Mandatory Experiment 4.4
Determination of the amount of water of crystallisation in
hydrated sodium carbonate
Student Material
Theory
Hydrated sodium carbonate has the formula Na2CO3.xH2O, where x is the number of
molecules of water of crystallisation present. In this experiment, x is determined by
titration of a solution made using hydrated sodium carbonate with a standard solution of
hydrochloric acid. The equation for the reaction is
Na2CO3
+ 2HCl 
2NaCl +
H2O
+
CO2
Methyl orange indicator solution is used. At the end-point the indicator changes colour
from yellow to peach/pink.
Chemicals and Apparatus
0.l M hydrochloric acid
Hydrated sodium carbonate
i
Methyl orange indicator
Deionised (or distilled) water
Clock glass
Stirring rod
Burette (50 cm3)
Retort stand
Boss-head
Clamp
Filter funnel
Beakers (250 cm3)
Volumetric flask (250 cm3)
Conical flask (250 cm3)
Pipette (25 cm3)
Pipette filler
Dropping pipette
Wash bottle
White card
White tile
Safety glasses
1
Procedure
NB: Wear your safety glasses.
1. Weigh accurately approximately 1.5 g of hydrated sodium carbonate into a
beaker.
2. Add about 50 cm3 of deionised water and stir to dissolve the sample.
3. Transfer all of the solution into a 250 cm3 volumetric flask. Rinse the beaker with
deionised water and add the washings to the volumetric flask.
4. Make up the volumetric flask to the mark, using a dropper to add the final
amounts of deionised water. Stopper the flask and invert several times.
5. Rinse the burette, pipette and conical flask respectively with deionised water.
6. Rinse the burette with hydrochloric acid solution, and rinse the pipette with
sodium carbonate solution.
7. Titrate the sodium carbonate solution against 0.1 M hydrochloric acid, using 25
cm3 of sodium carbonate solution in the conical flask and methyl orange as
indicator.
8.
Repeat the titrations until the readings agree to within 0.1 cm3.
2
9. Calculate the concentration of the sodium carbonate solution.
10. Determine the formula of hydrated sodium carbonate.
Table of Results
Mass of hydrated sodium carbonate
Rough titre
Second titre
Third titre
Average of accurate titres
Volume of sodium carbonate solution used in each titration
Concentration of hydrochloric acid solution
Concentration of sodium carbonate solution
Moles of Na2CO3 in 25 cm3 of solution
Molar mass of Na2CO3
Mass of Na2CO3 present in 25 cm3
Mass of Na2CO3 present in 250 cm3
Mass of Na2CO3.xH2O present in 250 cm3
Mass of water present in this amount of Na2CO3.xH2O
Percentage of water present in Na2CO3.xH2O
Moles of water present in this amount of Na2CO3.xH2O
Formula of hydrated sodium carbonate
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Questions relating to the experiment
1. What was done to the volumetric flask and its contents immediately after the
solution had been made up to the mark with deionised water? Why was it
important to do this?
2. In acid-base titrations it is preferable to use as little of the indicator as possible.
What is the reason for this?
3. Give the name of a suitable piece of apparatus to measure accurately (i) the 25cm3
portions of sodium carbonate solution, (ii) the volume of hydrochloric acid
needed for a complete reaction.
4. In a similar experiment, 1.51 g of hydrated sodium carbonate was used. If the
average titre reading was 10.6 cm3, calculate the value of x in Na2CO3.xH2O.
5. Describe the physical appearance of hydrated sodium carbonate.
6. Explain water of crystallisation.
3
7. Name another compound that has water of crystallisation present.
4
Teacher Material

A fuller description of titration procedure is to be found in the Student Material
relating to Mandatory Experiment 4.2.

The two common hydrated forms of sodium carbonate are Na2CO3.10H2O and
Na2CO3.H2O. Washing soda is composed of large translucent crystals of
Na2CO3.10H2O. This material effloresces in air, becoming coated with a white
powdery coating of Na2CO3.H2O.

Washing soda purchased in a ground down form is likely to have lost some of its
water of crystallisation. A lower value than the expected value of 10 for x in
Na2CO3.xH2O will therefore be obtained if this material is used.

Larger crystals of washing soda also tend to lose some of their water of
crystallisation fairly readily, as does sodium carbonate decahydrate purchased
from the usual suppliers.
.
Preparation of reagents
0.1 M hydrochloric acid solution:
Use ampoules of 1 M HCl and dilute 10 cm3 to 100 cm3 with deionised water.
Laboratory grade HCl is not sufficiently pure to be used as a primary standard; however
dilute HCl can be titrated against sodium carbonate (see mandatory experiment 4.2).
Quantities per working group
100 cm3 0.1 M HCl
2 g hydrated sodium carbonate
5 cm3 methyl orange solution
Safety considerations

Safety glasses must be worn.
Chemical hazard notes
Sodium carbonate
Wear eye protection.
i:
Hydrated sodium carbonate is irritating to the eyes and skin.
Solutions of methyl orange
usually contain 50% ethanol and are flammable.
5
Disposal of wastes
Dilute with water, and flush to foul water drain.
Specimen Results (washing soda)
Mass of hydrated sodium carbonate
Rough titre
Second titre
Third titre
Average of accurate titres
Volume of sodium carbonate solution used in each titration
Concentration of hydrochloric acid solution
= 1.57 g
= 13.0 cm3
= 12.5 cm3
= 12.6 cm3
= 12.55 cm3
= 25.0 cm3
= 0.1 M
Specimen Calculations
(a) First principles method
= 12.55 cm3
= 12.55 x 0.1 / 1000
= 0.001255 moles
Volume of hydrochloric acid solution used
Moles of hydrochloric acid used
Balanced equation:
Na2CO3
1 mole
+ 2HCl 
2 moles
2NaCl + H2O + CO2
2 moles
1 mole 1 mole
Moles of Na2CO3 used
Molar mass of Na2CO3
Mass of Na2CO3 present in 25 cm3
Mass of Na2CO3 present in 250 cm3
Mass of Na2CO3.xH2O present in 250 cm3
Mass of water present in this amount of Na2CO3.xH2O
Percentage of water present in Na2CO3.xH2O
Moles of water present in this amount of Na2CO3.xH2O
Moles of Na2CO3 present in this amount of Na2CO3.xH2O
Value of x in Na2CO3.xH2O
Formula of hydrated sodium carbonate:
= 0.001255 / 2
= 0.0006275
= 106 g mol-1
= 0.0006275 x 106 g
= 0.0665 g
= 0.665 g
=1.57 g
= 0.905 g
= 0.905 X 100 / 1.57
= 57.64%
= 0.905 / 18
= 0.05028
= 0.0006275 x 10
= 0.006275
= 0.05028 / 0.006275
= 8.01
=8
= Na2CO3.8H2O
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(b) Formula method
VA x MA x nB = VB x MB x nA
12.55 x 0.1 x 1 = 25 x MB x 2
MB = 12.55 x 0.1 x 1 / (25 x 2) M
= 0.0251 M
Concentration of sodium carbonate solution
= 0.0251 M
Moles of Na2CO3 present in 250 cm3
= 0.0251 / 4
= 0.006275
= 106 g mol-1
= 0.665 g
= 1.57 g
= 0.905 g
= 0.905 X 100 / 1.57
= 57.64%
= 0.905 / 18
= 0.05028
= 0.0006275 x 10
= 0.006275
= 0.05028 / 0.006275
= 8.01
=8
Molar mass of Na2CO3
Mass of Na2CO3 present in 250 cm3
Mass of Na2CO3.xH2O present in 250 cm3
Mass of water present in this amount of Na2CO3.xH2O
Percentage of water present in Na2CO3.xH2O
Moles of water present in this amount of Na2CO3.xH2O
Moles of Na2CO3 present in this amount of Na2CO3.xH2O
Value of x in Na2CO3.xH2O
Formula of hydrated sodium carbonate
= Na2CO3.8H2O
Specimen Results (sodium carbonate monohydrate):
Mass of hydrated sodium carbonate
Rough titre
Second titre
Third titre
Average of accurate titres
Volume of sodium carbonate solution used in each titration
Concentration of hydrochloric acid solution
= 1.51 g
= 27.2 cm3
= 26.8 cm3
= 26.8 cm3
= 26.8 cm3
= 25.0 cm3
= 0.091 M
Specimen Calculations
Using either the first principles method or the formula method, the percentage of water
present in the sample of sodium carbonate monohydrate was found to be 14.37%.
The value of x in Na2CO3.xH2O was found to be
= 0.0121 / 0.0122
7
= 0.99
=1
Formula of sodium carbonate monohydrate
= Na2CO3.H2O
Specimen Results (sodium carbonate decahydrate):
Mass of hydrated sodium carbonate
Rough titre
Second titre
Third titre
Average of accurate titres
Volume of sodium carbonate solution used in each titration
Concentration of hydrochloric acid solution
= 1.60 g
= 13.0 cm3
= 12.8 cm3
= 12.8 cm3
= 12.8 cm3
= 25.0 cm3
= 0.091 M
Specimen Calculations
Using either the first principles method or the formula method, the percentage of water
present in the sample of sodium carbonate decahydrate was found to be 61.44%.
The value of x in Na2CO3.xH2O was found to be
= 0.055 / 0.0058
= 9.5
Formula of sodium carbonate monohydrate
= Na2CO3.9.5H2O
Solutions to student questions
1. What was done to the volumetric flask and its contents immediately after the
solution had been made up to the mark with deionised water? Why was it
important to do this?
It was stoppered, and then inverted several times. To ensure a homogeneous
solution.
2. In acid-base titrations it is preferable to use as little of the indicator as possible.
What is the reason for this?
An indicator is a weak acid or a weak base. Use of an excessive amount of
indicator will affect the titre value.
3. Give the name of a suitable piece of apparatus to measure accurately (i) the 25cm3
portions of sodium carbonate solution, (ii) the volume of hydrochloric acid
needed for a complete reaction.
(i)
Pipette.
(ii)
Burette.
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4. In a similar experiment, 1.51 g of hydrated sodium carbonate was used. If the
average titre reading was 10.6 cm3, calculate the value of x in Na2CO3.xH2O.
Volume of hydrochloric acid solution used
Moles of hydrochloric acid used
Balanced equation:
Na2CO3 + 2HCl 
1 mole
2 moles
2NaCl +
2 moles
= 10.6 cm3
= 10.6 x 0.1 / 1000
= 0.00106
H2O + CO2
1 mole
1 mole
Moles of Na2CO3 used
= 0.00106 / 2
= 0.00053
Molar mass of Na2CO3
= 106 g mol-1
Mass of Na2CO3 present in 25 cm3
= 0.00053 x 106 g
= 0.05618 g
Mass of Na2CO3 present in 250 cm3
= 0.5618 g
Mass of Na2CO3.xH2O present in 250 cm3
= 1.51 g
Mass of water present in this amount of Na2CO3.xH2O
= 0.9482 g
Percentage of water present in Na2CO3.xH2O
= 62.79%
Moles of water present in this amount of Na2CO3.xH2O
= 0.9482 / 18
= 0.05268
Moles of Na2CO3 present in this amount of Na2CO3.xH2O = 0.0053
Value of x in Na2CO3.xH2O
= 0.05268 / 0.0053
= 9.94
= 10
Formula of hydrated sodium carbonate:
= Na2CO3.10H2O
5. Describe the physical appearance of hydrated sodium carbonate.
White crystalline solid. However, if larger crystals are purchased, these tend to
have a clear glassy appearance.
6. Explain water of crystallisation.
Water chemically bound in the compound, which gives rise to the crystalline form
or water present in definite proportions in crystalline compounds.
7. Name another compound that has water of crystallisation present.
Hydrated copper sulfate.
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