fatigue in Engineering’, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York,
ISBN 0-471-05264-7, 1980. p188.
Maddox S J: ‘Fatigue Strength of Welded Structures’, Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, ISBN 1 85573 013 8,
1991. p117.
Gurney T R: ‘Cumulative Damage of Welded Joints’, Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge,
ISBN-13: 978-1-85573-938-3, 2006.
FATref28
Fuchs H O and Stephens R I: ‘Metal Fatigue in Engineering’, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York,
ISBN 0-471-05264-7, 1980. Ch9.
Bishop N W M and Sherratt F: ‘Finite Element Based Fatigue Calculations’, NAFEMS, East Kilbride, 2000. Ch7.
Maddox S J And Razmjoo G R: 'Interim fatigue design recommendations for fillet welded joints under complex
loading', Fatigue Fract Engng Mater Struct 24, 2001, p.329.
Draper J: ‘Modern Metal Fatigue Analysis’, EMAS Publishing Ltd., Warrington, ISBN: 0947817794, 2007. p133.
Radaj D, Sonsino C M and Fricke W: ‘Fatigue Assessment of Welded Joints by Local Approaches’, Woodhead
Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, ISBN -13: 978-1-85573-948-2, 2006. p24.
Miller K J: ‘Metal Fatigue - Past, Current and Future’, 27th John Player Lecture, Proc. I.Mech.E, March 1991.
FATref29
BS EN 13445-3: ‘Unfired pressure vessels’, Part 3 ‘Design’, BSI, London, 2002. Ch16.
Bishop N W M and Sherratt F: ‘Finite Element Based Fatigue Calculations’, NAFEMS, East Kilbride, 2000. Ch7.
Maddox S J: ‘Fatigue design procedures in the new European pressure vessel standard EN 13445’, in Wintle J B
(Ed): ‘Pressure Systems Casebook, Causes and Avoidance of Failures and Defects’, Professional Engineering
Publishing Ltd., London, ISBN 1 86058 421 7, 2004, pp 85-96.
FATref30
BS EN 13445-3: ‘Unfired pressure vessels’, Part 3 ‘Design’, BSI, London, 2002.
BS PD 5500 ‘Specification for Unfired Fusion Welded Pressure Vessels’, Annex C ‘Assessment of vessels subject to
fatigue’, BSI, London, 2007.
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 2, Alternative rules, Part 5 ‘Design by analysis
requirements’, ASME, New York, 2007.
Maddox S J And Razmjoo G R: 'Interim fatigue design recommendations for fillet welded joints under complex
loading', Fatigue Fract Engng Mater Struct 24, 2001, p.329.
Sonsino C M: ‘Multiaxial fatigue of welded joints - Recommendations for assessment in design codes’, Proc. 8th Int.
Conf. on Multiaxial Fatigue, Sheffield, 2007.
FATref31
Gurney T R: ‘Fatigue of Welded Structures’, Cambridge University Press, 2nd Edition, ISBN 0 521 22558 2, 1979.
p276.
Maddox S J: ‘Fatigue Strength of Welded Structures’, Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, ISBN 1 85573 013 8,
1991. p24
FATref32
Spence J and Tooth A S (Ed.): ‘Pressure Vessel Design-Concepts and Principles’, E & F N Spon, London, ISBN 0
419 19080 5, 1994. p352.
BS 7608:1993: 'Code of practice for Fatigue Design and Assessment of Steel Structures', BSI, London (1993). 4.3.5.
FATref33
Gurney T R: ‘Fatigue of Welded Structures’, Cambridge University Press, 2nd Edition, ISBN 0 521 22558 2, 1979.
p302.
Maddox S J: ‘Fatigue Strength of Welded Structures’, Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, ISBN 1 85573 013 8,
1991. p144.
Maddox S J: ' Assessment of pressure vessel design rules on the basis of fatigue test data' in Banks W M and Nash
D H (Ed.): ‘Pressure Equipment Technology - Theory and Practice’, Professional Engineering Publishing Ltd., Bury St
Edmunds, ISBN 1 86058 401 2, 2003, p246.
FATref34
Maddox S J: ‘Fatigue Strength of Welded Structures’, Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, ISBN 1 85573 013 8,
1991. p19-29.
Maddox S J; ‘Fatigue design rules for welded structures’, Prog. Struct. Engng Mater. Vol.2, 2000, p6-15.
Spence J and Tooth A S (Ed.): ‘Pressure Vessel Design-Concepts and Principles’, E & F N Spon, London,
ISBN 0 419 19080 5, 1994. p340.
FATref35
Gurney T R: ‘Fatigue of Welded Structures’, Cambridge University Press, 2nd Edition, ISBN 0 521 22558 2, 1979.
p347.
BS 7608:1993: 'Code of practice for Fatigue Design and Assessment of Steel Structures', BSI, London (1993).
Maddox S J: ‘Fatigue Strength of Welded Structures’, Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, ISBN 1 85573 013 8,
1991. Part 1 Table 1, Part 2, Table 1.
FATref36
Maddox S J; ‘Fatigue design rules for welded structures’, Prog. Struct. Engng Mater. Vol.2, 2000, p6-15.
Maddox S J: ‘Fatigue Strength of Welded Structures’, Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, ISBN 1 85573 013 8,
1991. p81.
Gurney T R: ‘Design Rules for Welded Steel Joints’, Welding Institute Research Bulletin, 1976. v17.
FATref37
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