John’s Document Amended with last version from Wicki and renumbered Turnip Seed Road #1 Unit at Marks Creek Open Space Management Plan Effective Period: January 2010-December 2012 Drafted by Wake Nature Preserves Partnership November 2009 I. Introduction In 2002 Wake County and the Triangle Land Conservancy (TLC) identified Marks Creek watershed as a priority landscape due to the abundance of rare plant communities, high water quality and rural character. The Marks Creek watershed was named a “last Chance Landscape” by Scenic America and is recognized as being ecologically significant by the NC Natural Heritage Program. Wake County and TLC have partnered together to protect over 1,000 acres within the watershed. All of the land protected in the Marks Creek watershed is under County ownership and has been purchased with public bond money. Turnipseed Preserve has been identified by Wake Nature Preserves Partnership (WNPP) as a pilot demonstration site for collaborative work to protect natural heritage and open space values in Wake County. The site is comprised parcels with an assemblage of unique features and a diversity of habitats encompassed within a fairly compact area. Due to natural resource characteristics of the site, WNPP has initiated a comprehensive effort to inventory resources and identify management needs. For management purposes, the initial site is referred to as the Turnipseed Road #1 Unit. Discussions among partnership members determined that, given Wake County Parks and Recreation budgetary planning horizons, creation of an initial management plan should aim for a three-year timeframe and focus on priority issues that can be addressed by staff and volunteers. Failure to implement the plan could lead to degradation of some existing habitats due to spread of invasive species, undesired forest regeneration, or unregulated human access to sensitive sites. In addition to Wake County and Partnership staff, volunteers will be engaged whenever 1 possible to help implement efforts set forth explicitly in the management prescriptions portion of the plan. II. Property Description Sources of information in Section II include documentary research and on-site observations. Inventories were conducted as appropriate to the types of organisms discussed. A. Natural Features: Gary- could you add as an appendix a map of soils on this tract? 1. Soils Unit #1 occurs on terrain transitional between the Coastal Plain and Piedmont regions of North Carolina. Elevation ranges between the low point of 180 above mean sea level to a high point of 260 ft above mean sea level. On this property most transitions are gradual, with a few notable exceptions. Bedrock mostly from ancient granite, gneiss, and schist has given rise to subsoils of firm clay to clay loam composition, yielding deep and generally well drained surface soils. These soils occur on gently sloping to moderately steep surface terrain. Soils mapped in the unit include Appling, Colfax, Louisburg, Mantachie, and Wehadkee (Cawthorne 1970). Wehadkee, Mantachie and Colfax occur proximal to streams, but only Wehadkee is listed as hydric. The other three series occur in various phases depending on slope of the terrain. A special feature of Unit #1 is a number of granite outcrops. Of the soils occurring on Unit #1, only Appling soils are conducive to widely ranging recreational uses Table 1. Use Limits of Soils Found on Unit #1 (Cawthorne 1970). Soil Type Characteristic Campsites Picnic Areas Intensive Play Symbol Appling Course fragments Moderate Moderate Moderate Ap Colfax High water table Severe Severe Severe Cn Louisburg Depth to rock Moderate Slight Severe Lo Mantachie High water table Severe Severe Severe Me Wehadkee Flooding and High water table Severe Severe Severe Wo 2 2. Water Marks Creek from its source (Lake Myra) to the Neuse River was rated as Class C; NSW (nutrient sensitive waters) on 5 May 1988. A Division of Water Quality monitoring site for Marks Creek located on SR1714 in Johnston County serves as both macroinvertebrate (B-13) and fish community (F-7) stations. Fish community status at F7 was most recently rated as Good, and macroinvertebrate status was rated as Good-Fair in both 2000 and 2005. Tributary to Marks Creek are Gin Branch and Sandy Branch, both of which would also be classified as C; NSW waters. Total drainage area above Turnipseed Road has not been calculated, nor has the size of the Gin Branch catchments been determined. 3. Biodiversity A variety of habitats occur in Unit #1 as a result of natural terrain features and past land uses. Inventories of species and observations of resource conditions have provided information upon which management prescriptions can be based. What follow in section II.A.3 are descriptions of the varied faunal assemblages and community types of interest in Turnip Seed Road #1 Unit at Marks Creek. 3.1 Wildlife Diversity Overview Bird diversity was high with one hundred twenty species recorded during surveys. Surveys were undertaken as part of a general faunal survey during the period from February 2008 through June of 2009. Sampling technique included walking trails across the site and recording all birds seen or heard during the site visit. Species recorded from mid-May through August were suspected of breeding on the tract. One evening visit was undertaken to survey for nocturnal species. Bird species associated with wetlands were particularly evident, with abundant breeding populations of Wood Duck, Acadian Flycatcher, White-eyed Vireo, Northern Parula Warbler, Prothonotary Warbler, Louisiana Waterthrush and Common Yellow-throat observed. Key breeding and/or possibly breeding species include Chuck-Wills-Widow, Whip-poor-Will, Yellowbilled Cuckoo, Red-headed Woodpecker, Hairy Woodpecker, Northern Flicker, Eastern Wood Pewee, Eastern Kingbird, Wood Thrush, Prairie Warbler and Orchard Oriole. Reptile and Amphibian diversity and abundance appear to be high (See Appendix). Surveys were undertaken as part of a general faunal survey during the period from February 2008 3 through June of 2009. Sampling techniques included use of cover boards, dip nets, turtle traps, minnow traps and incidental sightings. In addition, one evening call count was conducted for frogs and toads on June 30, 2008. Twenty-three species of reptiles were identified including six species of turtle, six species of lizard and eleven species of snake. Key species include: Eastern Box Turtle, Eastern Hog-nosed Snake, and Eastern Ribbon Snake. In addition, Rough Green Snake, and Six-lined Racerunner were found. Seventeen species of amphibians were identified including eleven species of frog & toad and six species of salamander. Key species include: Spotted Salamander, Marbled Salamander, and Northern Slimy Salamander. In addition, Red-spotted Newt and Greater Siren were recorded. Butterflies: Records of butterflies were kept, but the sampling was incidental rather than structured. Still, forty species of butterflies were identified on the tract including: Spicebush Swallowtail, Juniper Hairstreak, Viceroy, Red Admiral, Question Mark, Creole and Southern Pearly-eye, Monarch, Silver-spotted Skipper, and Least Skipper. 3.2 Beaver-impounded wetlands (Piedmont/Mountain Semipermanent Impoundment) Occur as mapped by the NC Natural Heritage Program (NHEO Rep layer) along Gin Branch, a tributary to Marks Creek, primarily on OSMC-2, OSMC-3 and the lower portion of OSMC-4. This encompasses the floodplain of the major waterway running through the management area. Beaver likely re-colonized the Mark's Creek site in the 1970s-1980s, creating a series of dams and ponds, and flooding much of the bottomland. Most of the snags remaining from that inundation have now fallen, but there are lodges and cuttings that suggest an active beaver colony remains on site. The wetlands within this category could be further broken down by type if someone were to conduct a plant or wetland survey. There are marshes, sloughs, floodplain pools and areas with open water. Some areas are dominated by cattail, sedges, cane, and shrubs. Hibiscus (Hibiscus moscheutos), Buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis), Winterberry (Ilex verticillata), and Tag Alder (Alnus serrulata) are among the shrubs within this area. Royal (Osmunda regalis) and Cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea), Cardinal Flower (Lobelia cardinalis), Touch-me-Not (Impatiens capensis), Lizard’s Tail (Saururus cernuus) and Arrowhead (Sagittaria latifolia) are among the herbaceous plants within this community. 4 There are also invasive species present in the wetlands including Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata), Parrot Feather (Myriophyllum aquaticum)and Microstegium (Microstegium vimineum). *Mammals include: Beaver, River Otter and Muskrat. A variety of bats species were observed but not identified. *Breeding Birds include: Wood Duck, Red-shouldered Hawk, Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Eastern Kingbird, White-eyed Vireo, Northern Parula Warbler, Prothonotary Warbler, Louisiana Waterthrush, Common Yellowthroat, Indigo Bunting, Orchard Oriole and Red-winged Blackbird. Wood Duck produced several broods in 2008 with dozens of fledglings observed. Wood Duck nest boxes were installed in the spring of 2009. *Reptile and Amphibian diversity and abundance appear to be high (See Appendix). Surveys were undertaken as part of a general faunal survey during the period from February 2008 through June of 2009. Sampling techniques included use of cover boards, dip nets, turtle traps, minnow traps and incidental sightings. In addition, one evening call count was conducted for frogs and toads on June 30, 2008. Twenty-three species of reptiles were identified in the beaver-impounded wetlands including six species of turtle, three species of lizard and eight species of snake. Key species include: Eastern Box Turtle, Eastern Hog-nosed Snake, Eastern Ribbon Snake, Rough Green Snake, and Southeastern Five-lined Skink. Sixteen species of amphibians were identified using the beaverimpounded bottomlands including eleven species of frog & toad and five species of salamander. Key species include: Spotted Salamander, Marbled Salamander, Red-spotted Newt and Greater Siren. *Butterflies: Records of butterflies were kept, but the sampling was incidental rather than structured. Still, nineteen species of butterflies were identified in the beaver-impounded wetlands including: Spicebush Swallowtail, Viceroy, Red Admiral, Question Mark, Creole and Southern Pearly-eye, Monarch, Silver-spotted Skipper, and Least Skipper. 3.3 Bottomland Hardwood Forests Occurs along secondary tributary, Sandy Branch, within OSMC-3 and OSMC-4. This is a much smaller stream flowing from the east and merging directly into the beaver-impounded wetlands on Marks Creek. The floodplain itself is perhaps 30-50 meters wide with a mix of switchcane, sedges, and Lizard’s Tail alternating with areas that have become infested with Microstegium. 5 A creek bisects the floodplain. It has a rocky base in some areas and there are a series of small waterfalls and pools here. Eventually it forms a serpentine ribbon through the headwaters of a swamp, and evidence of sand deposits suggests heavy sediment loading during flood stages. The portion of the creek below the waterfalls disappeared during the latter part of the summer as drought conditions persisted through August. Likely this is due to the sandy deposits which have filled in much of the lower section of the creek bed. The creek has not been surveyed for aquatic species. A series of large boulders forms a terminus to a granite outcrop area which overlooks the floodpain in OSMC-4. This is the ridge along the floodplain’s southern edge. The ridge drops precipitously toward the floodplain, providing a dramatic overlook in some areas. This steep, north-facing slope has lush stands of Christmas (Polystichum acrostichoides) and other ferns along its lower margin. At its base there is a seep area with switchcane overtopping a patch of sphagnum moss. There is a scattering of Microstegium trying to gain a toehold here. This Sphagnum seep should be surveyed for Four-toed Salamander. Floodplain pools occur within Bottomland Hardwood Forest on OSMC-3 and OSMC-4. Eggs and larvae of Spotted Salamander as well as frog tadpoles were located in several of these pools. Most of these pools dried during the summer as drought conditions persisted through August. One pool, adjacent to the waterfall section along the creek, appears to be an area scoured on occasion by creek floodwaters. It appears to be an important breeding site for Spotted Salamanders, however, a good bit of trash (metal cans, car tires, etc) have collected in the pool and may well be adding pollutants to the pool. Wildlife species observed in the floodplain include: Breeding birds: Barred Owl, Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Acadian Flycatcher, Northern Parula Warbler, Prothonotary Warbler, Louisiana Waterthrush and Scarlet Tanager. Reptiles and Amphibians: Northern Ringneck and Worm Snakes were found in the bottomland. Pickerel Frog were found along the creek and a Southern Two-lined Salamander was found under a cover board here. Spotted Salamander eggs and larvae were found in some of the floodplain breeding pools. Butterflies: Creole and Southern Pearly-Eye were common among the cane stands, and Gemmed Satyr and Appalachian Brown were common among the sedges. Zabulon Skipper was abundant in late summer. 6 3.4 Borrow Pits (Man-made Ponds) Two borrow pits are present, a larger one on OSMC-2 and a smaller one on OSMC-4. Each was created by excavating soil and creating a berm to retain water. Water depth in the borrow pits decreased dramatically during the summer but neither dried completely despite a persistent drought. It is likely these Borrow Pits were used to store water for irrigation of the agricultural fields. OSMC-4 was found to have Spotted Salamander egg masses as well as mosquito fish (Gambusia affinnis). Frogs included Northern Cricket Frog and Green Frog. Water source may be ground seepage and/or the secondary creek. OSMC-2 also has Gambusia, Northern Cricket Frog and Green Frog. Eastern Painted Turtle, and E. Mud Turtle were found here, along with an unidentified water snake. We did not find any salamander larvae in this pond despite sampling with dip nets. There appears to be no constant water source for this pond. The pond was excavated during the 1940s to be used as an irrigation source for area farm fields (George Pleasants, pers. comm.), and essentially collects water seeping from a few wet weather springs, and the stormwater flowing through the watershed during wet weather. Wildlife: these borrow pits could function as important amphibian breeding sites but they do not serve that function at present. Likely the presence and abundance of Gambusia in these ponds dampens this potential. 3.5 Granitic Flatrocks Main area occurs on high ground of OSMC-4 as mapped by the NC Natural Heritage Program (NHEO Rep layer). Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda), Eastern Red-cedar (Juniperus virginiana), Post Oak Quercus stellata), hickories, and Winged Elm (Ulmus alata) form much of the canopy near the outcrops. Some of the area has been impacted by the dumping of trash, and nearby farmsteads, and there remain debris on some outcrops. Herbaceous cover is rich throughout with a diversity of grasses and forbs including an impressive stand of Butterfly Pea (Clitoria mariana). Endemic plants of the rock outcrops include Opontia cactus, Talium (Talium teretifolium), Wild Pink (Silene caroliniana) and other species. A smaller flatrock is found in the northern section of OSMC-2 down slope from the northernmost field. Wildlife observed within the outcrop area include: 7 Breeding Birds: Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Screech Owl, Red-eyed Vireo, Pine Warbler and Summer Tanager. Reptiles and Amphibians: Box Turtle, Black Rat Snake, Black Racer and Carolina Anole, Five-lined Skink and Ground Skink. Butterflies include: Juniper Hairstreak, Northern Pearly-eye, Northern Cloudywing and Southern Cloudywing. 3.6 Granitic Boulders Occur over two general areas: There are more than one dozen large boulders scattered throughout OSMC-2, some forming dramatic overlooks along the beaver impoundments while others seem naturally scattered among the hardwood forest. Some of these boulders are exposed, while others are covered with debris or vegetation. On some the vegetation is a natural assemblage including Resurrection Fern (Polypodia sp.) and Saxifrage (Saxifraga virginiensis); on others it is invasive plants such as Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) and privet. A second cluster of boulders forms a bluff below the Granitic Flatrocks on OSMC-4. These large boulders overlook the floodplain of the secondary stream. The boulder face itself is a sheer vertical cliff which drops more than 5 meters to the floodplain below. Wildlife near the boulders include: Mammals: A Groundhog was observed entering its burrow beneath a boulder in OSMC-2. River Otter use the boulder overlooks along the beaver impoundments as scent-marking stations. 3.7 Powerline Corridor Progress Energy maintains a powerline right-of-way crossing Turnipseed Road and dividing Mark’s Creek from Gin Branch. Progress Energy has managed this easement by periodically mowing the site with a bush hog. The mowing has maintained about 1 hectare as a relict of early successional habitat which supports an assemblage of sandy meadow plants. Occurs on OSMC-3. Rhus michauxii EO will be an appendix. The powerline corridor is a small meadow underlain with sandy soils that has been maintained by periodic mowing. A number of sand-loving plants are found here including a vibrant stand of 8 Lupine (Lupinus perennis), along with Variegated Milkweed Asclepias variegata), beardtongue, and various asters. Dwarf Pawpaw (Asimina parviflora), yucca and other shrubby plants also located here. There is one clump of Michaux’s Sumac (Rhus michauxii) or a Michaux’s Sumac hybrid, with 20-30 stems found along the wood’s edge of this powerline clearing. The clump was determined to be male while in flower. Wildlife species observed in the powerline include: Mammals: Virginia Opossum, Eastern Mole Breeding Birds: Eastern Kingbird, Eastern Phoebe, Indigo Bunting, Blue Grosbeak and Orchard Oriole. Reptiles and Amphibians: Black Rat Snake, Northern Ringneck Snake, Worm Snake, Carolina Anole, Five-lined Skink, Fowler’s Toad Butterflies: Common Buckeye, Pearl Crescent, Fiery Skipper, Least Skipper, Dun Skipper 3.8 Mixed Pine-Hardwood Stands The main area is along the trail on OSMC-3 and OSMC-2 after the trail crosses the creek. The trail runs a ridgeline between two drainages in OSMC-3, then runs mid-slope through OSMC-2. The canopy is a mix of hardwoods with scattered Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda). Much of the area is dry with scattered rocky knolls, but there are wet swales with cane along the way. In OSMC-3 Firepink (Silene virginica), Rattlesnake (Goodyera pubescens) and Cranefly (Tipularia discolor) orhids, along with other herbaceous plants, line the trail. Chinkapin and Dwarf Pawpaw (Asimina parviflora) are here as well. The old roadbed was used to haul construction materials and there are a few dump sites with concrete remnants at the end of OSMC-3. At this point the trail crosses the main tributary using a mix of construction material dumped atop a beaver dam. This is a rather treacherous stretch of trail and became overgrown with herbaceous vegetation as the summer progressed. The continuation of the trail through OSMC-2 is a horse trail and follows a line mid-slope through the mixed forest. Old farm fields lie on the flat terrace above the forested slope. Parts of these farm fields remain in agriculture. Those sections that have been retired from agriculture within the last two years are covered by early successional grasses and weeds. There are boulders along the slope, some large and mostly above ground while others are nearly buried. The trail traverses both dry and wet sites, until it straddles the Borrow Pit. 9 In some areas north of the borrow pit and south of the northernmost field, sandy soil underlay the young regenerating vegetation and there are interesting plant species along the connecting path. This would be an area for more intensive botanical survey. Wildlife: This area has a diverse wildlife component. Breeding Birds: Wild Turkey, Red-shouldered Hawk, Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Barred Owl, ChuckWills-Widow, Whip-poor-Will, Hairy Woodpecker, Eastern Wood Pewee, Wood Thrush, Redeyed Vireo, Northern Parula Warbler, Yellow-throated Warbler, Pine Warbler, Ovenbird, Summer Tanager and Scarlet Tanager. Reptiles and Amphibians: Eastern Box Turtle, Eastern Musk Turtle, Black Rat Snake, Black Racer, Ground Skink, American Toad, Grey Tree Frog. Butterflies: Summer Azure, Red-spotted Purple, Little Wood Nymph, Little Glassywing Skippers Several unsurveyed areas are likely to fall into this category based on aerial survey. 3.9 Loblolly Pine Regeneration The main area occurs on OSMC-12 and there is also a patch on OSMC-2 adjacent to the tower and the borrow pit. These areas are predominantly in Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda). The areas at Marks Creek may be planted or may be from natural regeneration. Those pine stands in OSMC2 appear to be 20-40 years in age, and seem to be older than those in OSMC-12. Stand density is high and tree growth may be reduced due to crowding. Soils are sandy and productivity for Loblolly may also be restricted. Quick surveys for the presence of Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris) were made but none was found. Wildlife: Surveys of this habitat were limited in scope. Most of OSMC-12 was not surveyed for breeding birds. Breeding Birds: Eastern Wood Pewee, White-eyed Vireo, Pine Warbler, Prairie Warbler, Summer Tanager, Blue Grosbeak, Indigo Bunting and Chipping Sparrow. Reptiles and Amphibians: Black Racer, Six-lined Racerunner, Ground Skink 3.10 Open Fields Sandy Soils occur in northernmost field of OSMC-2 near Pleasants Road. A string of granitic outcrops is scattered along a line within this field and they have been repeatedly scraped by farm equipment so little endemic vegetation is present on the rock itself. Talinum (Talinum teretifolium) is growing on one rock outcrop, which extends under a thicket of privet and 10 Chickasaw Plum (Prunus angustifolia). This sandy field, with its outcrops, would be a good location for a native vegetation restoration research project. Sandy Soils also occur in four agricultural fields located on OSMC-2 and OSMC-12, but these fields appear to lack granitic outcrops within their borders. Stands of low cedars along the field margins indicate areas that were too rocky for agriculture. Most of these fields continue to be leased for agriculture or supported agricultural crops within the last two years and are slowly reverting to a weedy mix. The field margins have patches of shrubs including plum, black cherry, and sumac. These areas should be surveyed carefully for additional stands of Michaux’s Sumac. Wildlife: These fields are long and linear. They tend to be in very early stages of field succession and there are few shrub thickets; consequently wildlife diversity is fairly low at present. Fields in OSMC-12 were not surveyed for breeding birds, but subsequent habitat surveys identified suitable habitat for species not yet recorded on our breeding bird surveys. Breeding Birds include: Cooper’s Hawk, Red-tailed Hawk, Blue Grosbeak, Indigo Bunting and Chipping Sparrow. Reptiles and Amphibians: Black Racer, Six-lined Racerunner Butterflies: Cloudless Sulphur, Little Yellow, Sleepy Orange, Red-banded Hairstreak B. Connections: This section presents boundary descriptions, access points, adjacent landowners and land uses pertinent to understanding management problems and priorities to be addressed in the plan. Where similar or nearby preserves exist, they can be identified, especially if conditions at such sites provide points of comparison or reference for activities at the subject property. C. Management History: Wake County will provide: this section should be as detailed as possible to understand options for current management direction and the practicality of alternative actions. Whatever history is known from before acquisition is especially valuable to include. D. Public Use: The Wake Consolidated Open Space Plan (COSP) establishes four important and interrelated activities for open space conservation: 11 1) Identify key parcels of land and corridors that should be acquired and protected as open space 2) Recommend new regulatory programs that improve the protection of resources that safeguard public health, safety and welfare 3) Establishes a new program of land stewardship to manage open space resources 4) Define recurring sources of revenue that support open space conservation. Preserve Vision: Native plants and animals often rely on different habitat to live, feed and breed. The more diverse and abundant the habitat the more plants and animals will live there. With this perspective, the vision of the Turnipseed Preserve is for a variety of native species and natural habitats that serve as a venue for stewardship demonstrations, environmental education, and an outdoor learning laboratory that helps meet the overall goals of the Wake County Consolidated Open Space Plan. III. Objectives Wake County staff defined the following Conservation Targets for which to manage: Rock Outcrops - Use inventory and condition to prioritize rock outcrops and boulders to be managed. Efforts should be made to preserve those in pristine condition and improve those that are threatened. Stewardship should include exotic/invasive plant removal, trash removal, native plant restoration and protection. Refer to management plan and recipe book for specific management options. Sumac – Protect the Sumac and Lupine in power line easement. These plants have benefited from Progress Energy’s routine mowing (about every 18-24 months). Wake County could potentially take over mowing and other management responsibilities in the power line easement from Progress Energy to increase Lupine, Michaux Sumac, and other native plant populations on site. Other stewardship concerns include removal of exotic invasive plants. Early Succession Habitats - Convert selected agricultural fields into early successional habitat. Fields have been in a farming lease since the County purchased the property. Early successional habitat could include piedmont prairie and/or old fields. Piedmont prairies will require more planning, funding, and management while old fields will require routine mowing to keep succession back. Other stewardship concerns include removal of exotic invasive plants. Late Succession Habitats – Maintain existing mixed pine/hardwood forest in addition to bottomland hardwood forests. 12 Aquatic/Riparian Habitats - There are many different types of aquatic systems in the Marks Creek area including floodplains, ponds, free flowing streams, borrowed pits, and beaver impounded wetlands. Healthy aquatic habitat provides important refuge, breeding and feeding areas for plants and animals. There are no ‘quick fix’ options for improving aquatic habitats. Focus efforts on exotic invasive plant removal (Microstegium), stream bank restoration, extending stream buffers where necessary, and trash removal from all waterways. Site could serve as Tiger Salamander restoration project. Other Management Target Considerations: Maintain existing trails for stewardship, research, education, and maintenance purposes only. Periodic work will be needed to maintain trail in good sustainable condition. Access for the general public will not be offered in the immediate future but should be considered long term. Monitor condition of old cemetery and take steps to preserves its integrity. Ultimately, this preserve and other Marks Creek Open Space could be managed by the staff at Lake Myra County Park. As the Marks Creek Open Space lands become more connected, these areas become potentially more impacted by visitation. Protection of the natural resources should be considered when public access is being planned. IV. Management Prescriptions Enumerated items in section III are expanded with details concerning what and how specific actions are to be accomplished. Where and when possible, estimates of person days needed, timing of activities, and technical resources required to accomplish tasks should be included in discussion of each enumerated item. Such estimates can identify possibilities for volunteer assistance and skill levels needed to accomplish tasks. Each prescription should also identify parties who will or could be responsible for accomplishing the prescriptions or parts of prescriptions. Mark’s Creek in Wake County, NC A. Beaver-impounded Wetlands: Beaver likely re-colonized the Mark's Creek area during the 1970s and 1980s, creating a series of dams and ponds, and flooding much of the bottomland within the Mark’s Creek watershed. 13 1. Gin Branch Many of the bottomland forest canopy trees have long since drowned and many of the snags remaining from that inundation have now fallen. Tag Alder (Alnus serrulata), Black Willow (Salix nigra) and River Birch (Betula nigra) have filled in the pond margins, and cattails (Typha latifolia), sedges and other marsh plants are abundant where water levels have receded. There are recent cuttings that suggest an active beaver presence remains on site. There appears to be an active lodge in one pool on the upper reaches of Gin Branch. It sits just above an intact beaver dam and is easily viewed from a Boulder overlook in OSMC-2. There might well be more lodges in other parts of the extensive wetlands, as beavers have recently added construction materials on dams up and down the Gin Branch and Mark’s Creek watersheds. 2. Sandy Branch Less beaver activity has occurred within the floodplain of Sandy Branch, a smaller tributary creek (OSMC-4), and the only evidence of beaver dams in this floodplain is at the very lowest end near Turnipseed Road. Certainly the bottomland forest in this section of the park could be flooded if beavers were to construct a series of dams across this tributary. Flooding would completely change the character of this floodplain, and might inundate stands of switchcane, sphagnum moss beds, and the rocky waterfalls on this creek. Many of the wildlife species using this floodplain forest might be lost if the forest were to become swamp or marsh, habitats which are already available along Gin Branch or Mark’s Creek. It is therefore recommended that this bottomland forest be monitored annually, and that it be protected from inundation by beavers. (See Bottomland Hardwood Forests). 3. Management Recommendations Beaver ponds are diverse habitats that provide for a rich wildlife experience. The abundance and diversity of reptiles and amphibians, fish, river otter, muskrat and birds like herons and egrets can be directly linked to the presence of beaver. However, beavers can be nettlesome and management of their activities can be challenging. Beavers alter landscapes, often by flooding timber. They are selective when choosing woody foods, and can eliminate important species, habitats or recreational facilities as they build dams and inundate floodplains. It is wise to anticipate problems before they occur and to develop strategies to cope before they are needed. The beaver ponds along Gin Branch and Mark’s Creek appear to be stable and currently provide adequate forage to support beaver for the foreseeable future. In general, there is no need to undertake beaver pond management on a year to year basis. As yet beavers have not extended 14 their foraging beyond the immediate edge of the floodplain. When beaver forage farther into the forest, for example farther than 25 meters from the water’s edge, that may be a sign that food resources are becoming limited for the population of beaver occupying the site. It is useful to monitor beaver activity annually to gauge population changes and their impacts on the environment. Beaver cutting of forest trees is most pronounced during fall and winter, so that is the best time to assess whether control measures need to be undertaken. Beaver prefer cutting sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), river birch, (Betula nigra), black willow (Salix nigra), oaks and hickories but will also cut many other species of trees and shrubs. They seldom select red maple (Acer rubrum), so floodplain forests with beaver often become dominated by standing red maple. Proactive steps can be taken to manage tree diversity or to protect certain specimen trees or shrubs from foraging beaver by using a prophylactic wrap of chicken wire (on large trees or clump of shrub stems) or a plastic sleave (on a sapling stem). For example: there is a clump of Winterberry (Ilex verticillata) that is festooned with bright red berries in winter that sits below a boulder overlook in OSMC-2. It provides a dramatic display from the overlook during the winter months, and provides food for wildlife. Determining which specimen trees/shrubs to protect should be done at different seasons over the course of a year. Decisions might be made with regard to aesthetic and wildlife values of the trees/shrubs. In addition, part of the decision-making is determining which valued trees are vulnerable to selection by beaver. This should be considered an ongoing process. Water levels in beaver ponds can be managed by manually removing parts of the dams, or by installing drainage pipes through the dams. In some cases beaver populations might need to be controlled by reducing the number of beavers on the site. Information about beavers and guidelines for beaver damage management have been published by the NC Cooperative Extension Service (1991, AG-434; 1994, AG-472) and by the NC Wildlife Resources Commission (1987, W-57, Study C7-3). To monitor for beaver colony expansion, and especially to respond if expansion begins to encroach on the floodplain of Sandy Branch, a staff member needs to walk along the tributary and note where beavers are harvesting trees or constructing dams in the floodplains. This can be accomplished in a matter of hours on a winter’s day. If beavers have constructed a dam and are inundating the bottomland forest in the watershed, it would be important to breach the dam, and to implement steps to remove beavers from this watershed, as soon as possible. Most vegetation can survive several months of flooding during the winter months, but will succumb much more quickly when actively growing in spring or summer. 15 B. Bottomland Hardwood Forests C. Borrow Pits Two borrow pits are present, a larger one on OSMC-2 and a smaller one on OSMC-4. These sites have been mapped. (See Appendix ___). Each was created by excavating soil and creating a berm to retain water. It is likely these Borrow Pits were used to store water for irrigation of the nearby agricultural fields. 1. OSMC-2 The larger borrow pit is fed by a wet weather stream and serves essentially as a storm-water collection basin. George Pleasants has described establishing this site as a farm pond. It was excavated by a Mule Scoop around 1945. It was used for irrigation, and also was stocked with fish including sunfish, largemouth bass and channel catfish. At one time the pond retained perhaps one half hectare of water to a depth of 2-3 meter, but a slow leak has developed in the drain of the dam and only the deeper parts of it now retain water. It is, perhaps, 1 meter deep during wet weather and less than that during the summer. The margins gradually slope toward the wet-weather pool at the pit’s center. It now resembles and functions as a borrow pit. Most of this borrow pit is open and exposed to the sun for much of the day. Water depth in the borrow pit decreased dramatically during the summer of 2008 but even then, it did not dry completely despite a persistent drought. At least half of this borrow pit remains dry all the time and it is being colonized by herbs and seedling trees. Much of the forest immediately adjacent to this borrow pit is Loblolly Pine regeneration. Downslope, the borrow pit drains through 100 meter of bottomland forest before entering the beaver wetlands. In addition there are extensive agricultural fields within 100 meters in two directions. 2. OSMC-4 The second borrow pit is situated at the base of a slope as it enters the floodplain and is directly adjacent to a secondary stream. The berm which separates the borrow pit from the stream is more than a 3 meters high and it is unlikely that the stream regularly spills into the borrow pit. The sides of the pit are steeply sloped. It is possible that when the creek reaches flood stage some water may churn behind the berm and spill into the borrow pit, but there is no clear evidence for this. The borrow pit is about one quarter hectare in size, with depth estimated at a meter or less. The source of water has not been determined, though it may simply be from groundwater seepage; nor is there a drain pipe leading from the pit to the creek. This borrow 16 pit is shaded by large canopy of forest trees and changes in water level within the pit were minimal, even during the 2008 drought. 2. Management RecommendationsMosquito fish or Gambusia (Gambusia affinis) are present, and extraordinarily abundant, in each of the borrow pits. Sun fish were found in OSMC-2 but were severely stunted, and they may exist in OSMC-4, however, their impact through predation on gambusia has been limited. The presence of gambusia controls mosquitoes but also limits the potential for these borrow pits to provide breeding habitat for amphibians and other organisms. (It should be noted that mosquitoes are normally controlled by predators other than gambusia in pools that maintain water levels over extended periods of time.) Spotted Salamander eggs were seen in the borrow pit in OSMC-4 but it is doubtful whether any larvae could avoid fish predation. Removal of mosquito fish from these borrow pits has the potential to dramatically improve aquatic bio-diversity at this site. If gambusia were removed: OSMC-2 would become a sunny, permanent/semi-permanent pool with emergent vegetation and could support sizable populations of breeding amphibians and aquatic invertebrates. It has the site characteristics and potential to support re-introduction of Tiger Salamander to eastern Wake County. There is no known source for spontaneous re-introduction of gambusia once they are removed from this borrow pit. It is a recommended that the OSMC-2 borrow pit be drained to allow for increased diversity of amphibians and aquatic invertebrates on the site. OSMC-4 is a shaded pool and would respond differently if the gambusia were removed. Vegetation growth within the water is limited, and the pool is deep and has steep sloping sides. Spotted Salamander might use the site in numbers, but since it appears to be a permanent pool of water, it is not clear whether it will serve that function. Certainly other amphibians and invertebrates would colonize it. There is the possibility that gambusia or other fish would reenter this pool from the adjacent tributary, especially during episodes of flooding. Options for removal of Gambusia include the three methods discussed below, but use of Rotenone is not recommended at these borrow pits: Pumps: Draining the pools using a sump pump and gasoline generator. Fish and other vertebrates (amphibian larvae) could be seined/transported as the pool dries. Expectations: 8-12 hours to drain each pool by pump when water levels are low. Late summer or early fall would present the best conditions for draining the pools, assuming 17 absence of a tropical system dumping heavy rain. Gambusia can survive for extended periods in shallow pools, and even temporarily in saturated mud. It is essential that all gambusia be removed from the system during draining since they are extremely prolific breeders. Further, monitoring for re-infestation should be undertaken annually. We strongly recommend that this method be used if gambusia are to be removed from either borrow pit. Rotenone: Rotenone is a naturally occurring compound derived from plants. Humans have been using it for centuries to harvest fish and manipulate fish communities. State regulations require a permit from the NC Wildlife Resources Commission to use this chemical for removing fish from ponds, and permits are closely regulated. Rotenone interferes with the uptake of oxygen in gill-breathing animals such as fish, amphibians and insects. It can be used in low-moderate doses, which will bring targeted species to the surface of the water where they can be captured and removed from the water system, or at higher doses to induce mortality. At normal application rates, mammals, birds and reptiles are not affected. Some mortality of target species can be expected even at low level concentrations, but most individuals will recover when placed in rotenone-free water. To determine quantity of rotenone needed, the volume of the pond has to be calculated. Multiply the number of surface acres by the average depth of the pond. Average depth can be estimated by multiplying the maximum depth by 0.4. Volume is expressed as acre-feet of water. One acre-foot of water will cover one surface acre with one foot of water. For example, a 2-acre pond with an average depth of 4 feet has a volume of 8 acre-feet. Liquid rotenone application rate is one gallon per acre-foot of water. Rotenone is often added to a pond using an outboard motor to mix the rotenone in the water column. Best results are achieved in late summer when water temperature is at its highest and water level is normally at its lowest. Electro-shocking: Many species of fish will become temporarily immobilized and float to the surface by running a mild electric current through the water. This, however, is not the case for gambusia which are too small to use electro-shocking as a removal technique. 18 D. Granite Flatrocks/Outcrops Sections of extensive granite domes underly parts of the Turnipseed Property and in a few areas the granite is exposed at the surface, forming rock outcrops. At least five of these outcrops occur near Turnipseed Road, ranging in size from a few meters in length to almost 20 meters in length. These sites are part of a long, dry ridge overlooking the floodplain of Sandy Branch, a tributary to Mark’s Creek. There is another small outcrop on an inholding of property across the tributary. And there are at least 2 outcrops running through and adjacent to the abandoned farm field on the Pleasants’ Road side of the property. All of these outcrops have been mapped (See Appendix __). Each outcrop has unique characteristics and should be evaluated separately for protection, management or recreation potential. 1. Exposed Granite Outcrops Areas of granite with little canopy cover experience extreme variations in micro-climate and play host to a number of endemic species of plants. These sites often resemble natural rock gardens. This is an extremely fragile community and care should be given to protect these areas. Once damaged, outcrop communities may take decades to recover. Since each outcrop is distinct, the communities and abundance of plants which inhabit it will also be unique. Fissures, depressions, and contours within the rock, and aspect or orientation of the rock with respect to the sun, all contribute to the unique habitat and species occurrence of each outcrop. 2. Endemic Plants on the Outcrop Quillwort (Talium terretifolium) and Sandwort (Arenaria glabra) are special concern species in North Carolina. Quillwort, in particular, is a perennial succulent that grows in small pockets of soil on the exposed rock and is especially vulnerable to disturbance. Sandwort flourishes in pockets or depressions filled with sandy soil within the exposed rock and will thrive so long as the soil does not erode due to heavy disturbance. Lichens and mosses are abundant on the outcrops, and many species are vulnerable to trampling. In addition, Prickly Pear Cactus (Opuntia compressa), Carolina Wild Pink (Silene caroliniana) and Butterfly Pea (Clitoria mariana) are uncommon-rare plants found in the sandy soils among the granite outcrops. The cactus is vulnerable if crushed underfoot. 3. Management Recommendations It is preferable to set aside some sites for permanent protection and study, while opening a few for controlled public access. High-quality sites with stable populations of endemics should be chosen for protection. Photo documentation and mapping of high quality site endemic populations should be made to monitor populations over time. Sites with less valuable 19 populations of endemics should be analyzed for ability to route trails across the outcrop in ways that will minimize impacts while allowing access. Use of natural constraints or barriers such as tree branches and rock formations to restrict visitors to a trail across the outcrop is preferred. Rocks can be used to delineate the trail route across the outcrop. Seed from endemics on protected areas can be used to augment populations impacted at access outcrops. Photo documentation and measurements of pre-existing conditions, including extent of endemic colonization, can be used to document impact of visitors. Invasives: Invasive exotic plants have the potential to outcompete native plants on the rock outcrops. Some outcrops have infestations of invasive plants, especially Chinese privet (Ligustrum vulgare), Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) and stilt grass (Microstegium virmineum), and although it has not been found at the outcrops, Sericea Lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) can be particularly aggressive on these dry sites. These infestations have been mapped and in most instances removal would take no more than a few hours at each site. Monitoring for infestation should take place annually, preferably in late spring when growth will be obvious. It is often possible to pull or grub invasive plants from the outcrops and this is the preferred way to eliminate them from these environments. It is labor intensive. Herbicides are generally a poor choice on or near the rock outcrops as the potential for aerial drift, or pooling and transport of herbicide across the rock face during rain, poses sizable risk. On occasion, especially with woody stems, it may be necessary to cut stems and apply an herbicide. The goal should be complete elimination of all invasive plants. (See USFS Gen Tech Rep SRS-62 for control methods). It is useful to document progress with photos. It is estimated that removal of invasives from the outcrops would initially require 80 hours of labor. Refuse Removal: Outcrops have in the past been used for refuse disposal. Refuse should be documented and removed, noting that some refuse may have some archeological significance or interpretive appeal. In some instances important native plants may have grown among the refuse, and in those circumstances it may be best to leave the refuse in place rather than remove it. Removal of refuse from the outcrop is estimated to require 16 hours of labor and a flat bed truck. Restoration Potential: Within the abandoned agricultural field in OSMC-2 near Pleasants Road there is a line of granite outcrop surfacing above the cultivated soil. This granite ridge may connect with a mapped outcrop situated in the woods border on the lower edge of the field. (See Appendix __) At least 3 clumps of granite are currently exposed, but a raised ridge suggests the granite runs clear across the field. Soils within this field 20 are sandy and erode quickly, and it is obvious that farm equipment has dragged soil over the granite through the years in a vain attempt to grow crops atop the rock. This granite could be cleared of soil with a shovel and brush, thereby exposing the rocky surface. This would allow for restoration of a more natural granite outcrop environment. Re-establishment of these outcrops would take 6-8 hours for removing soil; restoration of the granite outcrop community could be an ongoing process depending on desired level of intervention chosen--whether to seed the site with endemic plants or simply monitor natural succession as it progresses. E.Boulders At least two dozen large boulders exist on the site. Most of these occur below the ridgeline and on slopes overlooking Gin Branch. Some of the boulders have been mapped, but some have not. A few boulders rise above the waters in the beaver ponds within Gin Branch. Many boulders stand well above the soil line, but others are more deeply embedded in soils and are covered with leaves or humus. (Need to add geologic history notes here:) Management Recommendations: The boulders can be grouped into those with similar attributes related to the vegetation they support, their location, and their depth in the soil. Management will depend on the type of boulder and decisions related to recreation and habitat restoration. Boulders with Native Plant Communities- boulders covered with resurrection fern appear to be limited in number (three were found), and are found along the edge of beaver ponds and/or under a forest canopy. These should be managed as sensitive habitats with restricted visitor access since the resurrection fern has minimal rooted anchor to the rock surface and can easily be dislodged. Access could be limited to one representative boulder while leaving others untrammeled and off limits. Trails should be routed away from fern-covered boulders except those accessed for interpretive purposes. Populations of ferns should be photo-documented with % coverage monitored for long-term change. Invasive plants should be removed before they become a problem. Privet-covered Boulders- these should be cleared of Chinese Privet (Ligustrum vulgare), by cutting and grubbing, or by cutting with herbicide application (See USFS Gen Tech Rep SRS-62 for control methods). The goal should be to expose much of the rock surface by removing the privet, its root system and much of the organic soil that has accumulated on the boulder due to the privet. This may allow regeneration of the pioneer plant community to develop on the rock 21 surface. Photo documentation should be taken of before and after, and studies could be implemented to monitor colonization by native plants. In some cases, native vegetation could be added to use as a comparison with sites where no additions are made. Some of these boulders could be made available for climbing or use as scenic overlooks. These would not be expected to support re-colonization of native vegetation. Climbing boulders and overlooks should be located with easy access from the trail system. Boulders to be used for climbing and overlooks, particularly along the water, may also need to be cleared of poison ivy and catbrier. Sunken Boulders- Boulders covered by soil, leaves and native vegetation- there are a number of boulders which are gradually being covered by leaves, soil and vegetation. Some are difficult to see and are detected as a “hump” of leaves in the woods, but close inspection reveals the underlying rock. Much of this may be a natural process but past human use of the landscape may have accelerated or slowed the process that is covering the boulders. Each should be evaluated and a long-term management strategy developed to maintain some percentage of exposed boulders. Those covered with native shrubs or saplings should not be disturbed. Boulders forming Cliffs- There is a cluster of boulders forming a ridge-line cliff overlooking the Sandy Branch floodplain in OSMC-4. This line of boulders extends for at least 50 meters. One section provides a dramatic overlook dropping more than 5 meters to the floodplain below. The cliff-face itself harbors a mix of native rock outcrop plants and ferns, but some is thickly covered with Microstegium. The Microstegium should be removed before it spreads along the entire cliffface. Microstegium is an invasive annual grass, so removing the plant will eliminate the seed source. Removal of Microstegium from this cliff face could be done by hand weeding and would require 2-3 hours labor. It should be done before seed is set in September, and the site should be checked for 2 years to make sure no residual seed has sprouted. There is some risk associated from working on this vertical surface, so at least two staff should be assigned to this task. Adjacent Woodlands- Much of the woodland leading to this cliff has thin soil and supports an open woods with Short-leaf Pine (Pinus echinata), Winged Elm 22 (Ulmus alata), Post Oak (Quercus stellata) and Pignut Hickory (Carya glabra). This area has high floral diversity consisting of mints, asters, and other woodland wildflowers, most of which bloom in mid-late summer. Installation of trails should be situated to take advantage of, but not negatively impact, this floral diversity. At the base of the cliff is a thick stand of Beaked Hazelnut (Corylus cornuta), which is a rare plant. The plants seem to be stunted, probably resulting from being heavilygrazed by deer. Although there were blooms, none were found that produced fruit. There is no obvious method to protect the Corylus from grazing deer, but an experimental exclosure could be installed around a few plants and then monitored for results. The overlook and cliff-face are unique and have potential for outdoor adventure recreation, and/or as a scenic overlook. On the other hand these are fragile environments, so care should be taken to protect some of these attributes when situating any recreational amenities. F. Powerline 1. Intact Meadows A short swatch of sandy meadow has been maintained by Progress Energy (PE) through the years. Meadow habitats with a sandy substrate are no longer common in Wake County and a number of rare plants and animals may be found here. Blue lupine (Lupinus perennis) is a representative species for this community and a healthy, though small, stand of lupine exists in the power line easement along Turnipseed Road. This area has been maintained though periodic mowing by Progress Energy. It is important to restrict use of herbicides in this easement (utility should not broadcast herbicide to manage vegetation) in order to maintain the diverse vegetation. Seed Source- The native wildflower mix within this easement is diverse and includes: milkweed, bearded tongue, Desmodium sp., goldenrods, ironweed and various asters. It should be considered a remnant assemblage with potential for use as a seed source for restoration projects in the abandoned agricultural fields. B. Michaux’s Sumac- A clump of the federally listed endangered species, Michaux’s Sumac (Rhus michauxii) (male clone), has been found in the sandy meadow under the powerline near Turnipseed Road. Some have speculated that the specimen is a hybrid, since it has some characteristics that seem different. This clump will need to be 23 managed carefully to keep it thriving. Of importance is the periodic removal of competing woody vegetation and overhanging branches in order to thrive. The entire site should be carefully surveyed for additional stands of Michaux’s Sumac. 2. Management Recommendations The powerline easement supports an assemblage of plants that may constitute the closest representation of this seral stage available for these soil types. Progress Energy has maintained this meadow through periodic mowing, and does not now appear to use herbicides to control the vegetation. It is preferable that the site manager take responsibility for managing this site to insure protection goals are met. The powerline should be managed to maintain the current assemblage of native vegetation, and particularly the population of lupine and the clone of Michaux’ Sumac. The open meadow areas of the site have a tendency to develop thickets of Winged Sumac (Rhus alata) and Blackberry (Rubus sp.). These will suppress the preferred herbaceous vegetation. To maintain the herbaceous vegetation the site should be mowed once per year, preferably in late fall or very early spring. The lupine stand in the powerline appears to be vigorous. A count of all lupine shoots should be made during the flowering period in April to develop a baseline for future comparisons. Only the largest clumps produce blooms, but all plants should be counted. This lupine stand should be considered as a seed source in restoration efforts across selected fallow (agricultural) fields at Marks Creek. Lupine seeds mature quickly and the pods erupt violently to disperse seeds. This dispersal occurs as the pods begin to dry. In 2008 many of the pods began dispersing seeds during the 2nd week in May, and seeds were available for collection through the end of that month. An effective method for seed collection is to cover the plants with thin netting before they burst. Seeds can be planted immediately following collection, or they can be stored in cool, moist sand through the winter. Any planting of seeds should be undertaken in an organized systematic way so that success can be tracked. Germination begins in very early spring and it takes at least 2 years for the plants to begin to flower. Michaux’s sumac is growing along the edge of the powerline opening, but prefers full sunlight. Management for this species will require period removal of any overhanging branches from nearby trees. In addition, the clone found within the powerline is entirely male. It would be worthwhile to introduce a female clone within the powerline and monitor for viable fruit. 24 Invasives- Sericea Lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) is an aggressive invasive perennial that is spreading across the powerline easement. It has not yet consumed the area occupied by lupine, but is now competing with natives in 1/3 of the easement. If uncontrolled, it will likely outcompete the native vegetation within the entire easement. It will take a concerted effort to eliminate it from the site but control measures should be implemented as soon as possible. (See USFS Gen Tech Rep SRS-62 for control methods) G. Mixed Pine-Hardwoods H. Loblolly Regeneration Broad expanses of the property once were farmed but have since reverted to loblolly pine forests. These forest stands are generally 20-40 years old and heavily overstocked with pine, resulting in many impenetrable shady thickets of stunted trees. The stand in OSMC-2 has areas with boulders and possible homesteads with potential archeological interest, as well as trees of greater size. Another stand in OSMC-12 has a small 19th century cemetery with 20 marked graves. The cemetery was discovered beneath a small grove of large pines which towered over the loblolly regeneration. Most of these loblolly stands have limited aesthetic or wildlife value. (Exception: the abundance of Six-lined Racerunner and Black Racer along the edge of these stands. (See Appendix: ) The stocking is too dense so little light reaches the forest floor. As a consequence, little understory or herbaceous diversity occurs in these stands. An NCSU Forestry class has developed a report on these tree stands (See Appendix: ). I. Open Fields Sandy Meadow Communities: series of agricultural fields that remain leased for crops or have recently been taken out of production. One field is a 3- hectare fallow farm field above the Pleasant’s Road borrow pit that has been abandoned for at least 3 years. This field should be considered for near-term habitat management. The others were producing crops in 2008, but were left fallow in 2009. 1. Fallow Field This field has potential for habitat restoration as lower-Piedmont sandy meadow community. It has been out of cultivation for at least 3 years and is progressing slowly through natural succession. Mostly it is a mix of native and introduced grasses and forbs. This site provides an opportunity to recreate a natural sandy meadow community 25 of wildflowers and grasses and to develop a trail system to showcase its unique attributes of wildflowers, shrubs and granite outcrops. Since much of the native stock of wildflower seed has been exhausted through years of cultivation, it is likely that the site will have to be enhanced with the sowing of native seed. Much of the seed can be gathered from existing local sources: lupine, bearded tongue, variegated milkweed, asters, desmodium, Opuntia cactus, etc., all exist on site and provide the basis for a restoration project. Lupine, in particular, is a showcase species and encouraging its spread would provide a spectacular seasonal display. It blooms profusely in the powerline easement along Turnipseed Road throughout April and early May. In addition, there is a ridge of granite extending across this meadow, bisecting the field east to west (described previously). The granite reaches the surface in at least 3 places, but has been covered and scraped through the years by farm plows. These areas could be re-conditioned by sweeping sand to expose the granite and allow for colonization by pioneer plants , or simply to reconstitute bare surfaces within the meadow. Some granite areas could be sown with seeds from endemic outcrop plants like Talinum, while others could be left bare to compare colonization rates. 2. Management Recommendations The meadow should be burned or mowed periodically (once every 2 years) to suppress woody vegetation. Trails through the meadow will need to be mowed more frequently, likely once per month during the growing season. It is preferable to undertake the general mowing after the plants have set seed in late fall, or before new growth begins in early spring. In addition, efforts should be made to eliminate/manage invasive weeds, especially sericea lespedeza. This may require cutting followed by an application of an herbicide (See USFS Gen Tech Rep SRS-62 for control methods). To enhance wildlife diversity, it is recommended that shrub encroachment be encouraged along sections of the edge of the meadow, and that shrub patches or islands be managed within parts of the meadow. Some areas along the meadow edge should be kept clear of vegetation to provide habitat for the Six-line Racerunners, which are abundant in this part of the site. An island of Chickasaw Plum exists within this meadow, immediately adjacent to the exposed granite with Talium. The plum is a native fruit-producing shrub which should be encouraged, but it is competing with a robust stand of privet. The privet needs to be removed from this site, which will be a labor-intensive task. It is estimated to require 40 26 hours of stem removal to eliminate the privet. (See USFS Gen Tech Rep SRS-62 for control methods). Additional fruit-producing species to be encouraged include: serviceberry, cherry, hawthorn, viburnum, plum, sassafras, pawpaw and sumac. One wildlife- enhancement strategy would be to allow the northern-most quarter of this meadow to naturally advance to the shrub-sapling stage, and then be managed to maintain that seral stage. This would necessitate periodic cutting of trees which grow in the shrub thickets. Sandy Farm Fields: Those (once abandoned) farm fields that have sandy soils could be considered for re-introduction of native meadow species, or for longleaf pine forest restoration. V. Annual Work Plan The annual work plan is a list of tasks to be accomplished in a calendar year, cutting across all objectives enumerated in section III and explained in section IV. Each item should begin with an action verb and be limited to one clause. VI. Management Tools 1. Monitoring Schedule: states the interval and scope of monitoring activity required, as appropriate to the level of activity identified in the plan objectives and prescriptions. Each plan potentially requires a unique schedule, so the temptation to adopt uniform interval for all properties should be avoided. Likewise, the scope of monitoring required depends upon the complexity of issues and the diversity of attributes prompting attention in the plan. 2. Other: a variety of sections could be added in this portion of the plan; for example, Stewardship Work Days, Volunteer Projects, Photo-monitoring points, Inventory responsibilities. VII. Funding or In-Kind Resource Needs It could be assumed that a working budget can be projected based on the annual levels of effort identified in section V. Probably the management plan should include a budget for the next immediate year of implementation. Then the budget question can be revisited each succeeding period in conjunction with monitoring activity as determined in VI.1. The extent to which publicly employed staff and unpaid volunteers share in the activities encompassed in the prescriptions may be unpredictable. However, all labor and incidental costs 27 should be recorded after the fact and the ledgers maintained for the purposes of determining actual budgeted and in-kind contributions to the plan’s accomplishment. VIII. Appendices Content of appendices is governed by features and attributes of the property and plan. Legal Description, Property Plat, Deed, etc. Maps Natural Heritage Reports (SNHA, EO, etc.) Inventories of species 28