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Contents
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I
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Preface v
Table of Statutes xiii
List of Cases xxi
Chapter 1
The method of protecting civilliberties in English law
i The present method 1
2 A Bill of Rights? 7
3 What kind of Bill of Rights? 14
4 The European Convention on Human Rights
Chapter 2
17
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Police powers
1 Introduction 33
2, Police questioning 35
3 Detention for questioning 39
4 Arrest 46
(a) Powers of arrest 46
i) Arrest warrants 46
ii) Arrest without warrant under the Crimina/ Law Act 1967 47
iii) Arrest without warrant under other Acts 48
iv) Arrest without warrant in respect of breach of the peace 50
v) The concept of reasonab/e suspicion 51
vi) Reform 53
(b) Effecting a lawful arrest 53
i) Notification of the fact of arrest 53
ii) The ru/e in Christie v Leachinsky:
Notification of reasons for arrest 55
iii) Use of force 59
(c) Disposition af ter arrest 60 5 Entry 63 6 Search and seizure;
the case law before Ghani v Jones 70
(a) Search warrants 70
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viii Conlenls
i) Powers to issue search warrants 70
ii) The legality of general warrants 74
iii) The ambit of powers to seize under a warrant 80
(b) Search and seizure ancillary to arrest 85
(c) Other warrantless searches and seizures 90
7 Search and Seizure: Ghani v Jones and its progeny 94
8 Other powers to obtain physical evidence 103
(a)Fingerprinting 103
(b) Medical evidence 104
9 The Judges' Rules and the 'right to silence' 104
(a) The Judges' Rules and administrative directions 104
(b) The Criminal Law Act 1977 s. 62 109
(c) The 'right to silence' 109
10 Admissibility of evidence improperly obtained 115
(a) Confessions and admissions 115
(b) Physical evidence 117
II Complaints against the police 118
Chapter 3
Public order
1 Introduction 123
2 Demonstrations in London 125
3 Freedom of association 127
4 Public meetings and processions 135
(a) The location of meetings and processions 136
i) The highway 136
ii) Open spaces 140
iii) Near Parliament 143
iv) Publicly owned premises 145
v) Powers to ban or control processions 147
(b) The conduct of meetings and processions 150
i) Introduction 150
ii) Section 5 of the Public Order Act 1936 151
iii) Riot 157
iv) Unlawful assembly 159
v) Disorder at lawful meetings 167
(c) Preventive powers 167
i) Powers of dispersal 167
ii) Binding over 177
5 Emel'geney powers 178
(a) Introduction 178
(b) N orthem Ireland 178
Chapter 4
Freedom of expression: censorship and obscenity
1 Theatre censorship 201
2 Film censorship 202
3 Broadcasting 205
ContenIs ix
4 The Press 211
(a) Freedom of the press 211
(b) The Press Council 212
5 Obscenity and indecency 218
(a) Obscene Publications Acts 1959 and 1964 218
i) The ojfenees 218
ii) The definition of 'obseene' 222
iii) The definition of 'publieation' 227
iv) Forfeiture of obscene artic/es 227
v) Defence of 'publie good' 229
vi) Ignoranee of nature of artiele 231
(b) Theatres Act 1968 232
(c) Offences involving indecency 234
(d) Reform 239
Chapter 5
Freedam of expressian: contempt of court
i Introduction 242
2 Publications prejudicial to a fair criminal trial 244
(a) What constitutes contempt? 244
i) Prejudging the merits of a ease 247
ii) Comments on a defendant's eharaeter 248 iii)
The publieation ofphotographs 248
(b) When does the sub judice rule apply? 252
i) Commeneement 252
ii) Conelusion 253
(c) The scope of liability 254
3 Publications prejudicial to civil proceedings 255 4
Scandalising the court 262
5 Contempt in the face of the court 267
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Chapter 6
Freedam of expressian: national security
i Govemment secrecy and national security 272 (a)
Introduction 272
(b) The Official Secrets Acts 273
(c) 'D' Notices 284
(d) Breach of coniidence 286
(e) Access to information 290
2 Sedition and incitement to disaffection 291
(a) Introduction 291
(b) Sedition 291
(c) Incitement to disaffection 294
Chapter 7
The right to privacy
i Introduction 299
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x Contents
2 A general right of privacy? 301
3 Existing remedies in law 305
(a) Trespass 305
(b) Nuisance 309
(c) Defamation 310
(d) Breach of copyright 316
(e) Breach of contidence 317
(f) Other remedies in law 323
4 The Press Council 324
5 Surveillance by technical devices 325
6 Computers 334
Chapter 8
Freedom of religion
1 Introduction 341
2 What is a religion? 342
3 Church and state 343
(a) The Established Church 343
(b) Toleration of other denominations 345
(c) Assistance to religion 347
i) Education 347
ii) Other forms of assistance 349
4 Religion and the criminal law 350
5 Religion and employment 352
6 Religious holy days 356
7 Religion and the law of trusts and succession 358
8 Religion and immigration 360
9 Religion and parents' rights 361
Chapter 9
Freedom from racial discrimination
1 Introduction 364
2 The meaning of discrimination 367
3 Education 376
4 Goods, facilities and services 378
5 Housing, etc, 386
6 Clubs 388
7 Advertisements 390
8 Charities 393
9 Incitement to racial hatred 393
LO The Commission for Racial Equality 397
11 Enforcement in the courts 401
Chapter 10
Prisoners' rights
1 Introduction 405
Contenıs xi
2 The application of the ordinary law to prisoners and prisons 408
3 Prison law generally 412
4 Complaints and requests 413
5 Letters and visits 415
6 Prison discipline 424